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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3 MF0010 Security Analysis and Portfolio Management - 4 Credits (Book ID: B1035)

) Assignment Set- 1
Q. 1 It is very often observed that retail investors enter the market when index is very high and exit when index is very low (comparatively speaking). Describe qualities of a savvy investor. Also throw light upon mistakes committed while managing investments. Ans: Qualities of a Savvy Investor:
Smart investors have a plan for investing, and they stick to it: It is very easy to be tempted by a tip about a hot stock that is reported in all the financial papers. But this is not the way that smart investors make money. They look at their goals, time frame and knowledge of the markets to chart a plan that suits their needs. For example, if they are 40 years old and have twenty years until retirement, they implement a 20-year investment plan. They gather as much information as they can and then invest in assets that are appropriate for their plans, that they know about and that they are comfortable with. If they dont understand a particular type of security, they will not buy it. They only buy securities that they have researched or that someone they trust has recommended. They stay with their investment plan. Smart investors invest consistently: To succeed year after year, they know that they must keep their money constantly growing. They generally use two methods to do this. First, they invest a part of their funds in securities with a growth potential (like stock and mutual funds). Second, they keep adding to their investment principal regularly. Smart investors are patient: It often takes time for a good investment to show results. Smart investors understand this, and therefore do not get excited about the daily ups and downs of the market. They understand that success is a long-term affair and therefore patience is required. They dont jump in and out of investments in an effort to time the market. They dont expect instant growth; they are not disappointed by temporary setbacks in the market. Smart investors are not emotionally tied to their investment positions: They know that to be successful, they must not be emotional towards their investment. No matter how attractive an investment looks or how badly an investment has performed recently, selling at the right time is just as important as buying. If an investment has consistently lost money, they dont try to wait to recoup their losses. They know that it is necessary to cut losses and move ahead. Similarly, if an investment has appreciated phenomenally, successful investors know how to protect their gains. They are aware that no investment will move up forever, and they are able to sell it when the time is right. Common Mistakes in Investment Management: When investment mistakes happen, money is lost. Mistakes can occur for a variety of reasons, but they generally happen because of the clouding of the investors judgment by the influence of emotions, due to the misunderstanding of basic investment principles, or due to misconceptions about how securities react to varying economic, political, and fear-driven circumstances. The investor should always keep a calm, cool and rational head, and avoid these common investment mistakes: Not having a clearly-defined investment plan. A well-thought out investment plan does not need frequent adjustments, and there is no place in a well-managed plan for speculations and hot picks. Investment decisions should be made with an investment plan in mind. Investing is a goal-oriented activity that should include considerations of time, risk-tolerance, and future income. Investors become bored with their plan or the rate of growth too quickly, change direction frequently, and make drastic rather than measured adjustments. Investing should always be regarded as a long-term activity and the investor should have this in mind before adjusting his portfolio. Investors tend to fall in love with securities that rise in price and forget to book their profits. Profits that are not realized are just book profits; they may disappear when the market goes down, While one should not be in a hurry to realize his profits, it is also true that he must not become so blinded by the beauty of unrealized gain that he forgets the basics of prudent investing. The investor may have the

unwilling-to-pay-the-taxes problem little realizing that the investment may ultimately end up as a realized loss on the tax return. Investors often overdose themselves on information, leading to paralysis by analysis. Such investors are likely to become confused and indecisive. Neither of these is good news for the health of an investment portfolio. Aggravating this problem for the investor is his inability to distinguish between genuine research and sales pitch of the sale side analyst. A narrow focus on information which has a bearing on the investment is a much more productive means of fact-finding. Investors are constantly in search of a shortcut or gimmick that will provide them instant success with a minimum of effort; i.e. the get-rich-quick pick syndrome. Consequently, they buy every new product or service that comes along and catches their fancy. Their portfolios become a mixture of Mutual Funds, Index Funds, hedge funds, commodities, options, etc. that does not fit their investment plan.

