Mawsitone & Myanmar

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uwnf;u ,aeYxd jrefrmEkdifiHu worwfwnf; usifYokH;aewJY rl0g'jzpfyg
w,f/ tpkd;&ajymif;aomfvnf; 'Drl0g' rajymif;ygbl;/ t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDvkdU
yDuif;a&'D,dku ac:wJY OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom tpdk;&ESifY OD;AaqGacgif;aqmif
aom tpdk;&? AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom tdrfapmifYtpkd;&ESifY AdkvfcsKyf
BuD;ae0if; acgif;aqmifaom awmfveS af &;tpd;k & tm;vH;k [m 'Dr0l g'udk usiYf o;kH
MuwmyJ/
,ckrS yDuif;tpdk;&ESifY yDuif;a&'D,dkwkdUu azgufjyefaom ae0if;tpdk;&?
wkyq
f efYusiaf &; zufqpftpd;k & ponfjzifY b,favmufemrnfq;dk awG ay;ay;?
orkdif;&JU trSefudkawmY rzHk;Ekdifbl;As/
awmfvSefa&;aumifpD&JU aMumdk;r@KdifjzpfwJU ArmYwyfrawmfESifY awmfvSef
a&;aumifpD&JU Ou|jzpfwJU AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;wkdU[m txufrSm az:jycJUwJY
wkyfArm rdwfaqGjzpf ckdifrma&;vkyfief;awG? vIyf&Sm;rIawGESifY rl0g'awGudk
wavQmufv;kH axmufct
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G cf YJ Mu
w,f/ bH&k efol wkyjf zLudk &Gy&f yG cf RcH RH wku
d cf u
dk cf YJwm b,fov
l ?J ArmYwyfrawmf
yg/ tcuftcJ qHk;jzwfaom ESpfEkdifiHMum;rSm rNyD;rajy usefaewJY e,fedrdwf
jyem[m b,foYl acgif;aqmifrjI zifY NyD;jywfomG ;cJYovJ? Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU
acgif;aqmifrI jzpfygw,f/ 'Dorkid ;f awGukd emrnfq;dk trsK;d rsKd ; ay;jcif;jzifY azsmuf
zsufvkdY r&ygbl;/
wkyfacgif;aqmifawG[m 'gYaMumifY AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;udk wkyfjynfol
awG&UJ ppfreS af om rdwaf qGBuD; tjzpfjzifY csD;usL;cJYMuw,f/ awmfveS af &;tpk;d &
wufvmwJUtcgrSm Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;&JU acgif;aqmifrjI zifY wkyAf rm rdwaf qG
jzpf qufqHa&; ydk wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmrnf[k ,HkMunfaMumif; rMumcP
ajymqkdMuw,f/ jrefrmkyf&SifMunfh y&dowf[m vGefcJUwJY ESpfESpfwkef;u wkyf
jynfoUl orwEdik if o
H Ukd Adv
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f wif;um;rsm;udk
owd&aeMuwke;f yg/ orw vla&SmufcsED iS Yf 0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvikd ;f wkUd ud,
k w
f idk f
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
15
vku
d yf Ukd aom aeYrsm;? Icif;rsm;ESiYf vIu
d v
f u
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JS JS NyHK;NyHK;&Ti&f iT f BudKqkad umif;cs;D
ay;aeMuaom wkyfjynfolvlxkudk jrifa,mifaeMuygw,f/
vGecf YJ aom tcgrsm;u wkyjf ynfoal wGEiS Yf wkyjf ynfoUl acgif;aqmifawG
[m Nidr;f csr;f pGm ,SOw
f aJG exkid af &;rlukd aumif;pGm oabmaygufMuw,f/ rSeu
f ef
pGm usifYoHk;cJYMuw,f/ tdrfeD;em;csif;aumif; 0g'udk vufudkifxm;Muw,f/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;vdkvm;oavmuf rdwfaqGjzpfa&;udk tm;ay;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifY
Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifa&; rlrsm;udk waoGrwdrf; vkdufemusifYoHk;aeaom
tdref ;D em;csi;f aumif; jrefrmEkid if EH iS Yf jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;udk txl;cspMf unf&if;
ES;D pGm aqGrsKd;aygufazmfozG,f qufqMH uw,f/ ,aeYvyJ J wkyjf ynfov
l x
l &k UJ
oabmxm;ESifY qEuawmY 'Dtwkdif;yJ qufvuf&SdvdrfYr,fvkdU jrefrmjynfol
awGu ,HkMunfMuw,f/ ,aeY ] &mZ0ifpOfvm wkyfArm rdwfaqG&if;csm }
qkdwJU tajctae ysufjym;awmYrnfvm;vkdY pkd;&drf&avmufatmif jzpfvmjcif;
[m wkyfacgif;aqmifrIqkdif&m jzpfysuf&yfrsm;aMumifY jzpfwJYtwGuf ,m,D
oabmom aqmifw,fvYkd em;vnfxm;Muw,f/ bmYaMumifY wkyaf cgif;aqmif
rIqidk &f m jzpfysu&f yfrsm;u ESpEf idk if q
H ufqaH &;udk ,aeYtajctaeodYk ydUk aqmifcYJ
ovJqkdwm uRefawmf qufaqG;aEG;csifw,fAsm/
urmYawmfvSefa&;\ A[kd[laom tpGJ
4-7-67 aeYxkwf Adkvfwaxmifowif;pmrSm atmufygtwkdif; uRefawmf

a&;cJYw,f/
armfpw
D ;kH yk*v
d q
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tmPmvkyrJG mS tEkid Bf uJ&ef BudK;pm;aeolrsm;? 'D0g'ukd wurmvH;k u wckwnf;
aom trSew
f &m;tjzpfjzifY vufcaH tmifvyk &f ef[al om aqmify'k jf zifY vlrsK;d BuD;
tEdkifusifY0g'udk vufawGUusifYoHk;aeolrsm;ESifY axmufcH tm;ay;aeolrsm;?
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
16
ode;f azjrifY
aESmuf,SufzsufqD; aeMujcif;aMumifY tJ'DY ] &mZ0ifpOfvm wkyfArm rdwfaqG

