CC K NGUYN PHNG PHP TRONG GING DY NGOI NG HAY L S VN NG BIN CHNG CA PHNG PHP TRONG LCH S GING DY NGOI NG

EPOCHES OF LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGIES OR THE DIALECTICAL EVOLUTIONS OF METHODOLOGIES IN THE HISTORY OF LANGUAGE TEACHING
NGUYN XUN THM Trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Quc gia H Ni
TM TT Bi bo ny xem xt s vn ng ca cc phng php dy ting t khi nguyn n ngy nay. Lch s lu di v gp ghnh ca dy ting chng kin nhng i thay khin cho vic dy ting khng phi l mt phong tro ng nguyn tnh lng m l mt hin tng bin i khng ngng. Phn loi mt cch i th, lch s dy ting c th phn chia thnh 4 k nguyn: k nguyn tin phng php, k nguyn phng php, k nguyn trn phng php, v k nguyn hu phng php. Mi k nguyn trong lch s dy ting u c nhng c th, vi nhng c dim rt ring ca n. Bi bo cho thy phng php dy ting l mt phm vi hot ng y mu sc, sinh ng trong n lc ca con ngi nhm t tnh hiu qu trong dy ting. ABSTRACT This article looks at the evolution of language teaching methodologies from the time immemorial to the present day. This long and checkered history of language teaching has witnessed changes which make language teaching not a fixed and immovable movement but a phenomenon of continuous evolutions. Roughly classified, the history of language teaching may be divided into 4 eras: the pre-method era, the method era, the beyond method era, and the post method era. Each of the era in the history of language teaching is peculiar to itself with its own characteristics. The articles shows language teaching as a very vivid, multicoloured area of activities in the human kinds efforts towards effectiveness in language teaching.

1. t vn Trong l thuyt xy dng chng trnh, cc nh nghin cu cp n t nht 05 n v thnh t hnh thnh h thng chng trnh: (1) Nghin cu nhu cu (c nhn v x hi), (2) Xc lp mc ch v mc tiu (3) La chn v sp xp ni dung ging dy v hc tp (4) Tm kim phng php thc hin (mc ch, mc tiu v ni dung chng trnh), (5) Kim tra, nh gi (vic thc hin mc ch, mc tiu v ni dung chng trnh). Cc kiu quan h khc nhau gia cc thnh t nu trn ca h thng chng trnh s gip hnh thnh cc kiu loi chng trnh khc nhau, n gin c th k n cc kiu loi ph bin nh: (1) chng trnh tuyn tnh (hay cn gi l chng trnh mc tiu duy l tr, trong cc yu t ni trc (t 15) quy nh cc yu t ni sau), chng trnh vng trn (trong cc yu t ca h thng chng trnh tng tc v iu chnh ln nhau trong quan h vng trn (t 1-5), v yu t ng sau c th gip iu chnh yu t ng trc), v (3) chng trnh nng ng (trong cc ni dung v phng php ging dy c ngi dy v ngi hc m phn vi nhau theo quan im ly ngi hc lm trung tm). Nh vy phng php dy hc l mt khu ca h thng chng trnh, nhng hot ng nh th no trong h thng ln chng trnh l mt vn ng quan tm. Bi vit ny ca chng ti trnh by cc giai on hay cn gi l cc k nguyn trong lch s dy ting, lin quan n s vn ng ca yu t phng php nhm to ra hiu qu

