MC LC GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................... Chng 1: Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng .................................................. 1.1. Khi nim v bo h lao ng................................................................................... 1.2.

. Ni dung ca bo h lao ng................................................................................... 1.3. Nhng quan im trong cng tc bo h lao ng.................................................... 1.4. H thng php lut v cc quy nh hin hnh v bo h lao ng .......................... 1.4.1. Mc tiu ca cng tc bo h lao ng .................................................................. 1.4.2. Phm vi i tng ca cng tc bo h lao ng................................................... 1.4.3. Cc quy nh v k thut an ton v v sinh lao ng ........................................... 1.4.4. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng ...................... 1.4.4.1. i vi ngi s dng lao ng.......................................................................... 1.4.4.2. i vi ngi lao ng........................................................................................ 1.5. Qun l nh nc v bo h lao ng ....................................................................... 1.5.1. B lao ng thng binh v x hi ..................................................................... 1.5.2. B Y t.................................................................................................................... 1.5.3. B khoa hc Cng ngh v mi trng.................................................................. 1.5.4. B gio dc v o to .......................................................................................... 1.5.5. UBND tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng..................................................... 1.5.6. Thanh tra nh nc v an ton v sinh lao ng .................................................... 1.5.7. T chc Cng on................................................................................................. 1.6. Khai bo, kim tra, nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng............................................ 1.6.1. Mc ch ................................................................................................................. 1.6.2. Phn tch iu kin lao ng, nguyn nhn tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip trong xy dng thy li .................................................................................................... 1.6.3. Phng php khai bo, iu tra, nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng .................... 1.6.3.1. Khai bo iu tra ................................................................................................. 1.6.3.2. Phng php phn tch nguyn nhn v nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng..... Chng 2: V sinh lao ng .......................................................................................... 2.1. Khi nim chung v v sinh lao ng ....................................................................... 2.1.1. Cc yu t gy tc hi sc khe ngi lao ng v phn loi bnh ngh nghip trong xy dng.................................................................................................................. 1

2.1.2. Bin php phng nga cc bnh ngh nghip ........................................................ 2.1.3. iu kin kh hu trong mi trng sn xut......................................................... 2.2. Chng bi .................................................................................................................. 2.2.1. Nguyn nhn pht sinh bi ..................................................................................... 2.2.2. Tc hi ca bi........................................................................................................ 2.2.3. Cc bin php chng bi ........................................................................................ 2.2.3.1. Kim sot bi....................................................................................................... 2.2.3.2. Chng bi ............................................................................................................ 2.3. Phng chng nhim c ............................................................................................ 2.3.1. Nguyn nhn v tc hi nhim c ........................................................................ 2.3.1.1. Nguyn nhn........................................................................................................ 2.3.1.2. Tc hi nhim c ............................................................................................... 2.3.2. Cc bin php phng chng nhim c.................................................................. 2.4 .Chng ting n v rung ng .................................................................................... 2.4.1. Cc ngun pht sinh ting n v tc hi ................................................................. 2.4.2. Rung........................................................................................................................ 2.4.3. Cc thng s c trng cho ting n v rung ng ................................................ 2.4.3.1. Ting n............................................................................................................... 2.4.3.2. Rung ng ........................................................................................................... 2.4.4. Bin php chng n v rung ng.......................................................................... 2.4.4.1. Chng n ............................................................................................................. Kim sot ting n............................................................................................................ Bo v thnh gic .............................................................................................................. 2.4.4.2. Chng rung .......................................................................................................... 2.5. Chiu sng ................................................................................................................. 2.5.1. Tm quan trng ca chiu sng trong xy dng..................................................... 2.5.2. C s khoa hc ca thit k chiu sng.................................................................. 2.5.2.1. Chiu sng t nhin: ............................................................................................ 2.5.2.2. Chiu sng nhn to............................................................................................. Chng 3: K thut an ton lao ng trong thit k t chc thi cng v thit k thi cng .................................................................................................................................. 3.1. M u....................................................................................................................... 2

3.2. Ni dung ch yu ca cng tc bo h lao ng v k thut an ton trong thit k thi cng .................................................................................................................................. 3.3. An ton lao ng khi lp tin thi cng ................................................................. 3.4. An ton lao ng khi lp mt bng thi cng.............................................................. Mt bng cng trng ...................................................................................................... S ngn np ca cng trng ........................................................................................... Chng 4: K thut an ton khi s dng my xy dng ........................................... 4.1. M u....................................................................................................................... 4.2. Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s c, tai nn lao ng ............................................. 4.3. Cc tiu chun v k thut an ton khi s dng cc my thi cng............................ 4.3.1. Bo m s n nh ca my ................................................................................. 4.3.2. Xc nh khong cch cho my ng trn b h mng ......................................... 4.3.3. dc cho php ca mt s loi my lm t....................................................... 4.3.4. Mt s im quy nh khi s dng my ................................................................. 4.4. Tiu chun v bin php an ton khi s dng cc thit b nng h ........................... 4.4.1. Cc tiu chun v bin php an ton khi s dng cp............................................ 4.4.2. Tiu chun an ton cho tang cun v rng rc....................................................... 4.5. Mt s thit b an ton ca my xy dng................................................................. 4.6. Bin php t chc an ton ......................................................................................... Chng 5: K thut an ton in trong xy dng ...................................................... 5.1. Cc khi nim c bn v an ton in ....................................................................... 5.1.1. in tr ca con ngi ........................................................................................... 5.1.2. Tc dng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi ................................................. 5.1.3. Phn loi v tr sn xut theo mc nguy him v in ...................................... 5.2. Phn tch cc trng hp tip xc vi mng in ..................................................... 5.2.1. Chm vo hai pha khc nhau.................................................................................. 5.2.2. Chm vo mt pha ca mng c trung tnh cch ly ............................................... 5.2.3. Chm vo mt pha ca mng trung tnh ni t..................................................... 5.2.4. in p bc........................................................................................................... 5.3. Nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn in ........................................................................ 5.4. Nhng bin php chung an ton v in ................................................................... 5.4.1. S dng in p an ton ......................................................................................... 3

5.4.2. Lm cch in dy dn ........................................................................................... 5.4.3. Lm b phn che chn............................................................................................ 5.4.4. Ni t bo v, ct in bo v............................................................................... 5.4.4.1. Ni t bo v...................................................................................................... 5.4.4.2. Ct in bo v .................................................................................................... 5.4.4.3. S dng in cc san bng th trong mng in c in p n 1000V............. 5.4.5. S dng khong cch an ton trnh phng in h quang.................................... 5.4.6. S dng cc dng c bo v ................................................................................... 5.5. Mt s yu cu an ton v in trong xy dng (TCVN 4086-1985)....................... 5.5.1. Khi xy dng li in cng trng cn bo m.............................................. 5.5.2. Cc yu cu i vi cng nhn vn hnh thit b in cng trng ................... 5.5.3. Cp cu ngi b tai nn in................................................................................. 5.5.3.1. Cu ngi b nn ra khi ngun in.................................................................. 5.5.3.2. H hp nhn to v thi ngt............................................................................... Chng 6: K thut an ton n mn v khai thc .................................................. 6.1. M u....................................................................................................................... 6.2. Nhng quy nh chung .............................................................................................. 6.3. Khong cch an ton ................................................................................................. 6.3.1. Khong cch an ton v chn ng (TCVN 4586-1997) ....................................... 6.3.1.1. N mn vi bao thuc tp trung........................................................................... 6.3.1.1 Khi n tng t..................................................................................................... 6.3.2. Khong cch an ton v tc ng ca sng khng kh........................................... 6.3.3. Bn knh nguy him c mnh vng xa. ............................................................. 6.4. K thut an ton trong khai thc l thin (TCVN 5178-1990)............................. 6.5. Yu cu an ton khi vn hnh my khoan ............................................................ 6.5.1. My khoan ln........................................................................................................ 6.5.2. Ba khoan hi p cm tay. ..................................................................................... 6.5.3. My nn kh............................................................................................................ Chng 7: K thut an ton khi o h su v lm vic trn cao............................. 7.1. Nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn ....................................................................................... 7.2. Bin php v k thut an ton phng nga tai nn khi o mng, h su ................ 7.2.1. Bo m s n nh ca h mng, vch ho.......................................................... 4

Edited by Foxit PDF Editor Copyright (c) by Foxit Software Company, 2004 - 2007 For Evaluation Only.

7.2.1.1. C s xc nh chiu su o mng, ho n nh. ......................................... 7.2.1.2. Mt s quy nh khi o vi thnh ng............................................................. 7.2.2. Bo m s n nh khi o h mng rng v su ................................................ 7.2.3. Bin php phng nga ln ri theo mi dc...................................................... 7.2.4. Bin php phng nga ng vo h su................................................................... 7.2.5. Bin php phng nhim c ................................................................................... 7.3. Cc bin php phng nga v cc phng tin k thut bo v khi lm vic trn cao 7.3.1. Phng hng v bin php chung ........................................................................ 7.3.2. Bin php k thut v cc yu cu v an ton khi s dng gin gio. ................... Chng 8: K thut an ton bo v chng st............................................................. 8.1. Tc hi ca st ........................................................................................................... 8.3. Bo v chng st........................................................................................................ 8.2.1. Vng bo v ca thu li.......................................................................................... 8.2.2. Thit k cc b phn ca thu li............................................................................. Chng 9: K thut phng chy v cha chy ........................................................... 9.1. M u....................................................................................................................... 9.2. Khi nim chung v qu trnh chy v n ................................................................. 9.2.1. Qu trnh chy ........................................................................................................ 9.2.2. iu kin v hnh thc chy................................................................................... 9.2.2.1. iu kin chy................................................. ................................................. 9.2.2.2. Hnh thc chy..................................................................................................... 9.2.3. Cc c trng chy nguy him ............................................................................... 9.2.3.1. Chy cc hn hp hi kh vi khng kh ............................................................ 9.2.3.2. Chy cc cht lng............................................................................................... 9.2.3.3. Chy cc cht rn................................................................................................. 9.2.3.4. Chy, n bi......................................................................................................... 9.3. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy v bin php phng nga .................................. 9.3.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy ......................................................................... 9.3.2. Cc bin php phng chy...................................................................................... 9.3.2.1. Bin php phng nga khng cho m chy xy ra............................................ 9.3.2.2. Bin php hn ch m chy lan rng................................................................. 9.3.2.3. Bin php cu ngi v cu ti sn an ton........................................................ 5

9.3.2.4. Bin php to iu kin dp tt m chy c hiu qu ....................................... 9.4. Cc cht cha chy, dng c, phng tin cha chy............................................... 9.4.1. Cc phng tin cha chy .................................................................................... 9.4.1.1. Nc .................................................................................................................... 9.4.1.2. Hi nc .............................................................................................................. 9.4.1.3. Bt cha chy ...................................................................................................... 9.4.1.4. Bt cha chy ...................................................................................................... 9.4.1.5. Cc loi kh.......................................................................................................... 9.4.1.6. Cc cht halogen.................................................................................................. 9.4.2. Dng c v phng tin cha chy ........................................................................ 9.4.2.1. Dng c cha chy .............................................................................................. 9.4.2.2. Phng tin cha chy c gii ............................................................................

GII THIU CHUNG 1. Tn hc phn (mn hc): 2. S n v hc trnh: 3. Phn b thi gian: An ton lao ng 2 VHT - Ln lp: 24 tit

Tham quan Vin bo h lao ng: 6 tit 4.Mc tiu ca hc phn: Trang b cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn v an ton lao ng trong xy dng c bn 5. Tm tt ni dung hc phn: Hc phn gm 9 chng t chng 1 n chng 9

Chng 1 - Nhng vn chung v bo h lao ng Chng 2 - V sinh lao ng Chng 3 - K thut an ton lao ng trong thit k t chc thi cng v thit k thi cng Chng 4 - K thut an ton khi s dng my xy dng Chng 5 - K thut an ton in trong xy dng Chng 6 - K thut an ton n mn v khai thc Chng 7 - K thut an ton khi o h su v lm vic trn cao Chng 8 - K thut an ton bo v chng st Chng 9 - K thut phng chy v cha chy 6. Ti liu hc tp: - Gio trnh: An ton lao ng, tc gi TS. H S Minh, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni 2002.

Ti liu tham kho [1] Hong Cng Cn, Bi ging An ton lao ng. [2] B Xy dng, Bo h lao ng trong ngnh Xy dng, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni 2005. [3] Bi Mnh Hng, K thut an ton - v sinh lao ng v phng chng chy n trong xy dng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni 2004. [4] Nguyn B Dng, Nhng gii php K thut an ton trong xy dng, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni 2002.

CHNG 1: NHNG VN CHUNG V BO H LAO NG 1.1. Khi nim chung

1.1.1. Khi nim v bo h lao ng - Khi nim v bo h lao ng nu trong TCVN: 3153-1979: BHL l mn khoa hc nghin cu h thng cc vn bn lut php, cc bin php tng ng v t chc, KTXH, k thut v sinh hc m bo an ton, bo v sc kho v kh nng lao ng. - Bo h lao ng l mn khoa hc nghin cu cc vn h thng cc vn bn php lut, cc bin php v t chc kinh t - x hi v khoa hc cng ngh ci tin iu kin lao ng nhm: Bo v sc kho, tnh mng con ngi trong lao ng. Nng cao nng sut, cht lng sn phm. Bo v mi trng lao ng ni ring v mi trng sinh thi ni chung. Gp phn ci thin i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi lao ng. -Ni 1 cch ngn gn hn: Bo h lao ng l h thng cc gii php v php lut, khoa hc k thut, kinh t - x hi nhm m bo an ton v sc khe ca con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut. -T khi nim trn c th thy r tnh php l, tnh khoa hc, tnh qun chng ca cng tc bo h lao ng lun gn b mt thit vi nhau v ni dung ca cng tc bo h lao ng nht thit phi th hin y cc tnh cht trn. 1.1.2. Mc ch bo h lao ng: -Mc ch: Bo m cho mi ngi lao ng nhng iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, thun li v tin nghi nht. Khng ngng nng cao nng sut lao ng, to nn cuc sng hnh phc cho ngi lao ng.

 Gp phn vo vic bo v v pht trin bn vng ngun nhn lc lao ng. Nhm tho mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi m trc ht l ca chnh ngi lao ng. * y cng l chnh sch u t cho chin lc pht trin kinh t, x hi trong s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. -Chnh sch bo h lao ng chnh l nhng ch trng, quyt nh, quy nh, hng dn nhm th ch ha, c th ha quan im, ng li v cng tc bo h lao ng. Thc tin hin nay v ang t ra nhiu vn cp thit trong vic i mi chnh sch bao h lao ng cho ph hp vi yu cu n?n kinh t hin nay. 1.1.3. ngha ca cng tc bo h lao ng: - ngha v mt chnh tr: Lm tt cng tc bo h lao ng s gp phn vo vic cng c lc lng sn xut v pht trin quan h sn xut. Chm lo n sc kho, tnh mng, i sng ca ngi lao ng. Xy dng i ng cng nhn lao ng vng mnh c v s lng v th cht. - ngha v mt php l: Bo h lao ng mang tnh php l v mi ch trng, ng li ca ng v Nh nc, cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh, cc bin php t chc x hi u c th ch ho bng cc quy nh lut php. N bt buc mi t chc, mi ngi s dng lao ng cng nh ngi lao ng thc hin. * Trn th gii quyn c bo h lao ng c tha nhn v tr thnh 1 trong nhng mc tiu u tranh ca ngi lao ng. - ngha v mt khoa hc: c th hin cc gii php khoa hc k thut loi tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi thng qua vic iu tra, kho st, phn tch v nh gi iu kin lao ng, bin php k thut an ton, phng chy cha chy, k thut v sinh, x l nhim mi trng lao ng, phng tin bo v c nhn,... 10

 Vic ng dng cc tin b k thut, khoa hc cng ngh tin tin phng nga, hn ch tai nn lao ng xy ra. N cn lin quan trc tip ?n bo v mi trng sinh thi, v th? hot ng khoa hc v bo h lao ng gp phn quyt nh trong vic gi gn mi trng trong sch.

- ngha v tnh qun chng: N mang tnh qun chng v l cng vic ca ng o nhng ngi trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut. H l ngi c kh nng pht hin v xut loi b cc yu t c hi v nguy him ngay ch lm vic. Khng ch ngi lao ng m mi cn b qun l, khoa hc k thut... u c trch nhim tham gia vo vic thc hin cc nhim v ca cng tc bo h lao ng. Ngoi ra cc hot ng qun chng nh phong tro thi ua, tuyn truyn, hi thi, hi tho, giao lu lin quan n an ton lao ng u gp phn quan trng vo vic ci thin khng ngng iu kin lm vic, tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip. * Tm li u c sn xut, cng tc, c con ngi lm vic th phi tin hnh cng tc bo h lao ng. Bo h lao ng trc ht l phm tr ca sn xut, gn lin vi sn xut nhm bo v yu t nng ng nht ca lc lng sn xut l ngi lao ng; ng thi nh chm lo sc khe cho ngi lao ng, mang li hnh phc cho bn thn v gia nh h m cng tc bo h lao ng c 1 h qu x hi v nhn o rt to ln. 1.2. Ni dung ca bo h lao ng 1.2.1. Ni dung ca bo h lao ng: 1.2.1.1. Ni dung: gm 4 phn -Lut php bo h lao ng: l nhng quy nh v ch , th l bo h lao ng nh: Gi gic lm vic v ngh ngi. 11

 Bo v v bi dng sc kho cho cng nhn. Ch lao ng i vi n cng nhn vin chc. Tiu chun quy phm v k thut an to v v sinh lao ng. * Lut l bo h lao ng c xy dng trn c s yu cu thc t ca qun chng lao ng, cn c vo trnh pht trin kinh t, trnh khoa hc c sa i, b sung dn dn thch hp vi hon cnh sn xut trong tng thi k kinh t ca t nc. -V sinh lao ng: nhim v ca v sinh lao ng l: Nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng v iu kin lao ng sn xut ln c th con ngi. ra nhng bin php v y t v sinh nhm loi tr v hn ch nh hng ca cc nhn t pht sinh nhng nguyn nhn gy bnh ngh nghip trong sn xut. -K thut an ton lao ng: Nghin cu phn tch cc nguyn nhn chn thng, s phng trnh tai nn lao ng trong sn xut, nhm bo m an ton sn xut v bo h lao ng cho cng nhn. ra v p dng cc bin php t chc v k thut cn thit nhm to iu kin lm vic an ton cho ngi lao ng t hiu qu cao nht. -K thut phng chy cha chy: Nghin cu phn tch cc nguyn nhn chy, n trn cng trng. Tm ra bin php phng chy, cha chy c hiu qu nht. Hn ch s thit hi thp nht do ho hon gy ra. 1.2.1.2. Cc khi nim c Quc t ha: - An ton lao ng: tnh trng iu kin lao ng khng gy nguy him trong sn xut. - iu kin lao ng: tng th cc yu t kinh t, x hi, t chc, k thut, t nhin, th hin qua quy trnh cng ngh, cng c lao ng, i tng lao ng, mi trng

12

lao ng, con ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia chng, to iu kin hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh sn xut. - Yu cu an ton lao ng: cc yu cu cn phi thc hin nhm m bo an ton lao ng. - S nguy him trong sn xut: kh nng tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. - Yu t nguy him trong sn xut: yu t c tc ng gy chn thng cho ngi lao ng trong sn xut. - Yu t c hi trong sn xut: yu t c tc ng gy bnh cho ngi lao ng trong sn xut. - An ton ca thit b sn xut: tnh cht ca thit b bo m c tnh trng an ton khi thc hin cc chc nng quy nh trong iu kin xc nh v trong 1 thi gian quy nh. - An ton ca quy trnh sn xut: tnh cht ca quy trnh sn xut bo m c tnh trng an ton khi thc hin cc thng s cho trong sut thi gian quy nh. - Phng tin bo v ngi lao ng: phng tin dng phng nga hoc lm gim tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. - K thut an ton: h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v k thut nhm phng nga cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. - V sinh sn xut: h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v k thut v sinh nhm phng nga s tc ng ca yu t c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. - Tai nn lao ng: Tai nn xy ra gy tc hi n c th ngi lao ng do tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut. - Chn thng: Chn thng xy ra i vi ngi lao ng trong qu trnh sn xut do khng tun theo cc yu cu v an ton lao ng. Nhim c cp tnh cng c coi nh chn thng.

13

(Phn ln mi ngi thng hiu sai vic phng chng tai nn- nh ng gia khi nim tai nn vi chn thng, dn ti vic quan nim rng s khng c tai nn nghim trng nu khng c chn thng.. Cc nh qun l xy dng r rng quan tm n chn thng ca CN, song h nn quan tm n vn s c hn vn chn thng. Ti mt cng trng xy dng thng c nhiu s c hn l nhng chn thng.) - Bnh ngh nghip: Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi vi ngi lao ng. 1.2.2. Ni dung k hoch bo h lao ng: -K hoch bo h lao ng l vn bn c ni dung v bin php, kinh ph, vt t, thi gian hon thnh, phn cng t chc thc hin cng tc bo h lao ng. -Cc doanh nghip khi lp k hoch sn xut phi ng thi lp k hoch bo h lao ng. Cc c quan qun l cp trn ca doanh nghip nu t chc xt duyt k hoch sn xut th ng thi phi xt duyt k hoch bo h lao ng. -Ni dung chi tit bao gm: Cc bin php v k thut an ton v phng chng chy n: + Ch to, sa cha, mua sm cc thit b, b phn, dng c nhm mc ch che chn, hm ng m cc my, thit b, b phn, cng trnh, khu vc nguy him, c nguy c gy ra s c v tai nn lao ng. + Lm thm cc gi nguyn vt liu, thnh phm. + Lp t cc thit b bo ng bng mu sc, nh sng, ting ng,... + t bin bo. + Ni quy, quy trnh vn hnh an ton. + Mua sm, sn xut cc thit b, trang b phng chy, cha chy. + Di chuyn cc b phn sn xut, kho cha cc cht c hi, d chy n ra xa ni c nhiu ngi i li. + Kim nh nh k cc thit b c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng,... Cc bin php k thut v sinh lao ng trong phng chng c hi, ci thin 14

iu kin lao ng: + Lp t cc qut thng gi, h thng ht bi, ht hi kh c. + Nng cp hon thin lm cho nh xng thng thong, chng nng, n v cc yu t c hi lan truyn. + Xy dng, ci to nh tm. + Lp t my git, my ty cht c. Mua sm trang b bo v c nhn: Dy an ton, mt n phng c, tt chng dnh, tt chng vt, ng cch in, ng chu acid, m bao tc, m chng chn thng s no; khu trang chng bi, bao tai chng n, qun o chng phng x, chng in t trng, qun o chng rt, qun o chu acid... Chm sc sc khe ngi lao ng: + Khm sc khe khi tuyn dng. + Khm sc khe nh k. + Khm pht hin bnh ngh nghip. + Bi dng bng hin vt. + iu dng v phc hi chc nng lao ng. Tuyn truyn gio dc, hun luyn v bo h lao ng: + T chc hun luyn v bo h lao ng. + Chiu phim, tham quan trin lm bo h lao ng. + T chc thi an ton - v sinh vin gii. + K pan, p phch, mua ti liu v tp ch bo h lao ng. -Vic lp k hoch phi cn c vo: Nhim v, phng hng k hoch sn xut, kinh doanh v tnh hnh lao ng ca nm k hoch.

15

+ Nhng thiu st tn ti trong cng tc bo h lao ng c rt ra t cc tai nn lao ng, chy n, bnh ngh nghip, t cc bo co kim im cng tc bo h lao ng nm trc. + Cc kin ngh phn nh ca ngi lao ng, kin t chc ca cng on v kin ngh ca on thanh tra. 1.2.3. Phng php nghin cu mn hc: -Nghin cu bo h lao ng l to ra c cc iu kin lao ng an ton v v sinh, ng thi t nng sut lao ng cao nht. -Bo h lao ng trong XDCB c lin quan n nhiu mn hc nh vt l, ho hc, ton hc, nhit k thut, c kt cu..., c bit i vi mn k thut thi cng, t chc thi cng, my xy dng. Do nghin cu mn hc ny cn vn dng nhng kin thc cc mn hc lin quan ni trn; ng thi qua nghin cu, b sung cho cc mn hc ny c hon chnh hn trn quan im bo h lao ng. -Ni dung nghin cu bo h lao ng l: Phi tin hnh phn tch cc nguyn nhn chn thng v bnh ngh nghip trong thi cng xy dng, nguyn nhn pht sinh chy n trn cng trng. Xc nh c nhng quy lut pht sinh nht nh ca nhng nguyn nhn , cho php thy trc c nhng nguy c tai nn, nhng yu t c hi v nguy c chy n trong sn xut. ra cc bin php phng nga v loi tr nguyn nhn pht sinh ca chng, m bo tin hnh cc qu trnh thi cng an ton, v sinh v an ton chng chy. 1.3. Nhng quan im trong cng tc bo h lao ng - Con ngi l vn qu nht ca x hi - Bo h lao ng phi thc hin ng thi vi qu trnh t chc lao ng sn xut. - Qun l an ton lao ng trn cng trng xy dng c ngha l phi p dng nhng bin php an ton trc khi c tai nn v au m xy ra.