&if;csm } qdkwJU tajctae ysufjym;oGm;rSmavvm;[k txl;pkd;&drfrdw,fAsm }
wJY/ 1960 ckESpfavmufxd armfpDwHk;acgif;aqmifwJY wkyfuGefjrLepfygwDrSm
tajccHtrSm;&,fvkdU uRefawmfrjrifrdbl;As/ 1949 ckESpfu uRefawmfa&;cJYwJU
] armfpDwHk; oifMum;csufrsm; } qkdwJY pmtkyfudk rMumcifu uRefawmf jyefzwf
Munfw
h ,f/ xdpk mtkyrf mS a&;xm;wmawG vH;k 0rSew
f ,fvYkdyJ uReaf wmf,q
l w,f/
1949 ckEpS x
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d yf rGJ sm;udk acgif;aqmifraI y;cJYwYJ
armfpDwHk;&JU oifMum;csufrsm;[m rSefuefNyD; rsm;pGm wefzdk;&Sdw,f/ 1948 ckESpf
wkyfjynfolUorwEkdifiH wnfaxmifNyD; qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk ul;ajymif;&ef Mum;
umv vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&mrSm acgif;aqmifrIay;cJYwJY armfpDwHk; oifMum;
csuf rsm;[mvJ rSefuefNyD; vGefpGm wefzdk;&Sdygw,f/
onfhaemufawmY ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfwJY qdk&S,fvpfpepf vufawGUwnf
aqmufa&; jyemrsm;ESifY ywfoufNyD; armfpDwHk;&JU yifukd,fta&;tom;rsm;?
rdefYcGef;rsm;? TefMum;csufrsm; rawGU&awmYbl;Asm/
wkyfuGefjrLepfygwD&JU oabmw&m;cH,lcsuf? 0g'vrf;pOf ponfrsm;rSm
uRefawmf vufrcHEkdifwJYtcsufawG awGUpjyKvmw,f/ r[m[ef; (0g ) r[m
wkyf (Greater Hun ) [laom t,ltqw&yfudk wnfaxmifNyD; wdbufawG?
rGe*f akd wGukd r[mwkyx
f J xnfv
h mw,f/ wdbufuvJ wky?f wkyv
f J wdbuf
pwJY r[mwkyf0g'aMumifY wdbufrSm wkyfuGefjrLepfrsm;[m wkyfjynfolU
awmfvSefa&;bufodkY ygvmcJYwJY wdbuftrsKd;om; tiftm;pktcsKdUESifY y#dyu
jzpfvmw,f/ 'vdik ;f vm;rm; OD;pD;wJY ykeu
f efrI jzpfvmwJYtcgrSm xkpd Ofu wkyf
&JU t&if;ESD;qHk;aom? uGefjrLepfr[kwfaom rdwfaqGjzpfcJYwJY tdEd,jynfESifY
y#dyuawG jzpfvmw,f/ wdbufolykefukd tdEd,tpkd;&u ajrmufyifY tm;ay;
w,fvdkU qkdvmw,f/ ael;tpkd;&udk tma&AsrS tif'dkeD;&Sm;txd? oD[kd|frS
wdbuftxd? e,fcsJU&efBuHaewJY azmufjyefa&;tpd;k & jzpfw,fvYdk owfrw
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JG nftxd
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
17
ygyJ/
'D tdEd, wkyf y#dyuMum;rSm wkyfuGefjrLepfygwD&JU xl;jcm;wJY enf;
y&d,m,f wckudk awGUvm&jyefw,f/ ] igESifYrwl igY&efol/ igY&efoludk &efrrl
olonf igYrdwfaqGr[kwf } [laom enf;y&d,m,f aumufcsuf jzpfygw,f/
tdEd,ESifY wkyf y#dyujzpfae&mrSm ] uGefjrLepf ppfrSefvQif odkYr[kwf awmf
vSefa&;orm;jzpfvQif Mum;rae&? wkyfbufrS ae&r,f } vdkY ZGwfawmif;qkd
vmygw,f/ uGejf rLepfr[kwaf om olwYdk EiS Yf awmfveS af &;orm;[k r,lqaom
olrsm;u Mum;aevQif onf;cHygao;w,f/ uGefjrLepftcsif;csif;qkdvQif? awmf
vSeaf &;orm;qkv
d Qif olwYkd onf;rcHawmYb;l / tJ'D tcsed u
f pNyD; qdAk ,
d uf,el ,
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ESifY p uGJMuwmygyJ/ wkyftdEd, rdwfaqGjzpf toif;? wkyfArm rdwfaqGjzpf
toif; ponfrsm;udkvJ rdwfaqGppf&if wkyfudk axmufcH&r,fvkdY awmif;qkd
vmMuw,f/
'D enf;y&d,m,fopf[m wcgwkef;u wkyfuGefjrLepfygwD atmifjrifpGm
usifYoHk;cJYwJY ] &efolbuf ygaeoludk Mum;aeatmifvkyf? Mum;aeoludk ukd,fY
bufygatmif odrf;oGif; } qkdwJY enf;y&d,m,fa[mif;ESifY vGefpGmjcm;em;ae
aMumif; awGU&ygw,f/
aemufusawmY tajccHoabmw&m; cH,lcsufESifY 0g'awG a&GUvsm;vmjyef
w,f/
vlUavmu wkd;wufa&;ordkif;udk odyHenf;usus Munfhjrifolwkdif;? urmY
awmfveS af &;udk ,HMk unfvufcMH uw,f/ ,cktcg urmYt&if;&Sif pepfuaeNyD;
urmYq&dk ,
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BuD;ygyJ/ odkYaomf 'D urmYawmfvSefa&;BuD;[m EkdifiHwkdif;rSm wyHkpHwnf;ESifY
jzpfyGm;vdrfYr,fvkdY r,lqMuygbl;/ umv a'o ya,m*trsdK;rsKd;aMumifY yHkpH
trsKd;rsKd;ESifY jzpfyGm;vdrfYr,fvkdY ,HkMunfMuw,f/
urmYawmfvSefa&;ukd ,HkMunfMuolrsm;teuf A[kdESifY ywfoufNyD; t,l
tq uGv
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d rkd S todtrSwrf jyKyJ ud,
k YfawmfveS f
a&; udk,fvkyfaeolrsm;ESifY qdkAd,uf,leD,Hudk A[kd tjzpfjzifY todtrSwfjyKol
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
18
ode;f azjrifY
rsm;&,fvYdk &Scd YJw,f/ uGejf rLepfEiS Yf tvkyo