Q.2 Explain the significance of index in general and stock market index in particular. What is risk involved in derivative products? Ans: An index is a statistical indicator providing a representation of the value of the securities which constitute it. Indexes often serve as barometers for a given market or industry and benchmarks against which financial or economic performance is measured. A stock index reflects the price movement of shares while a bond index captures the manner in which bond prices go up and down.
For more than hundred years, people have tracked the markets daily ups and downs using various indices of overall market performance. There are currently thousands of indices calculated by various information providers. Internationally, the best known indices are provided by Dow Jones & Co, S & P, Morgan Stanley Capital Markets (MSCI), Lehman Brothers (bond indices). Dow Jones alone currently publishes more than 3,000 indices. Some of the well-known indices are Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Standard & Poors 500 Index (S&P 500), Nasdaq Composite, Nasdaq 100, Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100), Nikkei 225 Stock Average, Hang Seng Index, Deutscher Aktienindex (DAX). In India the best known indices are Sensex and Nifty. SENSEX: Sensex is the stock market index for BSE. It was first compiled in 1986. It is made of 30 stocks representing a sample of large, liquid and representative companies. The base year of SENSEX is 1978-79 and the base value is 100. NIFTY: Nifty is the stock market index for NSE. S&P CNX Nifty is a 50 stock index accounting for 23 sectors of the economy. The base period selected for Nifty is the close of prices on November 3, 1995, which marked the completion of one-year of operations of NSEs capital market segment. The base value of index was set at 1000. Financial Derivatives: Derivatives are financial instruments that have no intrinsic value, but derive their value from something else. They hedge the risk of owning things that are subject to unexpected price fluctuations, e.g. foreign currencies, commodities (like wheat), stocks and bonds. The term derivative indicates that it has no independent value, i.e. its value is entirely derived from the value of the cash asset; e.g., price of a stock option depends on the underlying stock price and the price of currency future depends on the price of the underlying currency. A derivative contract or product, or simply derivative, is to be distinguished from the underlying cash asset, i.e. the asset bought/sold in the cash market on normal delivery terms. The price of the cash instrument is referred to as the underlying price. Examples of cash instruments include actual shares in a company, commodities (crude oil, wheat), foreign exchange, etc. There are two types of derivative securities that are of interest to most investors- futures and options. Future contract is an agreement entered between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date for an agreed price. An Option is the right but not the obligation of the holder, to buy or sell underlying asset by a certain date at a certain price. There are two types Options: a call option is a contract that gives the owner the right, but not obligation to buy the underlying asset by a specified date at a specified price while a put option is a contract that

gives the owner the right, but not obligation to sell the underlying asset by a specified date at a specified price. Options and futures contracts are important to investors because they provide a way for investors to manage portfolio risk. Investors incur the risk of adverse currency price movements if they invest in foreign securities, or they incur the risk that interest rates will adversely affect their fixed-income securities (like bonds). Options and futures contracts can be used to limit some, or all, of these risks, thereby providing risk-control (hedging) possibilities. For example, if you are holding Reliance shares, you can hedge against falling share price by purchasing a put option on the Reliance shares. Speculators can use derivatives to bet on the direction of future stock prices, interest rates, exchange rates, and commodity prices. In many cases, these transactions produce high returns if you guess right, but large losses if you guess wrong. Here, derivatives can increase risk.