dy/hc ln hn v cui cng rt ra mt vi suy ngh v s vn ng ca phng php. im qua lch s pht trin ca phng php dy ting, c th ni, n tri qua bn k nguyn: k nguyn tin phng php (pre-method era), k nguyn phng php (method era), k nguyn trn phng php (beyond-method era), k nguyn hu phng php (post-method era). 2. K nguyn tin phng php T ngn xa, thm ch c trc khi Cha Jesus ra i, vic ging dy cc khoa hc khc nhau, trong c dy ting, xut hin. Theo Kelly (1969), vic ging dy ngoi ng c cch nay khong 25 th k. V ging dy, c l Khng T (551?- 479?), mt trit gia khng xa l g vi ngi Vit, c th c coi l ngi t nhng nn mng u tin trong lch s nhn loi. T Khng T n u th k XX, nhn loi t pht hin cho mnh nhiu s tht v i, tm ra chn l tri t quay quanh mt tri, pht minh ra my hi nc, lm cch mng cng nghip, v.v. nhng l thuyt v s hc gn nh ng yn. Ngi ta ch bit n gin Nhn bt hc bt tri l, v hc l hc ch, gn cc k hiu ngn t vi cc s vt, hin tng (kiu (hc tam thin t): Thin = Tri, a = t, C = Ct, Tn = Cn, T = Con, Tn = Chu, Tin = Trc, Hu = Sau, Ngu = Tru, M = Nga, v.v.). V trn c s cc nhn thc y, ngi hc tip cn cc t tng ca thnh hin trong kinh sch, ri i thi, t, lm quan Xt trn quan nim, phng php l t thi tr tu ca con ngi trc s vt v hin tng. Phng php v th khng mang ngha t thn, tri li, l phng tin t c mc ch, ngi xa k ra cng t cho mnh mt mc ch: hc bit ch, t, tin thn, lm quan. V quan nim ny ngy nay cha hn ht trong mt b phn no ca ngi hc. Trc mt thc trng nh vy trong hng thin nin k di, c nhng nh nghin cu hin i nhn vo v t ra ngao ngn. Salmani-Nodoushan (2006) nhn xt: Vic dy ting leo lt khng da trn bt k mt l thuyt khoa hc no v hc tp. Vi s bng n quan tm v tm l hc, cc l thuyt v hc tp do cc nh tm l hc xut mi bt u to c s l lun cho vic dy ting. Chnh v th vic dy ting t by nay khng ngng c xy dng trn c s cc l thuyt tm l hc v s hc. Chng ti cho rng s tr tr ko di v nhn thc, khm ph phng php hc tp trong hng thin nin k nh vy c nguyn nhn khch quan ca n: cuc sng trong qu kh qu khc nghit, mc tiu u tranh sinh tn qu mnh, lm cho ngi ta suy ngh nng v mc ch, v chi phi hon cnh khc nghit xung quanh m qun i phng php, trong khi chnh phng php mi l s m bo tt nht cho hiu qu hc tp. Phng php c hiu lc nh mt n by hu hiu, Hy cho ti mt im ta, ti s by tung tri t ny ln, mt tng tht s thin ti, da trn nim tin vo phng php. 3. K nguyn phng php Mackey (1950), trong mt bi bo mang tn ngha ca phng php khng nh, tri qua nhiu th k dy ting, cha c mt h thng l lun no cp n phng php ging dy v vn phng php ging dy tn ti ch yu nh mt kin ring ca tng ngi ch khng phi l mt thc th l lun. ng a ra mt s c im ca phng php, bao gm: tuyn chn, sp xp, trnh by ni dung tuyn chn ni dung l vn ti quan trng v khng th dy ton b khi lng tri thc trong mt kha hc. Sp xp ni dung cn c tin hnh v khng th ging dy cc ni dung c la chn trong cng mt lc. Trnh by ni dung cho php trao i cc khi nim vi nhau gia ngi dy v ngi hc. tuyn chn sp xp v trnh by ni dung, ngi dy cn tm ngun v ngun t liu y, theo Mackey, chnh l h thng ngn ng (bao hm trong n cc h thng v ng m, ng php, t vng, ng ngha). Vic phn tch cc h thng ngn ng s khng gip i n u nu khng