16

- Cng tc bo h lao ng phi thc hin y 3 tnh cht: khoa hc k thut, lut php v qun chng. Ph bin cc thng tin v an ton v v sinh lao ng cho mi ngi. - Ngi s dng lao ng chu trch nhim chnh trong vic bo h lao ng cho ngi lao ng 1.4. H thng php lut v cc quy nh hin hnh v bo h lao ng Bao gm cc tiu chun, quy phm KTAT, tiu chun VSL, quy phm qun l v cc ch c th. 1.4.1. Mc tiu ca cng tc bo h lao ng L bo m cho ngi lao ng khng b m au bnh tt, tai nn do tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him, c hi trong qu trnh sx thng qua h thng lut php, chnh sch v cc gii php v khoa hc k thut, kinh t, tuyn truyn gio dc, t chc lao ng v s tun th ni quy, quy trnh, quy phm an ton v v sinh lao ng ca ngi s dng lao ng v ca ngi lao ng x hi. 1.4.2. Phm vi i tng ca cng tc bo h lao ng a/Ngi lao ng: -L phi k c ngi hc ngh, tp ngh, th vic c lm trong iu kin an ton, v sinh, khng b tai nn lao ng, khng b bnh ngh nghip; khng phn bit ngi lao ng trong c quan, doanh nghip ca Nh nc hay trong cc thnh phn kinh t khc; khng phn bit ngi Vit Nam hay ngi nc ngoi. b/Ngi s dng lao ng: - cc doanh nghip Nh nc, cc doanh nghip v c s sn xut kinh doanh, d?ch v thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc, cc c nhn c s dng lao ng tin hnh cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh. -Cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi, cc n v x nghip, sn xut kinh doanh, dch v, cc c quan hnh ch?nh s nghip, t chc chnh tr x hi, on th nhn dn, cc doanh nghip thuc lc lng Qun i Nhn dn, Cng an Nhn dn,

17

cc c quan t chc nc ngoi hoc quc t ti Vit Nam c s dng lao ng l ngi Vit Nam. * Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim t chc thc hin php lut v bo h lao ng trong n v mnh. 1.4.3. Cc quy nh v k thut an ton v v sinh lao ng -Nh nc ban hnh tiu chun k thut an ton, v sinh lao ng, quy phm qun l i vi tng loi my, thit b, cng trnh, kho tng, ho cht ni lm vic. Ngi s dng lao ng phi cn c xy dng ni quy, quy trnh lm vic an ton. Tiu chun an ton v sinh l tiu chun bt buc thc hin. -Khi lp lun chng kinh t k thut cc d n xy dng mi hoc ci to, m rng c s sn xut; s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi my, thit b, vt t c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton v sinh lao ng th ch u t phi bo v v lp lun chng v an ton v v sinh lao ng. C quan thanh tra an ton v v sinh lao ng tham gia nh gi tnh kh thi ca n. Danh mc cc c s, my mc, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton v v sinh lao ng do B L-TB v XH v B Y t ban hnh. -Khi trin khai thc hin cc d n, ch u t phi thc hin ng cc lun chng v an ton v v sinh lao ng trong d n c Hi ng thm nh d n chp thun. -Ngi s dng lao ng phi nh k kim nh, bo dng, sa cha my mc, thit b, nh xng v nh k o c cc yu t v sinh lao ng ti ni lm vic v thc hin cc bin php bo m ngi lao ng lun lun c lm vic trong iu kin an ton v v sinh lao ng theo tiu chun nu im a). Cc my mc c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton v v sinh lao ng u phi c ng k, kim nh v c cp giy php trc khi a v s dng. -Ti nhng ni lm vic c yu t nguy him, c hi d gy tai nn lao ng, s c sn xut e do n tnh mng, sc kho ca ngi lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi lp phng n x l s c trong trng hp khn cp; phi trang b phng tin cp cu k thut, cp cu y t m bo ng cu kp thi, c hiu qu. Cc trang thit b ny phi c nh k kim tra v s lng, cht lng v thun tin khi s dng.

18

-Cc c quan n v, doanh nghip hoc cc c nhn mun nhp khu cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao ng u phi thng qua c quan thanh tra an ton thuc B L-TB v XH thm nh v mt an ton trc khi xin B Thng mi cp giy php nhp khu. -Ngi s dng lao ng phi trang thit b cho ngi lao ng (khng thu tin) cc loi thit b bo v c nhn ngn nga tc hi ca cc yu t nguy him do cng vic m cc bin php k thut cha loi tr. 1.4.4. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng 1.4.4.1. i vi ngi s dng lao ng Quyn hn: - Buc ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh, ni dung, bin php an ton, v sinh lao ng. - Khen thng hoc k lut ngi lao ng. - Khiu ni vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca thanh tra vin ATL nhng phi nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh . Trch nhim: - Lp k hoch an ton, v sinh lao ng. - Trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn. - C k hoch gim st vic thc hin k hoch an ton - v sinh lao ng. - Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh an ton, v sinh lao ng. - T chc v tin hnh cc chng trnh hun luyn an ton lao ng. - T chc khm sc khe nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun ch quy nh. - Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ... vi S Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, S Y t a phng.

19

- Cc cn b/ Nh qun l an ton, v sinh lao ng c nhim v iu tra v tng hp nhng tnh hung v nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, t rt ra nhng bin php phng nga. 1.4.4.2. i vi ngi lao ng Quyn hn: - Yu cu bo m iu kin lm vic an ton cng nh c cp cc thit b c nhn, c hun luyn bin php an ton lao ng. - T chi cc cng vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng, e da nghim trng n tnh mng, sc khe ca mnh v s khng tip tc lm vic nu nh thy nguy c vn cha c khc phc. - Khiu ni hoc t co vi c quan nh nc cso thm quyn khi ngi s dng lao ng vi phm quy nh ca nh nc hoc khng thc hin cc giao kt v an ton, v sinh lao ng trong hp ng hoc tha c lao ng. Trch nhim: - Chp hnh cc quy nh v an ton, v sinh lao ng c lin quan n cng vic c giao. - Phi s dng v bo qun cc phng tin bo v c nhn c trang b, cp pht. - Phi bo co kp thi vi ngi c trch nhim khi pht hin nguy c gy tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip hoc cc s c nguy him, tham gia cp cu v khc phc hu qu tai nn lao ng. 1.5. Qun l nh nc v bo h lao ng 1.5.1. B lao ng thng binh v x hi Xy dng, trnh c quan c thm quyn hoc ban hnh cc vn bn php lut, cc chnh sch, ch cng nh xy dng, ban hnh v qun l thng nht quy phm, tiu chun phan loi lao ng, hng dn cc cp, ngnh thc hin v an ton lao ng.

20

Thanh tra, t chc thng tin hun luyn, hp tc vi nc ngoi v cc t chc quc t trong lnh vc v an ton lao ng. 1.5.2. B Y t Xy dng, ban hnh v qun l h thng quy phm v sinh lao ng, tiu chun sc khe i vi cc ngh, cc cng vic. Hng dn ch o cc ngnh, cc cp thc hin, thanh tra v sinh lao ng, t chc v iu tr bnh ngh nghip. 1.5.3. B khoa hc Cng ngh v mi trng Qun l thng nht vic nghin cu v ng dng KHKT v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng; Ban hnh h thng tiu chun, cht lng, quy cch cc loi phng tin bo v c nhn trong lao ng. Cng vi B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, B Y t xy dng, ban hnh v qun l h thng tiu chun k thut nh nc v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. 1.5.4. B gio dc v o to Ch o a ni dung an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng vo ging dy c trng i hc, trng k thut nghip v, qun l v dy ngh. 1.5.5. UBND tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng Thc hin qun l nh nc v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng trong a phng mnh. 1.5.6. Thanh tra nh nc v an ton v sinh lao ng - Thanh tra vic chp hnh quy nh v ATL, VSL - iu tra TNL v nhng vi phm tiu chun VSL - Gii quyt cc khiu ni, t co

21

- Xem xt vic tun th tiu chun ATL, VSL i vi cc d n u t xy dng. - Kim tra v cho php s dng nhng my mc, thit b, vt t c y/c nghim ngt v ATL (danh mc do B L, TB & XH quy nh) - Quyt nh x l vi phm php lut lao ng theo thm quyn ca mnh v kin ngh cc c quan x l khi thuc quyn ca cc c quan . 1.5.7. T chc Cng on - Phi hp vi cc c quan nh nc nghin cu ng dng KTAT bo h l, xy dng TC ATL, VSL. - Thng tin tuyn truyn, vn ng, gio dc ngi lao ng thc hin quyn v ngha v v ATL, VSL. - C i din tham gia iu tra TNL, c quyn kin ngh c quan nh nc hoc to n x l trch nhim ca ngi xy ra TNL. - Tham gia gp vi ngi s dng l trong vic xy dng k hoch BHL. - Xy dng v duy tr hot ng ca mng li AT, VS vin. Thay mt tp th k tho c v BHL vi ngi s dng l. 1.6. Khai bo, kim tra, nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng 1.6.1. Mc ch -Cng tc khai bo, iu tra phi nh gi tnh hnh TNL, - Phn tch xc nh cc nguyn nhn - ra cc bin php phng nga, ngn chn ti din TNL tng t. - Phn tch r trch nhim ca ngi s dng l, thc hin ch bi thng theo quy nh ca Lut l. 1.6.2. Phn tch iu kin lao ng, nguyn nhn tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip trong xy dng thy li 1.6.2.1. iu kin l ngnh XDTL: Ngnh XDTL c nhng c im v ATL, VSL sau: 22

-Ngnh xy dng c nhiu ngh v cng vic nng nhc, khi lng v thi cng c gii v lao ng th cng ln. -Cng nhn xy dng phn ln phi thc hin cng vic ngoi tri, chu nh hng xu ca thi tit. Lao ng ban m trong nhiu trng hp thiu nh sng v iu kin hin trng rng. -Nhiu cng vic phi lm trong mi trng nhim ca cc yu t c hi nh bi, ng ln, hi kh c.ting n, rung -Cng nhn phi lm vic trong iu kin di chuyn ngay trong mt cng trng, mi trng v iu kin lao ng thay i. * iu kin lao ng trong ngnh xy dng c nhiu kh khn, phc tp, nguy him, c hi. Nh vy phi ht sc quan tm n ci thin lao ng, m bo an ton v v sinh lao ng 1.6.2.2. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip: -Tai nn lao ng l tai nn lm cht ngi hoc lm tn thng bt k b phn, chc nng no ca c th con ngi do tc ng t ngt ca cc yu t bn ngoi di dng c, l, ho, sinh hc xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng. -Bnh ngh nghip l bnh pht sinh do tc ng mt cch t t hoc cp tnh ca cc yu t c hi to ra trong sn xut ln c th con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng. C 1 s bnh ngh nghip khng cha c v li di chng nhng bnh ngh nghp c th phng trnh c. C chn thng v bnh ngh nghip y gy hu hoi i vi c th con ngi, chng khc nhau ch: Chn thng th gy tc dng mt cch t ngt. Bnh ngh nghip th gy nh hng t t trong thi gian di lm gim dn v cui cng dn n mt kh nng lao ng. Nguyn nhn tai nn l v bnh ngh nghip

23

Mc d cha c phng php chung nht phn tch chnh xc nguyn nhn tai nn cho cc ngnh ngh, lnh vc sn xut nhng c th phn tch cc nguyn nhn theo cc nhm sau: Nguyn nhn k thut: - Thao tc k thut khng ng, khng thc hin nghim chnh nhng quy nh v k thut an ton, s dng my mc khng ng n. - Thit b my mc, dng c hng. - Ch lm vic v i li cht chi. - Cc h thng che chn khng tt, thiu h thng tn hiu, thiu c cu an ton hoc c cu an ton b hng, gia c h o khng p ng yu cu..., - Dng c c nhn h hng hoc khng thch hp... Nguyn nhn t chc: - Thiu hng dn v cng vic c giao, hng dn v theo di thc hin cc quy tc khng c thu trit... - S dng cng nhn khng ng ngh v trnh nghip v. - Thiu v gim st k thut khng y , lm cc cng vic khng ng quy tc an ton. - Vi phm ch lao ng. Nguyn nhn v sinh mi trng: - Mi trng khng kh b nhim hi, kh c, c ting n v rung ng ln. - Chiu sng ch lm vic khng y hoc qu chi mt. - Khng thc hin nghim chnh cc yu cu v v sinh c nhn... - iu kin vi kh hu khng tin nghi. Nguyn nhn bn thn. Cc nguyn nhn ny s ln lt c nghin cu trong cc chuyn mc KTAT

24

1.6.3. Phng php khai bo, iu tra, nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng 1.6.3.1. Khai bo iu tra Khi xy ra tai nn lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng phi t chc iu tra, lp bin bn, c s tham gia ca BCH Cng on c s. Bin bn phi ghi y din bin ca v tai nn, thng tch nn nhn, mc thit hi, nguyn nhn xy ra, quy trch nhim xy ra tai nn lao ng, c ch k ca ngi s dng lao ng v i din ca BCH Cng on c s. Tt c cc v tai nn lao ng, cc trng hp b bnh ngh nghip u phi c khai bo, thng k v bo co theo quy nh ca B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, B Y t. Cng tc khai bo, iu tra phi nm vng cc yu cu: khn trng, kp thi, m bo khch quan, c th v chnh xc. -Khi tai nn lao ng nh, cng nhn ngh vic di 3 ngy: Qun c phn xng, i trng i sn xut phi ghi s theo di tai nn lao ng ca n v mnh, bo co cho cn b bo h lao ng ca x nghip ghi vo s theo di tai nn cp trn. Cng vi cng on phn xng, i sn xut t chc ngay vic kim im trong n v mnh tm nguyn nhn tai nn, kp thi c bin php phng nga cn thit. - Khi tai nn lao ng nh, cng nhn ngh vic 3 ngy tr ln: Qun c phn xng, i trng i sn xut bo ngay s vic cho gim c x nghip bit, ghi s theo di ng thi bo co cho cn b bo h lao ng bit. Trong 24 gi k t khi xy ra tai nn, cng vi cng on phn xng, i sn xut lp bin bn iu tra tai nn gi cho gim c x nghip ph duyt. - Khi tai nn lao ng nng, cng nhn ngh vic 14 ngy tr ln: Qun c phn xng bo ngay s vic cho gim c x nghip bit, gim c x nghip c trch nhim bo co ngay cho c quan lao ng v Lin hip cng on a phng bit.

25

 Trong 24 gi k t khi xy ra tai nn, gim c x nghip cng vi cng on c s t chc iu tra trng hp xy ra tai nn lao ng, nguyn nhn tai nn v xc nh trch nhim gy ra tai nn. Sau khi iu tra, gim c x nghip phi lp bin bn iu tra: nu r hon cnh v trng hp xy ra, nguyn nhn tai nn, kt lun v trch nhim xy ra tai nn v ngh x l, ra cc bin php ngn nga tng t. - Tai nn cht ngi hoc tai nn nghim trng (lm b thng nhiu ngi cng 1 lc, trong c ngi b thng nng): Qun c x nghip phi bo ngay s vic cho c quan lao ng, cng on, y t a phng v c quan qun l cp trn trc tip bit. i vi tai nn cht ngi phi bo cho cng an, Vin Kim st nhn dn a phng, B L-TB v XH, Tng Lin on lao ng Vit Nam. Cc c quan c trch nhim phi nhanh ch?ng ti ni xy ra tai nn. Vic t chc iu tra nguyn nhn v xc nh trch nhim xy ra tai nn phi c tin hnh trong vng 48 gi v do tiu ban iu tra thc hin. Cn c vo kt qu iu tra, tiu ban iu tra phi lp bin bn nu r nu r hon cnh v trng hp xy ra, nguyn nhn tai nn, kt lun v trch nhim xy ra tai nn v ngh x l, ra cc bin php ngn nga tai nn ti din. Bin bn iu tra tai nn phi c gi cho c quan lao ng, y t, cng on a phng, c quan ch qun, B L-TB v XH, Tng Lin on lao ng VN.

1.6.3.2. Phng php phn tch nguyn nhn v nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng Vic nghin cu, phn tch nguyn nhn nhm tm ra c nhng quy lut pht sinh nht nh, cho php thy c nhng nguy c tai nn. T ra bin php phng nga v loi tr chng. Thng thng c cc bin php sau y: 1. Cc phng php phn tch nguyn nhn Phng php phn tch thng k: 26

-Da vo s liu tai nn lao ng, tin hnh thng k theo ngh nghip, theo cng vic, tui i, tui ngh, gii tnh, thi im trong ca, thng v nm t thy r mt ca thng s tai nn lao ng c k hoch tp trung ch o, nghin cu cc bin php thch hp phng nga. -S dng phng php ny cn phi c thi gian thu thp s liu v bin php ra ch mang ngha chung ch khng i su phn tch nguyn nhn c th ca mi v tai nn. Phng php a hnh: Dng du hiu c tnh quy c nh du a im xy ra TNL. T pht hin xy ra TNL do tnh cht a hnh. PP ny i hi thng k trong thi gian di. Phng php chuyn kho: -Nghin cu cc nguyn nhn thuc v t chc v k thut theo cc s liu thng k. -Phn tch s ph thuc ca nguyn nhn i vi cc phng php hon thnh cc qu trnh thi cng v cc bin php an ton thc hin. -Nu ra cc kt lun trn c s phn tch. 2. nh gi tnh hnh TNL. nh gi tnh hnh tai nn lao ng khng th cn c vo s lng tuyt i tai nn xy m ch yu cn c vo h s sau y: nh gi TNL cn c vo tn sut tai nn: t s gia s lng tai nn xy ra trong thi gian xc nh v s lng ngi lm vic trung bnh trong x nghip trong khong thi gian thng k.
K ts = S 1000 N

(1-1)

trong : S- s ngi tai nn N- s ngi lm vic bnh qun hng ngy

K ts ni ln c mc tai nn nhiu hay t nhng khng cho bit y tnh

trng tai nn nng hay nh. 27

nh gi tnh trng nng nh ca TNL: s ngy bnh qun mt kh nng cng tc (ngh vic) tnh cho mi ln b tai nn:
Kn = D S

trong : D- tng s ngy ngh vic do TNL gy ra.

K n cha phn nh ht tai nn cht ngi v thng vong nghim trng lm cho nn

nhn mt hon ton kh nng lao ng. CT tng qut:

K tn = K ts K n

K tn c trng chnh xc hn v mc din bin tnh hnh chn thng.

28

CHNG 2: V SINH LAO NG 2.1. Khi nim chung v v sinh lao ng 2.1.1-i tng v nhim v nghin cu ca khoa hc v sinh lao ng: -Khoa hc v sinh lao ng s nghin cu tc dng sinh hc ca cc yu t bt li nh hng n sc kho v t chc c th con ngi, cng nh cc bin php phng, lm gim v loi tr tc hi ca chng. -Tt c cc yu t gy tc dng c hi ln con ngi ring l hay kt hp trong iu kin sn xut gi l tc hi ngh nghip. Kt qu tc dng ca chng ln c th con ngi c th gy ra cc bnh tt c gi l bnh ngh nghip. -i tng ca v sinh lao ng l nghin cu: Qu trnh lao ng v sn xut c nh hng n sc kho con ngi. Nguyn liu, vt liu, bn thnh phm v vt thi ra c nh hng n sc kho con ngi. Qu trnh sinh l ca con ngi trong thi gian lao ng. Hon cnh, mi trng lao ng ca con ngi. Tnh hnh sn xut khng hp l nh hng n sc kho con ngi. -Mc ch nghin cu l tiu dit nhng nguyn nhn c nh hng khng tt n sc kho v kh nng lao ng ca con ngi. Do , nhim v chnh ca v snh lao ng l dng bin php ci tin lao ng, qu trnh thao tc, sng to iu kin sn xut hon thin nng cao trng thi sc kho v kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao ng. 2.1.2. Cc yu t gy tc hi sc khe ngi lao ng v phn loi bnh ngh nghip trong xy dng 2.1.2.1-.Nhng nhn t nh hng n sc kho cng nhn trong lao ng sn xut: Khoa hc VSL nghin cu tc dng sinh hc ca cc yu t gy hi a ra cc bin php phng,gim nh hoc loi tr tc hi ca chng. Cc tc hi c th lm suy gim sc kho v gy ra bnh ngh nghip.

29

-Tt c nhng nhn t nh hng c th chia lm 3 loi: Nhn t vt l hc: nh nhit cao thp bt thng ca l cao, ngn la ca hn h quang, p lc kh tri bt thng, ting ng, chn ng ca my,... Nhn t ho hc: nh kh c, vt th c cht , bi trong sn xut... Nhn t sinh vt: nh hng ca sinh vt, vi trng m sinh ra bnh truyn nhim. -Cc nhn t trn c th gy ra bnh ngh nghip lm con ngi c bnh nng thm hoc bnh pht trin rng, trng thi sc kho ca ngi lao ng xu i rt nhiu. V th, v sinh lao ng phi nghin cu cc bin php phng nga. 2.1.2.2. phn loi cc bnh ngh nghip Ngi ta phn loi cc bnh ngh nghip ngi l d dng hiu r nguyn nhn la chn bin php phng trnh. (xem ph lc 3) 2.1.3. Bin php phng nga cc bnh ngh nghip -Cc bnh ngh nghip v nhim c trong xy dng c bn c th phng bng cch thc hin tng hp cc bin php k thut v t chc nhm: Ci thin chung tnh trng ch lm vic v vng lm vic. Ci thin mi trng khng kh. Thc hin ch v sinh sn xut v bin php v sinh an ton c nhn. -Tng hp cc bin php trn bao gm cc vn sau: B tr gi gic lao ng v ngh ngi hp l, khng ko di thi gian lao ng nng nhc qu mc quy nh, khng b tr lm vic thm gi qu nhiu. La chn ng n v m bo cc yu t vi kh hu, tin nghi khi thit k cc nh xng sn xut. Loi tr tc dng c hi ca cht c v nhit cao ln ngi lm vic. Lm gim v trit tiu ting n, rung ng. C ch lao ng ring i vi mt s cng vic nng nhc tin hnh trong cc iu kin vt l khng bnh thng, trong mi trng c hi,...

30

 T chc chiu sng t nhin v nhn to ch lm vic hp l theo tiu chun yu cu. phng bnh phng x c lin quan n vic s dng cc cht phng x v ng v. S dng cc dng c phng h c nhn bo v c quan th gic, h hp, b mt da,... 2.1.4. iu kin kh hu trong mi trng sn xut 2.1.4.1 Cc yu t vi kh hu -iu kin kh hu ca hon cnh sn xut l tnh trng vt l ca khng kh bao gm cc yu t nh nhit , m tng i, tc lu chuyn khng kh v bc x nhit trong phm vi mi trng sn xut ca ngi lao ng. Nhng yu t ny tc ng trc tip n c th con ngi, gy nh hng n sc kholm gim kh nng lao ng ca cng nhn. 2.1.4.2. Nhit khng kh: 2.1.4.2.1. Nhit cao: -Nc ta vng nhit i nn ma h nhit c khi ln n 40oC. Lao ng nhit cao i hi s c gng cao ca c th, s tun hon mu mnh hn, tn sut h hp tng, s thiu ht xy tng c th phi lm vic nhiu gi cn bng nhit. -Khi lm vic nhit cao, ngi lao ng b mt nhiu m hi, trong lao ng nng c th phi mt 6-7 lt m hi nn sau 1 ngy lm vic c th c th b st 2-4 kg. -M hi mt nhiu s lm mt 1 s lng mui ca c th. C th con ngi chim 75% l nc, nn vic mt nc khng c b p kp thi dn n nhng ri lon cc chc nng sinh l ca c th do ri lon chuyn ho mui v nc gy ra. -Khi c th mt nc v mui qu nhiu s dn n cc hu qu sau y: Lm vic nhit cao, nu khng iu ho thn nhit s lm thn nhit tng ln. D thn nhit tng 0.3-1oC trong ngi cm thy kh chu gy au u, chng mt, bun nn, gy tr ngi nhiu cho sn xut v cng tc. Nu khng c bin php khc phc dn n hin tng say nng, say nng, kinh git, mt tr.

31

 Khi c th mt nc, mu s b qunh li, tim lm vic nhiu nn d b suy tim. Khi iu ho thn nhit b ri lon nghim trng th hot ng ca tim cng b ri lon r rt. i vi c quan thn, bnh thng bi tit t 50-70% tng s nc ca c th nhng trong lao ng nng, do c th thot m hi nn thn ch bi tit 10-15% tng s nc nc tiu c c gy vim thn. Khi lm vic nhit cao, cng nhn ung nhiu nc nn dch v long lm n km ngon v tiu ho cng km st. Do mt thng bng v mui v nc nn nh hng n bi tit cc cht dch v n ri lon v vim rut, d dy. Khi lm vic nhit cao, h thn kinh trung ng c nhng phn ng nghim trng. Do s ri lon v chc nng iu khin ca v no s dn n gim s ch v tc phn x s phi hp ng tc lao ng km chnh xc..., lm cho nng sut km, ph phm tng v d b tai nn lao ng. 2.1.4.2.2. Nhit thp: -Tc hi ca nhit thp i vi c th t hn so vi nhit cao. Tuy nhin s chnh lch qu nhiu cng gy nh hng xu n c th: Nhit thp, c bit khi c gi mnh s lm cho c th qu lnh gy ra cm lnh. B lnh cc b thng xuyn c th dn n b cm mn tnh, rt run, t lit tng b phn ring ca c th. Nhit qu thp c th sinh lot cc huyt qun, au cc khp xng, au cc bp tht. Nhit ni lm vic lnh c th lm cho cng nhn b cng, c ng khng chnh xc, nng sut gim thp. -Nhng ngi lm vic di nc lu, lm vic ni qu lnh cn phi c trang b cc phng tin cn thit chng rt v chng cc tc hi do lnh gy ra. 2.1.4.3. m khng kh: - m khng kh ni ln lng hi nc cha trong khng kh ti ni sn xut. m tng i ca khng kh cao t 75-80% tr ln s lm cho s iu ho nhit kh khn, lm gim s to nhit bng con ng bc m hi. 32

-Nu m khng kh cao v khi nhit cao, lng gi lm con ngi nng bc, kh chu. -Nu m khng kh thp, c gi va phi th thn nhit khng b tng ln, con ngi cm thy tho mi, nhng khng nn m thp hn 30%. 2.1.4.4. Lung khng kh: -Lung khng kh biu th bng tc chuyn ng ca khng kh. Tc lu chuyn khng kh c nh hng trc tip n s to nhit, n cng ln th s to nhit trong 1 n v thi gian cng nhiu. -Gi c nh hng rt tt n vi vic bc hi nn ni lm vic cn thong mt. -Lung khng kh c tc u hoc c tc v phng thay i nhanh chng u c ngha v sinh quan trng trong sn xut. 2.1.4.5. Bin php chng nng cho ngi lao ng: -Ci tin k thut, c gii ho v t ng ho cc khu sn xut m cng nhn phi lm vic trong nhit cao. -Cch ly ngun nhit bng phng php che chn. Nu c iu kin c th lm lng di ng c mi che chng nng. -B tr h thng thng gi t nhin v nhn to to ra lung khng kh thng xuyn ni sn xut v phi c bin php chng m lm cho cng nhn d bc m hi: trnh nng, bc x mt tri v li dng hng gi, nh sn xut nn xy dng theo hng bc-nam, c din tch ca s, ca tri to iu kin thng gi tt. nhng ni cc b to ra nhiu nhit nh l rn, l sy hp, pha trn c th t np hoc chp ht t nhin hay cng bc nhm ht thi khng kh nng hoc hi c ra ngoi khng cho lan trn ra khp phn xng. B tr my iu ho nhit nhng b phn sn xut c bit. -Hn ch bt nh hng t cc thit b, my mc v qu trnh sn xut bc x nhiu nhit: Cc thit b bc x nhit phi b tr cc phng ring. Nu qu trnh cng ngh cho php, cc loi l nn b tr ngoi nh.

