Review No.

110

Bed blending homogenisation Reprint of article published in World Cement Bulk Materials Handling Review 1994 By Ib Finn Petersen, F.L.Smidth & Co. A/S, Denmark

Bed blending homogenisation

By lb Finn Petersen F.L.Smidth & Co. A/S, Denmark

Bed blending homogenisation

Using statistical theories, Ib Finn Petersen, F.L. Smidth, Copenhagen, examines the blending effect that can be expected from an homogenizing store for raw materials.
Introduction
It is commonly accepted that the number of layers in a blending bed is the decisive factor for obtaining homog-enisation. According to the so-called statistical theory of bed blending the reduction in standard deviation from in-going to out-going material is related to the square root of the number of material layers simultaneously reclaimed. However with stores that involve a moving average concept (typically a circular store operated according to the continuous Chevron mode), the time series compositional variation of the in-going material plays an additional and significant role. This is analysed theoretically using general statistics and the implications of particle size in relation to sample mass in connection with blending tests are evaluated. In a homogenising store for raw materials a stockpile is built up of a large number of layers which afterwards are reclaimed in such a way that material from all layers are present in the reclaimed material. In order to calculate the blending effect that theoretically can be expected from such it is necessary to consider a little statistical theory. The expected value of the product of a constant and a stochastic parameter is the product of the constant and the expected value of the stochastic parameter:
E[aX] = a E[X]

Similarly, the variance Var[X] of a stochastic parameter is defined by means of the expected value operator as:
Var[X] = E[(X-E[X])2]

A few general calculation rules exist for the variance operator (a and b are constants and X and Y are stochastic parameters): The variance of the product of a constant and a stochastic parameter:
Var[a X] = a2 Var[X]

The variance of the sum of a stochastic parameter and a constant:

Var [X+b] = Var[X]

The variance of the sum of two stochastic parameters in cases where these measurements are independent of each other:
Var [X+Y] = Var[X] + Var[Y]

and in cases where these two stochastic parameters are not independent of each other:
Var[X+Y] = Var[X] + Var[Y] + 2 Cov[X,Y]

Statistical background
The characteristic of a stochastic parameter is that its value is never known exactly. A number of measurements can be performed, and from these measurements their distribution can be evaluated or characteristic quantities (such as the mean, the variance etc.) calculated. In order to see how these quantities are defined, consider a stochastic parameter X and assume that a number of discrete measurements of the magnitude of this parameter have been performed. The following values x1 ,x2 ,...,xn have been observed and they appear with the frequencies f(x1 ),f(x2 ),...,f(xn ,) where: f(x1 )+f(x2 )+...+f(xn )=1 The expected value E[X] (i.e. the most likely value) of our stochastic parameter X is defined as the mean:
E[X] = x1 f(x1) + x2 f(x2 + ... + xn f(xn)

In the case where the parameters are not independent of each other the so-called co-variation Cov[X,Y] appears in the expression. The co-variance is a statistical quantity that measures the relationship between parameters X and Y. If these measurements resemble each other to a large extent, the co-variance will be high. The co-variance between two stochastic parameters can be calculated according to:
Cov[X,Y] = E[(X-E[X])(Y-E[Y])] = E[X Y] - E[X]E[Y] where E[ ] again represents the expected value operator.

There also exists a calculation rule concerning the co-variance among linear expressions involving stochastic parameters:
Cov[a X + b , a Y + b ]= a a Cov[X, Y]
1 1 2 2 1 2

Bed blending
Assume that the pile consists of N layers and that the composition of each layer 1..i..N can be represented by X1..Xi ..XN. These layer compositions are to be considered as so-called stochastic parameters. The layers are represented in the reclaimed material by the weight fractions w1..wi,..wN. Accordingly, the composition of the reclaimed material is expected to become the weighted average operator i.e.:
X
out

The expected value operator E [ ] will always involve weighting a parameter or an expression with the observed frequencies, as in the calculation of the mean value above. There exist a couple of general calculation rules concerning the expected value operator, these are deduced by direct calculation: The expected value of the sum of a number of stochastic parameters is the sum of the expected value of each stochastic parameter:
E[X 1 + .... + Xn1 = E[X 11 + .... + E[X n ]

= w X = w X + ... + w X + ... + w X
1 1 2 2 i i N

However, in connection with bed blending the out-going standard deviation is of greater interest. From a statistical point of view variances (squared standard deviations) are easier to handle than the standard deviations themselves and it is always possible to take the square root of a variance afterwards and thereby obtain the corresponding standard deviation.