c kt qu l s tng hp cc h thng thnh cc pht ngn c ngha... Bi vy, vic hc ting khng ch gm vic la chn, sp xp, trnh by m cn bao gm c vic gip hnh thnh thi quen s dng ngn ng. Cch tip cn phng php nh ca Mackey (1950) r rng l cch tip cn theo phng php cu trc lun v ni dung chng trnh c quyt nh trn c s phn tch ngn ng v th ting c dy. Qua quan im ca Mackey t gia th k trc, c th thy gia chng trnh v phng php khng c quan h loi tr nhau. Cc b phn ca thit k chng trnh, theo cch hiu hin i (nh la chn, sp xp ni dung), c nhn nhn nh mt cu phn quan trng ca phng php. Giai on phng php tip tc vn ng vi s hnh thnh ca cc phng php nh cu trc-tnh hung, nghe ni, khi nim-chc nng, nh cc gio vin ngoi ng trn ton quc u bit. Ngoi ra, cn phi k n tc ng ca l lun dy hc (instructional theory) i vi s vn ng ca phng php. Cc phng php c xy dng trn c s l lun dy hc lu n cc bnh din tm l ngn ng hc (cc qu trnh tm l ngn ng v cc iu kin ti u trin khai cc qu trnh ny), v bnh din s phm dy ting (cc th tc, k thut cn p dng, vai tr ca ngi dy, ngi hc). Phng php ging dy trong phn u na sau th k XX c coi nh mt cng on ca chuyn giao cc pht minh l thuyt vo hot ng thc tin lp hc. Edward Anthony (1963) l ngi u tin a ra s phn bit gia ba phm tr: nh hng (approach), Phng php (method), K thut (technique), trong : nh hng lin quan n cc l thuyt khc nhau v bn cht ngn ng, v phng thc, cch thc hc/th c ngn ng. Ni cch khc, nh hng l mt trit l v hot ng ngn ng v v phng thc tip nhn v sn sinh ngn t nhm cc mc tiu khc nhau. Cc nh hng chnh thng c nhc n gm: nh hng nhn vn (humanistic approach); nh hng cu trc lun (aural-oral approach); nh hng nhn thc lun (cognitive code approach); nh hng th c t nhin (natural approach); nh hng giao tip (communicative approach) v mt vi nh hng khc. Phng php lin quan n cch thc trin khai mt nh hng, v d, nh hng nhn thc. nh hng nhn thc cho rng vic hc ngoi ng l mt qu trnh lin quan n cc vn ng t duy ca ngi hc ch khng n thun l qu trnh hnh thnh cc thi quen (cc nh cu trc lun v hnh vi lun tng tin tng nh vy). nh hng nhn thc lun nhn mnh n vai tr tch cc ca ngi hc trong qu trnh hc ting, c bit trong qu trnh tip thu nng lc ng php. nh hng nhn thc lun (theo Rivers, 1981) chm dt tnh trng nhn ngi hc ngoi ng nh nhng con vt t tr tu, khng sng to. K thut lin quan n cch thc (cc bc c th) nhm trin khai mt phng php. C cc th thut c th thc hin phng php c th nh Larsen-Freeman (1991) thng k. C th thy trong cch phn bit trn mt s tht nh sau: T nh hng ging dy n th php ging dy l qu trnh c th ho dn dn cc bc, t nhn thc n hot ng thc tin trn lp. Ni cch khc, phng php ng vai tr trung gian trong chuyn giao cc t tng ca mt nh hng ging dy no thnh th thut ging dy c th. Phng php tr thnh cng c ca nim tin nhiu hn cng c ca qu trnh ging dy trn thc t. Ly mt v d, lin quan n vn belief, th t cu hi chc nng c bn nht ca ngn ng l g? Ngn ng c chc nng s 1 l giao tip hay l biu t t tng? Chomsky (1980), tc gi ca ng nng (linguistic competence) v ng vn (linguistic performance), ca nh hng nhn thc lun trong s dng ngn t, hon ton c c s khi ng vit:

Ngn ng c th c s dng truyn t thng tin, nhng n cng phc v nhiu mc ch khc na: thit lp quan h ngi-ngi, biu th hay lm sng t t tng, vui chi, hot ng sng to tinh thn, thu nhn hiu bit v vn vn. Theo ti, khng c bt c l do g dnh a v u i cho ring chc nng ny hay chc nng kia ca ngn ng. Nu buc phi la chn, ti s ni mt iu c k v c xa rng ngn ng phc v ch yu chc nng biu th t tng (Chomsky, V cu trc nhn thc v s pht trin ca chng, 1980) Chng ti c th ni chc chn rng t nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, Dell Hymes khng b thuyt phc bi cc quan im ca Chomsky, v Hymes cho rng chc nng chnh ca ngn ng l giao tip. Vo nhng nm 80 th k trc, Jean Piaget cng khng tn thnh quan im ca Chomsky, v th mi c cuc tranh lun gia Jean Piaget vi Noam Chomsky (xem: Language and Language Learning: the Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980). Richards (1984) quan tm dn phng php cc vn rng hn: vai tr ca l thuyt ngn ng, vai tr ca l thuyt ging dy, v cc yu t lin quan n thc hin (hot ng dy-hoc) trong phng php. Theo Richards, cc phng php dy ting bao gm ch hai loi chnh: phng php (trn c s) ly ngn ng lm trung tm (language-centered methods), v phng php (trn c s) ly ngi hc lm trung tm (learner-centered method). Richards (1991) cho rng phng php l mt khi nim bao trm (an umbrella term) cha trong n cc ni hm v nh hng (approach), thit k (design), v din trnh ging dy (teaching procedure). Nh vy c th thy trong cng mt tc gi, khi nim phng php vn ng cng rt linh hot. Quan tm n cc quan im ca Mackey (1950) trnh by trn, c th thy quan im ca Richards (1991) rng hn yu t nh hng, cn cc quan nim v thit k, din trnh c g nhang nhc nh quan im ca Mackey v la chn + sp xp (= thit k?) v trnh by (= din trnh ging dy?). C iu, din trnh ging dy theo quan nim ca Richards bao gm hot ng ging dy v hot ng hc tp ca ngi hc, nn c ni hm rng hn. Tip ni con ng pht trin l lun v phng php ca mnh, Richards v ng nghip (2001) lu rng phng php c gc r su (deeply rooted) trong chng trnh (hiu theo ngha hp, tc ni dung ngn ng ca kha hc) v trong din trnh ging dy (instructional procedure, gm cc k thut ln lp), Richards (2001) nhn mnh ngha ca thut ng phng php theo cch hiu ca ng bng cch nhn mnh rng ng dng thut ng ny ch mt trit l v dy ting bao gm mt tp hp chun cc bc trin khai v cc nguyn l dy ting da trn cc tin l thuyt c v bn cht ngn ng v hc ting. Method

Approach

Design

procedure

Hnh 1: Phng php (Richards, 1991) Trong hnh trn, theo cch lun trnh ca Richard (1991) th:

Khi nim nh hng (approach) c hiu theo cch hiu ca Anthony (1963), ngha l quan nim v bn cht ca ngn ng, vi cc chc nng c th ca n v cch thc tip thu ngn ng qua th c t nhin hay qua hc ting c thc. Khi nim din trnh ging dy (procedure) c hiu nh mt tp hp cc th thut (technique), ngha l tng ng vi khi nim th thut ca Anthony (1963). Theo Richard, din trnh bao gm: (a) cc th thut, sch lc, c s dng trong trnh by v thc hnh ni dung ging dy; (b) cc loi bi tp v hot ng thc hnh nu trong ti liu ging dy hoc do gio vin gi ; ( c) cc ngun lc thi gian, khng gian, trang, thit b ging dy c huy ng vo qu trnh trin khai ging dy trn lp. Khi nim thit k (design) c hiu nh phng thc la chn, sp xp, t chc ni dung ging dy. C th quan st thy mt s im: Th nht, xut hin yu t design trong thnh phn cu to ca phng php. Theo Richard, design bao gm cc qu trnh: (a) Xc nh ni dung ngn ng, tiu ch la chn v t chc ni dung; (b) Xc nh vai tr ca ngi hc; (c) Xc nh vai tr ca ngi dy; (d) Xc nh vai tr ca ng liu ging dy. Nh vy, design c th c coi nh chng trnh hnh ng, hay kch bn nh sn ca qu trnh dy hc, c tnh n vai tr ca ngi hc v ngi dy. y l im mi trong quan nim v phng php trong cc thp k cui th k XX. Th hai, nh hng trong m hnh trn mt hn vai tr thng soi, ch o phng php nh trong quan nim kinh in ca Anthony (1963). Trong quan h vi procedure, n tr thnh yu t chi phi trc tip n procedure, v ngc li, chu tc ng chi phi li ca procedure. Trong quan h vi design, nh hng chi phi design v ngc li. Chng ti ngh n s chc nng ngn ng ca Dell Hymes (1971) v ngh n thuyt hnh vi ngn ng ca Searle (1972, 1976) v thy cc lun im ca Hymes v Searle minh ho qu hay cho cc quan h tng tc kiu ny gia nh hng (bn cht ca ngn ng v hot ng ngn ng) vi design v procedure. Khoa hc tin ln l nh vy. Nhng ngi i sau c ci may mn v vinh hnh ng trn vai nhng ngi khng l. Th ba, ng nhin khng cn s i lp ni dung - phng php. Ni dung v phng php khng cn l hai vng quc ring, ci n tr thnh mi lo cho ci kia, thm ch gnh nng ca ci kia. Chng ti ngh n mt nhn nh Khi nim ca con ngi khng ng im m lun lun vn ng, chuyn t ci n sang ci kia, trn t ci n sang ci kia, nu khng nh vy, chng khng cn l ci phn nh i sng sinh ng (V.I. Lnin, dt. Nguyn Lai, Nhm t ch hng vn ng Ting Vit hin i, KHXH, 2001). Nh vy, khi nim phng php trong na sau th k XX vn ng t khi nim dng ch mt cng on ng dng trong ging dy sang khi nim dng ch mt cng c, t a v mt thnh t trong chui ng dng: nh hng Phng php Th thut (Approach Method - Technique) sang a v mt h thng hon chnh: Phng php = nh hng Thit k - Din trnh (Approach + Design + Procedure) C s cho s vn ng ny ca khi nim phng php, xt v mt khoa hc, chnh l nhng thnh qu nghin cu v dng hc cui th k XX. Cc nghin cu v phong cch ngn ng, ng vc (phong cch chc nng), chin lc giao tip (cc chin lc lch s, th din, cc chin lc trc tip gin tip), v lc , kch bn v mch lc din ngn, v.v... dt khot gp phn khng nh trong s kt hp m chng ti cho l bo gan ny gia ni dung v phng php. Qu tht mt m hnh tuyn tnh cho xy dng chng trnh (m hnh Tyler) khng th chp nhn mt s kt hp nh vy.