33

 My mc, ng ng, l v cc thit b to nhit khc nn lm cch nhit bng cc vt liu nh bng, aming, vt liu chu la, btng bt. Nu iu kin khng cho php s dng cht cch nhit th xung quanh thit b bc x nhit c th lm 1 lp v bao v mn chn hoc mn nc. Sn mt ngoi bung li cc my xy dng bng sn c h s phn chiu tia nng ln nh sn nh, sn mu trng... -T chc lao ng hp l, ci thin tt iu kin lm vic ch nng, nng. To iu kin ngh ngi v bi dng hin vt cho cng nhn. Tng cng nhiu sinh t trong khu phn n, cung cp nc ung sch v hp v sinh (pha thm 0.5% mui n), m bo ch tm ra cho cng nhn sau khi lm vic. -S dng cc dng c phng h c nhn, qun o bng vi c si chng nhit cao nhng ni nng, knh mu, knh m ngn cc tia c hi cho mt. -Khm sc kho nh k cho cng nhn lao ng ch nng, khng b tr nhng ngi c bnh tim mch v thn kinh lm vic nhng ni c nhit cao. 2.2. Chng bi 2.2.1. Khi nim chung v bi Bi l nhng vt cht rt b trng thi l lng trong khng kh trong 1 thi gian nht nh. Khp ni u c bi nhng trn cng trng, trong x nghip, nh my c bi nhiu hn. Cc loi bi: Cn c vo ngun gc ca bi: -Bi hu c gm c: Bi ng vt sinh ra t 1 ng vt no : bi lng, bi xng... Bi thc vt sinh ra t 1 sinh vt no : bi bng, bi g... -Bi v c gm c: Bi v c kim loi nh bi ng, bi st... Bi v c khong vt: t , ximng, thch anh,... -Bi hn hp: do cc thnh phn vt cht trn hp thnh. 34

 Theo mc nh ca bi: -Bi c kch thc c th nhn thy c. -Bi c kch thc ht nh ch nhn qua knh hin vi hoc vi in t. Nhng loi nh ht ny ri chm hoc bay l lng trong khng kh. Theo kch thc ht > 10m l bi thc s, 0.1-10m l sng m v < 0.1m l khi. 2.2.2. Nguyn nhn pht sinh bi Bi pht sinh ra trong mi trng sn xut l do: Bi sn xut thng to ra nhiu trong cc qu trnh thi cng lm t , mn, bc d nh ca. Sn xut vt liu xy dng:p nghin sng v cc vt liu v c khc, nho trn btng, vi va, ch bin vt liu, ch bin vt liu hu c khi nghin hoc tn nh. Khi vn chuyn vt liu ri bi tung ra do kt qu rung ng, khi phun sn bi to ra di dng sng, khi phun ct lm sch cc b mt tng nh. cc x nghip lin hip xy dng nh ca v nh my btng c sn, c cc thao tc thu nhn, vn chuyn, cha cht v s dng mt s lng ln cht lin kt v ph gia phi nh ng nhiu ln, thng xuyn to ra bi c cha SiO2. Xe my thi cng chy trn ng t;

2.2.3. Tc hi ca bi -Bi gy ra nhng tc hi v mt k thut nh: Bm vo my mc thit b lm cho my mc thit b chng mn. Bm vo cc trc lm tng ma st. Bm vo cc mch ng c in gy hin tng on mch v c th lm chy ng c in. -Bi ch yu gy tc hi ln i vi sc kho ca ngi lao ng. Mc tc hi ca bi ln cc b phn c th con ngi ph thuc vo tnh cht ho l, tnh c, nh v nng bi. V vy trong sn xut cn phi c bin php phng v chng bi cho cng nhn. 35

Tc hi ca bi i vi c th: -i vi da v nim mc: bi bm vo da lm sng l chn lng dn n bnh vim da, cn bm vo nim mc gy ra vim nim mc. c bit c 1 s loi bi nh len d, nha ng cn c th gy d ng da. V d: Cc hn hp ca xi mng l mt nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh v da c nhiu ngi bit n. Thng xuyn tip xc vi xi mng t c th gy ra bnh vim da d ng v b kch thch. Ko di thi gian tip xc vi xi mng t (chng hn nu bn qu hoc ng trong xi mng) c th gy ra bng xi mng hoc lot da. -i vi mt: bi bm vo mt gy ra cc bnh v mt nh vim mng tip hp, vim gic mc. Nu bi nhim siu vi trng mt ht s gy bnh mt ht. Bi kim loi c cnh sc nhn khi bm vo mt lm xy xt hoc thng gic mc, lm gim th lc ca mt. Nu l bi vi khi bn vo mt gy bng mt. -i vi tai: bi bm vo cc ng tai gy vim, nu vo ng tai nhiu qu lm tc ng tai. -i vi b my tiu ho: bi vo ming gy vim li v su rng. Cc loi bi ht to nu sc nhn gy ra xy xt nim mc d dy, vim lot hoc gy ri lon tiu ho. -i vi b my h hp: v bi cha trong khng kh nn tc hi ln ng h hp l ch yu. Bi trong khng kh cng nhiu th bi vo trong phi cng nhiu. Bi c th gy ra vim mi, vim kh ph qun, loi bi ht rt b t 0.1-5mk vo n tn ph nang gy ra bnh bi phi. Bnh bi phi c phn thnh: Bnh bi silic (bi c cha SiO2 trong vi, ximng,...). Bnh bi silicat (bi silicat, aming, bt tan). Bnh bi than (bi than). Bnh bi nhm (bi nhm). Bnh bi silic l loi ph bin v nguy him nht, c th a n bnh lao phi nghim trng. xit silic t do (ct, thch anh) khng nhng ch nh hng n t bo phi m cn n ton b c th gy ra ph hu ni tm v trung ng thn kinh.

36

V d: Ht phi bi aming c th gy t vong do nhng tn thng phi khng th phc hi v bnh ung th phi. Cho n nay, nhng cn bnh lin quan n aming vn cha c cch cha. khi lng bi aming ht vo ln th t l ri ro cho sc khe cng cao. -i vi ton thn: nu b nhim cc loi bi c nh ho cht, ch, thu ngn, thch tn...khi vo c th, bi c ho tan vo mu gy nhim c cho ton c th. 2.2.4. Cc bin php phng chng bi 2.2.4.1. Kim sot bi 1. Bin php k thut: -Phng php ch yu phng bi trong cng tc xay, nghin, sng, bc d cc loi vt liu ht ri hoc d sinh bi l c gii ho qu trnh sn xut cng nhn t tip xc vi bi. Che y cc b phn my pht sinh nhiu bi bng v che, t t ng ht thi bi ra ngoi. -Dng cc bin php quan trng kh bi bng c kh v in nh bung lng bi bng phng php ly tm, lc bi bng in, kh bi bng my siu m, dng cc loi li lc bi bng phng php ion ho tng hp. -p dng cc bin php v sn xut t hoc sn xut trong khng kh m nu iu kin cho php hoc c th thay i k thut trong thi cng. -S dng h thng thng gi t nhin v nhn to, rt bt m c ca bi trong khng kh bng cc h thng ht bi, ht bi cc b trc tip t ch bi c to ra. -Thng xuyn lm tng v sinh ni lm vic gim trng lng bi d tr trong mi trng sn xut. 2. Bin php v t chc: -B tr cc x nghip, xng gia cng,...pht ra nhiu bi, xa cc vng dn c, cc khu vc nh . Cng trnh nh n, nh tr u phi b tr xa ni sn xut pht sinh ra bi. V d: Trm my p nghin , kho bi vt liu ri, nh my hoc trm trn b tng phi b tr cch xa ch lm vic v nn b tr cui hng gi thnh hnh.

37

-ng vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm mang bi phi b tr ring bit trnh tnh trng tung bi vo mi trng sn xut ni chung v cc khu vc gin tip. T chc tt ti m mt ng khi tri nng gi, hanh kh. Trong trng hp cn thit c th thay i qu trnh k thut thi cng nh c gii ha vic bc d v vn chuyn vt liu ri trong cc ng ng kn. ..... 2.2.4.2. Chng bi Trang b phng h c nhn: -Trang b qun o cng tc phng bi khng cho bi lt qua phng nga cho cng nhn lm vic nhng ni nhiu bi, c bit i vi bi c. -Dng khu trang, mt n h hp, bnh th, knh eo mt bo v mt, mi, ming. 2.2.4.3. Bin php y t: - trn cng trng v trong nh my phi c nh tm, ni ra cho cng nhn. Sau khi lm vic cng nhn phi tm git sch s, thay qun o. -Cm n ung, ht thuc l ni sn xut. -Khng tuyn dng ngi c bnh mn tnh v ng h hp lm vic nhng ni nhiu bi. Nhng cng nhn tip xc vi bi thng xuyn c khm sc kho nh k pht hin kp thi nhng ngi b bnh do nhim bi. -Phi nh k kim ta hm lng bi mi trng sn xut, nu thy qu tiu chun 2.2.4.4. Cc bin php khc: -Thc hin tt khu bi dng hin vt cho cng nhn. -T chc ca kp v b tr gi gic lao ng, ngh ngi hp l tng cng sc kho. -Coi trng khu phn n v rn luyn thn th cho cng nhn.

Ghi nh: Nhng loi bi khng nhn thy c cn nguy him hn nhiu so vi loi c th pht hin bng mt.

38

Ra ry sch s v nu cn thit, nn thay qun o lm vic trc khi ri khi cng trng v bn c th mang theo nhng loi bi bm nguy him v nh. Tho lun: Qu trnh xy dng no to ra nhiu bi nht? Cn thn trng nhng vn g? 2.3. Phng chng nhim c 2.3.1. Nguyn nhn v tc hi nhim c 2.3.1.1. Nguyn nhn Mi trng lm vic c hi do: - S dng ha cht. - Kh c cn trong lng t khi kho st a cht, o ging hoc o h mng. 2.3.1.2. Tc hi nhim c *Cc cht c gy ra nhng nh hng kh chu tc thi nh chng mt, nn ma v au u, nhim c dung mi. Bnh vim da tip xc c th b mc phi do da tip xc vi ha cht. Axt v cht kim l nhng cht n mn c th ph hoi c da v mt. *Cc dng ha cht: rn, lng v kh. *ng thm nhp ca ha cht vo c th - Ht th: y l con ng thm nhp quan trng nht. C th nhn bit c s c mt ca mt s hi v kh c thng qua cc du hiu nh b rt mi v hng; s khc li khng nhn bit c m i thng vo phi hoc huyt qun ( chnh l nhng phn t bi nh nht). - Tiu ha: Xy ra khi bn n ung hoc ht thuc sau khi s dng nhng ha cht nh sn c ch m cha ra tay sch s, hay do hi c nhim vo trong cc tch v dng c n ung ngay ti cng trng. S hp th ch thi qu c th gy nhng chng bnh nh 39

to bn, thng tn vng bng, thiu mu, suy nhc bp c v h hng thn. N cng c th gy nh hng ti no b, lm suy gim tr nh, to ra nhng hnh vi k quc, lm hn m hoc ngt xu. - Vim da tip xc hoc chm nga: Thng l hu qu ca qu trnh tip xc gia da v mt s ho cht. Axt v kim l nhng ha cht n mn c th hy hoi da v mt, v nu khng xi tht nhiu nc ngay lp tc ra sch ha cht dy vo ngi th s b bng nng. - Hp th qua da: Mt s dung mi c th hp th vo mao mch qua da v i ti cc c quan nh no hoc gan. *Phn loi nhim c: - Nhim c cp tnh: xy ra khi mt lng ln cht c xm nhp vo c th trong mt thi gian ngn. - Nhim c mn tnh: kt qu tc dng dn dn ca cht c vo c th vi s lng t. 2.3.2. Cc bin php phng chng nhim c Trnh tip xc trc tip vi hi kh c ta ra trong mi trng lm vic. Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi cng nhn v ha cht. Thng gi: Trang b cc thit b thng gi cc b v thng gi chung di chuyn hoc lm gim nng c hi trong khng kh. Pht hin v loi tr s c hi: iu u tin l cn pht hin ra c cc ha cht c hi v nh gi mc nguy him ca chng, tin ti l loi b cc cht hoc qu trnh c hi hoc thay chng bng mt cht t nguy him hn nu c th. Bo v ngi lao ng: trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga tip xc trc tip vi ha cht

Ghi nh: 40

Mt s ha cht nguy him c th d dng nhn bit trc bng cch nhn hoc ngi thy. Tuy nhin, cn c rt nhiu loi ha cht khc khng th nhn thy c hoc ngi thy c, v vy chng c bit nguy him. Tuyt i khng dng dung mi ty ra sch sn hoc du m dnh trn da. Tho lun: Trong qu trnh xy dng no cng nhn d nhim phi hi v khi c nht? Cn ch nhng g phng trnh vic ht phi hi v khi c? Lm cch no bn bit c l c ha cht c hi v nguy him ang c s dng trn cng trng? Bn hoc nhng ngi quen bit c triu chng g khc thng hoc ang b nh hng do s dng ha cht khng? Nu c th l nhng triu chng g? Bn cho rng nn tin hnh hoc khng tin hnh nhng bin php g phng nga nhng tc hi ny? 2.4 .Chng ting n v rung ng 2.4.1. Cc ngun pht sinh ting n v tc hi Cng trng l mt ni rt n o. Chu ng ting n mt cch thi qu c th gy ra nhng thng tch vnh vin cho h thng thnh gic ca bn. ting n gy ra khi bn lm vic c th dn n cng thng, lm mt ng v nu mc cao vt qu gii hn cho php c th lm tn thng thnh gic tc th hoc gy ra nhng thng tch vnh vin cho h thng thnh gic ca bn. v vy, cc cng nhn phi c cung cp thng tin v c hng dn, hun luyn mt cch y nhn bit v phng nga cc nguy him c th xy ra do nh hng ca ting n ti ni lm vic. 2.4.1.1. Ngun pht sinh ting n: -C nhiu ngun pht sinh ting n khc nhau: Theo ni xut hin ting n: phn ra ting n trong nh my sn xut v ting n trong sinh hot. Theo ngun xut pht ting n: phn ra ting n c kh, ting n kh ng v ting n cc my in. 41

-Ting n c kh: Gy ra bi s lm vic ca cc my mc do s chuyn ng ca cc c cu pht ra ting n khng kh trc tip. Gy ra bi b mt cc c cu hoc cc b phn kt cu lin quan vi chng. Gy ra bi s va chm gia cc vt th trong cc thao tc p ba khi rn, g, dt kim loi,... -Ting n kh ng: Sinh ra do cht lng hoc hi, kh chuyn ng vn tc ln (ting n qut my, my kh nn, cc ng c phn lc...). -Ting n ca cc my in: Do s rung ng ca cc phn tnh v phn quay di nh hng ca lc t thay i tc dng khe khng kh v ngay trong vt liu ca my in. Do s chuyn ng ca cc dng khng kh trong my v s rung ng cc chi tit v cc u mi do s khng cn bng ca phn quay. 2.4.1.2. Phn tch tc hi ca ting n: 1. i vi c quan thnh gic: -Khi chu tc dng ca ting n, nhy cm ca thnh gic gim xung, ngng nghe tng ln. Khi ri mi trng n n ni yn tnh, nhy cm c kh nng phc hi li nhanh nhng s phc hi ch c 1 hn nht nh. -Di tc dng ko di ca ting n, thnh lc gim t r rt v phi sau 1 thi gian kh lu sau khi ri ni n, thnh gic mi phc hi li c. -Nu tc dng ca ting n lp li nhiu ln, thnh gic khng cn kh nng phc hi hon ton v trng thi bnh thng c, s thoi ho dn dn s pht trin thnh nhng bin i c tnh cht bnh l gy ra bnh nng tai v ic. 2. i vi h thn kinh trung ng: -Ting n cng trung bnh v cao s gy kch thch mnh n h thng thn kinh trung ng, sau 1 thi gian di c th dn ti hu hoi s hot ng ca du no th hin au u, chng mt, cm gic s hi, hay bc tc, trng thi tm thn khng n nh, tr nh gim st... 42

3. i vi h thng chc nng khc ca c th: -nh hng xu n h thng tim mch, gy ri lon nhp tim. -Lm gim bt s tit dch v, nh hng n co bp bnh thng ca d dy. -Lm cho h thng thn kinh b cng thng lin tc c th gy ra bnh cao huyt p. -Lm vic tip xc vi ting n qu nhiu, c th dn dn b mt mi, n ung st km v khng ng c, nu tnh trng ko di s dn n bnh suy nhc thn kinh v c th. 2.4.2. Rung 2.4.2.1. Ngun rung ng pht sinh: -Trong cng tc m cc kt cu btng ct thp tm ln t va btng cng khi s dng cc m rung ln hoc cc loi m cm tay- cc my khoan bng kh nn hoc ba p b tng l nhng v d thng thng. -T cc loi dng c c kh vi b phn chuyn ng in hoc kh nn l nhng ngun rung ng gy tc dng cc b ln c th con ngi. 2.4.2.2. Phn tch tc hi ca rung ng: -Khi cng nh v tc ng ngn th s rung ng ny c nh hng tt nh tng lc bp tht, lm gim mt mi,... -Khi cng ln v tc dng lu gy kh chu cho c th. Nhng rung ng c tn s thp nhng bin ln thng gy ra s lc xc, nu bin cng ln th gy ra lc xc cng mnh. Tc hi c th: Lm thay i hot ng ca tim, gy ra di lch cc ni tng trong bng, lm ri lon s hot ng ca tuyn sinh dc nam v n. Nu b lc xc v rung ng ko di c th lm thay i hot ng chc nng ca tuyn gip trng, gy chn ng c quan tin nh v lm ri lon chc nng gi thng bng ca c quan ny. Rung ng kt hp vi ting n lm c quan thnh gic b mt mi qu mc dn n bnh ic ngh nghip.

43

 Rung ng lu ngy gy nn cc bnh u xng khp, lm vim cc h thng xng khp. c bit trong iu kin nht nh c th pht trin gy thnh bnh rung ng ngh nghip. i vi ph n, nu lm vic trong iu kin b rung ng nhiu s gy di lch t cung dn n tnh trng v sinh. Trong nhng ngy hnh kinh, nu b rung ng v lc xc nhiu s gy mu t cung. 2.4.3. Cc thng s c trng cho ting n v rung ng 2.4.3.1. Ting n Tn s m nghe c trong khong 20 n 20000Hz; <20Hz l h m; >20000 Hz l siu m. <300Hz l tn s thp; 300-1000Hz l tn s trung bnh; > 3000Hz l tn s cao. Ting n 100-120dB vi tn s thp v ting n 80-95dB vi tn s cao gy thng mng nh. Cch tnh cng m thanh theo nh lut Vbe Phesne:
L = k log I I0

k- h s, k=1 nu L ly n v l bel; I0- cng c s ca m thanh; I- cng m thanh,

I= 1 va 2 2 2

(W/m2);

(W=J/s) ; (J=Nm)

- khi lng ring ca mi trng truyn m (kg/m3),

v=
C RT i = P C = R ; CV ; V 2 ; C P = CV + R

v- tc truyn m,

hng s ph thuc loi kh truyn m, Kh phn t cha 1 nguyn t i=3, hai nguyn t i=5, ba nguyn t i=6. R- hng s kh l tng 8.314472. T- nhit Kenvin 44

- khi lng phn t kh (kg), n chnh l khi lng ca 1 kilmol kh. - tn s gc,
= 2f ; f- tn s m thanh (Hz)

- khi lng ring ca mi trng (kg/m3) 2.4.3.2. Rung ng -c trng l bin dao ng A, tn s f, vn tc v, gia tc . -c trng cm gic ca con ngi chu tc dng rung ng chung vi bin b 1mm nh sau:
(mm/s2) Tc dng ca rung ng vi f=1-10Hz vi f=10-100Hz v (mm/s)

Khng cm thy Cm thy t Cm thy va, d chu Cm thy mnh, d chu C hi khi tc dng lu Rt hi

10 125 140 400 1000 >1000

0.16 0.64 2 6.4 16.4 >16.4

2.4.4. Bin php chng n v rung ng 2.4.4.1. Chng n a/ Kim sot ting n *Loi tr ngun pht sinh ra ting n: - Khng my mc vn hnh nu khng cn thit. - Gi cho cc my trng thi hon thin: sit cht bulng, inh vt, tra du m thng xuyn. *Cch ly ting n v ht m:

45

C nhiu bc c th thc hin gim n trn cng trng - Lp t cc thit b gim thanh vo my p b tng, cc ng x v cc thit b tng t khc. - y np kn cc my nn khi chng vn hnh. - Cung cp cc tm cch m gim bt ting n sinh ra t cc trm my v b tr my mc sau cc t, ng gch hay cch m cng xa cng tt. b/ Bo v thnh gic Nu phi vn hnh hoc lm vic cnh mt my mc gy ting n, cn: Bit r mc n l bao nhiu (ting n c cng 85-90 dBA tr ln c th gy tn thng thnh gic). -Nhng ngi lm vic trong cc qu trnh sn xut c thing n, bo v tai cn c mt s thit b sau: Bng, bt bin, bng t vo l tai l nhng loi n gin nht. Bng lm gim n t 3-14dB trong gii tn s 100-600Hz, bng tm m gim 18dB, bng len tm sp gim n 30dB. Dng nt bng cht do bt kn tai c th gim xung 20dB.

Dng np chng n p bn ngoi tai c th gim ti 30dB khi tn s l 500Hz v 40dB khi tn s 2000Hz. Loi np chng n ch to t cao su bt khng c thun tin lm khi s dng v ngi lm mt do p lc ln mng tai qu ln. ngh cung cp cc thit b bo h nh m bt tai va vn v thoi mi v lun eo cc trang b ny khi lm vic ti nhng khu vc n o trn cng trng. Gi cc thit b bo v thnh gic sch s v ct ni an ton khi khng s dng ti. Thng xuyn kim tra cc thit b ny v nu thy khng va hoc b h hng hy ngh i ci khc. c/ Ch lao ng hp l

46

-Nhng ngi lm vic tip xc nhiu vi ting n cn c bt gi lm vic hoc c th b tr xen k cng vic c nhng qung ngh thch hp. -Khng nn tuyn la nhng ngi mc bnh v tai lm vic nhng ni c nhiu ting n. -Khi pht hin c du hiu ic ngh nghip th phi b tr cng nhn c ngng tip xc vi ting n cng sm cng tt.

2.4.4.2. Chng rung a/ Bin php k thut:

3 1

300-500

4
100-200

3 1 2

Hnh 2.1. S mng vi mch cch m 1- Mng; 2- Ct m; 3- My gy rung ng

Hnh 2.2. S mng vi khe cch rung 1- Tm lt; 2- Mng my gy rung; 3- Khe cch m; 4- Mng nh

1
3

6 2
3

4
3

1 4

Hnh 2.3. S lm cch rung th ng ch lm vic 1- tm cch rung th ng; 2- l xo; 3- nn rung ng; 4- hung rung ng; 5 v 6- gi ta v dy treo.

-Thay cc b phn my mc thit b pht ra rung ng. -Kim tra thng xuyn v sa cha kp thi cc chi tit my b mn v h hng hoc gia cng cc chi tit my c bit kh rung. 47

-Nn b my thit b phi bng phng v chc chn. Cch ly nhng thit b pht ra rung ln bng nhng rnh cch rung xung quanh mng my. Xy mng nh v mng my c mch cch m v khe cch rung (hnh 2.1, 2.2) -Thay s lin kt cng gia ngun rung ng v mng ca n bng lin kt gim rung khc gim s truyn rung ng ca my xung mng. S dng lin kt gim rung nh l xo, hoc lp m n hi (hnh 2.3) b/Bin php t chc sn xut: -Nu cng vic thay th c cho nhau th nn b tr sn xut lm nhiu ca kp san s mc tip xc vi rung ng cho mi ngi. -Nn b tr ca kp sn xut bo m gia 2 thi k lm vic ngi th c qung ngh di khng tip xc vi rung ng. c/ Phng h c nhn: -Tc dng ca cc dng c phng h cc nhn chng li rung ng l gim tr s bin dao ng truyn n c th khi c rung ng chung hoc ln phn c th tip xc vi vt rung ng. -Giy vi chng rung: c ming m lt bng cao su trong c gn 6 l xo. Chiu dy ming m 30mm, cng ca l xo phn gt 13kg/cm, phn 10.5kg/cm. Khi tn s rung ng t 20-50Hz vi bin tng ng t 0.4-0.1mm th tt rung ca loi giy ny t khong 80%. -Gng tay chng rung: c s dng khi dng cc dng c cm tay rung ng hoc m rung b mt. Yu cu ch yu l hn ch tc dng rung ng ch tp trung vo tay. S dng gng tay c lp lt lng bn tay bng cao su xp dy s lm gim bin rung ng vi tn s 50Hz t 3-4 ln. Dng gng tay chng rung c lt cao su n hi gim s truyn ng rung ng i 10 ln. d/ Bin php y t: -Khng nn tuyn dng nhng ngi c cc bnh v ri lon dinh dng thn kinh, mch mu lng bn tay lm vic tip xc vi rung ng. -Khng nn b tr ph n li cc loi xe vn ti c ln v s gy ra lc xc nhiu.