BULK MATERIALS HANDLING REVIEW 1994

The variance in the reclaimed material can be calculated directly by applying the above calculation rules concerning the variance operator on the expression for Xout In cases where the compositions of the layers in the pile are independent of each other, the variance in the reclaimed material becomes: Var[Xout ] = Var[w1 X1 + w2 X2 + ... + wi Xi + ... + wN XN ] = w12 Var [X1] + w22 Var[X2] + ........... = wN2 Var (XN ) and in cases where the compositions of the layers in the pile are not independent of each other the variance in the reclaimed material becomes: Var[Xout ] = Var[w1 X1 + w2 X2 + ... + wi Xi + ... + wN XN ] = w12 Var [X1 ] + w22 Var[X2 ] + ........... = wN2 Var (XN ) +2w1 w2 Cov[X1 X2] +..... +2 wN-1 wN Cov[XN-1 XN ] Or written as a general formula: Var [Xout] =

the increment functionX(t)-X(t+h), where the lag h is a time interval. Obviously the mean value of this increment function should be zero i.e.: E[X(t+h)-X(t)] = E[X(t+h)J - E[X(t)] = 0 In addition the (semi) variogram Gam[h] is defined as half of the variance of the increment function: Gam[h] = Var[X(t+h)-X(t)]/2 Evaluation of the variance of the increment function by means of the general calculation rules above leads to the following: Var[X(t+h)-X(t)] = E[(X(t+h)-X(t) - E[X(t+h)-X(t)])2 ] = Var[X(t+h)] + Var[X(t)] - 2 Cov[X(t+h),X(t)] = 2 Var[X(t)] - 2 Cov[X(t+h),X(t)] where Var[X(t)] is the overall variance of the input variation to the store. Inserting this expression in the variogram gives: Gam[h] = Var[X(t)] - Cov[X(t+h),X(t)] The variogram Gam[h] is only a function of the lag h, and the overall variance Var[X(t)] is constant, so obviously the co-variance Cov[X(t+h),X(t)] between sample with a time lag h is also only a function of the lag. Accordingly the co-variance can be written as a function of the lag: Gam[h] = Var[X(t)] - Cov[h] The variogram defined above is a practical tool for determining the co-variances in a time series of samples. If it is assumed that sampling has been carried out at 1 hr intervals, the variogram value corresponding to a lag of 1 hr is calculated as follows. Compute differences between all pairs of samples with a lag of 1 hr and calculate the variance of these differences and divide by 2, the value obtained is the variogram value corresponding to a lag of 1 hr. Then compute differences between all pairs of samples with a lag of 2 hr, calculate the variance of these differences and divide by 2, the value obtained is the variogram value corresponding to a lag of 2 hr. This procedure is continued as long as a respectable number of pairs corresponding to the still increased lag can be located. From a statistical point of view a respectable number of pairs is in the order of magnitude 20. Finally, the variance of all samples is calculated. From a plot of the calculated variogram values versus lag, the variogram value corresponding to a given lag can be interpolated and the co-variance between two samples of the specified lag can be calculated using the above expression relating the co-variance with the variogram. It should be noted that the co-variance can never become negative.

W Var [X ] = 2.w1 .wj . Cov (Xi , Xj )

1 1

Pure statistical theory is one thing but how and where does it apply in practical bed blending situations? The additional covariance terms in the above expressions for the out-going variance originate from variation in the reclaimed composition from individual layers in the pile. This is important to remember when applying this expression.