Ni tm li, trong quan nim v phng php t gc thit k chng trnh, c th thy: nh hng (approach) l mt khi nim a din, gm t nht mt na thuc phng php (tip th ngn ng) v na khc thuc ni dung (chc nng) ngn ng. Thit k (design) cng l mt khi nim a din, gm t nht mt na thuc phng php (vai tr ngi hc, vai tr ngi dy), v mt na thuc ni dung (chc nng) ngn ng. Din trnh (procedure) cng l mt khi nim a din, gm t nht mt na thuc hot ng hin thc ho nh hng v thit k (theo k hoch) v mt na thuc hot ng ca sinh vin vi vai tr hin thc ho cc vai din trong cc trng, thc, khng kh giao tip c la chn trong thit ngn hng. Xt t gc thit k chng trnh, cc khi nim ni dung v phng php ng nhin khng tn ti c lp m tng tc ln nhau. Vn cn rt ra l nn chng hay khng nn tuyt i ho cc khi nim ni dung v phng php??? iu ny c ngha l khi i mi phng php, yu t ni dung l yu t khng th b loi tr. Phng php, nh cch hiu ca Richards (1991, 2001) l n lc to c hi cho ngi hc th c ngn ng. Cc quan im ca Richards c th coi l mt cuc cch mng so vi cc quan im v phng php ca cc nh tin bi t u n gia th k XX, nhng ngi coi phng php l s tha thun nht tr gia nh l lun v ngi ng lp, nhm tin ti vic kim sot t vng v cu trc ca ngn ng, nhng ngi nh Faucette, Palmer, Thorndike (1936), West (1953) - nhng ngi bo h v l lun cho loi chng trnh cu trc. Quan nim ca Palmer khc quan nim ca cc nh Ng php - Phin dch truyn thng ch ng lu n cc h thng lm nn cho mu li ni, v trn c s , Palmer & Brandford (1939) cho ra i cun Ng php li ni (Grammar of Speech) - cun sch to cm hng cho Hornby (1950) v ng nghip cho ra i chng trnh ng php (grammatical syllabus). 4. K nguyn trn phng php Richards (1984) lp lun rng phng php c mt cuc sng b mt (secret life) ch phng php c mt cuc sng bn trn lp hc (beyond the classroom): s ra i v sp ca phng php ph thuc vo nhiu yu t bn ngoi phng php, nh mt ca ngi khi xng hay ngi tm kim li nhun t phng php (profit seekers) v p lc ca th trng tri thc ti ch... V th ngoi cc quy nh v thc hin vn sn c trong phng php, phng php cn p ng tiu ch gii trnh (accountability) (ngha l: nh gi, evaluation). nh gi t trc nay vn c coi l mt khu trong pht trin chng trnh, nay li c coi l yu t cn thiu trong pht trin phng php. S la chn phng php khng n thun l s la chn trn c s cc yu t phng php thun ty m trn c s ca pht trin chng trnh, theo Richards (1984) gm: Phn tch tnh hnh: trong quyt nh cc tham s v pht trin ngn ng Phn tch nhu cu, trong nhu cu ca ngi hc c nh gi Phn tch nhim v, trong nhim v ngn ng ca ngi hc c quy nh theo i hi ngn ng hay giao tip ca nhim v. t mc ch trong quy nh cc mc tiu ngn ng theo yu cu, trn c s trnh u vo, nhu cu giao tip ca ngi hc v cc hn ch ca chng trnh. Chn kinh nghim hc tp, trong quy nh cc tin trnh nhm t c mc tiu. nh gi, trn c s s kt hay tng kt, theo nh hng kt qu hay nh hng qu trnh. Mt cch tip cn pht trin phng php nh vy r rng t trn c s pht trin chng trnh, v vn quan trng y khng cn l la chn phng php no m l pht