f rm;ygwDrsm;u urmYawmfveS af &;&JU
trmcHtiftm;[m urmYqkd&S,fvpf tiftm;pkjzpfw,f/ tm&S? tmz&du?
vufwiftar&du EkdifiHrsm;&JU trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; awmfvSefa&;[m t&H
tiftm;jzpfw,f/ urmYqdk&S,fvpf tiftm;pk&JU ausmdk;r@dKif[m qkdAd,uf
,leD,H jzpfw,f/ armfpDwHk;udk,fwkdif wcgwkef;u ajymcJYwJYtwkdif; ajym&&if
qkAd ,
d uf,el ,
D u
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trSwfjyKonfjzpfap? rjyKonfjzpfap orkdif;jzpfpOf 'd|"r tajctaersm;u
qkdAd,uf,leD,Hudk urmYawmfvSefa&;&JU A[kdcsufr tjzpfjzifYvnf;aumif;?
qkdAd,uf,leD,H uGefjrLepfygwDudk urmYawmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif tjzpfjzifY
vnf;aumif; wifajrmufxm;onfvkdY tqkd&Sdygw,f/
vGefcJYaom av;ig;ESpfu pNyD; onftqkdudk wkyfuGefjrLepfygwDu jyKjyif
ajymif;vJvmygw,f/ urmYawmfveS af &;rkew
f idk ;f BuD;[m tm&S? tmz&du? vuf
wiftar&du trsKd;om;vGwaf jrmufa&; awmfveS af &;BuD;odYk ul;ajymif;vmcJYNyD;
wkyfjynfolYorwEkdifiH[m xkd rkefwkdif;BuD;&JU A[dkcsufaAG jzpfvmw,fvkdY qkd
vkdufygw,f/
'gUaMumifY ,aeY urmYawmfvSefa&;&JU acgif;aqmif tzGJUtpnf;[m wkyf
uGejf rLepfygwDjzpfNyD; urmYawmfveS af &;acgif;aqmifBuD;[m Ou|BuD; armfpw
D ;kH
jzpfvmygw,f/
'DawmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;opfudk tajccH tkwfjrpfcsNyD; armfpDwHk; yk*dK vf
qnf;uyf udk;uG,frI 0g'udk xlaxmifMuw,fAsm/
armfpDwHk; yk*Kd vf qnf;uyf udk;uG,frI 0g'twGuf tjcm; tajccH tkwfjrpf
wckudkvJ csvkdufao;w,f/
olwdkU[m urmYawmfvSefa&; A[dkcsufaAGudk wkyfjynfodkU ul;ajymif;o,f
,lrkH u wkyu
f eG jf rLepfygwDEiS Yf Ou| armfpw
D ;kH udk urmYawmfveS af &;&JU acgif;
aqmiftzGJUtpnf;ESifY acgif;aqmifBuD; tjzpfjzifY wifajrmufvkdufHkru wkyf
jynfow
l Ydk&UJ awmfveS af &;yHpk [
H m tjcm;Ekid if rH sm;u waoGrwdr;f vku
d ef mMu&rnfh
wckwnf;aom awmfvSefa&;yHkpHtjzpfjzifY owfrSwfvkdufMuw,f/ armfpDwHk;
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
19
0g't& awmfvSefa&;[m wyHkpHwnf;om jzpfoGm;w,f/ 1924-27 rS 1949

ckESpftxd wkyfjynfolwkdU&JU tawGUtBuHK? wkyfjynfolUawmfvSefa&; orkdif;
jzpfpOfESifY if;wkdYtay:rSm armfpDwHk; xifjrif,lqcsuf? oGefoifcsufrsm;[m
olUumv olYa'oESifY [yfrdNyD; rSefaom trSefw&m;rsm;om r[kwfawmYyJ
umv a'ora&G; tm;vHk;twGuf trSefw&m;rsm; jzpfoGm;w,f/
wkyfjynfolYawmfvSefa&; erlemtwkdif; awmfvSefa&; wyHkpHwnf;jzpfwYJ
twGuf wpftcsuftm;jzifY vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&; jzpf&r,f/ ESpftcsuf
uGejf rLepfygwDu vH;k 0acgif;aqmifrI &&r,f/ oH;k tcsuf uGejf rLepfygwDacgif;
aqmifwYJ jynfoUl nDnw
G af &; wyfaygif;pk &S&d r,f/ av;tcsuf uGejf rLepfygwD
OD;pD; csKyfudkifxm;wJY jynfolUwyfrawmfESifY t&H ajymufusm;wyfrsm; &Sd&r,f/
ig;tcsuf awm&Gmaus;vufrmS tajccHNyD; awmfveS af &;[m NrdKUBuD;rsm;udk 0kid ;f rd
xm;onfrS odr;f ydu
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aom a'orsm; xlaxmif&r,f ponfjzifY w&m;ao pGJNrJ cH,lxm;Muw,f/
'DyHkpHtwkdif; r[kwf&if jynfolYawmfvSefa&; r[kwfawmYbl;vdkY owfrSwf
xm;Muw,f/ 'DypkH rH S ty tjcm;awmfveS af &;yHpk u
H kd wDxiG q
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vDeif0g' txGwftxdyfjzpfwJY armfpDwHk;0g'udk qefYusifolawG? opmazguf
tacsmiform;awG? awmfvSefa&; ypfajy;olawG jzpfukefMuw,f/
olwUkd [m qkid &f mvkyo
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f m;jynfoal cgif;aqmifawGu
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(0g) r[mwkyf0g'ESifY awmfvSefa&;wyHkpHwnf; 0g'[m wqufxJyJ/
awmfveS af &; tpd;k &ESiYf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD Nidr;f csrf;a&;twGuf awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;MupOfwek ;f u aqG;aEG;yJyG sujf ym;NyD; Nidr;f csr;f a&;ratmifwm taMumif;rJY
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
20
ode;f azjrifY
uGefjrLepf&JU awmfvSefa&;wyHkpHwnf; oabmw&m;udk pGJpGJNrJNrJ vufcHusifYoHk;