Fixed average
If the concern is the out-going variation during reclaiming of a single pile in a longitudinal store stacked according to the Chevron method and reclaimed by a bridge reclaimer, the co-variances does not play a significant role. Provided the pile has been stacked in a large number of layers (200 - 400) no significant variation in the average composition reclaimed is to be expected because of variation in composition among individual layers. When operating in the full cross-section of the pile, the reclaimed average composition will at any time be a fixed average composition of the individual layers. The only time that variation in composition among individual layers plays a role is during reclaimation of the end cones.

Moving average
However, if the concern is a circular store operated according to the continuous Chevron mode, the situation is quite different. The reclaimed material will at any time have the average composition of all layers represented in the reclaimer cut. However, the layers are inclined in the pile and as a consequence some layers will become fully reclaimed and new layers will come into contact with the reclaimer as the reclaimer moves around in the store. Consequently, reclaimed material will become a moving average taken over the material quantity seen by the reclaimer. If the compositions of individual layers vary, the reclaimed average composition also will vary. The resulting variation in the reclaimed average composition is exactly as the above co-variance contributions describe. A similar moving average situation occurs with Cone Shell stacking, both with a longitudinal and a circular store.

Variation patterns
In practice it is to be expected that a combination of three variation patterns can appear in the material to be piled:

Random variations Periodical variations Variations where co-variance exists over a range of material
quantity. The homogenisation of these different variations patterns is considered below.

Co-variance and the variogram

For bed blending situations involving a moving average, a characterisation of the in-going variation pattern is of interest. The in-going material enters on a belt, and by taking a number of samples at constant time or tonnage intervals, the compositional variation X(t) with respect to time or tonnage can be displayed. In order to characterise this variation pattern, the basic idea is to consider not the time series X(t) itself but rather
BULK MATERIALS HANDLING REVIEW 1994

Random variations
The blending of random variation is similar for both longitudinal and circular stores. In cases where compositional variations in the stacked material are random, the composition of the layers will be independent of each other and all co-variances between layers will be zero. The variance in the reclaimed material becomes:

Var[Xout ] = Var[W 1 X1 + w2 X 2 + ... + wi X i + ... + wNX N] = w1 2 Var[X1 ] + w2 2 Var[X2 ] +.......... + wN2 Var[XN ]

When this is used in the expression for the variance of the reclaimed material, the following result is obtained: Var(X ) = A /2N ou t + (A2/N2) (N-1) cos(2 P/N/T) + (A2/N2) (N-2) cos(2 2P/N/T) + (A2/N2 ) 2 cos(2 (N-2)P/N/T) + (A2/N2) cos(2 (N-1)P/N/T)
2

and for the case of a Chevron pile reclaimed by a bridge scraper all the weight fractions (wi) will be identical and equal to 1/N, where N is the number of layers in the pile. Assuming the same variances in all layers:
Var[X 1 ] = Var[X 2 ] = .......... = Var[X N ] = Var[X in ]

The variance of reclaimed material becomes:

Var[X out ] = Var (Xin ]/N

Remember that the blending effect is evaluated on the basis of the standard deviation ratio. The above expression, corresponding to a blending effect equal to the square root of the number of layers in the pile, is to be expected when a random variation exists in the material stacked in the pile. Periodical variations For blending beds involving a moving average - typically a circular store stacked according to the continuous Chevron method - special attention must be given to the blending of periodical variations. Consider the case where the composition in the material fed to the store varies as a sinusoidal function with period T and the amplitude A i.e.:
X(t) = A sin (2 t/T)

or in the general form:

which corresponds to a blending effect of:

The variance of this periodical function over a full period, i.e. from t = 0 to t = 2T is:
Var[X(t)] = A2/2

Similarly, the variogram can be calculated directly over a full period to: Gam[h] = A2/2 (1 - cos(2 h/T)) which corresponds to the co-variance function:
Cov[h] = Var[X(t)J - Gam[h] 2 2 = A /2 - A /2 (1 - cos(2 h/T)) 2 =A /2cos(2 h/T)

The quantity (P/T) is actually the number of periods represented in the material seen by the reclaimer. Evaluations of this expression for 100, 200 and 400 layers seen by the reclaimer have demonstrated that the number of layers has no significant influence on the blending effect. The results of these evaluations have therefore been represented by a single curve in Figure 1. The ratio P/T (the number of periods seen by the reclaimer) must be larger than 3 in order to obtain a blending effect of 10:1 of periodical variations in a pile involving moving average.