Q.3 What do you understand by industry (give examples)? What is importance of industry life cycle? Is it possible to asses the intrinsic value of security? Ans: Industry refers to the production of an economic good (either material or a service) within an economy. There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth, quinary, sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private. Industries are also any business or manufacturing.
Many times it is more important to be in the right industry than in the right stock. While the individual company is still important, its industry group is likely to exert just as much, if not more, influence on the share price. Industries as a whole tend to react differently towards different economic cycles. Other factors being equal, companies from similar industries tend to respond alike towards certain economic conditions; when the share prices move, they usually move as groups. Industries are not only affected by the varying economic cycles; they are also influenced by industryspecific news, such as new product launches, enactment of economic legislation related to the industry or new rules framed by the regulatory body that is regulating the industry. The factors that the industry analysis considers to assess the potential of an industry include the industry structure, overall growth rate, market size, importance to the economy, competition, supply-demand relationships, product quality, cost elements, government regulation, business cycle exposure, etc. Importance of Industry life cycle: Most industries go through fairly well-defined life cycle stages that affect the growth of companies in that industry, competition climate, the types of profit margins, and overall stability of the market. The industry life cycle has a major effect on the earnings per share and rates of return offered by the industry. As a result, the ability to recognize the industry life cycle stage is a valuable asset for any investor. Many observers believe that industries evolve through at least three stages: the pioneering stage, the expansion stage, and the stabilization stage. The concept of an industry life cycle can apply to industries or product lines within industries. Each of the three stages is described briefly below: 1. Pioneering stage: During this stage, rapid growth in demand occurs. Although a number of companies within a growing industry fail at this stage as a result of strong competitive pressures, many experience rapid growth in sales and earnings, possibly at an increasing rate. Investor risk in an unproven company is high, but so are expected returns if the company succeeds.

2. Expansion stage: During this stage, the survivors from the pioneering stage are identifiable. The survivors continue to grow and prosper, but the rate of growth is more moderate than before. During the expansion stage, industries improve their products and sometimes lower their prices. The companies competing in an expanding industry are more stable and, consequently, attract considerable investment capital. This is because investors are more willing to invest in these industries as they have proven their potential and reduced their risk of failure. Toward the later period of this stage, dividends often become payable, further enhancing the attractiveness of these companies to a number of investors. 3. Stabilization stage (or maturity stage): During this stage, growth begins to be moderate. Sales may still be increasing, but at a much slower rate than before. Products become more standardized and less innovative, the marketplace is full of competitors, and costs are stable rather than decreasing through efficiency moves. Industries at this stage continue to move along but without significant growth. Stagnation may occur for a considerable period of time. The three-part classification of industry life cycle described above helps investors to assess the growth potential of different companies in an industry. The pioneering stage may offer the highest potential returns, but it also poses the greatest risk. Investors interested primarily in capital gains should avoid the maturity stage. Companies at this stage may have relatively high dividend payouts because they have fewer growth prospects. On the other hand, these companies often offer stability in earnings and dividend growth. It is the expansion stage that is probably of most interest to investors. Industries that have survived the pioneering stage often offer good opportunities, since the demand for their products and services is growing more rapidly than the economy as a whole. Growth is rapid but orderly, which is an appealing characteristic to the investors. Intrinsic value refers to the value of a security which is intrinsic to or contained in the security itself. It is also frequently called fundamental value. It is ordinarily calculated by summing the future income generated by the asset, and discounting it to the present value. The intrinsic value for an in-the-money option is calculated as the absolute value of the difference between the current price (S) of the underlying and the strike price (K) of the option, floored to zero. For a call option IVcall = max{0,S K} while for a put option IVput = max{0,K S} For example, if the strike price for a call option is Rs.1 and the price of the underlying is Rs.1.20, then the option has an intrinsic value of Rs.0.20. The total value of an option is the sum of its intrinsic value and its time value.