48

Ghi nh: Nu bn phi ht to cho ngi ng cnh bn 1m c th nghe c, c ngha l qu n v cn phi c bin php x l ting n. nhng ngi khng c lin quan trong cng vic cn trnh xa khi ngun gy n. Tho lun: Lit k cc loi ting n trn cng trng lm nh hng n bn. C th cch ly nh nhng my mc gy n khi nhng cng vic khc khng? Bn p dng nhng cch no gim ting n ca cc loi my mc c n ln m ban ang s dng? ic c th gy ra nhng phin toi g? Nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ic? 2.5. Chiu sng 2.5.1. Tm quan trng ca chiu sng trong xy dng 2.5.1.1. ngha ca chiu sng trong xy dng Chiu sng khng y hoc qu sng u gy hi v mt ATL: chiu sng hp l trong cc phng sn xut v ni lm vic trn cc cng trng v trong x nghip cng nghip xy dng l vn quan trng cI thin iu kin v sinh, m bo an ton lao ng v nng cao c hiu sut lm vic v cht lng sn phm, gim bt s mt mi v mt ca cng nhn gim tai nn lao ng. -Th lc mt ca ngi lao ng ph thuc vo chiu sng v thnh phn quang ph ca ngun sng: chiu sng nh hng rt ln n th lc. chiu sng t ti mc quy nh ca mt pht huy c nng lc lm vic cao nht v n nh th lc mt cng bn. Thnh phn quang ph ca ngun sng cng c tc dng ln i vi mt, nh sng mu vng, da cam gip mt lm vic tt hn. -Trong thc t sn xut, nu nh sng c b tr y , mu sc ca nh sng thch hp th nng sut lao ng tng 20-30%. Nu khng m bo lm cho mt chng mi mt, dn ti cn th, kh nng lm vic gim v c th gy tai nn lao ng. 49

-Vic t chc chiu sng hp l phc v sn xut trn cng trng, trong x nghip, kho tng, nh ca phi tho mn nhng yu cu sau: m bo sng y cho thi cng tng mi trng sn xut, khng chi qu hoc khng ti qu so vi tiu chun quy nh. Khng c bng en v s tng phn ln. nh sng c phn b u trong phm vi lm vic cng nh trong ton b trng nhn. nh sng phi chiu ng xung cng c hoc vt phm ang sn xut bng cc loi chao n khc nhau. H thng chiu sng phi ti u v mt kinh t. 2.5.1.2. Tc hi ca vic chiu sng khng hp l: a/ chiu sng khng y : -Nu lm vic trong iu kin chiu sng khng t tiu chun, mt phi iu tit qu nhiu tr nn mt mi. Tnh trng mt b mt mi ko di s gy ra cng thng lm chm phn x thn kinh, kh nng phn bit ca mt i vi s vt dn dn b st km. -Cng nhn tr tui hoc cng nhn trong la tui hc ngh nu lm vic trong iu kin thiu nh sng ko di s sinh ra tt cn th. -Nu nh sng qu nhiu, s phn bit cc vt b nhm ln dn n lm sai cc ng tc v do s xy ra tai nn trong lao ng, ng thi gim nng sut lao ng v cht lng sn phm. b/ chiu sng qu chi: -Nu cng chiu sng qu ln hoc b tr chiu sng khng hp l s dn n tnh trng lo mt lm cho nhc mt, do lm gim th lc ca cng nhn. -Hin tng chiu sng chi lo buc cng nhn phi mt thi gian cho mt thch nghi khi nhn t trng nh sng thng sang trng nh sng chi v ngc lilm gim s th cm ca mt, lm gim nng sut lao ng, tng ph phm v xy ra tai nn lao ng.

50

2.5.2. C s khoa hc ca thit k chiu sng Phn nhn thy c ca quang ph mt tri hn ch trong khong sng 760m (hng ngoi) v 380m (t ngoi). Nhng tia sng c bc sng <315m v >1.2 c hi cho mt. Tia c bc sng 1.4 c th lm c con ngi mt, 1.5 gy bng mt. Khi nim v ri E: - xc nh iu kin v trnh ca thit b nh sng, ngi ta dng khi nim v sng ca b mt c chiu sng hay ri. ri E l mt quang thng b mt tc l quang thng ln 1 b mt xc nh, n bng t s quang thng F i vi din tch b mt c chiu sng S:
E= F S

(2-1)

trong : E- ri (lx- c l lux) 1lx 0.5W/m2 F- quang thng (lm- c l luymen) S- din tch chiu sng (m2) Tiu chun chiu sng: -Tiu chun chiu sng chung cho mi lnh vc sn xut c quy nh trong quy phm chiu sng. -Trn cng trng v x nghip, ri c xc nh bi chnh xc ca s nhn khi lm vic v cc yu cu m bo an ton trn khu vc lm vic. ri ti thiu theo tiu chun tham kho bng 2-2. -Quy nh v ri ti thiu cho 1 s cng tc thi cng xy dng nh sau: Trn cng trng: Trong khu vc thi cng: 2lx. Trn ng t: 1-3lx. Trn ng st: 0.5lx Cng tc bc d v vn chuyn ln cao: 10lx.

51

 Cng tc lm t, ng cc, lm ng: 5-10lx. Cng tc lp ghp cu kin thp, btng v g: 25lx. Cng tc btng v btng ct thp: 25lx. Cng tc mc v ng bn gh: 50lx. Cng tc lm mi: 30lx. Cng tc hon thin: Trt, lt, lng, sn: 25-50lx. Lm knh: 75lx. Phng php chiu sng trong sn xut: -Trong sn xut thng li dng 3 loi nh sng: t nhin, nhn to v hn hp. Thng 1 ni lm vic, tu thi gian khc nhau m s dng 1 trong 3 loi nh sng trn. Trong tt c trng hp u nn li dng nh sng t nhin v r tin nht v c nh hng tt i vi con ngi. 2.5.2.1. Chiu sng t nhin: -c im nh sng t nhin l n thay i trong phm vi rt ln, ph thuc thi gian trong ngy, ma trong nm v thi tit. Trong mt thi gian ngn chiu sng t nhin c th thay i khc nhau 1 vi ln cho nn chiu sng trong phng khng nn c trng v quy nh bi i lng tuyt i nh i vi chiu sng nhn to. -Chiu sng t nhin trong cc phng c th c trng bng i lng tng i, tc l cho bit chiu sng bn trong phng ti hn hay sng hn chiu sng bn ngoi thng qua h s gi l h s chiu sng t nhin e:
e= Et 100 En (%)

(2.2)

trong : Et - ri trong phng; En - ri ngoi tri. Ly nh sng t nhin bng nhiu cch: Chiu sng qua ca tri hoc ca s ly nh sng trn cao. Chiu sng qua ca s tng ngn. 52

 Chiu sng kt hp 2 hnh thc trn. 2.5.2.2. Chiu sng nhn to Trng hp nh sng t nhin khng th phi chiu sng nhn to. Chiu sng nhn to ch yu s dng n dy tc, n hunh quang v mt s loi n khc. Ngi ta s dng chao n tn dng ht phn quang thng ca nh sng v gim tc dng lo mt. Chao n phi bo m iu kin gc khng lm chi mt (xem hnh 2.4).
a) b) c)

Hnh 2.4. Gc bo v n chiu a, b- n dy tc bng trong v bng m; c- n hunh quang.

-Chiu sng nhn to c th l chiu sng chung, cc b v kt hp. Trong iu kin sn xut cho nh sng phn b u ch nn t chc chiu sng chung hoc kt hp, khng c chiu sng cc b v s tng phn gia nhng ch qu sng v ch ti lm cho mt mt mi, gim nng sut lao ng, c th gy ra chn thng. Thi cng ban m c th dng n pha gn trn ct cao chiu sng cho khu vc rng. n dy tc:

Loi bng trong v m

Hnh 2.2: Cc loi bng n dy tc

Loi 2 n hunh quang

53

-Mt c trng ca ca n dy tc l chi qu ln gy ra tc dng lo mt. loi tr tc dng , ngi ta thng dng chao n (loi chiu thng ng, phn chiu v khuch tn). -Mc bo v mt khi tia chi xc nh bi gc c to nn bi ng nm ngang i qua tm dy tc v mt phng i qua mp ca chao n v tm dy tc hoc tip tuyn vi bng n. n hunh quang: -Loi ny ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong 1 s lnh vc cng nghip, c bit l ni cn phn bit mu sc hoc yu cu chnh xc cao. -u im: V mt v sinh v k thut nh sng th phn tn nh sng tt, t chi hn n dy tc vi ln, hu nh gn xo c nh sng n v nh sng t nhin. V cc ch tiu kinh t, n hunh quang tiu th t in, pht quang tt v thi gian s dng c lu hn. -Nhc im: Chu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh, kt cu n phc tp. Hay b nhp nhy i vi mng in xoay chiu. Tnh ton chiu sng nhn to: -Ni dung l xc nh s lng n chiu v cng sut chung ca chng khi bit din tch cn chiu sng v tiu chun chiu sng. C 3 phng php tnh ton chiu sng nhn to: pp im, pp h s s dng quang thng, pp tnh theo cng sut ring. 1. Phng php im. B qua phn quang thng phn chiu t tng, trn, ch xt nh sng chiu thng xung mt phng nm ngang v mt phng thng ng. PP ny p dng cho tnh chiu sng trn cng trng v cc phng sn xut khc. ri En ti im A trn mt phng nm ngang (hnh 2.5)

54

En =

I cos 2 KH 2

(2.3)

I- Cng sng xc nh theo ng cng phn b nh sng (hnh 2.6) K- h s k n bi bn bng n H- chiu cao treo n

Hnh 2.5. S tnh ri bng pp im.

ri Ed trn mt phng ng cch n mt khong L xc nh nh sau:

Ed = En L H

2. PP h s s dng quang thng pp ny c k n tia phn x, dng tnh chiu sng chung.
F= EK S Z N

(2.4)

F- quang thng (lm); E- ri ti thiu (lux) theo quy phm, c th xem bng 2.2; K- h s an ton 1.8-2.0, ph thuc c im gian phng: khi bi chn tr s ln; S- din tch chiu sng (m2); Z- t s ri trung bnh v ri ti thiu, Z=1-2.2; N- s n chiu sng; - h s phn chiu ca trn, tng nh v c trng kch thc phng i:
i= a b H c ( a + b)

(2.5)

55

a, b- chiu di v rng ca phng; Hc- chiu cao treo n. ( xem bng 2.3.) Sau khi tnh quang thng cho mt ngn n, da vo s tay k thut nh sng chn ra loi n c cng sut tng ng. B tr n c th i xng hoc khng i xng tu theo sp t thit b v ch lm vic.
a) b) c)
hc Lo Lo H

Hnh 2.8. S b tr n a) hnh ch nht; b) hnh thoi; c) cao treo n

Khi b tr n cn ch : T s L/Hc =1.42.0 nu b tr theo hnh ch nht; 1.72.5 nu b tr theo hnh thoi. Tr s Hc=H-hc-hp (m) trnh chi mt, cao t sn n n <2.54m khi cng sut n <200w v <36m khi cng sut n >200w.
1 1 Lc = L 2 3 Tr s

3. Phng php tnh theo cng sut ring PP ny tnh n gin nhng km chnh xc. Thng dng trong thit k s b, kim nghim kt qu ca cc phng php khc v so snh tnh kinh t ca h thng chiu sng. P=0.25E.K trong : P- cng sut ring (w/m2) E- ri ti thiu (lx) K- h s an ton 56

hp

Hc

0.25- h s chuyn i n v (1lux=0.25w/m2) S lng bng n xc nh theo cng thc:

n= P.S Pd

trong : n- s lng bng n (chic) Pd- cng sut bng n (w) S- din tch khu vc chiu sng (m2) n pha chiu sng: - trn cng trnh khi thi cng v ban m, chiu sng cc khu vc xy dng, din tch kho bi ln khng th b tr cc n chiu thng trn b mt cn chiu. Khi dng n pha chiu sng. -Cc loi n pha chiu sng c th phn thnh 2 loi: n pha ri nh ng c chm sng to ra tng i rng nh b phn phn chiu bng knh trng bc hnh parabol. Loi ny thng c s dng chiu sng cc din tch xy dng v kho bi ln. n pha chiu sng mt ng. -Khi cn to ra ri vi quang thng phn b u trn din tch ln, n pha phi t trn cc tr cao. Trn mi tr c th t 1 n hoc cm nhiu n. Cng c th li dng cng trnh cao sn c t n nh gin gio, tr thp cn trc,... - chiu sng cc din tch ln trn 1ha, theo kinh nghim ngi ta ghp cm n pha khi mc tiu chun chiu sng cao v trong nhng trng hp theo iu kin thi cng b tr nhiu tr n c, lc ny khong cch gia cc tr n cho php ti 400500m. -Tnh ton chiu sng bng n pha cn ch n c im ring l thit b chiu t nghing. S phn b nh sng ca n tp trung cn tnh ton chnh xc cc gc nghing ca n trong mt phng ng v gc quay trong mt phng ngang. Chiu cao t n cho php h min hn ch chi c th xc nh theo cng thc:

57

(2.7) hoc (2.8) Trong : +Imax: cng nh sng ti a theo trc n pha (cd-Candela).

Hnh 2.3: S xc nh v tr t n pha.

Ch : Ch c cc thit b chiu sng mnh c lp t ngoi tm vi, chng hn nh loi n chiu l, l c th cho php u vo ngun in chnh. H thng chiu sng tm thi bng in nn dng hiu in th thp v phi do cc th in qua o to lp t. bn cng c th ng gp phn mnh vo vic s dng an ton cc thit b ny theo nhng cch sau: Khng can thip vo vic lp t; Bo co li nhng ch vt liu cch in b h hng, bng n b v, ui n hay cc thit b khc h hng; m bo dy cp in c cng pha trn khi mt t, khng cp in v dy dn trong iu kin m t; Khng t thay bng n. Ghi nh:

58

Khi di chuyn t mt khu vc sng sang khu vc ti, cn c thi gian mt kp iu tit.

59

CHNG 3: K THUT AN TON LAO NG TRONG THIT K T CHC THI CNG V THIT K THI CNG 3.1. M u Cc lun chng kinh t k thut hoc thit k k thut ca cc d n u t u phi c yu cu nghim ngt v ATL v VSL. Cc B Y t, Lao ng v TBXH, Khoa hc Cng ngh, Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi hp thm nh v ATL, VSL v bo co tc ng mi trng ca d n u t. Bo h lao ng phi c nghin cu, thit k ng thi vi thit k t chc xy dng v thit k thi cng. -Theo kinh nghm cho bit c nhiu trng hp tai nn lao ng xy ra do nguyn nhn lin quan n nhng thiu st trong h s thit k, ch yu l thiu bin php bo h lao ng. -iu quan trng nht trong thit k t chc xy dng v thit k thi cng l phi ra c bin php thi cng ti u vi yu cu trc tin l phi m bo an ton lao ng, sau mi n vn kinh t v cc yu t khc. 3.2. Ni dung ch yu ca cng tc bo h lao ng v k thut an ton trong thit k thi cng - Bin php an ton trong qu trnh xy lp; - Ch n cng tc thi cng trn cao, di su: bin php a nhn cng ln xung v t chc lm vic trn cao - Cng tc cu lp thit b cng knh. Phng php treo buc v tho d an ton. - Cng tc a cng nhn ln xung khi lm vic trn cao - Cng tc bc d kho bi: thi cng bc d, vn chuyn cc kt cu v vt liu xy dng, thit b k thut, my mc trn cc kho bi. - Vn giao thng, cp in, cp nc, thot nc: Bo m an ton i li, giao thng vn chuyn trn cng trng, ch trng cc tuyn ng giao nhau, h thng cp in, cp nc v thot nc. Bin php an ton v in v cc thit b dng in. Thc

hin ni t cho cc my mc thit b in, s dng cc thit b in t ng an ton trn my hn in; ro ngn, treo bin bo nhng ni nguy him. - H thng chng st, c bit cc cng trng c chiu cao ln. Bin php an ton phng chng chy, n. Xy dng nh ca, kho tng, ni cha nhin liu theo ng ni quy phng chy. 3.3. An ton lao ng khi lp tin thi cng - Cn c vo bin php thi cng chn, kh nng v thi gian cung cp nhn lc, thit b my mc, nguyn vt liu,... quyt nh chn thi gian thi cng sao cho m bo an ton cho mi dng cng tc, mi qu trnh phi hon thnh trn cng trng. Tin thi cng c th c lp trn s ngang, mng, lch hoc dy chuyn. Trnh t v thi gian thi cng cc cng vic phi xc nh trn c s yu cu v iu kin k thut m bo s nhp nhng tng hng mc hoc ton b cng trnh. Xc nh kch thc cc cng on, tuyn cng tc hp l sao cho t, i cng nhn t phi di chuyn nht trong 1 ca, trnh nhng thiu st khi b tr sp xp ch lm vic trong mi ln thay i. Trong tin t chc thi cng dy chuyn trn cc phn on phi m bo s lm vic nhp nhng gia cc t, i trnh chng cho gy tr ngi v tai nn cho nhau. Khi t chc thi cng dy chuyn khng c b tr cng vic lm cc tng khc nhau trn cng 1 phng ng nu khng c sn bo v c nh hoc tm thi; khng b tr ngi lm vic di tm hot ng ca cn trc. 3.4. An ton lao ng khi lp mt bng thi cng Khi lp thit k mt bng thi cng phi ch cc bin php v tiu chun sau y: - Thit k cc phng v sinh hot cho cng nhn hp vi tiu chun v VSL. Khu v sinh t ni khng qu xa v t nh hng n ni . - ng giao thng thun li. Chiu rng ng ng theo tiu chun qui nh. ng vn chuyn trn cng trng phi m bo nh sau: + ng 1 chiu ti thiu 4m, ng 2 chiu ti thiu 7m.

+ Trnh b tr giao nhau nhiu trn lung vn chuyn gia ng st v ng t. + Ch giao nhau m bo phi nhn r t xa 50m t mi pha. + Bn knh ng vng nh nht t 30-40m. + dc ngang khng qu 5%. - Thit k chiu sng ng tiu chun. - Ro chn, bin bo khu vc nguy him nh trm bin th, khu vc vt liu d chy n, xung quanh cc dn gio cc cng trnh cao, khu vc xung quanh vng hot ng ca cc cn trc, h vi,... - Trn bnh ch r ni nguy him d xy ra chy n v ng thot him. - H thng kho bi hp l, thun tin xp d v c gii ho. Nhng ch b tr kho tng phi bng phng, c li thot nc m bo n nh kho; vic b tr phi lin h cht ch cng tc bc d, vn chuyn. Bit cch sp xp nguyn vt liu v cc cu kin m bo an ton. + Cc vt liu cha bi, kho l thin nh cc loi, gch, ct, thp

hnh, g cy,...nn c gii khu bc d v vn chuyn gim cc trng hp tai nn + Cc nguyn vt liu thnh phm, bn thnh phm cn sp xp gn gng, ng ni quy nh, khng vt ba bi, cn tr li i li. B tr tng khu vc ring bit cho cc vt liu v ch n trnh t bc d v vn chuyn hp l. - H thng chng st. Lm h thng chng st cho gin gio kim loi v cc cng trnh c lp nh tr n pha, cng trnh c chiu cao ln. - Bin php a cng nhn ln xung khi lm vic trn cao. - B tr mng cung cp in trn cng trng. Mng phi c s ch dn, cc cu dao phn on c th ct in ton b hay tng khu vc. Dy in phi treo ln cc ct hoc gi chc chn (khng c tri trn mt sn, mt t) cao 3.5m so vi mt bng v 6m khi c xe c qua li.

- An ton phng chy. Mt bng cng trng Mt mt bng thit k u v b tr khng ngn np l nhng nguyn nhn sau xa gy ra nhng tai nn nh vt liu ri, va ng gia cong nhn vi my mc, thit b. khong lu khng bt buc, c bit i vi nhng cng trng trong thnh ph, thng b hn ch ti a do khng c iu kin. hn na, mt mt bng ti u phc v cho an ton lao ng v sc khe cng nhn li khng i i vi nng sut cao. Vic thit k tt ca nh qun l l yu t thit yu trong cng tac chun b, em li hiu qu v an ton khi thi cng xy dng. Trc khi tin hnh cng vic ti cng trng, cn xem xt k cc vn : - Trnh t cng vic s tin hnh, nhng quy trnh nguy him; - Li vo hoc ng vnh ai cho cng nhn. Cc li i li phi quang, khng c chng ngi vt, ch nhng yu t gy nguy him nh vt liu ri, my nng vt liu hay xe c. nn c nhng thng bo, ch dn ph hp. b tr cc li vo v ra cho cc phng tin cp cu. b tr ro chn bo v bin nh lan can, cu thang v ti nhng ni c cao 2m tr ln; - Li vo v ra cho cc phng tin vn chuyn trn cng trng. thc tin cho thy nhng tuyn ng ny b tr mt chiu l tt nht. tc nghn giao thng d gy mt an ton cho cng nhn, c bit l khi cc ti x thiu kin nhn gii phng cc vt liu mt cch vi v; - Lu cha vt liu v thit b. vt liu cng gn ni sn xut tng ng cng tt, v d ct v si gn ni trn xi mng, cp pha gn xng lp rp. Nu khng th thc hin c th cn quy nh thi gian biu a vt liu ti; - B tr my mc xy dng. thng th vic b tr ph thuc vo yu cu cng tc, v vy khi b tr thit b nh cn cu thp cn tnh n hnh trnh quay ca cn nng sao cho khng qung vt nng vo u cng nhn; - B tr phn xng lm vic. Thng khng di chuyn cho n khi xy dng xong; - B tr trang thit b y t v chm sc. Ti cc cng trng ln cn b tr cc tin nghi cho c nam v n ti nhiu v tr;

- B tr nh sng nhn to ti nhng ni lm vic lin tc hoc lm c khi tri ti; - An ninh cng trng: cng trng cn c b tr ro chn ngi khng c phn s -tr em ni ring v nhng ngi khc ni chung- c gi trnh xa khi khu vc nguy him. kiu hng ro ty thuc vo tng loi cng trng, nhng nhng khu vc ng dn c, chiu cao ti thiu ca hng ro nn khng di 2m v kn kht, khng c l hng. bo him trn cao cng rt cn thit ti nhng ni m tm hot ng ca cn cu bao qut c khu vc cng cng; - Sp xp cng trng ngn np v tin li cho vic thu nht v dn dp ph liu; - S dng dng in h th cho chiu sng tm thi, cc thit b cm tay; - Cn tp hun cho c cng nhn v c cng.

Ghi nh: Dnh thi gian cho thit k s to ra mt cng trng an ton v tit kim tin bc. Tho lun: Bn c th ci to cng trng ca bn theo nhng cch no? Nhng gii php no kh thi cho nhng cng trng khng c iu kin v khng gian? S ngn np ca cng trng C rt nhiu tai nn xy ra do bc ht, vp ng, trt ng hoc ng vo vt liu, thit b nm ln xn khp ni; hoc do dm phi inh g ra t cp pha. Cc bin php: - Lm v sinh trc khi ngh - khng rc hay phoi cho ngi sau dn. - Ct dn vt liu, thit b cha cn dng ngay khi li i, cu thang v ni lm vic. - Lau sch du, nht bi trn. - Vt ph liu vo ch quy nh. - Nh hoc p bng cc inh nhn dng ngc cc vn cp pha. Ghi nh:

Mt cng trng khng ngn np l mt cng trng nguy him. Tho lun: Nhng cch tt nht hy ph liu v phoi? Nhng cch c th p dng trn cng trng ca bn khng? Bn c ci thin s ngn np ti cng trng ca mnh nh th no?

