Tnh m c a t

Soil 5

m v acid ha t

1. pH v m Trong n c H2O pH = - log [H+] 2. Acid v Base HCl Cl- + H+ NH4+ NH3 + H+

H+ + OH-

Nguy n Kim Thanh

2011
2

VD chu n acid m nh v y u
14 12 10 8 pH 6 Acid y u 4 2 Acid m nh

H ng s ion ha c a 1 s acid y u
Acid Acetic Amonium Carbonic Phosphoric Cn b ng CH3COOH H+ + CH3COONH4+ H+ + NH3 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3HCO3- H+ + CO32H3PO4 H2PO4H2PO4Phenol Propionic Boric Hy. sulfide H+ + HPO42HPO4- H+ + PO43C6H5OH H+ + C6H5O C2H5COOHH+ + C2H5COOH3BO3 H+ + H2BO3H2S H+ + HSHS- H+ + S2HCN ? KA 1.8x10-5 5.56x10-10 4.3x10-7 (KA1) 4.7x10-11 (KA2) 7.5x10-3 (KA1) 6.2x10-8 (KA2) 4.8x10-13 (KA3) 1.2x10-10 1.3x10-5 5.8x10-10 (KA1) 9.1x10-8 (KA1) 1.3x10-13 (KA2) 4.8x10-10 pKA 4.74 9.26 6.37 10.33 2.12 7.21 12.32 9.92 4.89 9.24 7.04 12.89 9.32

25oC
C O. Matter Nhi u MT Nhi u MT Nhi u MT Plant, soil O. Matter Phn tch N anaerobic v mt khc
4

Acid y u: KA=1.8*10-5 pKA=? pH = pKA + log ([muoi]/[acid]) monoprotic

Thm vo OH3

Toxic

Thanh NK

Buffer Capacity - Nh c l i
Ch s buffer =(dCB/dpH)=-(dCA/dpH) - L t s mole acid m nh ho c baz m nh c n thm vo thay i pH 1 n v
= 2.203 W + [ H + ] + T A + 2 + ( K A + [ H ]) [ H ]
K C K [H + ]

Trong t c cc acid y u i n hnh

G i l Lewis acid: Al(H2O)63+ v Fe(H2O)63+ (qu trnh hydrate ha) - Al(H2O)63+ AlOH(H2O)52+ + H+
K1= ([Al(OH)2+][H+])/[Al3+] v pK1=5

(v Fe(H2O)63+ cng tng t

K1= ([Fe(H2O)62+][H+])/[Fe3+]; pK1 = 2.2) Ti p t c: AlOH(H2O)52+ Al(OH)2(H2O)4+ + H+

Trong CT=[HA]+[A-] c a dd m

V d : c dd m l 0.2M acid acetic v 0.1M mu i acetate. Ng i ta thm NaOH vo pH t 5. H i c n bao nhiu mol NaOH thm vo n a pH t 5.1?
5

v Al(OH)2(H2O)4+ Al(OH)3 + H2O + H+

Khi thm baz vo th t o ra proton (H+) v khi thm acid vo th Al(OH)3 t o l p. V c 2 tr ng h p v n gi cho pH khng i (nhi u). y l c tnh buffer c a t.
6

i v i s t th m cc ph n ng th p hn (pK1=2.2)

pH

Soil pH v kh nng m
(Xem cch o pH t)

Do tnh m, nn pH cha ni ln c tnh acid c a t. ph n nh y tnh acid ng i ta dng thu t ng kh nng trung ha baz BNC (base neutralizing capaciy) ch acid (b ng cch thm 1 l ng baz m nh no cho n khi t pH nh tr c). V ANC bi u th baz.
7

Cc thnh ph n nh h ng n pH t: 1. Carbonate: H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-;

CaCO3 + H+ + HCO3- Ca(HCO3)2 r a tri khi ma nhi u 2. Trao i ion, s tch proton t dd: M+ t + H+ H+ t + M+ - l y i b i cy tr ng, r a tri 3. Humic acid: -COO- + H+ -COOH; >CO + H+ >COH 4. Aluminium v ferous (xem ph n trn) 5. H p ph proton b i st xt nhm v s t >AlO- + H+ >AlOH; >AlOH + H+ AlOH2+ 8

Thanh NK

Soil pH v kh nng m (2)

Tm t t Cc c tnh m pH c a t
1. cc ph n ng c a cc acid v i Ca and Mg carbonate 2. trao i ion 3. h p ph proton b i st, mn, hydrate Al v oxyt Fe; 4. h p ph proton b i cc ion nhm 5. s ha tan cc khang
10

6. Th y phn khong ch t
4KAlSi3O8 + 4H+ + 18H2O 8Si(OH)4. Si4Al4O10(OH)8 + 4K+ +

S th y phn ny H+ c l ai b . Tuy nhin, t t c cc qu trnh trn khi prontons b m t i, pH s gi m xu ng n 1 m c no ty thu c vo kh nng m c a t.