Q. 4 Is there any logic behind technical analysis? Explain meaning and basic tenets of technical analysis. Ans: Technical analysis is a method that is used to evaluate the worth of a security by analyzing the statistics that are generated by market activity, such as past prices and volume. Technical analysts do not attempt to measure a securitys intrinsic value, as is done by the fundamental analyst, but instead use charts and other tools to identify patterns that can suggest future activity.
Technical analysts exclusive use of historical price and volume data separates them from fundamental analysts. The influence of what we call analytical factors over the market price is both partial and indirect partial, because it frequently competes with purely speculative factors which influence the price in the opposite direction; and indirect, because it acts through the intermediary of peoples

sentiments and decisions. In other words, the market is not a weighing machine, on which the value of each issue is recorded by an exact and impersonal mechanism, in accordance with its specific qualities. Rather should we say that the market is a voting machine, whereon countless individuals register choices which are the product partly of reason and partly of emotion. Meaning and Basic Tenets: Unlike fundamental analysts, technical analysts dont care whether a stock is undervalued or not the only thing that matters to them is a securitys past trading data and what information that this data can provide about where the security is moving in the future. Technical analysis disregards the financial statements of the issuer (the company that has issued the security). Instead, it relies upon market trends to ascertain investor sentiments that can be used to predict how a security will perform. Technicians, chartists or market strategists (as they are variously known), believe that there are systematic statistical dependencies in asset returns that history tends to repeat itself. They make price predictions on the basis of price and volume data, looking for patterns and possible correlations, and applying rules of thumb to charts to assess trends, support and resistance levels. From these, they develop buy and sell signals. The field of technical analysis is based on three assumptions: 1. The market discounts everything: Technical analysis assumes that, at any given point in time, a securitys price incorporates all the factors that can impact the price including the fundamental factors. Technical analysts believe that the companys fundamentals, along with broader economic factors and market psychology are all built into the security price and therefore there is no need to study these factors separately. Thus the analysis is confined to an analysis of the price movement. Technical analysis considers the market value of a security to be solely determined by supply and demand. 2. Price moves in trends: Technical analysis believes that the security prices tend to move in trends that persist for long periods of time. This means that after a trend has been established, the future price movement is more likely to be in the same direction as the trend than to be against it. Any shifts in supply and demand cause reversals in trends. These shifts can be detected in charts/graphs. 3. History tends to repeat itself: History tends to repeat itself, mainly in terms of price movements. Many chart patterns tend to repeat themselves. Market psychology is considered to be the reason behind the repetitive nature of price movements: market participants react in a consistent manner to similar market stimuli over a period of time. Technical analysis is based on the assumption that markets are driven more by psychological factors than fundamental values. Its proponents believe that asset prices reflect not only the underlying value of the assets but also the hopes and fears of those in the market. They assume that the emotional makeup of investors does not change, that in a certain set of circumstances, investors will react in a similar manner to how they did in the past and that the resultant price moves are likely to be the same. Technical analysts use chart patterns to analyze market movements and to predict security prices. Although many of these charts have been used for more than 100 years, technical analysts believe them to be relevant even now, as they illustrate patterns in price movements that often repeat themselves.

Technical analysis can be applied to any security which has historical trading data. This includes stocks, bonds, futures, foreign exchange etc. In this unit, we will give examples of stocks but remember that the technical analysis can be used for any type of security.