trin, trin khai cc hot ng dy hc nh th no t mc tiu ca chng trnh. Ni cch khc, vn khng cn l chn phng php (methods) m l pht trin phng php lun (methodology) nhm t tnh hiu qu. S chuyn hng ch t phng php theo mc ch t thn sang phng php nhm t tnh hiu qu c gi l trn phng php (beyond method). S ra i ca giai on trn phng php trong pht trin phng php, theo Pennycook (1989), thc ra l kt qu truyn thng ca s ph nhn ln nhau trong giai on phng php: s ra i c phng php mi c xy dng trn c s ph nhn hon ton phng php c. Mt s nh nghin cu thch pht biu mt cch hnh tng: phng php mi l sn phm ca s ni loi lt phng php c. Giai on trn phng php c hin thc ha di hai hnh thc c bn: ging dy tc ng (effective teaching) v ging dy phn nh (reflective teaching). Ging dy tc ng l ging dy da trn c s cho rng nh ngn ng hc ng dng cn ra l thuyt v ngi dy l ngi thc hin cc l thuyt . Ni cch khc, ging dy tc ng l ging dy trn c s p dng cc l thuyt ca nh ngn ng hc ng dng vo thc tin. Ging dy phn nh l ging dy trn c s cho rng vic tm ti l thuyt nm trn vai ngi dy, v ngi dy ng vai tr kp, va l ngi thc hin va l ngi nghin cu (Widdowson, 1990, Freeman, 1991). Widdowson (1990) cho rng ging dy l hot ng t nghin cu ca ngI dy, trn c s , tm ra cc bng chng hot ng mang tnh hiu qu. V ch c ngI dy mI c kh nng suy ngm v mi lin h gia l lun v thc tin. 5. K nguyn hu phng php S t quyt ca ngi dy chnh l c s bn p cho s ra i ca k nguyn hu phng php (post method era). K nguyn hu phng php l giai on khng da trn mt thuyt l cng nhc v phng php m l trn c s cc kin c nh gi ph phn di nh sng mi ca i hi v thc tin ging dy ting. iu kin ca giai on hu phng php l mt tp hp cc gii php m, mang tnh miu t thc tin, lun c iu chnh, m rng, lm phong ph bi ngi dy. Vai tr ca ngi dy tr nn ni bt, tp trung vo cc chin lc, theo Salmani-Nodoushan (2006): Ti a ha c hi hc tp; Thc y tng tc thng lng; Ti thiu ha s mt cn i nhn thc; Tch cc ha bn nng nhit tnh; Rn luyn thc ngn ng; Bi cnh ha u vo ngn ng; Kt hp k nng ngn ng; y mnh quyn t ch ca ngi hc; Nng cao thc vn ha; m bo tnh tng thch x hi. Hot ng dy hc trong giai on hu phng php l mt h thng ba mt, gm cc tham t (1) tnh c th (particularity), (2) tnh thc tin (practicality), (3) tnh kh nng (possibility). Tham t tnh c th gip y mnh ging dy ph hp vi bi cnh thc hin gm cc c th v ngn ng, vn ha- x hi, chnh tr, tham t v tnh thc tin gip xa i quan h c hu gia nh l thuyt v nh thc hnh qua vic cho php ngi dy t thit k l thuyt thc hin cho ring mnh; tham t tnh kh nng cho php ngi dy, ngi hc, nh o to s phm c thc v mt x hi-chnh tr tm hnh nh ca mnh trong cng cuc ci bin x hi. 6. Kt lun Trong bi vit ny, chng ti trnh by cc k nguyn vn ng trong cuc i hot ng ca phng php, t k nguyn tin phng php, sang k nguyn phng php, k nguyn trn phng php v k nguyn hu phng php. T cc ni dung trnh by, c th rt ra mt s kt lun sau y 1. Phng php khng phi l mt phm tr c nh, ng yn trong lch s dy ting. Vi t cch l mt yu t trong chng trnh, phng php c tc ng qua li vi cc yu t khc nh ni dung chng trnh, mc tiu chng trnh, kim tra nh gi. Do quan h bin chng ny ca phng php, cng vic ci tin phng php ging dy hin nay m