CHNG 4: K THUT AN TON KHI S DNG MY XY DNG 4.1. M u -C gii ho cc cng vic trong xy dng khng nhng nng cao nng sut lao ng m cn gim chn thng tai nn do cc iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn c gim nh v an ton hn. -Cc my mc thi cng thng dng trn cng trng nh my lm t (my o, i, cp), my nng chuyn (cn trc, thang ti, bng chuyn), my sn xut vt liu (my p, nghin, sng , my trn btng), my gia cng kim loi, g, my ng cc, my khoan pht va, my lu, my san, my pht in, bim p, my bm,... Hu ht cc loi my mc trn u c cc loi nh dy cp, curoa, rng rc, puli, mc cu, xch,... -Khi s dng cc my mc v cc ph tng ca chng nu khng hiu bit ht c cu v tnh nng hot ng, khng nm vng quy trnh vn hnh, khng tun theo ni quy an ton khi s dng c th gy ra nhng s c v tai nn lao ng. 4.2. Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s c, tai nn lao ng Nguyn nhn s c, tai nn khi s dng my bao gm do tk, ch to, lp t v s dng. Chng ta xem xt ch yu v lp t v s dng. 4.2.1-My s dng khng tt: -My khng hon chnh: Thiu thit b an ton hoc c nhng b hng, hot ng thiu chnh xc, mt tc dng t ng bo v khi lm vic qu gii hn tnh nng cho php. Thiu cc thit b tn hiu m thanh, nh sng (n, ci, chung). Thiu cc thit b p k, vn k, ampe k, thit b ch sc nng ca cn trc vi tng ng... -My h hng: Cc b phn, chi tit cu to ca my b bin dng ln, cong vnh, rn nt, t gy. Hp s b trc trc lm cho vn tc chuyn ng theo phng ngang, phng ng, xoay khng chnh xc theo iu khin ca ngi vn hnh. 66

 H thng phanh iu khin b g mn khng tc dng hm. 4.2.2-My b mt cn bng n nh: -y l nguyn nhn thng gy ra s c v tai nn. Nhng nguyn nhn thng l: Do my t trn nn khng vng chc: nn yu hoc nn dc qu gc nghing cho php khi cu hng hoc vt liu. Cu nng qu trng ti. Tc di chuyn, nng h vt vi tc nhanh gy ra mmen qun tnh, mmen ly tm ln. c bit hm phanh t ngt gy ra lt my. My lm vic khi c gi ln (trn cp 6), c bit i vi my c trng tm cao. 4.2.3-Thiu cc thit b che chn, ro ngn nguy him: -Vng nguy him khi my mc hot ng l khong khng gian hay xut hin mi nguy him cho sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Trong vng ny thng xy ra cc tai nn sau: My kp, cun qun o, tc, chn tay cc b phn truyn ng. Cc mnh dng c v vt liu gia cng vng bn vo ngi. Bi, hi, kh c to ra cc my gia cng vt liu gy nn cc bnh ngoi da, nh hng c quan h hp, tiu ho ca con ngi. Cc b phn my va p vo ngi hoc t , vt cu t my ri vo ngi trong vng nguy him. Khoan o cc my o, vng hot ng trong tm vi cu cn trc. 4.2.4-S c tai nn in: -S c in git thng xy ra khi ngi cng nhn ng gn cc my mc v thit b nguy him, hoc dng in r r ra v v cc b phn kim loi ca my do phn cch in b hng. -Xe my ln dy in di t hoc va chm vo ng dy in trn khng khi my hot ng gn hoc di chuyn pha di trong phm vi nguy him. 4.2.5-Thiu nh sng:

67

-Chiu sng khng y lm cho ngi iu khin my mc d mt mi, phn x thn kinh chm, lu ngy gim th lc l nguyn nhn gin tip gy chn thng, ng thi lm gim nng sut lao ng v h cht lng sn phm. -Chiu sng qu tha gy hin tng mt b chi, bt buc mt phi thch nghi. iu ny lm gim s thu ht ca mt, lu ngy th lc gim. -Thiu nh sng trong nh xng hoc lm vic vo ban m, sng m lm cho ngi iu khin my khng nhn r cc b phn trn my v khu vc xung quanh dn ti tai nn. 4.2.6-Do ngi vn hnh: -Khng m bo trnh chuyn mn: cha thnh thc tay ngh, thao tc khng chun xc, cha c kinh nghim x l kp thi cc s c. -Vi phm cc iu l, n quy, quy phm an ton: s dng my khng ng cng c, tnh nng s dng. -Khng m bo cc yu cu v sc kho: mt km, tai nghnh ngng, b cc bnh v tim mch,... -Vi phm k lut lao ng: ri khi my khi my ang cn hot ng, say ru bia trong lc vn hnh my, giao my cho ngi khng c nghip v, nhim v iu khin... 4.2.7-Thiu st trong qun l: -Thiu hoc khng c h s, l lch ti liu hng dn v lp t, s dng bo qun my. -Khng thc hin ng kim, khm nghim, ch trung tu bo dng, sa cha theo nh k. -Phn cng trch nhim khng r rng trong vic qun l s dng. 4.3. Cc tiu chun v k thut an ton khi s dng cc my thi cng 4.3.1. Bo m s n nh ca my -Cc my xy dng phi m bo n nh khi lm vic, di chuyn v c khi khng hot ng. S mt n nh do: 68

 My ngh hoc lm vic ni qu dc. Nn khng chc chn. Lm vic qu ti trng cho php. Lc qun tnh v lc ly tm ln hoc gp khi gi ln... -H s n nh c trng cho mc an ton khi lt ca my l t s gia tng mmen ca cc lc gi v tng mmen cc lc gy lt i vi im lt hoc ng lt:
K=

M M

g l

trong : Mg tng m men gi Ml- tng m men lt -H s n nh K c tnh khi c ti trng K1 v khi khng c ti trng K2. H s K phi tnh ton kim tra cho trng thi ngh v trng thi lm vic nguy him nht. V d tnh ton c th cho mt s loi my. (xem TL) * n nh ca cn trc t hnh: - Khi c ti:

Hnh 4.1: S tnh n nh cn trc khi c ti

69

(4.2) Trong : +G: trng lng my cn trc, im t ti trng tm (kg). +Q: trng lng vt cu ti a (kg). +Gc: trng lng tay cn, t u tay cn (kg). +M1: mmen do tc dng ly tm khi quay cn c ti trng

+M2: mmen do lc qun tnh khi phanh h vt

+M3: mmen to ra khi di chuyn u tay cn theo phng ngang

+M4: Mmen to ra khi thay i vi tay cn

+M5: mmen do lc gi tc dng ln cabin cn trc

+M6: mmen do lc gi tc dng ln vt cn cu

+a: khong cch t trc quay ca cn cu n trng tm vt cu trn mt phng ngang (m). +b: khong cch t trc quay n ng lt (m). +c: khong cch t trc quay n trng tm cn trc (m). 70

+H: khong cch t u tay cn n trng tm vt cu (m). +h: khong cch t u tay cn n mt t (m). +h1: khong cch t trng tm cn trc n mt t (m). +p: khong cch t lc gi ln cabin n mt t (m). +v: tc nng vt (m/s). +v1: tc di chuyn ngang ca u tay cn (m/s). +v2: tc di chuyn ng ca tay cn (m/s). +n: s vng quay cn trc trong 1 pht. +t: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu nng (s). +t1: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu quay cn trc (s). +t2: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu thay i vi tay cn (s). +W, W1: lc gi tc dng ln cabin, vt cu (c tnh an ton vi im t u tay cn). +: gc nghing mt t so vi phng ngang. +g: gia tc trng trng, ly bng 9.81m/s . -Trong trng hp my cn trc lm vic trn mt t nm ngang, nu khng khng xt n cc thnh phn lc ly tm, qun tnh, gi,...th h s n nh ti trng K1 l:
2

(4.3)

- Khi khng c ti:

(4.4)

71

Hnh 4.2: S tnh n nh cn trc khi khng ti

4.3.2. Xc nh khong cch cho my ng trn b h mng

L= H H + 0.25 tg tg

(m)

- gc n nh t nhin ca t - gc nghing ca mi mng.

72

Bng 4.1. Gc n nh t nhin ca t loi t t ct t tht t st mm cng vi m trung bnh (0) 30-35 35-40 40-45 55-65 55-70 vi m bo ho (0) 25 27 20-25 45-50 50-55

4.3.3. dc cho php ca mt s loi my lm t Bng 4.2. dc cho php ca mt s my lm t. loi my i xc cc loi c my ko i trc ln dc (0) 25 20 20 xung dc(0) 35 25 20 theo phng ngang(0) 30 14 14

4.3.4. Mt s im quy nh khi s dng my 4.3.4.1. Cc my lm t n phi ch r v tr lm vic ca tng my, hng di chuyn, bin php an ton. Khi lp phng n phi xem xt cc vn sau: - a cht, nc ngm, bin php tiu nc. - Cc cng trnh ngm c trc , cc cng trnh kin trc cn bo v. Ngoi ra cn ch cc vn sau: - n chiu sng, n tn hiu ca my, h thng chiu sng chung. - Trc khi di chuyn trn dc phi kim tra k cc iu kin an ton * Cc my o

73

- Khng my b ly tht, trng hp c bit mi cho my lm vic ni t yu nhng phi lt vn rng hn b rng my mi pha 0.5m. - Trnh to vch t qu cao v qu dc gy st l vo my. - Trnh my vng khng an ton khi n mn. - Phm vi hot ng khng chng cho gy mt an ton. - Khng c b tr my lm vic tng trn v tng di theo cng mt phng thng ng. - Khi t ln cc xe vn chuyn khng c a gu qua bung li, khng c gu xc cao cch y thng xe qu 1m, v khng va chm vo thnh xe. Thng xe phi ln hn gu xc. - Khi di chuyn phi nng gu xc cch mt t ti thiu 50cm v quay cn trng vi hng i. Cm dng gu xc vn chuyn, di chuyn cc loi vt liu nh g, vn, b tng hoc ko cc vt khc. * My i: Trong khu vc my lm vic, cm khng cho ngi lm vic ng gn mp b, mp h; cm khng cho li i chm ra khi mp b, mp h. Khi my i t ra ngoi mp b th phi gim tc . Nu my i san t t tng trn xung tng di ch my xc lm vic th my i phi cch mp ang o mt khong ti thiu l 3m. Khi san t xung sn dc pha di phi c bin cm ngi. Khi di chuyn my phi nng li i cch mt t 50cm. n ch ng vng my th phi tun theo bn knh quay quy nh. 4.3.4.2. Cc my thi cng khc: * My trn b tng, trn va My trn phi t trn nn vng chc, bng phng, phi c rnh thot nc, ri vt liu khng trn trt cng nhn i li thao tc. Xung quanh ch ben np vt liu hoc thng trn phi xy g cao t nht 10cm dng c chuyn ch vt liu khng tt vo ben, vo thng trn.

74

Tt c cc dng c lm vic phi cch ming ben, ming thng trn t nht l 10cm. Ngn khng cho ngi qua li ch ben np vt liu hot ng. Cm a tay hoc dng c vo thng trn khi my ang chy. Khi di chuyn my bng ngi hoc my ko th phi nng ben ln cao, dng dy cp, cht st gi li. Nu a ln xe vn ti th phi tho ben ra. * My m b tng Khi s dng my m cng nhn phi mang ng, gng tay. Cc dy dn in ca my phi dng dy cp bc cao su v phi treo ln cao. Ch c on di khng qu 5m k t u my m n ni cung cp in khi lm vic d dng. Mi my m phi c mt cu dao cp in ring bit v phi c tip t. Di chuyn khng c dy in cng thng, mun di chuyn xa phi ct in (ct gc ch khng phi tt cng tc trn my). Ngoi th my khng ai c cha my. * My pht va xi mng Trc khi lm vic cng nhn my p kh, my pht va phi kim tra ng ng phun va t my kh p n u vi phun. My pht va ch lm vic khi ni chc chn ng ng t my p kh n my pht va. Trc khi pht va vo cng trnh c thnh ng th phi tnh ton p lc ph hp vi sc chu ca cng trnh . Cm ngi lm vic gn vi pht trong phm vi 10m. Khi cm vi pht trn tay mi c m van cho va phun ra. Trc khi b vi phun phi kho li v khi lm cm cha vi phun v pha c ngi. My ng cc Trc khi tin hnh cng tc ng cc phi: C y nhng s liu nghin cu v tnh cht c l ca nn. C phng php thi cng v bin php an ton lao ng. Nu my ng cc lm vic ch t xu, di nc th phi tnh ton sn b sc chu hoc b mng c dy chng c nh.

75

Ba phi gi cht vi thp ng cc bng cc thit b c. Nu dng cc ph ng su cc chnh th cc ph phi chu c lc ng ca ba. Khi dng my ng cc loi ba n th cm ng gn u ba, cm xng vo u pittng ba. Khi dng my ng cc bng hi nc th phi theo tiu chun ni hi. Mun dng my ng cc nh cc phi c s ng ca cn b ph trch thi cng v phi tng thm dy chng mi nh. Khi lm vic cm cho ba nng n thanh ngang u cn. Mun sa cha iu chnh cc phi cho ba ngng p v h ba st cc. Mun sa cha u cc phi nng ba cch u cc khng ln hn 30 cm. 4.4. Tiu chun v bin php an ton khi s dng cc thit b nng h Trn cc cng trng chng ta s dng kh rng ri cc my cn trc t, cn trc bnh xch, cn trc thp, cc my cn trc n gin nh kch, ti, palng... nng h, vn chuyn cu kin, hng ho v.v... Khi s dng cc loi my ny lun lun phi s dng cc thit b nh dy cp, rng rc, tang quay v.v... Nhiu TNL xy ra l do khng tnh ton ng cc tiu chun an ton thit b, s dng v iu khin cc thit b khng ng quy phm ATL, khng bit cch buc cp, mc cp vo vt cu v.v... -Khi dng my bc d phi c bit ch n bn dy cp, dy xch v tin cy ca phanh hm. 4.4.1. Cc tiu chun v bin php an ton khi s dng cp 1. Tnh ton sc chu ca cp. Trc khi cu vt, cn b thi cng, cng nhn li my phi bit r kh nng ca my cn trc; bit r trng lng ca vt phi cu ln hoc h xung. Phi chn thit b treo buc v phng php treo buc. Tnh ton cc loi dy cp theo cng thc:
P K S

(4-10)

Trong : 76

P sc ko t ca dy cp tnh bng kg tra theo tiu chun c th tham kho bng 4-3. S Lc ko thc t ca dy cp khng k n ti trng ng, tnh bng kg. Thng thng hai nhnh dy cp hp vi nhau cc gc 300, 450, 600, 900

Hnh 4.4. S tnh lc ko dy cp

Hnh 4.4: S phn b cc lc trong dy cp

77

Lc ko thc t tnh theo cng thc:

S= Q n cos

Q- ti trng vt cn nng (kg) n- s nhnh dy chng K- h s an ton c qui nh c th cho tng loi cp v trng thi lm vic (bng 4.5) (hay cn gi K l h s d tr sc bn) i vi loi cp thp ly nh sau: o Cp un treo nng vt ti trng n 50 tn k=8 o Cp un treo nng vt ti trng nng hn 50 tn k=6 o Cp buc cht vt nng treo trn mc cu hoc vng treo k=6 o Cp ko, dy chng, dy ging c xt n lc gi k=3.5 o Palng vi ti tay k=4.5 o Palng vi ti in k=5

2. Xc nh di ca nhnh dy: -Trong trng hp c 4 nhnh dy th di dy ca cc nhnh ng u nh nhau c ngha rt quan trng v m bo s phn b ng u ti trng ln cc nhnh, nu khng s c nhnh chu vt ti lm gim tui th ca dy v c khi gy tai nn. -Chiu di ca mi nhnh dy c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(4.11) Trong : +L: di ca nhnh dy cp (m). +h: chiu cao tam gic to thnh bi cc nhnh(m). +b: khong cch gia cc im c nh dy cp theo ng cho (m).

78

3. La chn cp, cc cch buc cp Phng php buc kp u dy cp:

Hnh 4.3: Cc hnh thc kp u cp v buc cp

- buc cht u dy cp, mi ni bn khng c ngn hn 15 ln ng knh dy cp v 300mm. -Nu kp cht bng bulng th s bulng phi tnh ton nhng khng c t hn 3 v bulng phi p 2 nhnh dy cp li vi nhau. Khong cch gia 2 bulng ph thuc vo s lng bulng kp v ng knh dy cp. Nu khng c phng php chng buc tt th vt d b ri. 4-Loi b dy cp trong qu trnh s dng: -Trong qu trnh s dng cp phi thng xuyn kim tra s si t hoc mc g ca cp m loi b. -Vic loi b cn c vo s si t trn on di 1 bc bn, cng nh da vo s h hng b mt hoc mn g cc si. (*Bc bn cp l khong cch dc trn mt cp trong cha tt c s si cp trong tit din ngang tng t nh bc xon*). -Cc quy nh:

79

 Tiu chun quy nh loi b cp ph thuc vo kt cu dy cp, phng php bn (tri chiu hay cng chiu) v h s d tr sc bn c xc nh trong bng sau:
S si c trong tit din ngang ca cp H s an ton ban u 6*19=114 6*37=222 6*61=366 18*19=342

S si t trong 1 bc bn cp khi cp c dng xon Tri chiu Cng chiu Tri chiu Cng chiu Tri chiu Cng chiu Tri chiu Cng chiu

6 6-7 >7

12 14 16

6 7 8

22 26 30

11 13 15

36 38 40

18 19 20

36 38 40

18 19 20

Cp ca nhng my nng dng cu ngi, vn chuyn cc kim loi nng, nu chy, cc cht c, d n, d chy th phi loi b i khi s si t t hn 2 ln so vi loi dy cp khc. Khi mt cp b mn hoc g th s si t phi gim i tng ng so vi phn trm tiu chun quy nh. Khi dy cp b mn hoc g n 40% kch thc ng knh ban u hoc bn ngoi b xy xt th coi nh b b i. 4.4.2. Tiu chun an ton cho tang cun v rng rc 4.4.2.1-ng knh ca tang quay, puli, rng rc: -ng knh ca tang quay, puli v rng rc c ngha thit thc i vi s lm vic an ton ca cp khi s dng cp thp trong nhng thit b nng h. - m bo bn mn ca cp v trnh cho cp khi bin dng th ng knh ca n phi tnh theo ng knh ca cp b un trong .

80

 bo m bn ca cp, trnh b un v bin dng nhiu, ng knh tang cun tnh theo cng thc:
D d (e 1)

trong : D- ng knh tang cun hoc rng rc ch cp tip xc (o theo y rnh) ca thit b nng h (mm); d- ng knh cp (mm); e- h s ph thuc kiu my v ch lm vic (bng 4.9) o i vi cn trc c tay cn, e = 16-25. o i vi palng in, e = 20. o i vi ti tay, e = 16. o i vi ti nng ngi, e = 25. -Th tch qun ca tang qun cp s c xc nh t iu kin l khi mc ca cn trc v tr thp nht th trn tang qun cp cn li khng c t hn 1.5 vng cp. 4.4.2.2-Quy nh v tang hm: -Tt c cc my vn chuyn v nng h nht thit phi trang b phanh hm phanh khi nng hoc di chuyn vt nng. -Phanh hm phi tt. nh gi trng thi phanh hm bng h s hm. H s ny thng ly bng 1.75, 2.00 v 2.50 tng ng vi ch s dng my nh, trung bnh v nng. -Khi s dng ti quay nht thit phi c 2 phanh hm: mt phanh gi vt trn cao v cn phanh kia h vt t t. Trong mt s ti, s kt hp ny c th thc hin c d dng bng cch s dng tay quay an ton. -Palng cn c trang b loi thit b hm c th t hm v gi vt cao bt k khi nng cng nh khi h. Thng c th truyn ng bng trc vt, bnh vt hoc bnh xe cc. -Thit b rng rc phi c bulng chng phng nga trng hp cp hoc xch b tt vo khe v kt li trong . 81

4.5. Mt s thit b an ton ca my xy dng Thit b an ton ca my xy dng c phn thnh cc nhm ch yu: thit b an ton t ng, thit b phng nga, thit b tn hiu. Thit b an ton t ng c tc dng lm ngng hot ng ca mt b phn no khi n lm vic n mc gii hn cho php (v d: khng ch qu ti cn trc) hoc lm gim tc ng ca yu t no vt qu gii hn cho php (v d: van gim p ca thit b chu p lc). Thit b phng nga c tc dng ch bo cho bit mc lm vic n ca my(v d: thit b ch sc nng ca cn trc tm vi tng ng). Thit b tn hiu nh sng, mu sc, m thanh (n, ci, bin bo).

4.6. Bin php t chc an ton 1. Tuyn dng, s dng th vn hnh - C giy chng nhn bo m sc kho do c quan y t cp. - C vn bng, chng ch v o to chuyn mn do c quan o to cp. - C th giy chng nhn v hun luyn ATL do lnh o n v xc nhn. - c trang b y cc phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp vi cng vic thc hin. 2. T chc qun l my Th trng n v quyt nh bng vn bn cho cc n v v c nhn chu trch nhim qun l, s dng my. Thc hin cng tc qun l bao gm: Qun l h s, l lch thuyt minh hng dn k thut lp t, bo qun v s dng an ton; thc hin ng kim vi c quan chc nng Nh nc nhng my mc thuc din ng kim; thc hin bo dng, sa cha nh k theo k hoch v khi c s c h hng; thc hin vic th nghim nh k v th nghim t xut khi c yu cu.

82

CHNG 5: K THUT AN TON IN TRONG XY DNG 5.1. Cc khi nim c bn v an ton in S nguy him ca dng in khc hn vi nhng loi nguy him khc trong cc cng vic xy dng v ngi ta khng th nhn bit c trc khi n xy ra, trong khi , c th nghe thy ting mt chic xe ang ti gn, c th nhn thy trc nguy c mt vt c th b ri hoc ngi thy trc mi kh b r r. 5.1.1. Cc nhn t nh hng ti mc trm trng khi b in git: 5.1.1.1-Cng dng in i qua c th: -L nhn t chnh nh hng ti in git. Tr s dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo in p t vo ngi v in tr ca ngi, c tnh theo cng thc: I=U/Rng Trong :
+U:

in p t vo ngi (V).

+Rng: in tr ca ngi (). -Nh vy cng chm vo 1 ngun in, ngi no c in tr nh s b git mnh hn. Con ngi c cm gic dng in qua ngi khi cng dng in khong 0.6-1.5mA i vi in xoay chiu (ng tn s f=50Hz) v 5-7mA i vi in 1 chiu. -Cng dng in xoay chiu c tr s t 8mA tr xung c th coi l an ton. Cng dng in 1 chiu c coi l an ton l di 70mA v dng in 1 chiu khng gy ra co rt bp tht mnh. N tc dng ln c th di dng nhit. 5.1.1.2-Thi gian tc dng ln c th: -Thi gian dng in i qua c th cng lu cng nguy him bi v in tr c th khi b tc dng lu s gim xung do lp da sng b nung nng v b chc thng lm dng in qua ngi tng ln. -Ngoi ra b tc dng lu. dng in s ph hu s lm vic ca dng in sinh vt

trong cc c ca tim. Nu thi gian tc dng khng lu qu 0.1-0.2s th khng nguy him. 5.1.1.3-Con ng dng in qua ngi: -Tu theo con ng dng in qua ngi m mc nguy him c th khc nhau. Ngi ta nghin cu tn tht ca tri tim khi dng in i qua bng nhng con ng khc nhau vo c th nh sau: Dng in i t chn qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 0.4% dng in qua ngi. Dng in i tay qua tay th phn lng dng in qua tim l 3.3% dng in qua ngi. Dng in i t tay tri qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 3.7%

dng in qua ngi. Dng in i t tay phi qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tim l 6.7% dng in qua ngi. trng hp u l t nguy him nht nhng nu khng bnh tnh, ngi b ng s rt d chuyn thnh cc trng hp nguy him hn. 5.1.1.4-Tn s dng in: -Khi cng cng , tu theo tn s m dng in c th l nguy him hoc an ton: Nguy him nht v mt in git l dng in xoay chiu dng trong cng nghip c tn s t 40-60 Hz. Khi tn s tng ln hay gim xung th nguy him gim, dng in c tn

s 3.106-5.105 Hz hoc cao hn na th d cng ln bao nhiu cng khng git nhng c th b bng. 5.1.1.5-in tr ca con ngi: Tu theo tnh trng khc nhau m ngi c in tr t ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: in tr ca ngi t l nghch vi din tch v p lc tip xc. -in tr ca ngi c nh hng ht sc quan trng. in tr ca c th con ngi khi c dng in chy qua khc vi vt dn l n khng c nh m bin thin trong phm vi t 600400.000 :

 Lp da v c bit l lp sng c tr in tr ln nht bi v trn lp da ny khng c mch mu v t bo thn kinh. Thi gian nung nng lu, lp sng trn da mt tc dng cch in th in tr gim. in tr ca da ngi gim khng t l vi s tng in p. Khi in p l 36V th s hu hoi lp da xy ra chm, cn khi in p l 380V th s hu hoi da xy ra t ngt. Khi lp da kh v sch, lp sng khng b ph hoi, in tr vo khong 8.104-40.104 /cm2; khi da t c m hi th gim xung cn 100.000/cm2 v t hn. in tr cc t chc bn trong ca c th ph thuc vo tr s in p, ly trung bnh vo khong 1000. i lng ny c s dng khi phn tch cc trng hp tai nn in xc nh gn ng tr s dng in i qua c th con ngi trong thi gian tip xc, tc l trong tnh ton ly in tr ca ngi l 1000 (khng ly in tr ca lp da ngoi tnh ton). 5.1.1.6-c im ring ca tng ngi: -Cng chm vo 1 in p nh nhau, ngi b bnh tim, thn kinh, ngi sc kho yu s nguy him hn v h thng thn kinh chng t lit. H rt kh t gii phng ra khi ngun in. 5.1.1.7-Mi trng xung quanh: -Mi trng xung quanh c bi dn in, c nhit cao v c bit l m cao s lm in tr ca ngi v cc vt cch in gim xung, khi dng in i qua ngi s tng ln. 5.1.2. Tc dng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi S nguy him ca tai nn in c lin quan trc tip vi cng dng in v thi gian dong in chy qua c th. Mi trng cng m t th nguy c b in git cng cao. Dng in c th i qua ngi c l nh c hiu in th. Gim hiu in th cng c ngha l gim nghim trng ca chn thng in git, v vy thng thng ngi ta vn s dng hiu in th 110V ti bt k ch no c th.

Khi cng dng in nh, nh hng ca dng in ch n gin l nhng kch thch kh chu ln c th hoc cm thy kinh hong, mc d n cng lm cng nhn mt thng bng v ng t trn thang hoc gin gio xung t Vi dng in c cng trung bnh, n gy ra phn ng co c v ngi b in git se khng th nhng th nm trong tay ra c, lm cho tnh hnh nhanh chng tr nn rt nguy him. Dng in ln th gy chn thng in. Vi cng cao, dng in c th lm tim ngng p v gn nh chc chn gy cht ngi. Vi dng xoay chiu 10-15mA v dng in 1 chiu 5060mA l nguy him v nn nhn kh ch ng tch khi dng in. Vi dng in c tn s >100Hz th ch gy bng. Trng thi in git nguy him nht l t tay phi xung chn, khi y dng in i qua tim 6,7%; t nguy him nht l t chn qua chn, khi y dng in qua tim 0,4%. -Tc hi ca dng in i vi c th con ngi c nhiu dng: gy bng, ph v cc m, lm gy xng, gy tn thng mt, ph hu mu, lm lit h thng thn kinh,... -Tai nn in git c th phn thnh 2 mc l chn thng in (tn thng bn ngoi cc m) v sc in (tn thng ni ti c th). 5.1.2.1-Chn thng in: -L cc tn thng cc b ngoi c th di dng: bng, du vt in, kim loi ho da. Chn thng in ch c th gy ra 1 dng in mnh v thng li du vt bn ngoi. 1-Bng in: - Do cc tia h quang in gy ra khi b on mch, nhn b ngoi khng khc g cc loi bng thng thng. N gy cht ngi khi qu 2/3 din tch da ca c th b bng. Nguy him hn c l bng ni tng c th dn n cht ngi mc d pha ngoi cha qu 2/3. - Dng in chy qua cng c th gy bng da ti im tip xc. Tuy nhin, cc trng hp bng nng cng c th xy ra d khng c s tip xc trc tip ca c th vi dng in.