Q.5 Explain role played by efficient market in economy. Apply the parameters of efficient market to Indian stock markets and find out whether they are efficient. Ans: Role played by efficient market in economy:
Markets are "efficient", which means that the prices of traded assets (e.g. stocks, bonds), already reflect all known information. The prices of the assets reflect the collective beliefs of all investors about future prospects. The performance of a financial market or economy depends on how efficiently the capital is allocated by the market. Three related types of market efficiency are used to describe the performance of financial markets: allocational efficiency, operational efficiency, and informational Efficient market emerges when new information is quickly incorporated into the price so that price becomes information. In other words, the current market price reflects all available information. Under these conditions the current market price in any financial market could be the best unbiased estimate of the value of the investment. Market efficiency means that the prices are correct: they fully reflect all available information (price is equal to the expected value of discounted cash flows). In an efficient market, people use all available information in forming expectations about future cash flows and the discount rate that is used for discounting the cash flows depends on the risk of the cash flows. In an efficient market, prices react to new information quickly and to the right extent. There is no free lunch in an efficient market: the only way you can get higher returns is by taking on more risk and there is no information out there that can be used to construct strategies that earn returns higher than required for their risk on a consistent basis. The Value of an Efficient Market in Economy: To encourage share buying Accurate pricing is required if individuals are to be encouraged to invest in companies. If shares are incorrectly priced, many savers will refuse to invest because of a fear that when they have to sell their shares the price may be to their disadvantage and may not represent the fundamentals of the firm. This will seriously reduce the availability of funds to companies and retard the growth of the economy. Investors need the assurance that they are paying a fair price for their acquisition of shares and that they will be able to sell their holdings at a fair price that the market is efficient. To give correct signals to company managers Maximization of shareholder wealth is the goal of the managers of a company. Managers will be motivated to take the decisions that maximize the share price and hence the shareholder wealth only when they know that their wealth maximizing decisions are accurately signaled to the market and gets incorporated in the share price. This is possible only when the market is efficient. It is important that managers receive feedback on their decisions from the share market so that they are encouraged to pursue shareholder wealth strategies. To help allocate resources If a badly run company in a declining industry has shares that are highly valued because the stock market is not pricing them correctly, then this company will be able to issue new capital by issuing shares, and thus attract more of economys savings for its use, then it would not be an optimal allocation of resources. This would be bad for the economy as these funds would be better utilized elsewhere.

EFFICIENCY OF INDIAN STOCK MARKETS:


The efficient market hypothesis states that asset prices in financial markets should reflect all available information; as a consequence, prices should always be consistent with fundamentals. The efficiency of stock market in economic development cannot be overemphasized. Efficient Stock Markets provide the vehicle for mobilizing savings and investment resources for developmental purposes. They afford opportunities to investors to diversify their portfolios across a variety of assets. This has the potential to reduce the cost of capital through lower risk premiums demanded by supplier of capital. In general, ideal market is the one in which prices provide accurate signals for resource allocation so that firms can make productive investment decision and investors can choose among the securities under the

assumption that securities prices at any time fully reflect all available information. A market in which prices fully reflect all available information is called efficient. The proposed study intends to investigate whether prices in National Stock Exchange i.e. S & P CNX Nifty, ts constituents and other indices of NSE follow a random walk as required by the market efficiency. It will compare the results with NYSE and Chinese Stock Market especially Shanghai Stock Exchange being the oldest stock exchange in China, to get additional understanding of the market efficiency. If the null hypothesis of random walk is rejected, linear and non-linear modeling of the serial dependences will

be conducted using ARIMA and GARCH models. Forecasts based on the best fitting models will also be compared for accuracy. DATA AND METHODOLOGY:
The data set in our study consists of three sub-samples. One sample would include the daily, weekly and monthly closing prices of S & P CNX Nifty and other indices of NSE for the period January 1991 to April 2007. Sub-sample 2 would comprise of daily closing prices of fifty underlying individual companies included S & P CNX Nifty. The time periods for the second sub-sample vary from stock to stock. Third sample would consist of daily, weekly, monthly closing prices of NYSE and Chinese Stock Market for the period 1991 to April 2007. Data set for first two sub-samples are available on www.nseindia.com, CMIEs prowess and business beacon data base. Lo and Mackinlay (1988) suggest that weekly and monthly data are superior to daily figures since they are free from sampling problems of biases due to bid-ask spreads, non-trading, etc. inherent in the daily prices. Chow and Denning (1993) have stressed that the variance ratio test required a sample size of atleast 256 observations to have reasonable power against other alternative tools. Under these considerations, the weekly observations are the most appropriate data for variance ratio test. In-spite of its limitations, the daily observations would also be included in the study to understand the dynamics.