oGm;Mujcif;aMumifY jzpfw,f/ 'gYaMumiYf olwYkd [m ygwDO;D aqmifr&I atmif tydk
jzpfwJY 6-cdkif Nidrf;csrf;a&; qEjyyJGBuD;rsm; vkyfMujcif;jzpfw,f/ 'gYaMumifY
olwYkd vufeufuikd o
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udk qufvufxm;cGiYfjyKap&ef awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk wifjyjcif;jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifY
olwYkd[m olwUdk awmif;qkcd suu
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t,ltqESiYf qefYusiaf eaom jrefrmenf;? jrefrmY[efjzifY qk&d ,
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
28
ode;f azjrifY
aMumifY vlOD;a& wkdk;csifwkdif; wkd;ayapOD;? ruefYowfESifY/ vlOD;a&uefYowfzdkY

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urmYueG jf rLepfEiS Yf tvkyo
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30
ode;f azjrifY
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32
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ponfjzifY t|uxm? #Dum q&mawGu aemufuvku
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um 'Dvufeufudk udkifpGJwJY wyfeDawG[m tvGeftuRHawGjzpfNyD; acgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm;u ywfr cPcP wkwaf y;Mu&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifY r[mypn;f
rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSefa&;qkdwmudk acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u ( ywfr rwkwfcif)
rxdef;odrf;rDu wrsKd;? xdef;odrf;NyD;rS wrsKd;? ESpfrsKd; em;vnfMu&w,f/
r[mypnf;rJY,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;qkdwm[m a[mif;jrif;aomtawG;
tac: t,ltq? a[mif;jrif;aom "avYx;kH pH? ya'o&mZfEiS Yf t&if;&Sif tawG;
tac:t,ltq? xHk;pH"avYESifY ,Ofaus;rI [lorQudk qefYusifwkdufzsuf&ef
jzpfw,fvYdk qkyd gw,f/ qdAk ,
D uf ,Ofaus;rIe,fy,frmS qdAk ,
D uf jyefvnfjyKjyif
a&;0g' MoZmvTr;f aewJYtwGuf 'gukv
d J qefYusiw
f u
dk cf u
dk &f r,fvYkd qkyd gw,f/
ya'o&mZf,Ofaus;rIukd t<uif;rJY okwo
f if&iS ;f vif;&r,fqw
dk YJ a<u;aMumf
oH[m a&S;ola[mif;awG acwftqufqufu jyKpyk sK;d axmifxm;cJYwYJ ,Ofaus;rI
tarGtESpfrsm;udk ypfy,fqefYusifjcif; jzpfvmw,f/ t&if;&Sif,Ofaus;rIESifY
qkAd ,
D ufjyefvnfjyKjyifa&; ,Ofaus;rIukd t<uif;rJY okwo
f if &Si;f vif;&r,fqdk
wJY a<u;aMumfoH[m EkdifiHjcm;,Ofaus;rI[lorQ ( wkd;wufaom EkdifiHjcm;
,Ofaus;rIawG tygt0if) qefYusifwkdufzsufjcif; jzpfvmw,f/
'Dae&mrSmvJ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk umva'o taMumif;rsm;ESifY uyfNyD;
qifjcifo;kH oyfjcif; rjyKaMumif; awGU&jyefw,f/ ,aeYxd usef&pfwnfwYH aewJY
,Ofaus;rI a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfawG[m olUacwf olYtcsdef? umva'o
tavsmuf vltrsm;udk aus;Zl;jyKcJYvYdk odYkuvkd use&f pfwnfwYHaejcif; jzpfw,f/
,ckacwfval wGu uk,
d Yfumv a'o taMumif;rsm;ESiYf avsmn
f pD mG xkw,
f jl yKjyif
NyD; oH;k pG&J efom jzpfw,f/ Edik if jH cm; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSmvJ olYacwf olYumva'o
tavsmuf wk;d wufwmawG &Sw
d ,f/ 'gawGukd ud,
k YfEidk if H umva'o tajctae
ESiYf avsmn
f pD mG xkw,
f l jyKjyif oH;k pGMJ u&efom jzpfw,f/ r[mypn;f rJY ,Ofaus;rI
awmfveS af &;qdw
k YJ vufeufukd udik pf o
JG l wyfev
D il ,fuav;awG[m 'Doabmudk
jrifEkdifpGrf; r&SdMubl;/
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
34
ode;f azjrifY
'gYaMumifY wyfeDawG[m tvGeftuRHawG vkyfukefMuw,f/ r[mypnf;rJY