2-Du vt in: -L 1 dng tc hi ring bit trn da ngi do da b p cht vi phn kim loi dn in ng thi di tc dng ca nhit cao (khong 120oC). 3-Kim loi ho da: -L s xm nhp ca cc mnh kim loi rt nh vo da do tc ng ca cc tia h quang c bo ho hi kim loi (khi lm cc cng vic v hn in). 5.1.2.2-Sc in: -L dng tai nn nguy him nht. N ph hu cc qu trnh sinh l trong c th con ngi v tc hi ti ton thn. L s ph hu cc qu trnh in vn c ca vt cht sng, cc qu trnh ny gn lin vi kh nng sng ca t bo. -Khi b sc in c th trng thi co git, m man bt tnh, tim phi t lit. Nu trong vng 4-6s, ngi b nn khng c tch khi kp thi dng in co th dn n cht ngi. -Vi dng in rt nh t 25-100mA chy qua c th cng gy sc in. B sc in nh c th gy ra kinh hong, ngn tay t au v co li; cn nng c th lm cht ngi v t lit h hp v tun hon. -Mt c im khi b sc in l khng thy r ch dng in vo ngi v ngi tai nn khng c thng tch. 5.1.3. Phn loi v tr sn xut theo mc nguy him v in Mc dn in ca mi trng nh hng rt ln n an ton v in. 5.1.3.1-Cc phng, cc ni t nguy him: -L cc phng kh ro vi quy nh: m tng i ca khng kh khng qu 75%. Nhit trong khong 5-25oC (khng qu 30oC). Sn c in tr ln bng vt liu khng dn in (g kh ro, ri nha). Khng c bi dn in. Con ngi khng phi ng thi tip xc vi c cu kim loi c ni vi t v vi v kim loi ca thit b in.

5.1.3.2-Cc phng, cc ni nguy him nhiu: -Cc phng m vi: m tng i lun lun trn 75%. m tng i c th nht thi tng n bo ho. Nhit trung bnh ti 25oC.

-Cc phng kh khng c h thng l si v c tng mi. -Cc phng c bi dn in. -Cc phng nng vi nhit khng kh ln hn 30oC, trong thi gian di con ngi phi tip xc ng thi vi v kim loi ca cc thit b in v vi cc c cu kim loi cng trnh ca dy chuyn cng ngh c ni t. -Cc phng c sn l vt liu dn in (bng kim loi, t, btng, g b m, gch,...) 5.1.3.3-Cc phng, cc ni c bit nguy him: -Rt m t trong m tng i ca khng kh thng xp x 100% (trn, tng, sn v cc c trong phng c ng ht nc). -Thng xuyn c hi kh c. -C t nht 2 trong nhng du hiu ca phng hoc ni nguy him nhiu (mc B). -Nguy him v mt n (kho cha cht n trn cng trng). 5.2. Phn tch cc trng hp tip xc vi mng in 5.2.1. Chm ng thi vo hai pha khc nhau ca mng in: -Trng hp chm vo 2 pha bt k trong mng 3 pha hoc vi dy trung ho v 1 trong cc pha s to nn mch kn trong ni tip vi in tr ca ngi, khng c in tr ph thm no khc.

Hnh 6.1: Chm vo 2 pha ca mng in

In = 3U p Ud = Rn Rn

trong :

In- cng dng in qua ngi. Ud,Up- in p dy v in p pha

-Chm vo 2 pha ca dng in l nguy him nht v ngi b t trc tip vo in p dy, ngoi in tr ca ngi khng cn ni tip vi mt vt cch in no khc nn dng in i qua ngi rt ln. Khi d c i giy kh, ng cch in hay ng trn gh g, thm cch in vn b git mnh. 5.2.2. Chm vo mt pha ca mng c trung tnh cch ly

Hnh 6.3: Chm vo 1 pha ca mng in c dy trung tnh khng ni t -Ngi chm vo 1 pha coi nh mc vo mng in song song vi in tr cch in

ca pha v ni tip vi cc in tr cu 2 pha khc. -Tr s dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo in p pha, in tr ca ngi v in tr ca cch in c tnh theo cng thc:
In = Ud 3 Rn + Rc 3 = 3U d 3 R n + Rc

+Ud: +Rc:

in p dy trong mng 3 pha (V). in tr ca cch in ().

Ta thy r rng dng in qua ngi trong trng hp ny l nh nht v th t nguy him nht. 5.2.3. Chm vo mt pha ca mng trung tnh ni t

Hnh 6.2: Chm vo 1 pha ca mng in c dy trung tnh ni t -y l trng hp mng in 3 pha c in p 100V. Trong trng hp ny, in p cc dy pha so vi t bng in p pha tc l ngi ngi t trc tip di in p pha Up. Dng in qua ngi c tnh nh sau:
In = Up Rn + R0

R0- in tr ca cc ni t; Rn- in tr ca ngi.

5.2.4. in p bc
1 Hnh 5.4. in p buc 2 3

Nu mt im no c mng in chm t to ra trng in r, t xung quanh s xut hin in p. Nu i vo khu vc th xut hin dng in t chn n sang chn kia. Cng dng in trong vng r in s l
Ix = Ic 2x 2

trong :

x-l bn knh t im tnh ton ti im in chm t. Ic- cng dng in ti im chm t.

5.3. Nhng nguyn nhn gy tai nn in -Tai nn in c th chia lm 3 hnh thc: Do tip xc trc tip vi dy dn hoc b phn thit b c dng in i qua. Do tip xc b phn kt cu kim loi ca thit b in hoc thn ca my c cht cch in b hng. Tai nn gy ra do in p ch dng in r trong t.

Ngoi ra, cn1 hnh thc na l do s lm vic sai lm ca ngi sa cha nh bt ng ng in vo thit b c ngi ang lm vic. -Nhng nguyn nhn lm cho ngi b tai nn in: S h hng ca thit b, dy dn in v cc thit b m my.

Ub

S dng khng ng cc dng c ni in th trong cc phng b m t. Thiu cc thit b v cu ch bo v hoc c nhng khng p ng vi yu cu. Tip xc phi cc vt dn in khng c tip t, dch th dn in, tay quay hoc cc phn khc ca thit b in.

B tr khng y cc vt che chn, ro li ngn nga vic tip xc bt ng vi b phn dn in, dy dn in ca cc trang thit b.

Thiu hoc s dng khng ng cc dng c bo v c nhn: ng, gng, tay

cch in, thm cao su, gi cch in. Thit b in s dng khng ph hp vi iu kin sn xut.

5.4. Nhng bin php chung an ton v in (Tt c cc bin php khc phc cc nguyn nhn trn:TCVN 4086-1985, TCVN 3146-1986) 5.4.1. S dng in p an ton - Tu thuc vo mc nguy him v in ca cc loi phng sn xut m yu cu an ton v in c mc khc nhau. Mt trong nhng bin php l vic s dng ng mc in p i vi cc thit b in. in p an ton l in p khng gy nguy him i vi ngi khi chm phi thit b mang in. - Nhng ni nguy him hoc rt nguy him ta s dng in p thp. V d: s dng in 36V; ni c bit nguy him s dng 12V; hn in khng qu70V; hn h quang 12V; n chiu sng in 127V, 220V phi cch mt t >2,5m, nu <2,5m th dng in 36V. 5.4.2. Lm cch in dy dn Cc thit b in v dy dn phi lm cch in. Dy dn t ngoi tri phi c v bc, mc trn ct c s cch in. Khong cch ti mt t quy nh nh sau: 2,5m 3,5m nu pha di l ni lm vic nu pha di l ni ngi qua li

6m

nu pha di l ni phng tin c gii qua li

6,5m nu pha di c tu ho i qua. ng cp mm trong cng trng cn phi c bip php bo v. Nu cp qua ng giao thng phi c ng hoc mng thp hnh bo v. -Dy cp in cao th qua ch ngi qua li phi c li ging trn khng phng khi dy b t. 5.4.3. Lm b phn che chn - bo v dng in, ngi ta t nhng b phn che chn gn cc my mc v thit b nguy him hoc tch cc thit b ra vi khong cch an ton. - Cc loi che chn c, li hay c l c dng trong cc phng kh khi in th ln hn 65V, trong cc phng m khi in th ln hn 36V v trong cc phng c bit m in th ln hn 12V. - cc phng sn xut trong c cc thit b lm vic vi in th 1000V, ngi ta lm nhng b phn che chn c (khng ph thuc vo cht cch in hay khng) v ch c th ly che chn ra khi ngt dng in. - Phi ro quanh khu vc t my pht in hoc my bin th. 5.4.4. Ni t bo v, ct in bo v 5.4.4.1. Ni t bo v Ni t bo v trong mng 3 pha cch ly khng c dy trung tnh.

Hnh 6.4: Ni t bo v trc tip -H thng tip t phi c in tr nh sao cho ngi khi tip xc vo v ca thit b c in p r r (coi nh ngi mc song song vi mch tip t) th dng in chy qua c th khng n tr s c th gy nguy him cho sc kho v s sng. Hnh thc ny p dng mng 3 pha c trung ho cch in. -Theo quy nh hin hnh th: i vi thit b in c in p n 1000V trong cc li in c trung tnh t cch in i vi mt t, tr s in tr ni t phi khng ln hn 4. i vi thit b in c cng sut ngun nh hn 100KVA cho php in tr

ni t ti 10. Trng hp ny ngi c ni song song vi cc ni t ta c:

I n Rn = I d Rnd

In = Id

Rnd Rn

trong : +In: cng dng in qua ngi (A). +Id: cng dng in r (A). Trong cc mng vi trung ho cch in c in p di 1000VId khng ln qu 10A (thng 4-6A).

+Rn: in tr tnh ton ca ngi (). +Rnd: in tr cc ni t (). V d: in p 1000V dng in r khng qu 10A, nu in tr cc ni t nh khong 4 th ta c:
I n = 10 4 = 40mA 1000

Ni t trong mng in c dy trung tnh ni t.

Hnh 6.5: Ni t bo v qua dy trung ha Trng hp thng cch in th mt trong cc pha s ngn mch dn n chy cu ch hoc ngt mch t ng lm t ng ct in. Khi tip xc vi thn my trong thi gian ngn mch, ngi s mc song song vi mng kn. Nu khng c ngt mch t ng s nguy him. -Dng dy dn ni vi thn kim loi ca my vo dy trung ho c p dng trong mng c in p di 1000V, 3 pha 4 dy c dy trung tnh ni t, ni t bo v trc tip nh trn s khng m bo an ton khi chm t 1 pha. Bi v: Khi c s c (cch in ca thit b in hng) s xut hin dng in trn thn my th lp tc 1 trong cc pha s gy ra on mch v tr s ca dng in mch s l:
I nm = Up Rn + R0

R0- in tr ca ni t; Rn- in tr ca ngi. Do in p khng ln nn tr s dng in Inm cng khng ln v cu ch c th khng chy, tnh trng chm t s ko di, trn v thit b s tn ti lu di 1 in p vi tr s: Udd = R .Inm -R rng in p ny c th t n mc nguy him. V vy cu ch v bo v khc ct mch th phi ni trc tip v thit b vi dy trung tnh v phi tnh ton sao cho dng in ngn mch Inm vi iu kin: + Ln hn 3 ln dng in nh mc ca cu ch gn nht Icc: Inm > 3.Icc + Hoc ln hn 1,5 ln dng in cn thit c cu t ng ct in gn nht Ia: Inm > 1,5.Ia -Vic ni trc tip v thit b in vi dy trung tnh l nhm mc ch tng tr s dng in ngn mch Inm cho cu ch v cc bo v khc ct c mch in. Ni khngcc thit b in. (Xem cc s trong ti liu.) 5.4.4.2. Ct in bo v Ct in bo v c p dng cho c mng cch in vi t v c mng c dy trung tnh ni t bo m an ton hn khi xy ra s c (chm v). C cu ngt nhanh trong khong 0,10,2 giy khi xut hin in p n mc quy nh. i vi mng in 3 pha c cu ngt in ny mc ni tip vi dy trung tnh hoc dy ni t v hot ng di tc ng ca dng in r hoc dng in ngn mch trong thi gian in r ra thn my.

1.ng c in 2.L xo 3.Cu dao 4.Li st 5.Cun dy Hnh 6.6: Ct in bo v t ng

- Dng trong trng hp khi 2 phng n trn khng t yu cu an ton. C cu ny c th s dng c mng 3 pha cch in i vi t, ln mng c trung tnh ni t. - c im c bn ca n l c th ct in nhanh trong khong thi gian 0.1-0.2s khi xut hin in p trn v thit b n tr s quy nh. - i vi mng 3 pha, c cu ny c mc ni tip vo dy ni thn ng c in vi cc ni t hoc vi dy trung ho v s hot ng di tc dng ca dng in r hoc dng in ngn mch trong thi gian in mt ra thn my v s ct in khi my. - Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu ct in bo v t ng nh sau: Khi trn v ng c khng c in p, ng cu dao, l xo b ko cng v li st gi cu dao t th , ng c c in lm vic. Nu cch in ca ng c hng, 1 pha chm v ng c th in p xut hin,

1 dng in chy trong cun dy rt li st xung pha di, l xo ko cu dao ct in ngun cung cp. - So vi tip t bo v v ni dy trung tnh th ct in bo v c nhng u im sau: in p xut hin trn i tng bo v khng th qu in p quy nh nn

bo m iu kin tuyt i an ton. in tr ni t ca c cu khng yu cu qu nh m c th ti 100-500. Do dng b tr v ch to h thng ni t ca c cu my. 5.4.4.3. S dng in cc san bng th trong mng in c in p n 1000V Mc ch: trit tiu hoc gim in p bc ti tr s an ton. Bin php: dng nhiu cc ni t v ni chng vi nhau bng thanh dn. Trc ht nn tn dng ni t t nhin bng cch ni cc v kim loi ca my v cc thit b in vi cc kt cu kim loi nh ng ray, ct st, b my... Sau khi ni nu cha bo m an ton th t thm cc cc san bng in th xung quanh thit b in (hoc cho c nh xng), cc in cc ny to thnh li. Tng chiu di in cc san bng th c sn v t thm tnh nh sau:
L= 0,8I nm U ch

trong : Inm-cng dng in ngn mch chm v (A)

- in tr sut ca t vo ma kh nht (m)

Uch- in p chm (v), theo yu cu in p chm nh hn 42V lm in cc san bng th dng thp 610mm, hay dy ng 2,5mm chn su di t 0,30,5m v ni v thit b vi li ny 2 n 3 im. 5.4.5. S dng khong cch an ton trnh phng in h quang Khong cch an ton ti ng dy cao p theo phng ng v phng ngang nh sau: in p (kV) Khong cch (m) 6-15 2 15-35 3 35-110 4 110-300 6

5.4.6. S dng cc dng c bo v Thc cht l cc dng c c kh nng cch in, c hai loi dng c chnh v ph tr. Dng c chnh nh: sn cch in, km cch in, km o in, thit b ch in p. Khi in p <1000V c th dng dng c c chui cch in nh km, tuc n vt. Dng c ph tr dng kt hp tng an ton nh ng cao su, gng tay...Khi U<500Vc th dng bt th in. bo v ngi khi tai nn in khi s dng cc thit b in th phi dng cc loi thit b v dng c bo v. 5.4.6.1-Tu theo in p ca mng in: -Cc phng tin bo v chia ra loi di 1000V v loi trn 1000V. Trong mi loi li phn bit loi dng c bo v chnh v loi dng c bo v ph tr. -Cc dng c bo v chnh l loi chu c in p khi tip xc vi phn dn in trong 1 thi gian di lu. -Cc dng c ph tr l cc loi bn thn khng m bo an ton khi in p tip xc nn phi dng kt hp vi dng c chnh tng cng an ton hn. 5.4.6.2-Tu theo chc nng ca phng tin bo v: 1-Cc dng c k thut in: -Bo v ngi khi cc phn dn in ca thit b v t l bc cch in, thm cch in, ng v gng tay cch in. -Bc cch in dng phc v cc thit b in c in p bt k, thng c kch thc 75*75cm hoc 75*40cm, c chn s cch in. -Thm cch in dng phc v cc thit b in c in p t 1000V tr xung, thng c kch thc 75*75cm, dy 0.4-1cm. -Gng tay cch in dng cho phc v cc thit b in c in p di 1000V i vi dng c bo v chnh v in p trn 1000V i vi dng c ph tr: ng, giy cch in l loi dng c bo v ph tr, ng cch in dung vi in p trn 1000V, cn giy cch in dng in p di 1000V. 2-Cc dng c bo v khi lm vic di in th:

-Ngi ta dng so cch in, km cch in v cc dng c th in khc. -So cch in dng ng m cu dao cch ly v t thit b ni t. N c phn mc chc chn trn u, phn cch in v cn cm (di hn 10cm lm bng vt liu cch in nh ebonit, tectonit,...). -Km cch in dng tho lp cu ch ng, thao tc trn nhng thit b in c in p trn 35000V. Km cch in cng phi c tay cm di hn 10cm v lm bng vt liu cch in. -Cc loi dng c th in khc dng kim tra xem c in hay khng, c th s dng cc loi sau: Vi thit b c in p trn 1000V th s dng ng h o in p hoc km o in. Vi cc thit b c in p di 500V th s dng bt th in, n c quy.

3-Cc loi dng c bo v khc: -Cc loi phng tin trnh tc hi ca h quang in nh knh bo v mt, qun o khng bt chy, bao tay vi bt, mt n phng hi c,... -Cc loi phng tin dng lm vic trn cao nh tht lng bo him, mc chn c quai da, dy eo, xch an ton, thang xp, thang nng, thang g, chi ng lng,... 4-Cc bin bo phng nga: -Ngoi ra m bo an ton cn c cc bin bo phng nga dng : Bo v ngn khng cho ngi ti gn cc trang thit b c in. Ngn khng thao tc cc kho, cu dao c th phng in vo ni ang sa cha hoc lm vic. -Theo mc ch, cc loi bin bo c th chia lm 4 nhm: Bin bo ngn nga: Cm s m - cht ngi, in cao p - nguy him cht ngi,... Bin bo cm: Khng ng in -c ngi lm vic, Khng ng in lm vic trn ng dy,... Bin bo loi cho php: Lm vic y ch r ch lm vic cho cng nhn,...

Bin bo loi nhc nh nhc nh v cc bin php cn thit: Ni t,...

-Cc loi bin bo di ng dng trong cc trang thit b c in p trn v di 1000V cn lm bng vt liu cch in hoc dn in xu (cht do hoc ba cng cch in). Cm dng st ty lm bin bo. Pha trn bin bo phi c l v mc treo. 5.5. Mt s yu cu an ton v in trong xy dng (TCVN 4086-1985) 5.5.1. Khi xy dng li in cng trng cn bo m C kh nng ct ph ti tng khu vc v ton b. 5.5.2. Cc yu cu i vi cng nhn vn hnh thit b in cng trng - c o to thch hp vi cng vic m nhim. - sc kho theo quy nh ca B Y t nh khng c bnh tim mch, khm sc kho nh k... - K thut an ton in ca cng nhn vn hnh khng di bc 2, cng nhn trc trm in khng di bc 3. - y trang b phng h c nhn. Hc tp v kim tra v k thut an ton in hng nm. 5.5.3. Cp cu ngi b tai nn in - Khi ngi b tai nn in mc nguy him th phi c cp cu ngay. Cp cu chia lm 2 giai on: Cu ngi ra khi mng in. Sau l h hp nhn to hoc thi ngt.

- Cp cu ngi b in git rt quan trng. Nn nhn c th sng hay cht l do cp cu c c nhanh chng v ng phng php hay khng. Bt k lc no cng phi tin hnh khn trng v kin tr. Bi v ch tr 1 cht c th dn n hu q khng cu cha c hoc thiu kin tr h hp nhn to s lm cho ngi b nn khng hi tnh c mc d mi mc c th cu cha c.

5.5.3.1. Cu ngi b nn ra khi ngun in Ngt in, hoc nu khng th th cch ly nn nhn khi dng in bng cch s dng cc vt di, sch, kh v khng dn in nh thanh g hoc mu cao su di, hoc vi o nh o Jacket. ng ln trn nhng vt liu kh v khng dn in nh g khi lm vic ny. Khng s vo nn nhn khi dng in cha b ct. Nu thy nn nhn ngng th, hy lm h hp nhn to, sau chuyn cp cu v gi bc s. tip tc lm h hp nhn to cho n khi c bc s hoc xe cp cu ti.

Dng cy g kh gt dy in ra khi ngi b in git.

Nhanh chng ct cu dao in ni gn nht

5.5.3.2. H hp nhn to v thi ngt i vi nn nhn in git th phi h hp v thi ngt kp thi v kin tr, c trng hp sau 24 gi mi tnh.

C nhiu phng php cp cu nn nhn, nhng phng php h hi thi ngt di y c coi l hiu qu nht 1. Cc bc h hp nhn to: a/ Khi c mt ngi cu nn nhn lm h hp nhn to: -t nn nhn nm sp, mt nghing sang 1 bn v k tay phi gp li cho d th, tay tri dui thng v pha trc. Ngi cp cu qu st i gi vo xng hng, 2 tay ln sn nn nhn: Lc bp sn (n vo phn di ca lng ngc 1 cch nhp nhng) phi ng ngi v pha trc, ng ln 1 t cho c sc xung. y l ng tc th ra, ming m 1, 2, 3 v tay vn nh c. Khi lm ng tc ht vo, phi t t h ngi xung, th tay ra v m 4, 5, 6.

-Phng php ny c u im: m ri v nhng cht trong d dy khng tri ln hng. Li khng tt vo hng, do khng lm cn khng kh lt qua.

b/ Khi c hai ngi cu nn nhn lm h hp nhn to: -Nu c 2 ngi cp cu th 1 ngi chnh v 1 ngi ph:

Nn nhn t nm nga, dng gi hoc qun o k lng, u nga ra pha

sau. Ngi ph cm li ca nn nhn kh ko n xung di cm. Ngi chnh qu pha trc ko 2 tay nn nhn gi ln v a v pha trc

m 1, 2, 3 y l ng tc ht vo; cn ng tc th ra th t t co tay nn nhn li cho ci tay nn nhn p vo lng ngc ng thi hi ng ng ngi ln 1 cht cho c sc xung v m 4, 5, 6. -c im ca phng php ny l to cho nn nhn th ra ht vo c nhiu khng kh hn nhng phi theo di cung hng v m ri v nhng cht trong d dy c th lm cn tr khng kh i qua. */Ch : Cp cu phi ng nhp th bnh thng tc l vi tc 13-16 ln trong 1 pht. 2. Cc bc h hi thi ngt: -y l phng php c hiu qu v khoa hc, tin li v d lm. -Trnh t lm nh sau: Trc khi thi ngt cn mc ht m ri v ly ra cc d vt nh rng gi, thc n,...kim tra xem kh qun c thng sut khng. Ngi lm cp cu ko nga mt nn nhn ra pha sau, cm nga ln trn. Ht 1 hi tht mnh, tay bt mi nn nhn, p mi vo mm ca nn nhn v thi tht mnh lc ny phi nn nhn y hi. Ngi cp cu ri mm nn nhn ht tht mnh ri li thi nh c. Lm 10 ln lin tip i vi ngi ln, 20 ln i vi tr em. Nh dng kh tha trong hi th ca ngi cp cu m hng cu c dng kh, c quan h hp v tun hon ca ngi b nn c th hi phc li. -Nu cp cu 2 ngi th kt hp 1 ngi thi ngt, 1 ngi xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc.

Ghi nh: Nu c tai nn xy ra do tip xc vi in, phi ngt in ngay lp tc. Khng thi cng trn cc dy hoc cp ang c in. Tuyt i khng c mang xch cng c cm tay bng cp ca cng c y.

Tho lun: Ti sao dng in c bit nguy him trn cng trng? iu cn thn u tin trn cng trng ca bn l g? Ti sao? Trc khi s dng thit b in cm tay, bn nn kim tra nhng g? Cn hnh ng nh th no khi c cng nhn b in git?
Mt s tranh nh minh ho

Khng nn buc dy vo ct in phi qun o v cc vt dng khc.

Nn t cu dao in, cng tc in, cm in v tr cao hn 1,5 m tr em khng vi ti c. Cu dao in phi kn

Khng nn dng ngten TV cao hn v gn ng dy in

Khi ni dy in, cc mi ni nn so le v qun cn thn bng bng keo cch in

Khng lm nh di ng dy in cao th Khi ghim in, bt cng tc in, nu, i bng in,... th tay phi kh, chn mang dp, guc kh, ng trn g kh hoc nha cch in

i ra khi nh hoc khng c ngi ln trong nh, nn ct cu dao tng.

Khng dng in nh c

Khng dng ct dy in bng tre, trc b gy

Cht cy, cy chm, vo dy in

Khng dng dy in trn gc ln cy khi tri ma

Khng dng dy in qun trn ct st khng c s

CHNG 6: K THUT AN TON N MN V KHAI THC 6.1. M u Khi xy dng CTTL c s dng mn cn ht sc lm tt cng tc an ton v d xy ra tai nn qui m ln.(TCVN4586-1997). -Trong n ph cn ch phm vi nguy him ca n ph gy ra cho ngi, my mc thi cng, cc vt kin trc xung quanh v phi c bin php an ton tng ng. -Nghin cu tnh cht nguy him ca n ph c my phng din sau: Phm vi nguy him ca hiu ng ng t. C ly nguy him n ly. Phm vi tc dng nguy him ca sng khng kh xung kch. C ly nguy him mnh vn t bay c bit.

-Vic tnh ton an ton cho cng tc n ph l xc nh chinh xc khong cch an ton. Khong cch an ton l khong cch tnh t ch n, m ngoi phm vi sc p mt kh nng gy ra tc hi i vi ngi, my mc thi cng v cng trnh ln cn. 6.2. Nhng quy nh chung Tt c cc doanh nghip mun s dng VLN thng xuyn hoc tm thi u phi lm th tc xin cp giy php s dng VLNCN ti c quan Nh nc c thm quyn. Sau , trc khi s dng phi ng k vi c quan Cng an, Thanh tra Nh nc v KTAT cp tnh, thnh ph c tho thun cc iu kin an ninh x hi v ATL. VLNCN phi c bo qun trong kho theo ng thi hn quy nh. Kho phi c thit k, thi cng, nghim thu theo ng th tc hin hnh v XDCB ca Nh nc v cc yu cu tiu chun VLNCN v phi ng k vi c quan c thm quyn. Bo qun v vn chuyn VLNCN ring theo nhm v phi c giy php ca Cng an.

110

Tt c cn b ch o cng tc n mn phi c trnh i hc, nu l trung cp th t nht phi c 3 nm thm nin. Cng nhn phi c sc kho, c hun luyn v k thut n ph v k thut an ton n ph. Cng nhn phi c chng ch n mn theo quy nh v nh k kim tra hoc hun luyn b sung khi c thay i dng n mn. 6.3. Khong cch an ton 6.3.1. Khong cch an ton v chn ng (TCVN 4586-1997) 6.3.1.1. N mn vi bao thuc tp trung.
rc = K c 3 Q

(6.1)

trong : rc- khong cch an ton (m) Kc- h s ph thuc tnh cht ca t nn, xem bng 6.1. cng chc Kc=3, t nho v than bn Kc=20.