Ph n trm baz bo ha
Trong t base cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+. S tch i n m c cn b ng b i cc inon trn v cc ion H+, Al3+, AlOH2+, Al(OH)2+ (cn g i l cation acid)
Phan tram bazo bo ha = Tong cation baz trao oi kha nang trao doi cation - CEC

Cch tnh: Bo ha Base v pH

% bo ha Base - meq bases/CEC x 100 % bo ha Hydrogen - meq H/CEC x100 V d : Ap Soil Horizon Cations-- H+ Ca++ Mg++ K+ Na+ 9.4 14 3 0.5 0.1 CEC = 27 meq/100g (sum of cations) % bo ha base = 17.6/27 x 100 = 65% % bo ha hydrogen = 9.4/27 x100 = 35%
11 12

N u s d ng ECEC th c t hn do pH c a t thay i (s d ng KCl) thay tan b cation c a t khi khng m) S d ng ph n trm baz bo ha v pH c th ni ln m c acid ha c a t. V trong sch ng i ta ni th no?....

Thanh NK

pH vs. Base Saturation

Kh nng m (Buffering Capacity) Kh nng c a t ch ng l i s thay i c a in pH. L ng H+ trong dung d ch t nh so v i l ng H+, Al 3+ h p th trn KEO t (reserve)
S trung ha (=thm bases) dung d ch H+ (VD lo i b H+) t o ra 1 s thay th nhanh H+ from the exchangeable H+ on the soil colloid. CaCO3 when added to soil will neutralize H+. CaCO3 = Lime (dolomitic = MgCO3 & CaCO3)
13 14

Why apply lime ?

1. S gip nutrients tr thnh d tiu cho cy tr ng (solubility vs. pH) 2. C i thi n c u trc t 3. Cung c p nutrients for plant growth 4. khuy n khch s pht tri n c a cc microorganisms c ch 5. gi i quy t v n effects of fertilizers 6. gi m thi u c tnh kim l ai i v i cy tr ng (solubility vs. pH)
15

Lime needs and Soil Texture

% OM CEC

7 Soil pH 6 5 4
1 2 3 4 5

Sands 2.5

sandy loams 3 12 loams 4 18 SiCl 5 25

9
16

Thanh NK

Sample % BS Problem
Tnh l ng BS l CaCO3 c n ph i bn cho 1 arce ( t cy) nng no base t n 90% SOIL = CEC of 17meq/100g V no base BS = 32% Gi thi t = takes 1000 lbs CaCO3/acre to neutralize 1 meq of H+/100 g)
(acre = 4 046.85642 m2)

Sample % BS Problem (2)

90% - 32% = 58% change in BS 0.58 x 17 meq/100g = 9.86 meq/100g of H+ to neutralize or 9.86/100 X 1000 lbs CaCO3/100g = 9860 lbs Ho c 9.86 meq x 0.05g/meq = .493g/100g and 0.493/100g is to X / 2,000,000lbs or X = 9860 lbs. Divided by 2000 lb/ton = 4.9 tons
17 18

V d khc
Calculate the tons of CaCO3 which must be added to an acre furrow slice of this soil to raise the soils base saturation to 90% if the CEC is now 27 instead of 17 SOIL = CEC of 27meq/100g and BS = 32% 90-32=58%change in base or .58x27=15.66 me of H+ to neutralize 15.66 x 1000lbs = 15660/2000lbs/ton= 7.8
19

Do CEC c a t tng i khng i, tr phi thm vo 1 l ng l n ch t h u c, v thng th ng n t c o c khi th m u t. M t s phng th nghi m t th th ng xu t m t t l l t ng gi a calcium v magnesium thm vo cho cy tr ng pht tri n Tuy nhin, h u h t cc cy tr ng thch nghi v i 1 di r ng v t l calcium/magnesium. S i u ch nh t l calcium/magnesium trn ph c trao i b ng cch thm vo calcium sulfate ho c mu i Epsom (magnesium sulfate) khng cho th y c tc d ng t t i v i cy tr ng. Gypsum ch y u l c i t o t lm cho c i thi n s th m v tng l ng calcium trong t.
20

Thanh NK

Cc qu trnh acid ha t
Nh c p: cc base cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ l cc
cation c b n c a t. S m t i do r a tri ho c l y i chnh th c/t m th i c a cy tr ng v tr l i proton (H+), cc ion Al (AlOH; AlOH2+) s lm acid ha t. Tuy nhin cn cc ngu n v nguyn

Nguyn nhn gy acid ha t (1)

Ngu n c a acid ha v ki m ha c a t. I. Acidity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Thm cc ha ch t v cc ch t s t o acid t kh quy n L y i cation > anion b i cy tr ng S thu h ach ma mng v r a tri Qua trnh oxy ha VD nh nitrification S n xu t c a VSV t o cc acid h u c Tng h p ch t mn trong t S bay hi ammonia t cc h p ch t amonium

nhn khc:

21

Source: NSW education

22

II. Alkalinity
1. Thm vo t kh quy n cc ngu n carbonate v cc khang d i hnh th c l b i 2. L y anion > cation b i cy tr ng 3. Phong ha khang ch t 4. Th y phn cc ion Na trao i sau qu trnh t i v i n c nhi m m n.
(1) (1) (7) (2) (5)

1. k t qu t kh quy n

2. k t qu t cy tr ng

Th c v t Soil (6)
(3) (4)

3. cc qu trnh oxy ha kh

23

24

Thanh NK

4. S gia tng c a mn

nh h ng c a acid ha n cy tr ng

1. Suy gi m cc ngu n dinh d ng cung c p: Ca2+, Mg2+; N, P v S cn l i lu trong mn t; 2. Gia tng cc ion kim l ai trong dd, c bi t l Al v Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, m c th l c ch t; 3. S h p th c a cy tr ng i v i P v molydate suy gi m; 4. Hnh th c h p th c a cy tr ng i v i N l NH4+ thay v NO3- b i v s c n tr c a qu trnh nitrate ha 5. S c nh m c a cy h u s suy gi m (tr phi Rhizobium l tng thch v i mt acid)
25 26

5. S khang ha cc khang ch t

Ma acid
1. Ngu n acid 2. S l ng ng c a acid t khng kh

Acid ha h sinh thi

1. S m t carbonate v calcium t do

2. M t s v d v thay i pH

27

28

Thanh NK

 c thm - OM
Humus: highly altered decay productComplex, resistant mixture of brown or black, amorphous, colloidal substances modified from original tissues or synthesized by soil organismsGroupings Based on solubility in acid/base, organic solvents Fulvic AcidSoluble in acid (pH 2) Lowest molecular weight (<1,000)Least resistant to decay Humic Acid Soluble in base (pH 10) Intermediate molecular weight (<10,000) more resistant
29

Humin ch han tan trong acid or base, phn t l ng cao nh t (<100,000) H u h t kh phn h y c ch a nhi u nhm aromatic C nhi u nhm ch c nng negative charge H u h t ph n cn l i l d ng protein ( n nh N) Characteristics of HumusHigh surface areaSmall size (colloid)Negative charge (hydroxy, carboxylic phenolic groups) - adsorbs cationsHigh CEC (150 300 cmol+/Kg) pH dependent, dominates most soilHigh water holding capacity - improves sandsLow Plasticity - reduces clay effect; helps sand structureEncourages granulation, structure, 30 drainage in all soils

Organic Matter Cycle

Linked fast and slow cycles

Chu trnh carbon

Plant residues: bao g m proteins b n ho c recalcitrant (e.g. lignin) Cc thnh ph n n gi n(cursory): gy v nhanh Resistant Components (recalcitrant) phn h y ch m t o thnh humus ho c 1 s ph n n gi n tch h p vo sinh kh i c a VSV Microorganisms : breakdown, incorporate, rework humusincorporate Breakdown: cc thnh ph n n gi n (fast), humus (slow) v t o ra t VSV s khong ha v i vo dung 31 d ch t

32 Ngu n: http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Week8Organic%20Matter/orgcycle.htm

Thanh NK

Fate of Fresh Residue s t n t i c a ch t h u c ti

Fresh residues cc h p ch t nhanh chng ng ha thnh CO2 Microorganisms c ng ng m r ng t ngu n th c ph m, suy gi m giai o n cu i Resistant Components thm vo thnh ph n humus

Composition of plants - thnh ph n c a th c v t Mostly C, H, O -90% on a dry weight basis Remaining 8-10% is mostly N, S and Cations Carbohydrates (60%) Sugars - (e.g. glucose) cursory (decompose rapidly) Starch - chains of sugars (cursory) Cellulose - (wood fibers; cell wall) more recalcitrant chains of glucose Proteins (10%)-chains of amino acids - contain most of plant N - (cursory) Fats, Oils, Waxes - C chains - somewhat recalcitrant Lignins - many polyphenols - very recalcitrant
34

33

Sources of Organic Matter ngu n ch t h u c S n ph m c a th c v t: largest input Ph n trn: 50 - 80% of annual input, c th b l y i khi thu h ach R : 20 - 50%, h u h t l l i c bi t l d ng c

lm g trong tu n t i?
lm bi t p ph n soil 4 b sung Xem l i tnh ch t c a dung d ch t, tr 91-97. tnh m do nh ng tc nhn chnh no? Chng 10, c m y hnh th c phn l ai t? N c ta ang p d ng h th ng phn l ai t no? c ph n 2; b t u t xi mn t.

Kh h u: cc bi n s ki m sot chnh khu v c c r ng s c t i 100x nh p li u u vo c a sa m c Animal Bodies + Waste: ngu n t hn Microorganism: quan tr ng hn, cng v i ng v t s d ng ngu n th c v t ban u.
35

36

Thanh NK

V d c thm

Source: http://forest.mtu.edu/classes/fw3330/reaction/

37

38

39

40

Thanh NK

10

41

42

After fire! Why?

43 44

Thanh NK

11