,Ofaus;rIawmfvSefa&; tpydkif;wkef;u wyfeDawG[m wkyfjynf trsKd;om;
tEkynmjywkdufrsm; 0ifNyD; a&S;a[mif;yef;csDum;BuD;rsm;? yef;ykvuf&mrsm;ESifY
tjcm;aom tEkynm ypnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;Muw,f/ Ak'kyfqif;wkrsm;? wkyf
&[Em kyq
f if;wkrsm;ESiYf a&S;ynm&SBd uD;awG&UJ kyw
f rk sm;udk NzdKcGMJ uw,f/ aumif;
aumif;rGefrGef om;om;em;em; aeol [lorQudk t&if;&Sifazmufjyefa&;orm;?
odYkr[kwf jyefvnfjyifqifa&;orm;&,fvYkd orkwNf yD; olwYdktrd af y:rS pE,m;rsm;
udk qGJcs? bDodkAif? rdkZwf paom q&mBuD;rsm;\ "mwfjym;rsm;udk dkufcGJ? OD;cRef
aom I;zdeyfudk tcRwfckdif; ponfjzifY tvGeftuRHawG jzpfukefw,f/
acgif;aqmifvyk o
f rl sm;u renf;BuD; ywfrwkw,
f &l w,f/ 'gESiYfawmif xde;f r&
csifao;bl;/
,Ofaus;rIawmfvSefa&;qdkwm tawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&;ESifY qkdifw,f/
oabmw&m;a&;? t,l0g'a&; wku
d yf jJG zpfw,f/ 'DawmYum tu,fom ppfreS f
aom ypnf;rJY,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;vkyfcsif&if ygwDtaeESifY vnf;aumif;?
vlxv
k w
l ef;pm; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;taeESiYf vnf;aumif; ynmay;a&; odr;f oGi;f
a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk wnfwnfNidrfNidrf? pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf onf;cHpdwftjynfhESifY
vkyf&rnfomjzpfw,f/ ckawmY 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;/
vli,fausmif;om;awGudk tHk<uatmif vIHUqGay;NyD; vlxkESifY tusyfudkif
aom enf;rsm; toHk;jyKcJYw,f/ tMurf;zufNyD; vlxkESifY tusyfudkifNyD; tawG;
tac:? t,ltq ajymif;vJa&;? ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &; vkyjf cif;[m r[mypn;f
rJY ,Ofaus;rI awmfveS af &; rlrrSeaf Mumif;? vkyBf uHzefw;D rIw&yfom jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;apw,f/
armfpDwHk;wkdU oHk;aom vlxkuvJ t"dutm;jzifY vli,fausmif;om; vlxk?
ukefxkwfvkyfrIqdkaom vlUabmif&JU t"duwm0efudk rxrf;aqmif&aom vlxk
om jzpfw,f/
'gYaMumifY armfpDwHk;wkdU qifETJaom r[mypnf;rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSefa&;
[m ypn;f rJYtvkyo
f rm;twGuv
f nf; r[kw?f ,Ofaus;rItwGuv
f nf; r[kwf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
35
aMumif; xif&Sm;w,f/
,ckawmY armfpDwHk;wkdY vlpk[m r[mypnf;rJY,Ofaus;rI awmfvSefa&;&JU
wuJU&nf&G,fcsufudk zHk;rxm;awmYygbl;/
rsm;rMumrDu 0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvikd ;f [m *syefu,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ wckukd
r[mypn;f rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;rSm &nf&,
G cf suf 3 ck&adS Mumif; ajymcYw
J ,f/
(1) vli,frsm; awmfvSefa&;aoG;at;raeatmif vIHUqGay;ae&eff (2) ppfBuD;
twGuf pdwf"mwftqifoifYjzpfatmif jyifqifay;xm;&ef (3) t&if;&Sifvrf;
vkdufaeaom jyefvnfjyifqifa&;0g' 0ifaeaom wkyfacgif;aqmifpkxHrS
tmPmukd jyefvnfodrf;ykduf&efwdkY jzpfw,fwJYAsm/
tifrwef&Sif;ygw,f/
odkYaomf tHYMop&mawmY aumif;w,f/ ygwDOu|BuD; armfpDwkef;?
0efBuD;csKyf csLtifvidk ;f ? umuG,af &;0efBuD; rm&S,v
f ifajymif polwYdk[m tmPm
vuf&Sdkjzpfygvsuf tmPmukd jyefvnfodrf;ykdufaew,fqkdwm xl;aeygw,f/
'D&nf&,
G cf surf sm;aMumifY r[mypn;f rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;ESiYf wyfeD
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSm awmfvSefa&; vkyfBuHzefwD;rIawG rsm;onfxufrsm;vmw,f/
'D&nf&,
vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;[m &efvw
dk ,f? ppfaoG;ppfrmef wufw,f? pGmus,u
f s,Ef idk w
f ,f/
'D&nf&,
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;[m pifNydKiftmPmrsm; jzpfvmw,f/
armfpDwkef;wkdU vlpk[m ygwDjyifyrSm tm;opfarG;NyD; ygwDwGif;wkdufyGJrSm
tEkdif&atmif vkyfHkwGifru? wkyfuGefjrLepfygwDukd zsufqD;ypf&ef BudK;pm;cJY
onfomru? vlxkvlwef;pm; tzGJUrsm;udkvnf; zsufodrf;vkdufw,f/ wkyf
jynfvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform;tzGJUcsKyfukd vnf;aumif;? uGefjrLepfvli,f tzJGU
tpnf;udk vnf;aumif; zsufodrf;vkdufaMumif; aMujimcJYw,f/
r[mypnf;rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfvSefa&; aumfrwDESifY wyfeDrsm;[m
tqifYqifYaom ygwDaumfrwDrsm;? ygwDHk;rsm;? tqifYqifYaom tpdk;&Hk;rsm;?
A[kt
d pk;d &|mersm;? jynfe,ftyk cf sKyfraI umfrwDrsm;? H;k rsm; ponfwYdkukd pD;Ekid &f ef
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
36
ode;f azjrifY
BudK;yrf;Muw,f/ armfpDwkef;axmufcHaom awmfvSefaom olykefaumfrwDrsm;