- h s ph thuc vo ch s tc dng n ph n, bng 6.2.

Q- khi lng thuc
Loi t nn ca cng trnh cn bo v KC Ghi ch

1. nguyn, rn chc 2. rn b phong ho v c rn nt 3. ln si v dm 4.t ct 5.t st 6.t lp v t mt thc vt 7.t bo ho nc (t nho hoc than bn)

3 5 7 8 9 15 20

Khi bao thuc trong nc v trong t c nc, KC phi tng ln 0.5-1 ln

iu kin n

Ghi ch

111

1. 1.Khi n ph bu thuc n<0.5 1.2 2. Khi ch s tc dng n ph: n=1 1.0 6.3.1.1 Khi n tng t

Khi n ph trn mt t, tc dng sng ng

Nu nhm mn c cc bao thuc c khong cch ti i tng bo v chnh nhau khng qu 10% th tnh theo (6.1) v Q c tnh l tng cc bao thuc. Nu >10% (nh ni trn) th tnh nh sau:
rc = K c 3 Qtd

(6.2)
3

r trong : Qtd = q1 1 r i =1 i
n

Qtd- l khi lng bao thuc tng ng n- s bao thuc thnh vin r1- l bn knh tnh theo (6.1) i vi bao thuc gn khu cn bo v nht q1. ri- khong cch t nhng qu mn khc ti im giao nhau ca vng trn r1 v ng ni t qu mn q1 ti cng trnh cn bo v (hnh 6.1).

(5.9)

(5.10) (5.11) Trong : +QE: khi lng hiu qu ca cc pht mn tng ng v tc ng chn ng (kg). +rE: c ly hiu qu tng ng ca cc pht mn (m). 112

q3 q2 Hnh 6.1. S xc nh khi lung qu mn tung ung

r1

q1 r o
2

r1'

o'

r2''

o''
r3 ' ''

o''' Cng trnh cn bo v

Gi s coi pht mn tng ng tnh ra l Qtd ta li gi thit t n v tr q1 ta tnh lp mt s ln cho n khi kt qu Qtd chnh nhau khng ng k th l Qtd cn tm. iu kin an ton ca cng trnh cn bo v khi tho mn

(K c )3
i =1

qi 1 ri3

(6.3)

1-Tnh ton thit k vng nguy him ca sng ng t do n ph gy ra: -Vt kin trc trn mt t hoc di t, trong mi tnh hung, u phi c xc nh xem n c nm trong khu vc nguy him hay khng v c tnh ton theo cng thc (5.8). -Tuy nhin, khi xc nh vt kin trc c pht sinh nguy him hay khng, mc nguy him nh th no, cn c kinh nghim thc tin phn on theo cc mt sau: Dng cng thc (5.8) tnh ra tr s rC, khi c ly thc t vt kin trc rE > rC s khng xy ra nguy him.

Khi rE < rC nhng hoc my mc c th.

th c th tin hnh n ph ch tr vt kin trc c th

113

 Khi rE < rC nhng

th nguy him s ln, phi kinh qua nghin cu c

bit, nu khng th khng c n ph. i vi kt cu hm ngm di t nh phng my, hm, dn dng nc, ng hm v cng trnh ngm, c th p dng cng thc kinh nghim bn knh ph hoi trc tip tin hnh nghim ton: (5.12) Trong : +f(n): hm s ch trng lng gi thuc theo ch s n no trong cc iu kin nh nhau. Theo kinh nghim Phlrov a ra phm vi ca f(n) nh sau: o n > 1 1 < f(n) < n . o n <1 1 > f(n) > n . o n = 1 f(n) = 1. Tng qut vi A + B =1. Cng thc thc nghim: .
3 3

i vi vt kin trc c th nh thp, nh chc tri, cung in, kt cu c bit phc tp khc cu treo, cu nhp ln,...cn tin hnh nghin cu chuyn m bo an ton. 2-V d tnh ton: a/V d 1: -N ph rn chc xy dng ng, bit ch s n n=1.5, tng lng thuc Q=70420kg. Hy xc nh vng nh hng sng ng t i vi vt kin trc xung quanh. -Gii: Vi n=1.5 v rn chc, tra bng =0.9, KC=3.0.

114

p dng cng thc (5.8), . m bo an ton, cc vt kin trc c c ly ln hn 112m. b/V d 2: -N ph nh hng xy dng 1 trm thu in. Bit rng: trung tm bao thuc n th 1 n ca vo ca hm, ng trc p, ca ra ca hm ln lt l 305m, 225m, 310m; bao thuc th 2 ln lt l 338m, 272m, 287m; bao thuc th 3 ln lt l 334m, 307m, 324m v bao thuc th t l 354m, 304m, 308m. Hy kim tra xem khi chng ng lot gy n th nh hng ca tc dng sng ng t ng hm dn nh th no? Bit lng thuc n bao thuc th 1 bng bao thuc th 2 l 146800kg, bao thuc th 3 bng bao thuc th 4 l 57000kg. -Gii: Bn hm thuc n tuy n ph cng 1 lc nhng cc c ly n ng hm, ng trc p u khc nhau nn tc dng nguy him ca chng cng khc nhau. p dng cng thc (5.9), (5.10): Tnh i vi ca vo hm:

Tnh i vi ng trc p:

115

 Tnh i vi ca ra ca hm:

p dng cng thc (5.11) cho tng lng thuc hiu qu tng ng, tra bng vi = 0.9, KC= 3-5, ta lp c bng sau:
V tr trn hm dn QE (kg) rE (m) KC=3 C ly an ton rC KC=4 KC=5 KC=3 H s an ton KC=4 KC=5

Ca hm ng

vo

427600

331

203

271

339

1.63

1.22

0.98

486600

272

212

283

354

1.28

0.96

0.77

trc p Ca hm ra 423000 306 203 270 338 1.51 1.13 0.91

-Nhn xt: Hu ht cc c ly hiu qu tng ng ln hn so vi c ly an ton ngha l i b phn hm dn trong phm vi khng nguy him. Tuy nhin vn c rE nh hn tr s rC nhng u ln hn . Mt khc c th xem hm dn trong lng t c

tnh nng chng ng t tt cho nn ta c th kt lun l khng th ph hoi c. -Ngoi ra cn tnh ton theo cng thc kinh nghim vi KC =3, n= 1.75, W= 30m = 0.5 + 0.5(1.75)

116

= 3.18 rC =132m. Ta bit khong cch t bao thuc n hm dn

ngn nht l 225m. Theo cng thc kinh nghim l rt an ton. 6.3.2. Khong cch an ton v tc ng ca sng khng kh.
rs = k s 3 Q Rs = K s 3 Q

(6.4) (6.5)

trong : rs v Rs- khong cch an ton v tc ng ca sng khng kh (m) Q- tng khi lng thuc n (kg) ks, Ks- h s ph thuc vo cc iu kin: v tr, ln pht mn, mc h hi (bng 6.3)
Cp an ton V tr thuc n Mc ph hoi c th L thin Chn vi n=3 n=2

Hon ton khng b h hi Ph hoi ngu nhin ca thit b knh Thit b knh b ph hoi hon

50-150

10-40

5-10

2-5

10-30

5-9

2-4

1-2

ton, ca ln, khung ca s ph hoi cc b, vi va v tng ngn trong b rn nt.

5.8

2-4

1-1.5

0.5-1

Ph hoi tng ngn khung ca s, ca ln, nh g, ln g,...

Ch b ph hoi 2-4 1.1-1.9 0.5 trong phm vi phu n

Ph hoi nh khng kin c, lt 5 toa xe ng st, ph hng ng dy in 1.5-2 0.5-1

Ch b ph hoi trong phm vi phu n

117

Xuyn thng tng gch kin c, 6 ph hoi hon ton nh thnh ph, nh xng, ph hng cu v nn ng. 1.4 Ch b ph hoi trong phm vi phu n

Ghi ch: Trong tnh hnh bnh thng, ly cp an ton l cp 3 khi tnh ton c ly an ton t kho thuc n n im dn c, quc l, ng st, ng thu vn ti chnh, nh my, kho vt liu n v kho tng d chy, vt cu trc trng yu. Ly cp 4 cho vt kin trc th yu ng b, ng st thng xe khng ln, vt c cu trc c bit kin c (nh cu BTCT, cu thp...), cc kho nm trn b sng cao. Vng an ton c khong cch rmin v sng khng kh, i vi ngi phi tip cn cng tc n mn:
rmin = 153 Q

-Vng an ton c khong cch rmin v sng khng kh, i vi ngi phi tip cn cng tc n mn c th tnh theo cng thc (5.13) nhng h s Ks cn chiu theo trnh thnh tho ngh nghip ca nhn vin n ph v iu kin cng tc, thng ly t 5-15. iu ny ch p dng cho n l thin, cn khi gi thuc t trong t th ly 0.5-1.0 tnh ton. -Trong thi cng n ph ln, i vi c ly an ton cho ngi lun ly c ly mnh vn t bay c bit m khng cn cn nhc sng khng kh xung kch. Nhng i vi cng nhn t kp v trm in n ph th cn xt thm sng khng kh xung kch ny. 6.3.3. Bn knh nguy him c mnh vng xa. Xem bng 6.4, 6.5 -Hin tng ny rt ph bin trong n ph ln, l hin tng nguy him nht i vi con ngi. -Theo kinh nghim, c th tham kho cng thc sau: (5.14) 118

Trong : +n: ch s n ph. +W: ng khng nh nht (m). +KA: h s an ton c quan h vi a hnh a cht, kh hu v su chn thuc, c th ly nh sau:

Thng thng ly 1.0-1.5 Khi gp gi ln v thun gi ly 1.5-2.0 Khi n ph nh hng hoc n tung theo ng khng nh nht ly 1.5 Khi a hnh thung lng ni ly 1.5-2.0 -Sau khi tnh ton xong, cn phi em so snh vi c ly an ton ti thiu theo quy nh:
Stt Phng php n ph C ly an ton ti thiu (m)

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

N ph l thin: -Bao thuc p ngoi -N ph l su -Phng php hm thuc hoc l ng knh ln (bao thuc mnh) -Phng php hang thuc hoc hm thuc (bao thuc mnh) -Bu thuc ln, phng php l su, hm thuc (n tung) -Hm thuc n ph ln. -Phng php bao thuc b sung -M rng bu thuc -M rng l mn, l su -N ph bng chn 300 200 300 300 400 400 400 50 100 200

119

11 12 B 13 14

-Ph nh, ph v cc mng -o gc cy N ph trong hm, ng l: -Tnh hnh thng thng -Khi c kh CH4

100 200

100 200

6.4. K thut an ton trong khai thc l thin (TCVN 5178-1990) 6.4.1. Chiu cao tng khai thc ph thuc ch yu vo thit b. Nu dc sn ni ln hn dc trt l t nhin ca t phi m tng t trn xung (hnh 6.2).

Hnh 6.2. Yu cu an ton khi m tng khai thc

Chiu cao tng khng vt qu tr s cho php: - i vi khai thc th cng: 6m, Trng hp va n nh (hnh 6.3) v c c quan ch qun cho php th tng ln nhng khng qu 15m. - i vi khai thc bng c gii: 1,5 ln chiu cao xc ln nht ca my o gu nga 1 ln chiu cao xc ln nht (i vi t khng phi n mn) 20 m nu c gii ho ton b qu trnh khai thc. 30m nu khi ng nht, c bin php an ton b sung c c quan ch qun cho php c s ng ca thanh tra an ton a phng. 6.4.2. Gc dc sn tng khai thc 120

Hnh 6.3. Chiu cao tng khai thc th cng

gc dc t nhin (nu l t b ri) 600 i vi mm nhng n nh. 800 i vi rn chc.

Hnh 6.4. Gc dc sun tng, mt tng, b rng mt tng khai thc.

6.4.3. B rng mt tng lm vic B (hnh 6.4) cho thit b khai thc vn chuyn ln nht lm vic. 6.4.4. Gc nghing mt tng () (hnh 6.4) Khi khai thc th cng <150 Nu l c gii phi bo m quy nh mt ng nhng ch vng cua ca ng cho xe c gii. Trc khi khai thc lt tng mi phi kim tra khng c ri trong phm vi cch mp tng 0,5m, phng ln. Cng tc n mn v khai thc phi tun th TCVN 4586-1997 v TCVN 51781990). 6.5. Yu cu an ton khi vn hnh my khoan 6.5.1. My khoan ln. - Trong xy dng thu li thng s dng my khoan c cc c ng knh khc nhau: d=42mm60mm, d=75mm115mm v ln hn. My khoan ln c d=105mm tr ln. - Trc khi s dng phi k chn my n nh, mt tng khoan phi n nh. 121

- Khi di chuyn phi h cu khoan, chiu di ng i khng qu 100m, ch chiu cao an ton li in pha trn. - Cng nhn iu khin khng c php ri my khi my ang khoan, ngi khng trch nhim khng c ng trn my. - Cp nng cn khoan phi bo m iu kin an ton qui nh v kim tra theo nh k t nht mt ln trong tun. - My khoan s dng in phi bo m cc yu cu an ton v in. 6.5.2. Ba khoan hi p cm tay. - Cng nhn phi ng trn mt tng n nh. Cm ng trn sn ni cheo leo. Nu m tng cng phi to ch ng rng 1m. - An ton ln pha trn xung, c bin php chng bi khoan. - Khi m l khoan phi cho my chy chm v tng dn tc khoan. Cm s vo cn khoan xoay. - Phi c hai ngi thay nhau trong mt ca, cm dng chn ba khoan. 6.5.3. My nn kh. - Bo m yu cu v tiu chun bnh chu p lc (TCVN 6153-1996). - t my trn nn bng phng, khng gn ch d chy n. - Th vn hnh phi lun lun theo di nhit , p sut v ting ku ca my, c bit l p sut v van an ton.

122

CHNG 7: K THUT AN TON KHI O H SU V LM VIC TRN CAO 7.1. Nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn - Sp ca t mi mng, thnh vch ho su. o ho, h vi thnh ng c chiu rng vt qu gii hn cho php i vi t bit m khng c gia c. o h vi mi dc khng n nh. Gia c chng thnh ho, h khng ng k thut, khng m bo n nh. Vi phm cc nguyn tc an ton tho d h chng . - ln khi c ngi lm vic pha di: t trn b xung h hoc theo vch ni - Leo tro trn mi h mng khng tun th ni qui an ton: Khi lm vic mi dc qu ng khng eo dy an ton, nhy qua ho, h rng hoc leo tro khi ln xung h su. - i li ngang tt trn sn ni i khng theo ng quy nh hoc khng c bin php m bo an ton. - Ri xung h su v thiu che chn, bo hiu nguy him, nhn khng thy r lc ti tri, sng m v ban m.. - Nhim kh c thot ra t lng t (CO2, NH3, NH4). - Ng t trn cao do gy dn gio, khng sc kho... - B chn thng do sc p hoc t vng vo ngi khi thi cng n mn. Vic nh gi khng hon ton y v kho st, thm d v thit k bi v: Hin nay cc tnh cht c hc ca t vn cha th hin hon ton trong c hc t. t cng khng phi l 1 h tnh nh theo thi gian, cho nn trong qu trnh thi cng nhng yu t c trng ca t c th sai khc so vi khi thit k. 123

7.2. Bin php v k thut an ton phng nga tai nn khi o mng, h su 7.2.1. Bo m s n nh ca h mng, vch ho. 7.2.1.1. C s xc nh chiu su o mng, ho n nh. -S sp mi dc ho, h xy ra do cc iu kin cn bng ca khi lng tr ABC b ph hoi. Khi ny c gi bi cc lc ma st v lc dnh tc dng ln mt trt AC: Gi s khi t ABC trt theo mt AC. Khi ABC cn bng khi:
B C

T Q

Hnh 7.1. S tnh ton n nh mi mng

Q sin = C ( AC ) + Q cos tg

(7.1)

trong : - gc trt

- gc ma st trong ca t
Q- trng lc ca khi t ABC (tn) C- lc dnh ca t (t/m2) Nu su o l H, dung trng ca t l (t/m3) v gi (7.1) ta c:
K= H sin( ) sin( ) 2 sin cos C

=k l h s dnh, t

(7.2)

xc nh c chiu su h o ti hn vi mi dc bt k khi h s dnh K t Kmax trong iu kin cn bng gii hn ta c:

124

H th =

2 K max sin cos sin 2 2

(7.3)

Khi chiu cao h o thng ng =900 ta c:

H th = 2 K max cos 90 0 sin 2 2

Ngi ta cn hay dng cng thc kinh nghim khi =900: Cng thc Sklpski
H th = 2C cos (1 sin )

(7.5)

Cng thc Stvich

H th = 2C m

(7.6)

m = tg 2 45 0 + 2

-Tr s lc dnh v ma st gim i khi m ca t tng. Khi tng cc lc ny tr nn nh hn lc trt, iu kin cn bng ca khi lng tr ABC s b ph hoi, mi dc o s b sp l l lm cho t m t. - loi tr cc nguyn nhn lm st l t khi o mng, o h su, knh mng, th vic thit k quy trnh cng ngh hoc s thi cng cn phi xt cc yu t sau: c trng c th ca t. su, chiu rng ca khi o v thi hn thi cng. S dao ng ca mc nc ngm v nhit ca t trong sut thi k thi cng khi o. H thng ng ngm c sn v v tr phn b ca chng. S n nh ca mi dc h o khng gia c cng ch c gi tm thi cho n khi cc tnh cht c l ca t thay i do nc ngm v ma

125

iu kin thi cng.

Trong quy trnh cng ngh v s thi cng t cn ch r phng php thi cng v bin php ngn nga st l, m bo s n nh ca t v an ton thi cng. 7.2.1.2. Mt s quy nh khi o vi thnh ng. i vi t c m t nhin, kt cu khng b ph hoi, khng c nc ngm. ct si ct st v st t cng (phi dng x beng, cuc chim) H1m H1,25m H1,5m H2m

Khi o su hn phi c gia c thnh h bng vn tng c vng chng Gia c vch o: -Nn s dng loi kt cu chng vch ch to sn. Nu khng c loi ch to sn th c th chng vch nh sau:

1.Vn p 2.Cc 3.Vng chng ngang 4.Vu ta 5.Thanh sn Hnh 5.3: Vn p t nm ngang v vn p t ng

Kiu chng vch h mng quy nh nh sau:

126

Kiu chng vch ng chiu su o mng Loi t, trng thi <3m 3-5m >5m

t c m Vn p t ngang Vn p t lin Chng theo thit k t nhin (tr cch qung 2 tm t ri) t c m Vn p t ngang hoc t ng lin tc cao, t ri Tt c cc loi ng vn c su vo y h mng t nht l Chng theo thit k t mch ngm c kim tra kh nng chu lc ca kt cu chng Tr s p lc ch ng:
cd = H tg 2 450 2C tg 450
2 2

tc (kht)

Chng theo thit k

khi

c 75cm. nc

trong : H- chiu su h mng - dung trng t (t/m3) - gc ma st trong (o) C- lc dnh (t/m2) ct: t ln thc vt ct st st C=0,2 C=0,5 C=1,5 C=5 C=8,2

Vi t khng dnh ta c: 127

 cd = H tg 2 450
2

Khi o h mng, ho c mi dc: H s mi o ti thiu m=cotg c th ly nh sau: Bng 7.1. H s mi o ti thiu. Loi t si, dm ct th ct trung bnh ct nh st t hu c t mn khng c r cy t t m 1,2 1,75 1,9 1,25 0,84 1,2 1,2 t m 1,2 1,6 1,45 1,75 1,2 1,45 1,15 t t nhiu 1,4 2,15 2,19 2,7 1,7 2,15 3,75

7.2.2. Bo m s n nh khi o h mng rng v su i vi h mng rng v su thng cha li cc c i li, vn chuyn...B rng tu thuc yu cu vn chuyn. Nu vn chuyn bng xe ci tin th b rng 33,5m, xe sc vt ko 5,0m, t 7m. phng xe i vo khu vc t st l, chiu rng b xc nh nh sau:
b= H sin( ) , sin sin

(m)

(7-9)

trong : - gc dc mi - gc dc mi n nh t nhin ca t 128

H- chiu su h mng Khi o mng theo bc cp th cn cha li b bo v mc d c ng cho xe vn chuyn. Chiu rng b bo v a xc nh nh sau: a 0,1H1 H1 - l chiu cao dt cp v tho mn thm iu kin sau: Nu l ng ray cn trc: a=1m Nu l ng t: a
b + 0,5 ; b l b rng ng 2

Kinh nghim thc t cc nc vi m su, c mi bc 2030m cha 1 b bo v a=6m. Khi thi cng c gii, chiu cao bc (tng) ly theo chiu cao tng khai thc, ph thuc ch yu v thit b. Nu n mn l su, chiu cao tng ti a 2030m. Khi thi cng ma ma cn c bin php tiu nc mt v nc ngm. 7.2.3. Bin php phng nga ln ri theo mi dc. -Khi o nu trn thnh h o ngu nhin to ra cc t treo th nh ch cng vic di v ph i t pha trn sau khi chuyn ngi v my ra ni an ton. -Cha b bo v ngn gi cc tng t ln t pha trn xung. m bo tt hn, mp b cn ng cc tm vn thnh bo v cao 15cm. -t o ln phi xa cch mp h, ho t nht 0.5m. -Khi o t tuyt i khng o theo kiu hm ch. Nu o bng my gu thun th chiu cao tng xc khng c ln chiu cao xc ti a ca gu xc, phi xc theo gc quy nh theo thit k khoan o. -Trong qu trnh o ho, h, ngi ta phi thng xuyn xem xt vch t v mch t pha trn nu thy c k nt hoc hin tng st l e do th phi nh ch vic o ngay. Cn b k thut phi tin hnh nghin cu ra bin php gii quyt thch hp v kp thi. 129

-c bit sau mi trn ma phi kim tra vch o trc khi cng nhn xung h o tip. 7.2.4. Bin php phng nga ng vo h su Ming h o phi c ro chn, bin bao, n bo. H o trn ng i li phi c ro chn, ban m phi c n sng bo v. -Cng nhn ln xung h, ho su phi c thang chc chn, cm leo tro ln xung theo cc vng chng. -Cng nhn phi eo dy an ton v dy phi buc vo ch tht chc trong trng hp sau: Khi lm vic trn mi dc c chiu cao hn 3m v dc 45o. Khi b mt mi dc trn trt, m t v dc 30o.

-Khi o ti su 2m tr ln bng th cng th khng cng nhn lm vic 1 ngi m phi b tr t nht 2 ngi. -Tuyt i cm ng ngi trn ming hoc st di chn thnh ho h c vch ng ang o d ngh gii lao hoc i ch cng vic. Trng hp di chn thnh ho h c khong cch t rng th c th ng hoc ngi cch chn thnh ho h 1 khong cch ln hn chiu cao ca thnh h t 1m tr ln. 7.2.5. Bin php phng nhim c -Trc khi cng nhn xung lm vic cc h su, ging khoan, ng hm phi kim tra khng kh bng n th m. Nu c kh c phi thot i bng bm khng kh nn. Trng hp kh CO2 th n lp lo v tt, nu c kh chy nh CH4 th n s chy sng. -Khi o su xung lng t, pht hin c hi hoc khi kh ngi th phi ngng ngay cng vic, cng nhn tn ra xa trnh nhim c. Phi tm nguyn nhn v p dng cc phng php trit ngun pht sinh, gii to i bng my nn khng kh, qut,...cho n khi x l xong v m bo khng cn kh c hoc nng kh c rt nh khng nguy him n sc kho th mi ra lnh cho tip tc thi cng. -Khi o t trong hm, di h mng c cc loi ng dn hi xng du hoc c th 130

c hi c, kh mtan, d n th khng c dng en t du thng soi ri, khng c dng la v ht thuc. -Nu cn phi lm vic di h, ging khoan, ng hm c hi kh c, cng nhn phi trang b mt n phng c, bnh th v phi c trn theo di h tr. 7.3. Cc bin php phng nga v cc phng tin k thut bo v khi lm vic trn cao 7.3.1. Phng hng v bin php chung 1. Bin php k thut: - Gim ti a cc cng vic phi lm trn cao nh lp t cc cu kin bn thnh phm ri mi cu lp; - Tng mc c gii ho nh cn trc, thng ti, palng, ti 2. Bin php t chc. - Trang b y phng tin bo h cho cng nhn lm vic trn cao. - Cng nhn phi sc kho v hun luyn k v cng tc an ton. 7.3.2. Bin php k thut v cc yu cu v an ton khi s dng gin gio. Hu ht tt c cc cng vic xy dng v lp ghp, trang tr, sa cha v cc cng vic khc lm trn cao u cn c gin gio. Do mun i su k thut an ton ca tng loi cng vic xy lp trn cao, cn nm vng k thut an ton chung cho cc cng vic . chnh l k thut an ton trong trong vic lp dng v s dng gin gio.

131

Hnh 5.4: Cu to gin gio

Hnh 5.5: Cu to gin gio cng trnh cu

-Tc dng ca gin gio l kt cu tm vt liu v ngi lm vic trn cao, cho nn yu cu c bn i vi gin gio v mt an ton l: Tng thanh ca gin gio phi cng v cng, ngha l khng b cong vng qu mc, khng b gc gy. Khi chu lc thit k th ton b gin gio khng b mt n nh, ngha l ton b kt cu khng b nghing, vn, bin dng qu ln hoc b sp di tc dng ca ti trng thit k.