Obviously, for the case of a periodical variation X(t) with period T, the co-variance is also a periodic function with the same period simply because X(t)=X(t+T) . Let the amount of material seen by the reclaimer be P tons represented in N layers, and let the period Tand lag h be measured in tons. Each layer contains P/W tons of material. Although every layer is not represented with exactly the same weight fraction when a pile stacked according to the continuous Chevron method is reclaimed, it is a good approximation and will be used below to simplify the analysis, i.e. all layers in the reclaimed material are represented with the weight fraction 1/N . The lag between each layer will then be P/N tons. The co-variance contributions from all layers in the pile must be summarised in order to calculate the variance in the reclaimed material. The lag between all pairs of layers can be summarised as follows: Leg (t) P/N 2 P/N 3 P/N (N-2) P/N (N-1) P/N Number of layer pairs (N-1) (N-2) (N-3) 2 1

Figure 1. Blending of periodical variations in a store Involving moving average.

Variations with a co-variation within a quantity range In connection with blending beds involving a moving average - typically a circular store stacked according to the continuous Chevron method - special attention much be given to slow variations in the composition of the piled material. Very often the material stacked in a pile originates from the same front in a quarry. It is therefore to be expected that there exists a similarity in composition within a quantity range. The composition of the stacked material will be very similar when samples with a small lag are considered, whereas the composition will be completely different when samples with larger lags are considered. In other words, the co-variance will decline from a large value to zero over a material quantity. Various variogram functions have been introduced to describe this phenomenon. In geostatistics the so-called spherical variogram model is widely used. It has the following form:
BULK MATERIALS HANDLING REVIEW 1994

In this summation only co-variance contributions greater than 0 have to be summed, i.e. we only have to sum over the layers N/a where: and
Gam(a/h)

Na=N(a/P) Na=N

When a < P When a > P

and

The general formula becomes:

(a/h)

Figure 2. General spherical variogram function. Gam[h] = C ( 3h/2a - h 3 /2a 3 ) + C0 when h < a and Gam[h] = C + C0 when h > a The parameters involved have names: C + C0 is the Sill which corresponds to the overall variance. C0 is the Nugget effect. It corresponds to the variance that can be found among samples taken at the same spot. It contains the fundamental sampling error or the composition heterogeneity discussed later. a is the composition range from a high degree of similarity to none at all. The corresponding co-variance function becomes: 3 3 Cov[h] = C (1 - 3h/2a - h /2a ) when h<a Cov[h] = 0 when h>a and

If we disregard the fundamental sampling error, i.e. the Nugget effect, this corresponds to a blending effect of:

Figure 3 shows results from evaluating this expression for 100,200 and 400 layers seen by the reclaimer. The number of layers has no significant influence on the blending effect and the results have been represented by a single curve. It can be concluded that the range of co-variance to material seen by reclaimer ratio (a/P) has a strong decreasing influence on the blending obtained and clearly demonstrates that stores involving the moving average concept are susceptible to slow variations in material composition.

This also demonstrates that the range in the spherical variogram corresponds to the material quantity where the co-variance drops from full value to zero. In order to calculate the variance for the reclaimed material for the case where the compositional variation of stacked material corresponds to a spherical variogram, a similar exercise to that for evaluating periodical variation has to be carried out. Let the amount of material seen by the reclaimer be P tons represented in N layers, and let the range a and lag h be measured in tons. Every layer contains P/N tons of material. All layers are represented in the reclaimed material by the weight fraction 1/N. The lag between each layer will then be P/N tons. The co-variance contributions between all layers seen by the reclaimer must be summarised in order to calculate the variance in the reclaimed material. The lag between all pairs of layers can be summarised as follows: Leg (t) P/N 2 P/N 3 P/N (N-2) P/N (N-1) P/N Number of layer pairs (N-1) (N-2) (N-3) 2 1

Blending effect H

a/p ratio

Figure 3. Blending of material with a co-variation within a quantity range in store involving moving average.