avsmufzJGUNyD; tmPmjyefodrf;&ef BudK;pm;Muw,f/
'Dtcsed rf mS wyfe&D UJ tvky[
f m ,Ofaus;rItvkyv
f J r&Sad wmYb;l / ynma&;
tvkyfvJ r&SdawmYbl;/ armfpDwkef; yk*Kd vfqnf;uyf udk;uG,frI0g'udk tjrifYqHk;
jrifY&efESifY tl;trl;usifYoHk;&ef[m olwdkY&JU yxrtvkyfjzpfvmw,f/ wyfeD
vli,fawG[m t&ufu;kd armif;wku
d x
f m;wJY emvm*D&q
d ifvdk jzpfuek Mf uw,f/
armfpDwkef; yk*v
d fqnf;uyfukd;uG,frI 0g'jzifY ,pfrl;NyD; ,rf;csifwkdif; ,rf;vm
MuwmyJ/ olwkdY&JU t,lonf;rI[m ,HkEkdifp&mr&Sdatmif jyif;xefvmw,f/
armfpDwkef;&JU tawG;tac:[m
urm\ wckwnf;aom trSefw&m;
armfpDwkef;&JU tawG;tac:[m
20 &mpkESpf rmYufpf? vDeif0g'&JU txGwftxdyf
armfpDwkef;onf twkvH twkr&Sd
armfpDwkef;onf aerif;BuD;
armfpDwkef;onf urmYawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif
armfpDwkef;onf wkyfjynfolwdkY&JU u,fwif&Sif
ponfjzifY ,HMk unfouf0ifatmif vkyx
f m;NyD; armfpw
D ek ;f ESiYf oabmuGv
J JG
olreS o
f rQ? armfpw
D ek ;f *dP
k ;f om;r[kwaf om wkyaf cgif;aqmifreS o
f rQ? ygwDEiS Yf
tkyfcsKyfa&;xJrSm olwkdYwawGESifY tmPmvkzuf? odkUr[kwf olwkdYtvkdrusol
rSeo
f rQudk jypfwifw
I cf sMuw,f/ MoZmcsMuw,f/ rlr&Sad om a0zefa&;vkyMf u
w,f/ tpnf;ta0;awGvyk Nf yD; pGypf MJG uw,f/ NyD;awmY vrf;ay:xGuNf yD; qEjy
Muw,f/ wyfeDausmif;om;awG[m q&mawGudkzrf;NyD; OD;aESmufaq;aMuma&;
vkyfMuw,f/ q&mawGu olwkdYudk bmoif&r,fvdkY trdefYay;Muw,f/ olwkdU
tzdUk armfpw
D ek ;f [m wOD;wnf;aomq&mjzpfNyD; wOD;wnf;aom tazvnf;jzpf?
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
37
wOD;wnf;aom tarvnf; jzpfaew,f/

r[mypn;f rJY ,Ofaus;rIawmfveS af &;vky&f ef armfpw
D ek ;f tawG;tac:t&
ynma&;pepfukd jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efqNdk yD; ausmif;awGudk wESpyf w
d yf pfvu
dk w
f ,f/
wyfeDawG[m NrdKUuae awmoGm;? awmuae NrdKUwuf? yDuif;NrdKUawmfrSaeNyD;
tjcm; jynfe,fNrdKUrsm;oGm;? tjcm;jynfe,fNrdKUrsm;rS yDuif;nNrKdUawmfodkY pka0;
vmMu/ vlxt
k <kH urIBuD;awmY jzpfvmwmygyJ? odUk aomfvJ ywfrwkwv
f Ydk r&atmif
jzpfvmw,f/ yDuif;rSm aep&mr&Sad wmYb;l / jyefMuygawmYvYdk qkv
d rJ &/ rD;&xm;
awG tpkvu
dk f tNyHKvu
dk f tcrJYp;D jcif;? pufakH wGx0J ifyI jf cif; ponfjzifY ukex
f w
k f
vkyrf u
I kd taESmifYt,Suf rjyKMuygESiYf qdw
k mvJ ajymr&jzpfaew,f/ odUk aomfvJ
armfpDwkef;wdkUvlpk[m olwkdUudk vufrvTwfEkdifbl;As/
armfpw
D ek ;f wkYdvpl [
k m wyferD sm;udk Mumav vufrvTwEf idk af v jzpfrmS ygyJ/
taMumif;uawmY olwkdY[m aoa&;&Sifa&;wrQ ta&;BuD;vSwJY tmPmvkyGJ?
EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJBuD;udk qifETJae&vkdYygyJ/
b,fYavmuf jyif;xefwYJ wku
d yf BJG uD;rsm;vnf;qkw
d m Munhyf g/ ,aeYxd
olwdkYrvkdvm;aom vla&SmufcsD? wifa&Smufyif; pwJY acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ukd
w&m;0if jzKwfrcsEdkifao;bl;/ ,aeY olwkdYudk tNyD;tykdif z,f&Sm;vkdufNyDajym?
eufjzefusawmY olwdkYudk wkdufae&wkef;yg qkdvdkqdk jzpfaew,f/ wkyfjynfolU
orwEdkifiHrSm jynfe,fESifY ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfrIa'oESifY A[kdwkdufdkuftkyfcsKyfrI
a'oaygif; 26 e,f &Sdw,f/ if;wkdYteuf armfpDwkef;&JU awmfvSefaomolykef
aumfrwDqkdwJY tmPmukdxlaxmifNyD; vHk;0csKyfudkifxm;Ekdifwm 6 e,fyJ &Sdao;
w,f/ usew
f YJe,fawGrmS tcsKUd u awmfveS af om olyek af umfrwDudk vH;k 0vufrcH
bl;/ ,cif &SdNyD;jynfe,f? odkYr[kwf txl;a'o uGefjrLepfygwDaumfrwDESifY
jynfe,f? odYkr[kwf txl;a'o tkycf sKyfa&;aumfrwDrsm;u qufvuftyk cf sKyfae
Muw,f/ tcsKdUe,fawGrSm bwjyef usm;wjyef jzpfaew,f/ tcsKdUe,fawGu
w&m;0ifygwD|mecsKyf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifY (0g) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;
wifa&Smufyif;u apvTwaf om uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;ESiYf pum;ajym&rS qH;k jzwfr,f
vdkY ajymaeMuw,f/ tcsKdU jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmftpdwftykdif;rsm;
uvJ tmPmvkyGJrSm ryg0ifyJ Mum;aeMuw,fvkdY Mum;&w,f/ wyfeDrsm;udk
] a&S;a[mif;t,l&Sdaom} tvkyform;rsm;ESifY awmifolv,form;rsm;u wkduf
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
38
ode;f azjrifY
cdu
k v
f w
T Mf uw,fvYdk ajymoHuvJ rMumcP Mum;ae&w,f/ 'gawG[m e,fcsJU
ESifY jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;0g'DawGxHrS vmaom owif;rsm; r[kwfygbl;/ yDuif;
owif;pmawGESifY yDuif; a&'D,dkrSvmwJY owif;rsm;t& odEdkifjcif;yg/
aocsmygw,f/ armfpDwHk;wkdY vlpk[m wjynfvHk;tESYH tmPmjyefYatmif
olwkdYta&; vHk;0atmifjrifatmif tBudwfte,fwkdufae&w,f/ odkYuvkd
tBudwfte,fjzpfaeonfESifYtrQ wyfeDrsm;udk tm;udk;ae&w,f/
tBudwfte,fjzpfaeonfESifYtrQ armfpDwHk; yk*dK vfqnf;uyfukd;uG,frI
0g'ukd jrifYwifay;&w,f/
oabmw&m;usL;ausmf r I r S
vuf a wG U usL;ausmf r I o k d Y
olwkdU[m armfpDwHk;&JU pmtkyfpmwef;awGxJrS aumufEkwfcsufawGxkwf
NyD; pmtkyfeDuav;vkyfvkdufw,f/ [kdacwf [dktcg? [kdwkyfjynfESifY [kdurm
wkef;u rSefcJYwJY tqkdtrdefYrsm;xJrS pum;pktcsKdUudk xkwf,lNyD; tquftpyf
uif;rJYpGm &Gwfzwfo&Zm,fapw,f/ umva'o tquftpyfr&Sdaom tqkd
trdeYf rsm;udk *gxmref;ovkd ref;apw,f/ NyD;awmY rsufuef;wapraMumufjzpf
atmif vkyfay;xm;w,f/
olwkdY[m jynfwGif;rSm tBudwfte,f wkdufae&onfESifYtrQ jynfyodkY
armfpw
D ;kH &JU awmfveS af &; oabmw&m;rsm;ukjd zefY&ef twif;BudK;pm;vmMuw,f/
jynfyrSm armfpw
D ;Hk ta&; atmifjrifw,fqrdk S jynfwiG ;f rSm olwYkd ta&;vSrmS ud;k /
aerif;ESifYwlaom armfpDwkH;&JU tawG;tac:tvif;a&mifjzifY urmY
awmfvSefa&;BuD;udk &J&J0HY0HY tNyD;tydkif qifETJoGm;Mu&rnf/
urmUawmfvSefa&;BuD;&JU trmcHtiftm;[m tm&S? tmz&duESifY
vufwiftar&du jynfolwdkY&JU e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrsm;
jzpfw,f/
urmUawmfveS af &;BuD;&JU A[kcd sufaAG[m wkyjf ynfoYl orwEkid if jH zpf
w,f/
wkyfjynfolwdkY&JU twkr&Sdaom r[macgif;aqmifBuD;? u,fwif&Sif
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
39
BuD;? orkid ;f wufrukid Bf uD;jzpfaom armfpw

