7 OpAmp Khuyech Dai Va Ung Dung

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MCH IN T
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OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG
*********
1. Mc tiu 2. Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny. 3. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng. 4. Ni dung:
7.1 Vi sai tng hp. 7.2 Mch khuch i OP-AMP cn bn. 7.3 Mt s ng dng ca OP-AMP. Bi tp cui chng.
5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.
7.1 VI SAI TNG HP: 7.1.1 Cc tng gia. 7.1.2 Tng cui. 7.1.3 Mt th d. Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l mch vi sai tng hp) vi mc ch. - Tng khuch i AVS - Gim khuch i tn hiu chung AC Do tng h s l1. - To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch to mch khuch i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp di dng IC gi l IC thut ton (op-amp _operational amplifier). Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u, cc tng gia v tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st chng trc. 7.1.1 Cc tng gia: Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc. a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:
file://D:\My Documents\My eBooks\Study\Cac bai giang ve KT mach dien tu-Viet Nam\C... 1/23/2000
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l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng tr ra ca tng vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in. b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc: Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc : - D s dng. - D to mch cng sut. Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi: - Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai i khi phi c tr s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng. - Lm tng c AVS v AC nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng tng n cc ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)
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7.1.2 Tng cui: Phi tha mn cc iu kin: - Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh. - in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt. a/ iu kin v tng tr ra: c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.
tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong RS l tng tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.
b/ iu kin v in th phn cc: V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng ra ca tng cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta dng mch di chuyn in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng in I v mt in tr R sao cho: E =
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RI.
7.1.3 Mt v d: Op-amp mpc 709 ca hng Fairchild. T1, T2: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo. T3: Ngun dng in cho T1 v T2. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T3 c xc nh bi cu phn th gm T6 (mc thnh diode), in tr 480W v 2.4kW. T4, T5: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T4 c nhim v n nh in th ti im A cho T1 v T2.
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3.4k.
T5: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui. T7: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T8 l mch di chuyn in th vi in tr T9: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra nh.
7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN: 7.2.1 Mch khuch i o. 7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o. 7.2.3 OP-AMP phn cc bng ngun n. Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y l cc c tnh ca mt op-amp l tng: - li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc. - Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc. - Tng tr vo bng v cc. - Tng tr ra bng 0. - Cc h s l bng v cc.
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- Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt. ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi l tng nh trn.
T cc c tnh trn ta thy: . - Zi nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo. - Z0 0W nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti. - V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip m, ta c hai dng mch khuch i cn bn sau: 7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier) Dng mch cn bn.
(7.2)
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Nhn xt: - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th v0 v vi s lch pha 1800 (nn c gi l mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o). - Zf ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Zf cng ln (hi tip m cng nh) khuch i ca mch cng ln. - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu. 7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier) Dng mch cn bn.
Suy ra:
Nhn xt: - Zf, Zi c th c bt k dng no. - v0 v vi cng c th c bt k dng no. - Khi Zf, Zi l in tr thun th ng ra v0 s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng o). - Zf cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i AV, ta c th tng Zf hoc gim Zi. - Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun. Mch cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay chiu. - Khi Zf=0, ta c: AV=1 v0=vi hoc Zi= ta cng c AV=1 v v0=vi (hnh 7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m (buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.
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7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n: Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho st khi op-amp c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k mch v s dng, khi khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n; Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun m -VCC c ni mass. Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:
Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th phn cc hai ng vo lc ny l VCC /2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l VCC /2. Hai in tr R phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo phi qua t lin lc (C2 trong mch) khng lm lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh a, mch khuch i o, C1 l t lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch khuch i khng o, C1 dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn cc ng vo (-) l VCC /2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i. 7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP: 7.3.1 Mch lm ton. 7.3.2 Mch so snh. 7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc. 7.3.1Mch lm ton:
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y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th ng vo v ng ra l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin. a/ Mch cng:
Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha. Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. b/ Mch tr: Ta c 2 cch to mch tr. * Tr bng phng php i du: tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .
v2 u tin c lm o ri cng vi v1. Do theo mch ta c:
Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du.
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* Tr bng mch vi sai: Dng c bn
Thay tr s ca vm vo biu thc trn ta tm c:
c/ Mch tch phn: Dng mch Dng in ng vo:
* Hai vn thc t: - iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:

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Dng mch cn bn
s thp. Nh vy khi c Rf, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha: , Rf khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu. d/ Mch vi phn: Dng mch
Vn thc t: gim tp m. Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.
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7.3.2 Mch so snh: a/ in th ng ra bo ha: Ta xem mch hnh 7.20
Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn v0 rt ln. Khi Ed nh, v0 c xc nh. Khi Ed vt qu mt tr s no th v0 t n tr s bo ha v c gi l VSat.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo khong vi chc mV. - Khi Ed m, mch o pha nn v0=-VSat - Khi Ed dng, tc v1>v2 th v0=+VSat. in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l |+VSat| c th khc |-VSat|. Nh vy ta thy in th Ed ti a l:
b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro) * So snh mc zro khng o
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* Mch so snh mc zro o:
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c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k: * So snh mc dng o v khng o: - So snh mc dng khng o:
- So snh mc dng o:
* So snh mc m o v khng o:
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- So snh mc m o:
d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng: * Mch o:
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tip dng nn v0 lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v0 giao hon mt trong hai trng thi +VSat v -VSat.
Nu ta tng Ei t t, ta nhn thy: Khi Ei<Vref th v0=+VSat Khi Ei>Vref th v0=-VSat Tr s ca Ei=Vref =b.(+VSat) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi l im ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point). VUTP=b.(+VSat) (7.12) By gi nu ta gim Ei t t, ch l lc ny v0=-VSat v Vref=(-VSat), ta thy khi Ei<(-VSat) th v0 chuyn sang trng thi +VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny: Ei= Vref = (-VSat) c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger point-lower threshold point-VLTP). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh 7.34. Ngi ta nh ngha: VH=(Hysteresis)=VUTP-VLTP VH=b{(+VSat)-(-VSat)] Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|VH=|2b.VSat| (7.13)
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* Mch khng o: Dng mch
- By gi nu ta gim Ei (v0 ang l +VSat), khi VA bt u nh hn Vref=0v th v0 i trng thi v bng -VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP.
Tnh VUTP v VLTP
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- Khi gim Ei t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v0=+VSat nn:
e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k vi hi tip dng: *Dng mch khng o: Dng mch
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Khi VA=Vref th mch i trng thi (v0 i thnh +VSat), tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny trn VUTP. T (7.17) ta tm c:
bng Vref th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP. Tng t nh trn ta tm c:
nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat| * Dng mch o: Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38
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, cng l tr s ca VA, gi l im ny trn VUTP.
Nu ta gim Ei t t, n khi Ei=VA mch s i trng thi (v0= -VSat) v Ei=VA lc c tr s l VLTP (im ny di).
7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter) C 4 loi mch chnh: - Mch lc h thng. - Mch lc thng thng. - Mch lc di thng. - Mch lc loi tr (di trit). a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF)
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* Mch lc h thng cn bn: Dng mch
Nu ta chn R2=R1 th |AV0|=1 p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th khuch i gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng vo (-) nn li bng +1.
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Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset.
* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec: Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch lc bc cao. Dng mch
Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:
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mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i 100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).
* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec: t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc -20dB/dec mc ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.44
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b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter) y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n mt tn s no (gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng thng ngc vi mch lc h thng. * Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec: Dng mch nh hnh 7.46 y l mch voltage follower nn AV=1. Do in th ng ra v0 bng vi in th 2 u in tr R nn:
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Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn AV0=v0/vi=1. Khi tn s gim dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 AV0 gi l tn s ct. Lc ta c:
Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48
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* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec: Dng mch
Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:
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* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc 60dB/dec.
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Chn C1=C2=C3=C;
Ti tn s ct:
c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter)

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y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.
Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn s cng hng wr. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s thp hn wr lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp wL v tn s cao hn wr lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao wh. Bng thng c nh ngha: B=wH - wL Khi B<0.1wr mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng. Khi B>0.1wr c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.
* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp Dng mch
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Ti tn s cng hng wr:
T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:
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* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct w2 ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct w1 ca mch lc thng thng.
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Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:
Phi chn R1, R2, C1, C2 sao cho w1 < w2. d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter) y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn. Mch thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong mch to ra th d nh tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt. C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch h thng v thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh 7.58.
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Ging vin: Trng Vn Tm

7 OpAmp Khuyech Dai Va Ung Dung

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7 OpAmp Khuyech Dai Va Ung Dung

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Chng 7:

v2 u tin c lm o ri cng vi v1. Do theo mch ta c:

Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du.

* Tr bng mch vi sai: Dng c bn

Thay tr s ca vm vo biu thc trn ta tm c:

c/ Mch tch phn: Dng mch Dng in ng vo:

* Hai vn thc t: - iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn:

7.3.2 Mch so snh: a/ in th ng ra bo ha: Ta xem mch hnh 7.20

b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro) * So snh mc zro khng o

* Mch so snh mc zro o:

c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k: * So snh mc dng o v khng o: - So snh mc dng khng o:

d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng: * Mch o:

* Mch khng o: Dng mch

Tnh VUTP v VLTP

- Khi gim Ei t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v0=+VSat nn:

bng Vref th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP. Tng t nh trn ta tm c:

nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat| * Dng mch o: Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38

, cng l tr s ca VA, gi l im ny trn VUTP.

* Mch lc h thng cn bn: Dng mch

Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset.

Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48

* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec: Dng mch

Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:

c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter)

y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.

* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp Dng mch

Ti tn s cng hng wr:

T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:

Ging vin: Trng Vn Tm

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