chng ta ang theo ui i hi mt n lc mang tnh h thng. Vic ci tin phng php dy ting phi tin hnh trong mi quan h vi vic ci tin ni dung chng trnh. Phng php khng phi l yu t ng ngoi ni dung trong ging dy. 2. K nguyn trn phng php l k nguyn ch n tnh hiu qu trong ging dy. Ging dy tc ng v ging dy phn nh l hai hng m nhm to ra hiu qu ging dy 3. K nguyn hu phng php l k nguyn lu n cc c im a dng ca ngi hc. Thc ra mc ch ca vic ch n nhu cu c im ca ngi hc v c bn khng nm ngoi mc tiu tnh hiu qu cho qu trnh ging dy. Qua cc k nguyn vn ng ca phng php, c th thy hng vn ng chung ca phng php l tin v pha ch ng ha vai tr ca ngi dy v ngi hc, tch cc ha cc kh nng sn c trong mt mi trng c th nhm t c mc tiu v hiu qu ca qu trnh dy hc. TI LIU THAM KHO Faucette, J, West, M. Palmer, H.E. & Thorndike (1936), The interim Report on Vocabulary Selection for the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language, London P.S King. Hornby, A. S (1950), The Situational Approach in Language Teaching, A series of 3 articles, in English Language Teaching 4, 98-104, 121-28, 150-6. Hymes, D (1970) On Communicative Competence Pride J.B. & Holmes J. (eds.) Sociolinguistics, Penguin. Mackey, W. F (1950), The Meaning of Method, English Language Teaching 5, 4-10. Larsen -Freeman, D (1980), Discourse Analysis in Second Language Research, Newbury House, Rowley Massachussett. Palmer, H.E & Bramdford, F.G (1939), A grammar of Spoken English on Strictly Phonetic Basis, Cambridge: Heffer. Pennycook, A. (1989), The Concept of Method, Interested Knowledge and the Politics of Language Teaching,, TESOL Quarterly, 23(4), 589-618. Richards, J. C (1984), The Secret Life of Methods, TESOL Quarterly, 18(1)7-21. Richards, J.C. (1989), Beyond Methods Alternative Approaches to Instructional Design, Prospect 3(1), 11-30. Richards, J.C (1990), The Language Teaching Matrix, CUP. Richards J.C. ((ed), The Context of Language Teaching, CUP. Salmani Nodoushan, M.A. (2006), Language Teaching: State of the Art, EFL Journal Quarterly, March 2006, V8. Searl, J. R (1965), What is a Speech Act? In Black, M. (ed.) Philosophy in America, 221-239, New York: Cornell University Press. Searl, J. R. ( (1969), Speech Acts, CUP. Searl J. R. (1976), The Classification of Illucutionary Acts, in Searl J. R (ed.) Expression and Meaning. Tyler, R.W (1949), Basic principles of Curriculum and Instruction, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H. G. (1990), Aspects of Language Teaching, Oxford: OUP.

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