D ;kH [m urmUawmfveS af &;BuD;&JU aoem
ywd AdkvfcsKyfrSL;? urmUjynfolwkdU&JU r[macgif;aqmifBuD;vJjzpfw,f/
'gaMumifY urmUjynfoal wG[m armfpw
D ;kH &JU tawG;tac:rsm;udk vufcH
,HMk unfMu&r,f/ tm&S tmz&duEkid if aH wG[m wkyjf ynf&UJ awmfveS af &;tawGU
tBuHKukd ,lNyD; wkyfyHkpHtwdkif; awmfvSefa&; vkyfMu&r,f/
armfpDwHk;wkdUvlpkESifY wyfeDawG&JU 'Dt,ltq? 'D,HkMunfcsufrsm;[m
wu,fawmY tjcm;EkdifiHawGudk oabmw&m;a&; usL;ausmfrIjzpfw,f/
cktcg oabmw&m;a&;usL;ausmfrIrS um,uHajrmuf usL;ausmfrIodkY
qkdufa&mufvmygw,f/
wyfeDawG[m vufxJrSm armfpDwkef;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;? pmtkyfeDukdif?
&ifbwfrmS armfpw
D ;kH wHqyd x
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D ;kH *gxmrsm; &Gwzf wfNyD; urmU
awmfvSefa&;BuD; qifETJ&ef csDwufMuw,f/
olwkdYukd tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;&Sd awmfvSefaom jynfolawGu BudKqkdMur,f/
q&mwifMur,f ponfjzifY olwUdk arQmv
f ifYMuw,f/ wynfw
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txdu
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armfpw
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f rl sKd;BuD;
0g'udk qefYusifo?l ud,
k Yf awmfveS af &;udk ud,
k Yf enf;ESiYf u,
kd f uk,
d Yf acgif;aqmif
rIEiS Yfu,
dk f vkyMf urnfo
h rl sm;udk opmazmufrsm;? azmufjyefa&;orm;rsm; tjzpfjzifY
owfrSwfNyD; olwdkUESifY olwdkYbufom;rsm;u acsrIef;wkdufckdufMur,fvkdY
[dwfxkwfaeMuw,f/
'Dvt
dk xif&adS eMuwJYtwGu?f 'Dvjdk rifaeMuwJYtwGu?f 'Dvdk jy|mef;xm;
MuwJYtwGuf armfpw
D ;kH acgif;aqmifpEk iS Yf wyferD sm;[m uReaf wmfwYdkEidk if rH mS olwYdk
0g'jzefYcsifwkdif; jzefYcGifY&Sd&r,f? olwdkYpmtkyfeDrsm;udk jrefrmvkd yDuif;rSmdkufESdyf
NyD; jrefrmjynfxrJ mS BudKufovkd a0cGiYf &&dS r,f/ olwYkd&ifbwfrmS armfpw
D ;kH wHqyd f
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dk ?dk jrefrmYausmif;pnf;urf;rsm; b,fvdk owfrw
S f
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tjcm;enf;rsm;ESifYyg awmif;vmjcif;? cGifY&& r&& ZGwfvkyfvmjcif;jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifYvJ wkyjf ynfoYlorwEdik if yH g tygt0if wurmvH;k u w&m;0iftod
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
40
ode;f azjrifY
olwYdk owif;pmud,
k pf m;vS,?f olwYkdtpk;d & owif;pm? olwUkd a&'D,rkd S vGwv
f w
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0ifa&mufpGufzufzkdY tcGifYta&;rsm; olwdkYrSm tjynfht0&Sdw,f,lqNyD; ajAmif
vkyfaeMujcif; jzpfw,fAsm/
wkyfuGefjrLepfESifY ArmuGefjrLepf qufqHa&;
ocifoef;xGe;f acgif;aqmifwYJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (Auy)u wkyf
uGefjrLepfygwDukd tppt&m&m rSDckdtm;xm;wm[m tpOftvmw&yf jzpfyg
w,f/
1948 ckEpS f Auy awmrckrd u
D av;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f [m umvuwm;
oGm;NyD; uGejf rLepftpnf;ta0; wufw,f/ tJ'D tpnf;ta0;rSm ocifoef;xGe;f
ajymwJYpum;rsm;ukd uRefawmfrSwfrdao;w,f/ zqyv [m Arm udkrifwef
jzpfoGm;NyD/ wkyfjynfrSm udkrifweftpkd;&ukd wkyfuGefjrLepfygwDu vkyfovdk
uRefawmfwUdk vky&f awmYrmS yJ/ zqyv u wcsufcs&if uRefawmfwUdk u ESpcf suf
jyefcsr,f wJYAs/
qkdvkdwmuawmY wkyfyHkpHtwkdif; vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; vkyfawmY
r,fvkdY jzpfygw,f/ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyf? awmckd? vGwfajrmufaom
a'orsm; wnfaxmif? NrdKUawGukd 0kdif;xm;? nGefYaygif;tpkd;& zGJU&ef jyifqif?
aemuf NrdKUawGudk odrf;NyD; jynfolY'Drkdua&pD wyfaygif;pk nGefYaygif;tpkd;&zGJU?
wkyferlem twkdif;ygyJ/
Auy awG awmckpd u tcsKdU olw
k Ydk a&muf&ma'orsm;rSm wkyu
f eG jf rLepf
rsm; tultnD a&mufaeNyDqNdk yD; [k[
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0g'jzefYMuao;w,f/
ocifAode;f wif? Adv
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f ef;acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESiYf ygwD0iftrsm;tjym;udk wkyjf ynfoYdk tultnD&&ef apvTwcf YJ Muw,f/
1950 w0ku
d rf mS ocifoef;xGe;f acgif;aqmifwYJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
[m 2 ESpftwGif; ppfatmifEkdifa&;qkdwJY a<u;aMumfoHudk xkwfvkdufygw,f/ 'D
a<u;aMumfoHuawmY avvHk;xGm;jcif; oufouf jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ 'DumvrSm
jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
41
Auy&JU tBuD;qH;k aom ppfa&;tm;xkwrf u