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Fama (1965) propounded his famous efficient market hypothesis for US securities, a number of empirical research have been carried out to test its validity, mainly in the developed countries with booming financial markets (Summers, 1986; Fama and French, 1988; Lo and Mackinlay, 1988). Fama classified stock market efficiency into three forms. They are namely weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. The classification depends upon the underlying assumptions relating to information set available to market participants. Each information set here is more comprehensive than the previous one. 2 Weak Form Efficient Market Hypothesis, which is also known as Random Walk Hypothesis (RWH) states that present prices of securities fully reflect information contains in the their historical price. Therefore, the best predictor of the future price is the present price. It is not possible for the investors to design profitable strategy on the basis of past price of a security. Random walk is the path of a variable over time that exhibits no predictable pattern at all. If a price moves in a random walk, the value of price in any period will be equal to the value of price in the period before, plus or minus some random shocks. Semi-strong Efficient Market Hypothesis claims that prices of securities incorporate publicly available information, while strong-form holds that all the information set whether public or/and private are enveloped in the market prices of securities. Hence the prediction of future price conditional on past information is not advantageous to market participants. The more efficient capital market is more random which makes the market return more unpredictable. In the most efficient stock market, future prices will be purely random and the price formation can be assumed to be a stochastic process with mean in price change would be equal to zero. Fama (1991) renamed the market efficiency studies into three categories. The first category involves the tests of return predictability; the second group contains event studies and the third tests for private information. The concept of random walk was first developed by Bachelier (1900). He found that a successive price change between two periods is independent with zero mean and variance depends upon interval between two periods. The early studies on testing the weak form efficiency on the developed stock markets, generally agree with the support of weakefficiency of the market considering a low degree of serial correlation (Cootner, 1962; Fama, 1965 and 1970). Porterba and Summers (1988) confirmed the presence of mean reverting tendency and absence of random walk in the U.S. Stocks. Lo and McKinney (1988) proposed variance ratio test to test random walk hypothesis. Their findings provided the evidence against random walk hypothesis for the entire sample period of 1962 to 1985. Fama and French (1988) discovered that forty percentage of variation of longer holding period returns were predictable from the information on past returns for U.S. Stock markets. Cambel (1991) used variance decomposition method for stock return and concluded that the expected return changes in persistent fashion. Kim, Nelson and Startz (1991) examined the random walk pattern of

stock prices by using weekly and monthly returns in five Pacific-Basin Stock Markets. They found that all stock markets except Japanese stock market did not follow random walk. Pope (1989) noted that the traditional tests of random walk model such as serial correlation and run test are 3 susceptible to error because of spurious autocorrelation induced by non-synchronous trading. Shiller and Perron (1985) and Summer (1986) have shown that such tests have relatively little power against interesting alternative hypothesis of market efficiency. Culter, Porterba and Summer (1990) found evidence of the mean reversion and predictability of the US stock market return. David Walsh (1997) employed variance ratio test to test the null hypothesis of random walk in the Australian Stock Exchange covering various sampling intervals and data period during January 1980 to December 1995. His result suggested that many indices of the stock exchange returned to random walk during October Crash 1987. Madhusudan (1998) found that BSE sensitivity and national indices did not follow random walk. Using correlation analysis on monthly stock returns data over the period January 1981 to December 1992. Bhanu Pant and Dr. T.R.Bishnoy (2001) analyzed the behavior of the daily and weekly returns of five Indian stock market indices for random walk during April 1996 to June 2001.They found that Indian Stock Market Indices did not follow random walk.

Q. 6 What do you understand by yield? Explain the concept of YTM with the help of example Ans: The term yield describes the amount in cash that returns to the owners of a security. Normally it
does not include the price variations, at the difference of the total return. Yield applies to various stated rates of return on stocks (common and preferred, and convertible), fixed income instruments (bonds, notes, bills, strips, zero coupon), and some other investment type insurance products (e.g. annuities). The term is used in different situations to mean different things. It can be calculated as a ratio or as an internal rate of return (IRR). It may be used to state the owner's total return, or just a portion of income, or exceed the income. Because of these differences, the yields from different uses should never be compared as if they were equal.