The sample size effect

From the above analysis it is obvious that the variation pattern of the material to be blended plays a significant role in connection with type selection of the store type. However, where a blending guarantee is to be fulfilled on the basis of sampling prior to and after the store, variation in chemical composition within the particles also plays a role. This can be demonstrated by two different sampling methods of the out-going material from a store. The material had a particle top size of approximately 30 mm. In the first sampling every sample of reclaimed material consisted of 5 increments of 50 kg each, giving a total sample size of 250 kg. This sample method gave an out-going standard deviation of 1.04 % CaO. In the second method every sample of the reclaimed material consisted of 3 increments of 135 kg giving a total sample size of 405 kg. This gave an out-going standard deviation of 0.56 % CaO, where the standard deviations have been corrected for analytical and preparational errors. The difference in results demonstrates the importance of sample size on standard deviation. This effect of sample size on the resultant standard deviation is analysed comprehensively by means of the

When this is used in the expression for the variance of the reclaimed material, the following result is obtained: Var[X ] = C/ N
3 + 2C/N2 ( N-1) (1-3 P/2N/a - P W/a3 ) out

+ 2C/N2 (N-2) ( 1 - 3 P 2/2N/a - 2 P3 /W/a3 )

+ 2C/N2 ( 1 - 3 P (N-1)/2N/a - (N-1) P3 /W/a3 )

BULK MATERIALS HANDLING REVIEW 1994

Visman sampling model. This model involves splitting up the total variance obtained in a sampling scheme into the following contributions:

Where : var(t) var(c) var(d) var(pa) m n

= = = = = =

total variance compositional variance of 1 kg increment distribution variance variance of analysis and preparation mass of increments in sampling scheme number of increments per sample

The Visman sampling model thus divides the total variance into three terms: 1. Variance due to the composition heterogeneity which is caused by the difference in composition within particles. This contribution cannot be reduced by mixing but it is of course affected by grinding. Composition heterogeneity is dependent on sample mass. 2. Variance due to the distribution heterogeneity caused by the manner in which the particles of all compositions are distributed. This contribution is independent of sample mass. Mixing reduces distribution heterogeneity. 3. Variance due to analysis and preparation errors. The variance due to analysis and preparation errors can be determined from the results of double determinations in analysis and preparation; this leaves the two first terms to be determined - composition homogeneity and distribution heterogeneity. The parameters var(c) and var(d) can be determined by using two sampling schemes with different increment mass and, eventually, a different number of increments per sample, giving the following data:
Sampling method 1 2 Increment mass (kg) m 1 m 2 Number of increments n1 n2 Corrected total variance Var1 (t) Var2 (t)

This gives the following results when the above equations are solved: Composition heterogeneity : var(c) = 354.7 [ (%CaO)2 kg ] 2 Distribution heterogeneity : var(d)=-1.67 [(%CaO) ] Obviously the composition heterogeneity which actually originates from the differences in composition within the particles dominates. This term represents an effect that the store cannot, and is not supposed to do anything about. The small negative value for the distribution heterogeneity is merely an indication that this term has been completely eliminated (it might as well have been zero but for numerical reasons the exact value zero is not obtained). The distribution heterogeneity is an effect that the store should certainly be able to reduce and this has actually been achieved. It is worthwhile considering what composition heterogeneity involves. This is easily done using P. Gys analysis of the fundamental sampling error. The following quantities for the material in question are defined: g = size range factor (normally 0.25 according to Gy) f = particle shape factor (normally 0.5 according to Gy) 3 = particle density [kg/m ] 2 var(par) = compositional variance within particles [%CaO ] d = particle top size [m] The following quantities can then be expressed as follows: fd 3 = volume of one top size particle [m3] 3 gfd = volume of one average size particle [m3] 3 gfd = mass of one average size particle [kg] A sample of masszim m n [kg] will then contain the number (m n)/( g f d 3) particles. From very basic statistical concepts it is obvious that when a sample that comprises a single particle has the variance var(par), the variance of a sample that contains (m n)/(gfd 3) particles will have the variance ( g f d 3 var(par))/(m n) i.e.:

Which gives the following simultaneous equations:

With the solution:

This demonstrates that composition heterogeneity will be directly proportional to material density and to particle top size raised to the 3rd power (i.e. the top size particle volume). The consequence of this relationship is that sample mass should be chosen such that it is proportional to the particle top size raised to the 3 rd power. The test results above indicate that a sample mass of the order of 400 kg is necessary with a material of top size 30 mm. However, with material for vertical mill feed where a top size of 100 mm is common, a sample mass of the order of 14 000 kg would be needed, which is obviously totally impractical for a test. Although this effect of particle size will vanish in the subsequent grinding process, it does indicate that there is no need to run a stockpile with an extremely high number of layers. Bibliography
CONRADSEN, K. En Introduktion til Statistic IMSOR 1976, Chap. 0 (Danish text). DAVIES, O.L. Statistical Methods in Research and Production, Oliver Boyd,London,1961 DAVID, M. Geostatical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1979. MERKS, J.W. Sampling and Weighing of Bulk Solids, Series onBulk Materials Handling, Vol.4 (1985), Chap. 5. BULK MATERIALS HANDLING REVIEW 1994

The two tests above exactly fit this concept. The data obtained is as follows:
Sampling method 1 2 Increment mass (kg) 50 135 Number of increments 5 3 Corrected total variance (% CaO)2 1.042=1.08 1.562=0.32