I awmY jrefrmjynfajrmufyidk ;f rSm vGwf
ajrmufaoma'orsm; tckid t
f rm xlaxmif&efjzpfygw,f/ tpD&ifcpH m wckxrJ mS
ocifoef;xGef;u ]] jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif;rSm wkyfjynfESifY tquftoG,f
aumif;aom vGwfajrmufa&;a'orsm; &Sd&r,f? tJ'Da'orsm;ukd ajcukwf,lNyD;
ppfatmifEkdifa&; wkd;csJUoGm;&r,f }} vkdY taMumif;jycJYygw,f/
ocifoef;xGe;f wkYd&UJ tBuHtpnfawG[m ratmifb;l / ud,
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tay: tm;rudk;EkdifwJY? EkdifiHjcm;tm;ukd;wJY tBuHtpnf[m b,frSm atmifEdkif
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ekid if aH wGEiS Yf vJ oifYjrwfatmifaew,f/ wkyjf ynfoYl orwEkid if u
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orwEkdifiH? wkyfjynfolYorwEkdifiHwkdYESifYwGJNyD; Nidrf;csrf;pGm ,SOfwGJaexkdifa&;
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vnf;aumif;? 0g'jzefYray;cJYygbl;/ EkdifiHa&;tultnDray;cJYygbl;/ vufeuf
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
42
ode;f azjrifY
olwkdYwawGu jrefrmjynfudk taESmuft,Suf ray;Mu&ifNyD;wmyJ? olwdkYudk

udkifNyD; wkyfjynfu jrefrmjynfwGif;a&; 0ifpGufzuf&mra&muf&if NyD;wmyJ?
EkdfifiHa&; ckdvHIcGifYay;wmudk uefYuGufp&mr&Sdygbl;vkdY ajymcJYw,f/
wkyaf cgif;aqmifrsm;[m tcgtcGiYfoifYwYJtcg jrefrmtpd;k &acgif;aqmif
rsm;udk ArmuGejf rLepfawGEiS Yf Nidr;f csr;f a&; vkyEf idk &f ifaumif;r,f/ nDnn
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&ma&mufrSmpdk;vdkY rajymcsifygbl;? odkYaomfvnf; 'Davmuf&if;EDS;vmrSawmY 'D
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wkyu
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
43
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44
ode;f azjrifY
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twkdif; awmwGif;rS aqG;aEG;&efvma&mufMuaom ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ukd olwkdY
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w,f/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;acgif;aqmifaom awmfvSefa&; tpdk;&udk Auy wkdY
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jrefrmUrQm;ewfarmif
45
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f eG jf rLepfygwD
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Copyright:

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Mawsitone & Myanmar

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Copyright:

Available Formats

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