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General structure

Principles of Neural Science, 4th edition, Kandel & Schwartz:

Chapter 18: p.337-348
5

General Structure

CNS

PNS

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

brain

cranial nerves
(I-XII, except II)

spinal nerves
spinal cord

(31 pairs)

General Structure

( ):

.1
.2 ( )
.3
.4
.5

.6
.7
+ +
.
7

General Structure

General Structure

horizontal

coronal

sagittal

General Structure

,
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General Structure

11

General Structure

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General Structure

31- , dorsal root -
.ventral root -

Afferentsensory
receptors
efferentsomatic
motor
)(and ANS
13

General Structure

dorsal root -
( .)dorsal root ganglion -
ventral root -
( ventral horn - ).

14

Principles of Neural Science, 4th edition, Kandel & Schwartz:

Chapter 21: p.411-425

General Principles

stimulus

PNS
Afferent

CNS
Data Processing

Sensory
Sensory
cell/organ

PNS Peripheral Nervous System

CNS Central Nervous System

PNS
Efferent
Motor
Effector cell

Demonstration through a reflex

circuit in the spinal cord
Simple mechanism spinal circuit:
sting, very hot surface -> withdrawal

Pain receptors

Interneuron

pain

Motorneurons and muscles

CNS is composed of multiple

modulation circuits
The mechanisms are of varying degrees of complexity, most
have feedback. Even the simple reflex we have seen can be
under modulation
For example, if stung in legIt is necessary not only to pull the hurt
leg, but also to stabilize the other

A higher level of modulation is

possible- more complex
mechanism- cortical circuit:
Conscious perception->
conscious response


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Autonomic Nervous system
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General Principles

The Nervous System

CNS

PNS

brain

cranial nerves
(I-XII, except II)

spinal nerves
spinal cord

(31 pairs)

General Principles

Receptor organ

CNS

,
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General Principles

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General Principles

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Somatosensory Sys.
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Extraceptors-Enteroceptors-

General Principles

CNS

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General Principles

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CNS

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:

For example:
Sound
Frequencies
UV

The visible spectrum

There are animal that see parts
of the spectrum that are
invisible to us
For example, bugs that help in
plant reproduction
Evolutionary advantages
Flower can be seen by bug but
not by cow
Bugs can be attractive to their
own species while not being
seen by predators

Things that arent perceived arent there

but, we as human beings develop translators, if we found
out a stimulus is there we can develop technologies that
can perceive it and translate it to stimulus that we can
perceive

Somatosensory system and general principles

CNS

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Argus 2 (e.g. Prof. Sahel)

Utah Electrode Array source:
Gordon Kindlmann

S. Ramn y Cajal, Structure of

theMammalian Retina, 1900
Source: weekipedia

photoreceptors

Optic nerves

Division of labor principle

(Zeki)
Different areas of the

brain perform different

functions

Key examples of division of

labor in the cerebral cortex

Hippocampus- memory and spatial maps

Face Fusiform Area- face recognition

Parietal lobe- neglect

Prefrontal lobe- personality and planning

Binding problem

We have seen that different brain area

perform different functions
But, our perception of the world is
unified
How do we form the full picture after
dividing the labor?

Three anatomical planes

horizontal

Top - down

coronal

sagittal

Front - back

Side - middle

Importance of the neural

pathway and neural connections

The corpus callosum is a bundle

of axons that connect the right
and left hemispheres
No information processing takes
place in these fibers, only
information transmission
The corpus callosum is
sometimes severed as a surgical
management option for severe
epileptic patients

Into CC joe

Importance of the neural

pathway and neural connections

Into CC joe

Functional and developmental

division of the brain

Normal

Normal

Split-Brain Research

L vs R
speech

CC 1 word

Contralateral Processing of Visual Stimuli

Contralateral Control of Motor Function

Split-Brain Research

L vs R
speech

CC 1 word

Contralateral Processing of Visual Stimuli

Contralateral Control of Motor Function

BELL

bell
5:36

MUSIC

Split-Brain Research

L vs R
speech

CC 1 word

Contralateral Processing of Visual Stimuli

Contralateral Control of Motor Function

BELL

bell
5:36

MUSIC

TOAD

toad
4:42

STOOL

TOAD

toad
4:42

STOOL

Prosopagnosia

Remember the person, see and

recognize details but unable to
recognize a person by face
Try to recognize through voice,
movement
Special circuit for recognition and
differentiation of complex forms

Recognition of faces without

object recognition is clinical
evidence

Arcimboldo

CC proso
7:00


( )

, , ,
, .

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, .

Penfield (1891-1976)

As we have seen epilepsy (and other brain

disease) may require removal of brain tissue

These procedures damage

the brain
In order to reduce functional
damage, Penfield started testing
brain function in awake
patients before removal of tissue

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bYneF6JEk

Penfield homunculus
electrostimulation of
post central gyrus in
awake humans
Electrode stimulation
in awake humans
(surgery)
Penfield and Boldrey 1937;
Penfield and Rasmussen 1950

How could people stand the pain of

surgery?
In the brain there is no pain
sensation- when we feel pain it is the
result of information arriving from the
periphery

First time that a cortical

representation was
visually presented
(painter hired)
Was created to describe:
"a visual image of the
size and the sequence of
the cortical areas

Penfield and Boldrey 1937

But was not drawn with

relation to
neuroanatomy

13 years later they connected the representation to the

neuroanatomy. The result is one of the most famous
illustrations of neurobiology- The homunculus (little man)
Penfield and Rasmussen 1950

The bodys representation is

not proportional to the size of
body parts
The areas which are
touchwise important have
many more neurons and
smaller receptive fields
For example, in the hand there
are many more receptors/cm2
than in the back
Different homunculi for
different people

So, the sense of touch is mediated

by Penfields homunculus and the
rest of the somatosensory cortex
But, the connection with outside
world happens in the primary
neurons on the skin and other organs
What happens in between? How does
the information flow?
Organization of the nervous system