Nominal Yield: This is simply the yield stated on the bonds coupon. If the coupon is paying 5%, then the bondholder receives 5%. Current Yield: Current yield= Annual interest / Current price. This calculation takes into consideration the bond market price fluctuations and represents the present yield that a bond buyer would receive upon purchasing a bond at a given price. As mentioned above, bond market prices move up and down with interest rate changes. If the bond is selling for a discount, then the current yield will be greater than the coupon rate. For instance, an 8% bond selling at par has a current yield that is equivalent to its nominal yield, or 8%. Current Yield= Annual interest / Current price = (8% x Rs. 1000) / Rs. 1000 = 8%. However, a bond that is selling for less than par, or at a discount, has a current yield that is higher than the nominal yield. Thus if you buy a bond with a par value of Rs. 1000, coupon rate of 8% and the current price of Rs. 950, the Current Yield= Annual interest / Current price = (8 % x Rs. 1000) / Rs. 950 = Rs. 80 / Rs. 950 = 8.42 %.

Yield-to-Call: Most corporate bonds have provisions which allow them to be called if interest rates should drop during the life of the bond. When a bond is callable (can be repurchased by the issuer before the maturity), the market also looks to the Yield-to-Call. Normally, if a bond is called, the bondholder is paid a premium over the face value (known as the call premium). Yield-to-Call calculation assumes that the bond will be called, so the time for which the cash flows (coupon and principal) occur is shortened. The YTC is calculated exactly the same as YTM, except that the call premium is added to the face value for calculating the redemption value, and the first call date is used instead of the maturity date. Concept of Yield-to Maturity (YTM): This measures the investors total return if the bond is held to its maturity date. That is, it includes the annual interest payments, plus the difference between what the investor paid for the bond and the amount of principal received at maturity. The yield to maturity is the annual rate of return that a bondholder will earn under the assumptions that the bond is held to maturity and the interest payments are reinvested at the YTM. The yield to maturity is the same as the bonds internal rate of return (IRR). The yield to maturity (YTM) or simply the yield is the discount rate that equates the current market price of the bond with the sum of the present value of all cash flows expected from this investment.

Previously, we had calculated the price of bond value when the discount rate (r) was given. This discount rate was nothing but the Yield-to-Maturity (YTM). In the yield to maturity calculations, the market price of the bond is given, and we have to calculate the discount rate or the YTM that will equate the present values of all the coupon payments and the principal repayment to the current market price of the bond. To calculate YTM, we use trial and error until we get a discount rate that equates the present value of coupon payments and principal repayments to the current market price of the bond. We can also use approximation formula for calculating the yield to maturity.

Example: Suppose a company can issue 9% annual coupon, 20 year bond with a face value of Rs. 1,000 for Rs. 980. What is the yield-to-maturity on this bond? Coupon = 9% x Rs. 1000 = Rs. 90; Face Value = Rs. 1000; Price = Rs. 980; Maturity = 20 year. Yield = 90 + (1000-980)/20 (1000+980)/2 = 91/990 = .0919 or 9.19%

Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3 MF0010 Security Analysis and Portfolio Management - 4 Credits (Book ID: B1035) Assignment Set- 2
Q. 1 Explain basic steps involved in PM. What is difference between PM and a Mutual Fund? What are various types of risk associated with PM? Q. 2 Explain with the help of example how is it possible to reduce risk associated with portfolio with the help of diversification. Which risk are still bound to persist? Q.3 With the help of examples explain what is systematic (also called systemic) and unsystematic risk? All said and done CAPM is not perfect , do you agree? Q. 4 What do you understand by arbitrage? Make a critical comparison between APT & CAPM. Q. 5 Diversification is key to good investment. What are pros and cons of foreign investment? Q. 6 Explain in brief APT with single factor model.

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