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A/S Beijing Representative Office Scite Tower, Room 1307 22 Jianguo Men Wai Dajie Beijing 100004 Telegrams: folasmidth Telex: 22724 fisco cn Telephone: +86-1-5122288 ext.1307 +86-1-5127777 Telefax: +86-1-5124693 REPUBLIC OF KOREA Fuller International, Inc. Independent Sales Office Mace Company C.P.O. Box 2016 4th Floor, Je Boon Building # 118, 5-KA, Nam Dae Moon-Ro Choong-Ku, Seoul Telex: K 24552 Telephone: +82-2-776-2106 Telefax:+82-2-755-6524 SOUTH AFRICA FULLER - F. L.SMIDTH (PTY) LTD. P.O. Box 1537, Rivonia 2128 12, Autumn Street, Rivonia Sandton Telex: 960-4-22069 SA Telephone: +27-11-806-3911 Telefax: +27-11-803-1408 SPAIN F.L.SMIDTH & CIA ESPAOLA, S.A. Carretera de La Corua, km. 17,8 E-28230 Las Rozas (Madrid) Telex: 27318 fola e Telephone: +34-1-636-04-00 Telefax: +34-1-636-11-50 THAILAND Mr. Anders Bech c/o Mitsiam International, Limited 15th & 16th Floor, Sathorn City Tower 175 South Sathorn Road, Tungmahamek Sathorn Bangkok 10120, Thailand P.O. Box 870 Telex: 82362 bussan th, 21002 mitsiam th Telephone: +66-2-285-1020 Telefax: +66-2-285-1968-9 TURKEY F.L.Smidth & Co. A/S. Liaison Office c/o Trakmak Traktrve Makine Ticaret Ltd. Sirketi Ismet Inn Cad. Mithat Pasa Han. 92-94 80090 Gmssuyu, Istanbul Telephone: +90-212-251-13-31 Direct line: +90-212-251-51-65 Telefax: +90-212-251-62-82 UNITED KINGDOM F.L.SMIDTH - FULLER LTD. 17, Lansdowne Road Croydon, CR9 2JT Telegrams: folasmidth Telex: 264021 fiscro g Telephone: +44-81-686-2422 Telefax: +44-81-681-7229 LICENSEES/JOINT VENTURES: FRANCE AMECO S.A. Rue Gutenberg - Z.I. F-68170 Rixheim Telex: 881892 ameco f Telephone: +33-89 65 5211 Telefax: +33-89 65 56 24 USA AMECO North America P.O. Box 200183 869 Griffin Road Cartersville, GA 30120 Telex: 881-892 Telephone: +1-404-336-5030 Telefax: +1-404-336-5400 INDIA Larsen &Toubro Ltd. (Licensee) Cement Machinery Division Powai Works P.O. Box 8901 Bombay 400072 Telegrams: powaiworks Telex: 117-1698 Itgw in 117-1693 Itpw in Telephone: +91-22-5781401 Telefax:+91-22-5783437 FULLER-K.C.P. LTD. (Joint Venture) Ramakrishna Building Victoria Crescent Road Madras 600105 Telex: fkay in 41-7596 Telephone: +91-44-8276030 +91-44-8276343 +91-44-8272121 Telefax: +91-44-8279393 FLS AUTOMATION: DENMARK FLS Automation A/S Hffdingsvej 77 DK-2500Valby Copenhagen Telex: 16416 fisad dk Telephone: +45-3618 2700 Telefax:+45-3618 27 99 Jawo Handling ApS Egelund A 20 P.O. Box 46 DK-6200 Aabenraa Telephone: +45-74 62 64 36 Telefax:+45-74 62 0136 FRANCE FLS Automation S.A. 2/4 rue Vincent van Gogh F-93364 Neuilly-Plaisance Cdex Telex: 233597 Telephone: +33-1-4944-6800 Telefax: +33-1-4308-5099 +33-1-4308-5188 SPAIN FLS Automation Espaa, S.A. Edificio F. L.Smidth Carretera de la Corua, km. 17,8 E-28230 Las Rozas (Madrid) Telephone: +34-1-636-03-70 Telefax: +34-1-636-02-45 USA FLS Automation Inc. 309 International Circle Suite 140 Hunt Valley MD 21030 Telephone: +1-410-771-0850 Telefax: +1-410-771-9062 FLS-FULLER BULK HANDLING: USA Fuller-Kovako Corporation 2158 Avenue C Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18017-2188 Telex: 173189 Telephone: +1-610-264-6055 Telefax: +1-610-264-6735 Kemutec Inc. (USA) 130 Wharton Road Keystone Industrial Park Bristol, PA 19007 Telephone: +1-215-788-8013 Telefax: +1-215-788-5113 HONG KONG Fuller-Kovako Asia Limited 15A, Tower l.Tern Centre 237 Queens Roda Central Hong Kong Telephone: +852 8051119 Telefax:+852 8540858 NETHERLANDS Fuller-Kovako BV P.O. Box 2 2396 HG Koudekerk aan den Rijn Telephone: +311714-19101 Telefax: +311714-15851 SWEDEN H.W. Carlsen AB Carl Gustafs vag 46 S-21421 Malrno Telex: 33380 Carlsen S Telephone: +46-40-922230 Telefax:+46-40-922231 UNITED KINGDOM Kemutec Group Ltd. Hulley Road Hurdsfield Industrial Estate Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2ND Telephone: +44 625 42 87 33 Telefax:+44 625 42 7319 Braby-Fuller Ltd. Hulley Road Hurdsfield Industrial Estate Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 2ND Telephone: +44 625 50 39 06 Telefax:+44 625 42 7319 Kemutec Group Ltd. Manufacturing Facility Cumberland House, Marsh Road Bristol BS3 2NA Telephone: +44 272 66 40 41 Telefax:+44 272 2314 45 Kemutec Group Ltd. Manufacturing Facility Middleway St Blazey Par Cornwall PL24 2JU Telephone:+44 726 8122 01 Telefax:+44 726 8129 22 VENTOMATIC: Export sales office SWITZERLAND Ventomatic SA Via Carlo Pasta 3/a Pal. Cesarino CH-6850 Mendrisio Telephone: +4191-46 88 58 / 59 Telefax:+4191-46 59 81 ITALY CAR-Ventomatic SpA ViaG.Marconi.20 Valbrembo Bergamo Postal address: P.O.Box 143 1-24100 Bergamo Telex: 300578 Telephone: +3935-468311 Telefax:+39 35-460 838