132

-Nu kt cu ca gin gio khng tt hoc khi s dng khng theo ch dn k thut an ton th nht nh d xy ra tai nn nghim trng cho nhng ngi lm vic trn gin gio v c ngi lm vic di t gn gin gio. Cho nn m bo an ton trong vic dng gin gio cn phi: Chn loi gin gio thch hp vi tnh cht cng vic. Lp dng gin gio ng yu cu ca thit k, c kim tra k thut trc khi s dng. Qu trnh s dng phi tun theo k thut an ton khi lm vic trn gin gio. -Khi la chn v thit k gin gio, phi da vo: Kt cu v chiu cao ca tng t btng, t xy trt, loi cng vic. Tr s ti trng, vt liu sn c lm gin gio. Thi gian lm vic ca gin gio v cc iu kin xy dng khc. -Khi lp dng v s dng gin gio, phi m bo cc nguyn tc an ton c bn sau: * An ton v lp dng. Hin nay ph bin nht l gin gio bng thp, kt cu theo kiu khung tup, lp dng d dng. Khi gin gio cao phi kt hp h thng ging vo kt cu c nh ca cng trnh. H thng khung ging c tnh ton n nh v chu lc, bin dng v c h thng chng st. Chn ca gin gio phi c k ln vn v nn n nh phng ln hoc trt. Ngoi ra cn s dng gio treo hoc thang. * An ton s dng: - Cng lc tin hnh lm vic khng qu 3 tng gin gio - Ban m c chiu sng y - Gin gio cng nhn ln xung c thang dc < 600, chiu rng 1m nu i 1 chiu v 1,5m nu i hai chiu. - Gin gio cao hn 6m phi c t nht 2 tng sn. Khi lm vic trn c hai tng th gia chng phi c li bo v.

133

- Khng c s dng qu ti (tp trung ngi, vt liu, thit b). Khi h ti vo gin gio phi nh nhng, trnh va p.

134

CHNG 8: K THUT AN TON BO V CHNG ST 8.1. Tc hi ca st St l hin tng phng in gia cc m my mang in tch tri du hoc m my mang in tch dng vi mt t mang in tch m. -Tnh in kh quyn xut hin l do s ma st ca hi nc v sau ca cc ht nc vi khng kh trong lp khng kh m di thp cng nh trong m my trn cao. Khi cc ht nc trong m my chng s tch in v m my s tr thnh vt mang nhng in tch . Do kt qu tc ng tng h ca cc ht nc mang in tch vi cc lung khng kh s c s phn chia thnh ht ln mang in dng v ht nh mang in m. Theo nh lut kh ng hc th: Cc ht nc nh mang in m s t li v t thnh m my mang in m. Cc ht ln s lng xung di v s to thnh m my mang in dng.

Khi m my mang in dng di chuyn do hin tng cm ng tnh in trn b mt t s xut hin in tch m. Nh vy s to thnh 1 t in c bit vi lp khng kh gia, cc b mt t in l my v t. Nu th hiu t n tr s cc hn s xut hin s phng tia la km theo tia chp sng chi v ting n d di. in p rt ln c th ti hng trm triu vn, khi c st dng in c th ti 200.000 (A), nhit tia chp t 6000 n 10.000OC, tia chp di 100 n 1000m. Tc hi ca n l: st c th lm n trong cc thp cao, ph hu b mt ca t, nu c cht d chy c th gy chy ln. i vi ngi v sc vt, st nguy him trc ht nh 1 ngun c in p v dng ln. Dng st c nhit rt ln c th gy nn m chy rt nguy him i vi cc kho nhin liu v vt liu d n. St c th ph hu v mt c hc c th lm n tung cc thp cao, cy ci, ng dy in, ng ray, ng nc,... -Nguy him l st nh trc tip, khi knh tia chp i qua nh v cng trnh: Cng knh tia chp t ti 200.000A, in p ti 150.000.000V. 135

Chiu di knh tia chp c th t ti hng trm, hng nghn mt. Thi gian phng in ca tia chp t 0.1-1s, nhit t ti 6.000-10.000oC.

-Kh nng cc cng trnh trn mt t b st nh trc tip cng ln nu cng trnh cng cao v do khong cch cc im gia cao nht ca cng trnh n m my mang in cng gn. -Chng st l bin php bo v khi s phng in ca tnh in kh quyn, m bo an ton cho ngi, nh ca, cng trnh, thit b v vt liu khi b chy n v ph hu. Phn cp chng st cho cc CTXD: tu theo yu cu cn bo v v mc thit hi v ngi v ca ngi ta chia ra 3 cp : CI, CII, CIII. (xem bng 8-1) Nhng cng trnh CIII sau y khng cn chng st: a./ Chiu cao <8m v thm vo cc iu kin: - s ngi tp trung t - khng c b phn kt cu ln bng kim loi - trong vng c t st (5 nm khng c st) - st nh cng khng gy thit hi g b./ Nm trong vng bo v ca cng trnh cao hn. 8.3. Bo v chng st 8.2.1. Vng bo v ca thu li. - bo v cc cng trnh thng dng ct chng st cn gi l ct thu li. y l ct thp c cao ln hn cao ca cng trnh cn c bo v. Thu li bao gm b phn thu st, dn st v cc ni t. Trn nh ct c gn mi nhn kim loi thu st. Kim ny c ni vi dy dn st xung t i vo vt ni t. Dy dn st m bo cho dng st i theo n xung ni t v vt ni t m bo s tip xc phn b trc tip vi t trn 1 din tch ln. -Khng gian xung quanh ct thu li c bo v bng cch thu st vo ct gi l phm vi hoc vng bo v. 136

1.Vng bo v ca ct thu li n: Cho n nay ch c 1 cch duy nht l xc nh phm v bo v bng thc nghim trn m hnh; tuy cn nhiu nhc im nhng qua 1 thi gian kh di c kim nghim trong thc t, kt qu nhn c vi tin cy ln. Mt ct thu li c lp th phm vi bo v ca n l 1 hnh nn xoy vi ng sinh l ng cong bc hai. n gin khi s dng, ngi ta thng thay th ng cong bc hai rx(hx) bng 1 ng gy khc.
0.2h

r rx
hx 2h/3

0.75h 1.5h

vng bo v cao hx

Hnh 8.1. Vng bo v ca mt ct thu li

rx

h chiu cao thu li hX chiu cao cng trnh c bo v rX bn knh bo v cao hX R- bn knh bo v chiu cao bng mt t r- bn knh bo v chiu cao 2h/3 Bn knh bo v tng ng vi chiu cao no c tnh nh sau: rX = 1,5(h - 1,25hX) khi hX < 2h/3 rX = 0,75(h hX) khi hX > 2h/3

2. Vng bo v ca hai ct thu li cao bng nhau. -Thc t cho thy nn dng nhiu ct thu li vi cao khng ln bo v thay cho 137

1 ct thu li c lp vi cao qu ln. V vy s xt phm vi bo v ca 2, 3 hay nhiu ct thu li. -Thu li kp gm t 2 thanh thu li cao khng qu 60m vi khong cch a 5h:

O-O

4h

ho

rx

a/2

0.75h 1.5h

Hnh 8.2. Vng bo v ca hai ct thu li bng nhau

Cch xc nh phm vi bo v nh sau: - phn hai bn ca vng bo v xc nh nh ct n - phn bo v chung xc nh nh sau: ti mt ct 0-0 c to (a/2, 4h), phm vi bo v ti mt ct 0-0 c tnh nh ct n c chiu cao ho xc nh nh hnh 8-2. Khong cch gia hai ct thu li >5h th khng cn vng bo v chung, hai ct thu li hot ng c lp. 3. Vng bo v ca hai ct thu li c chiu cao khc nhau.

hx

2h/3

0.2h

138

4h 1

K r
h1 ho

0.2h

rx d'/2 d' a 0.75h 1.5h

Hnh 8.3. Vng bo v ca hai ct thu li khng bng nhau

Vng bo v ca nhiu ct thu li : xc nh tun t gia cc ct v xc nh ton vng. 8.2.2. Thit k cc b phn ca thu li.

Hnh 8.5. Mt s kiu thu li

1. Phn thu st - Phn thu st c th l st thanh hoc li. Cc thanh (li) v dy thu st c th t trn cng trnh, c th treo pha trn mi cng trnh. Li thu lm bng thp 610mm, li 5x5m - Tit din ct thu st khng nh hn 100mm2, c th lm u thu st hnh cn. u thu st t dc theo ct v cao khng qu 1,5m so vi u ct. - Ct thu st ca kho thuc n nn bng g v p dng theo tiu chun ring TCVN4586-1997. 2. Dy dn st

hx

2h/3

139

Dy dn st lm bng thp trn hoc vung, tit din 50mm2. Dy dn ni vi nhau bng hn. 3. B phn tip t - B phn tip t bng kim loi ni trc tip vi dy dn st. Khi dn dng in st c cng ln v in th gim theo chiu di ca b phn tip t lm gim hiu qu dn in ca cc phn xa dy dn st. Ngi ta a ra khi nim in tr xung Ri. Ri = R R - in tr thng () - h s xung ph thuc vo kh nng dn in ca t v loi tip t (thanh hoc tm) Cch tnh ton xem TCN46-81 v chng st cho cc CTXD. - in cc tip t kiu ng c dng ng 3851mm hoc cc thp 4050mm di 23m, u trn ca ng cch mt t 0,50,8m. - C th dng 1 ng khi in tr sut ca t nh. Khi c yu cu cao v chng st c th dng nhiu cc ni vi nhau bng bn thp dt 4x40mm, dy dn st ni vo ng gia - nhng ni t c in tr sut nh, ng cc ng kh khn th c th dng thp dt 5x40mm chn ngang cch mt t 0,50,8m, c th b tr cc thanh thp theo dng tia hoc hnh ch T, L, mi di di 810m. - Cng c th lm tip t dng tm thp dy 5mm kch thc 0,5x2m trng km hoc nhiu tm thp ni vi nhau bng thp dt, dy dn st ni vo gia thanh thp dt .

140

CHNG 9: K THUT PHNG CHY V CHA CHY 9.1. M u Phng chy cha chy ni chung l nhim v ca mi ngi, mi ngnh. i vi cng trng phi thc hin cc tiu chun, qui nh v phng chy v cha chy. 9.2. Khi nim chung v qu trnh chy v n 9.2.1. Qu trnh chy iu kin bnh thng, chy l qu trnh phn ng xy ho km theo to nhit v pht quang. iu kin khc, mt s cht chy trong mi trng khng c xy. Kim loi chy trong mi trng clo, lu hunh... Tuy nhin khng phi qu trnh to nhit u din ra di hnh thc chy. Bng 9.1. Nhit bc chy ca mt s cht. G Than bn Than Than g Xng Nha thong 250-350oC 225-280oC 400-500oC 350-600oC 240-500oC 253-275oC

1-Din bin qu trnh chy: -Qu trnh chy ca vt rn, lmg, kh u gm c nhng giai on sau: xy ho. T bc chy.

141

 Chy. -Qu trnh chy ca vt rn, cht lng v kh c th tm tt trong s biu din sau:

Hnh 9.1: Qu trnh chy -Tu theo mc tch lu nhit trong qu trnh xy ho lm cho tc phn ng tng ln, chuyn sang giai on t bc chy v xut hin ngn la. -Phn ng ho hc v hin tng vt l trong qu trnh chy cn c th gy ra n. N l s bin i v mt ho hc ca cc cht. S bin i ny xy ra trong ra trong 1 thi gian rt ngn 1.10-3-1.10-5s vi 1 tc mnh to ra nhiu cht th kh b t nng n 1 nhit cao. Do sinh ra p lc rt ln i vi mi trng xung quanh dn n hin tng n. -S thay i nhit ca vt cht chy trong qu trnh chy din bin nh th:

142

Hnh 9.2: S thay i nhit trong qu trnh chy Trong giai on u t tp-to: nhit tng chm v nhit lng phi tiu hao t nng v phn tch vt cht. T nhit to-tt l nhit bt u xy ho th nhit ca vt cht chy tng nhanh v ngoi nhit lng t ngoi truyn vo cn c nhit lng to ra do phn ng xy ho. Nu lc ny ngng cung cp nhit lng cho vt chtchy v nhit lng sinh ra do phn ng xy ho khng ln hn nhit lng to ra bn ngoi th tc xy ho s gim i v khng th dn n giai on t bc chy. Ngc li vi trng hp trn th phn ng xy ho s tng nhanh chuyn n nhit t bc chy tt. T lc ny nhit s tng rt nhanh nhng n nhit tn th ngn la mi xut hin. Nhit ny xp x bng nhit chy tc. 2-Qu trnh pht sinh ra chy: -Nhit t bc chy ca cc cht chy th rt khc nhau: 1 s cht cao hn 500oC, 1 s khc th thp hn nhit bnh thng. -Theo nhit t bc chy, tt c cc cht chy chia lm 2 nhm: Cc cht c nhit t bc chy cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh chng cc cht ny c th t bc chy do kt qu t nng t bn ngoi. Cc cht c th t bc chy khng cn t nng v mi trng xung quanh t nng chng n nhit t bc chy nhng cht ny gi l cht t chy. -Cn ch rng s t bc chy v s t chy cng l 1 hin tng nhng ch khc l: 143

 S t bc chy c lin h vi qu trnh pht sinh chy ca cc cht c nhit t bc chy cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh. S t chy c lin h vi qu trnh pht sinh chy ca cc cht c nhit t bc chy thp hn nhit mi trng xung quanh. -Qu trnh pht sinh ra chy do kt qu t nng 1 phn nh cht chy bi ngun la gi l s bc chy. Thc cht l hc ca qu trnh bc chy khng khc g qu trnh t bc chy v rng s tng nhanh phn ng xy ho ca chng cng nh nhau. S khc nhau c bn gia chng l: Qu trnh bc chy b hn ch bi 1 phn th tch cht chy. Cn qu trnh t bc chy xy ra trn ton th tch ca n. -Ta c s biu din qu trnh pht sinh chy:

Hnh 9.3: Qu trnh pht sinh ra chy Ta thy ngoi s ph thucv nhit ca cc cht chy To i vi nhit t bc chy ca chng tt, trong qu trnh pht sinh chy ca tt c cc hin tng u c qu trnh chung l s t t nng, bt u t nhit t bc chy tt v kt thc bng nhit chy tc. -Do qu trnh nhit ca s pht sinh chy trong t nhin ch l 1 v gi l s t bc chy, cn s t chy v bc chy l nhng trng hp ring ca qu trnh chung . 3-Gii thch qu trnh chy: C 2 cch gii thch: a/ L thuyt t bc chy nhit: 144

-Theo l thuyt ny th iu kin xut hin qu trnh chy l tc pht nhit ca phn ng xy ho phi vt qua hoc bng tc truyn nhit t vng phn ng ra ngoi. -Qu trnh chy c th bt u t 1 tia la hay bng cch gia nhit ton b hn hp n 1 nhit nht nh. Phn ng chy bt u vi tc chm v ta nhit. Do nhit lng ny m hn hp c gia nhit thm, tc phn ng ngy cng tng. -Nh l thuyt t bc chy nhit m ngi ta a ra nhng bin php phng chy v cha chy c hiu qu. -Tuy nhin l thuyt ny khng gii thch c 1 s trng hp nh: tc dng ca cc cht xc tc v c ch qu trnh chy; nh hng ca p sut n gii hn bt chy,... b/ L thuyt t bc chy chui: _Theo l thuyt ny, s chy bt u t cc phn t hot ng no , n chuyn ng v va chm vo cc phn t khc trong h thng chy v to ra nhng tm hot ng mi. Nhng tm hot ng ny li chuyn ng v va chm vo cc phn t khc to thnh 1 h thng chui lin tc. Ngoi ra cn cho rng khi t t nng h thng chy s to ra n tm hot ng: 1 trong s s bi mt i, s cn li s b ti phn ng li. -Nu mi tm hot ng ch to ra 1 phn t hot ng mi th tc chy khng tng. Tri li nu n ti to 2 hay nhiu tm hot ng mi th 1 tm hot ng c coi l s k tc ca chui, cn tm hot ng khc l s phn nhnh. Lc ny tc s pht trin mnh. -Nh l thuyt t bc chy chui m c th gii thch c hin tng nhiu m chy lc ban u cn rt nh nhng khi pht trin th tc lan truyn rt mnh. l v nhit cng cao, mch phn ng sinh ra cng nhiu v s lng tm hot ng tng ln gp bi. c/ S khc nhau gia hai l thuyt: -S khc nhau c bn gia 2 l thuyt t bc chy nhit v l thuyt t bc chy chui l ch: l thuyt t bc chy nhit: Nguyn nhn tng phn ng xy ho l do tc pht nhit tng nhanh hn so vi tc truyn nhit. 145

Da vo s tch lu nhit ca phn ng gii thch qu trnh chy. l thuyt t bc chy chui: Nguyn nhn tng phn ng xy ho l do tc phn nhnh chui tng nhanh hn so vi tc chui t. Da vo s tch lu tm hot ng gii thch qu trnh chy. 9.2.2. iu kin v hnh thc chy 9.2.2.1. iu kin chy -Trong iu kin thng thng, s chy l qu trnh gia xy ca khng kh v cht chy. Nhng s chy c th xy ra khi khng c xy trong khng kh nh C2H2 nn, Clorua, N2,... nu c ngun nhit hoc H2. Nhiu kim loi c th chy trong Cl2, Cu chy trong hi S, Mg chy trong kh than,... Tt c cc trng hp trn u thuc phn ng xy ho. -S chy ca cht chy v khng kh ch c th bt u khi chng t c 1 nhit ti thiu no . Trong iu kin p sut kh quyn, tc chy ca ngn la cng cao th xy cng nguyn cht, tc chy cng gim th lng xy trong khng kh cng gim. Khi lng xy khng kh gim n 14% th s chy ngng li. qu trnh chy xut hin v pht trin cn c 3 yu t: cht chy, cht xy ho v mi trng gy chy. Cht chy: c th th rn, lng hoc kh. Chng u l hp cht hu c gm cc thnh phn chnh l H, C, O. Cht xy ho: c th l khng kh, xy, flo, clo, lu hunh, HNO3, NH4NO3, KClO3 (kali clorat). Mi gy chy: chy c cht chy v cht xy ho phi c t nng n nhit bc chy. Gy chy c th bng tia la in, ngn la, ma st, va p... -L bt k vt no c nhit v nhit lng d tr t nng 1 th tch no ca h thng chy cho n khi xut hin s chy trong h thng.

146

-Ngun gy la c th l cc ngun nhit hoc xut hin di hnh thc nng lng no : ho nng (phn ng to nhit), c nng (va p, nn, ma st), in nng (s phng in): Khi mi bt la l ngn la trn, tia la in, h quang in, tia la sinh ra do ma st, va p, hay ht than chy d,... th gi l nhng mi la pht quang. C nhng loi mi bt la khng pht quang gi l mi la n. Chng l nhng nhit lng sinh ra khi nn on nhit, khi ma st, khi tin hnh cc phn ng ho hc,... 9.2.2.2. Hnh thc chy Chy hon ton: din ra khi c lng cht xy ho, cc sn phm to ra khng cn kh nng chy tip. Chy khng hon ton: din ra khi khng cht xy ho. Sn phm to ra c tnh c v cn kh nng chy tip. V d: Kh CO, axetn, anhyt... * Khi nim bng chy, bt chy , bc chy, t chy: - Nhit bng chy l nhit thp nht khi hi ca mt cht hn hp vi khng kh v bng chy (khi gn ngn la) - Nhit bt chy l nhit khi cht chy bt la v tip tc chy khi khng cn mi la na. - Bc chy l s t nng hn hp chy, tc phn ng chy tng nhanh so vi qu trnh truyn nhit i dn ti bc chy. - T chy: l hin tng chy khng cn do nhit lng t bn ngoi m do nhit tng ng vi im chy. 9.2.3. Cc c trng chy nguy him 9.2.3.1. Chy cc hn hp hi kh vi khng kh Cc loi hi kh c th to ra hn hp chy n nguy him nu nng ca n t ti tr s nht nh. 147

Bng 9-2: Nng gii hn bc chy ca mt s cht. Amniac Axetylen Xng 15,527% 2,530% 0,765,4%

Nng gii hn bc chy ca hn hp kh v khng kh c th thay i tu theo p sut, nhit , c kh tr hay khng... Nhng c trng chy nguy him ca cc cht kh l: - nhit bc chy cng thp cng nguy him. - nhit bc chy ca a s cc kh l 2002600C. Ring P2H2 (hyr ftforic) c th t chy trong khng kh. 9.2.3.2. Chy cc cht lng Ngi ta chia ra hai loi cht lng d bc chy v cht lng chy. Cht lng d bc chy l cht lng bng chy nhit <45oC (xng, du ho, te), cn cc cht lng chy c nhit bc chy nhit >45oC mi chy (mazut, glixerin). Cht lng d bc chy nhit bc chy ch cao hn nhit chy t 11,5
o

C. Cn cht lng chy th chnh lch ny ti >30oC.

9.2.3.3. Chy cc cht rn Nhit bc chy ca a s cht rn cng nm trong gii hn nh cht kh. Tuy nhin c mt s cht rn bc chy nhit <50oC (pht pho trng). Bng 9-3 Nhit bc chy ca mt s cht rn. Pht pho G thong Than bn 287oC 236oC 1650C

148

9.2.3.4. Chy, n bi Bi l lng ca mt s cht trong khng kh c th to thnh hn hp n nguy him. 9.3. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy v bin php phng nga 9.3.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc m chy thay i lin quan n s thay i cc qu trnh k thut trong sn xut v vic s dng cc thit b, nguyn vt liu, cc h thng chiu sng t nng,... - Khng thn trng khi dng la. - S dng, d tr, bo qun nguyn liu, nhin liu, vt liu khng ng cch. - Chy do s dng in. - Chy do va p, ma st. - Chy do tch in. - Do st: khi khng c ct thu li hoc thu li b hng. - Bo qun cht c kh nng t chy khng ng qui nh (do kt qu ca tc dng ho hc...). - Chy do tn la cc ngun khc nhau. Cc nguyn nhn khc nh: theo di k thut trong qu trnh sn xut khng y ; khng trng nom cc trm pht in, my ko, cc ng c chy xng v cc my mc khc; tng tr bo qun nhin liu khng ng. Tm li trn cc cng trng, trong sinh hot, trong cc nh cng cng, trong sn xut c th c nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra chy. Phng nga chy l c lin quan nhiu ti vic tun theo cc iu kin an ton khi thit k, xy dng v s dng cc cng trnh nh ca trn cng cng trng v trong sn xut. 9.3.2. Cc bin php phng nga chy -Phng nga ho hon trn cng trng tc l thc hin cc bin php nhm: phng s pht sinh ra chy. 149

 To iu kin ngn cn s pht trin ngn la. Nghin cu cc bin php thot ng i v c qu trong thi gian chy. To iu kin cho i cu ho cha chy kp thi. -Chn cc bin php phng chy ph thuc vo: Tnh cht v mc chng chy (chu chy) ca nh ca v cng trnh. Tnh nguy him khi b chy ca cc x nghip sn xut (quy trnh sn xut). S b tr quy hoch nh ca v cng trnh. iu kin a hnh,... 9.3.2.1. Bin php phng nga khng cho m chy xy ra Bin php t chc: tuyn truyn, gio dc mi ngi nghim chnh chp hnh php lnh phng chy cha chy. Bin php k thut: p dng ng n cc tiu chun, qui phm v phng chy khi xy dng nh xng. Bin php an ton vn hnh: s dng bo qun my mc, nguyn liu, nhin liu khng pht sinh chy. Bin php nghim cm: cm la, cm hn nhng ni d xy ra chy. 9.3.2.2. Bin php hn ch m chy lan rng - B tr mt bng cng trnh Bin php ny lin quan n vic b tr mt bng cng trnh ng theo yu cu an ton phng chy. - Cc kho tng nguy him chy n phi cui hng gi. - Dng vt liu khng chy hoc kh chy: - Mc bt chy v gii hn chu la ca nh hoc b phn cng trnh c chia ra 5 bc chu la xem bng 9-4.

150

- B tr kho tng, nh ca, ln tri... phi cn c vo c im ca qu trnh thao tc v s nguy him ca ho hon chn hnh thc kt cu v vt liu thch hp. Mc chu la v khong cch chng chy tham kho bng 9-5, 9-6. B tr ch ng ngi vt phng chy B tr tng phng chy, i phng chy, b cha nc ,... hoc trng cy xanh. Cc bin php chun b cho i cu ho: - to cho i cu ho cha chy c nhanh chng v kp thi cn phi chun b 1 s cng vic sau y: Lm ng c bit c rng thun tin cho t cu ho i li d dng. Lm ng ti nhng ni kh n, ng ti ngun nc,... Bo m tn hiu bo tin chy v h thng lin lc lin lc c th dng. H thng my thng tin lin lc in thoi, tn hiu bo tin chy c th dng tn hiu bo chy bng in hoc pht hin tn hiu m thanh v nh sng. 9.3.2.3. Bin php cu ngi v cu ti sn an ton B tr cc ng, cc ca thot him. B tr hp l my mc trong gian sn xut, ging t trong gian nh . C s ch dn thot him. 9.3.2.4. Bin php to iu kin dp tt m chy c hiu qu m bo h thng bo chy nhanh. T chc lc lng cha chy chuyn nghip. Thng xuyn kim tra cc phng tin cha chy v ngun nc.

9.4. Cc cht cha chy, dng c, phng tin cha chy 9.4.1. Cc cht cha chy -Cc cht cha chy l cc cht khi a vo ch chy s lm nh ch s chy do lm mt cc iu kin cn cho s chy.

151

-Yu cu cc cht cha chy phi c t nhit cao, khng c hi cho sc kho v cc vt cn cha chy, r tin, d kim v d s dng. -Khi la chn cc cht cha chy phi cn c v o hiu qu dp tt ca chng, s hp l v mt kinh t v phng php cha chy. 9.4.1.1. Nc - Ti phun c tc dng tng b mt ti v gim lng nc ti, pht huy hiu qu cha chy. - Khng dng nc cha chy cc thit b in v kim loi hot tnh (K, Na, Ca...). - Khng dng nc cha chy cc cht lng khng ho tan nh xng, du ho. C th dng nc cha chy cc loi cht lng d ho tan trong nc v cc cht lng c nhit bng chy >60oC nh mazut hoc mt s sn phm ca du m. 9.4.1.2. Hi nc Hiu qu ni khng kh t thay i, bung kn. Nng hi nc trong khng kh khong 35% ( theo th tch) c th cha chy. 9.4.1.3. Bt cha chy - Bt cha chy c tc dng lm lnh v cch ly hn hp chy vi vng chy. Dng cha chy xng du hoc cht lng chy. Cm dng d cha chy thit b in, t n v m chy c to>1700oC - Bt ho hc: thng s dng bt to thnh bi Al2(SO4)3 (Aluminsunfat) vi NaHCO3 (natribicacbonat) v thm mt s cht lm bn bt. Bt c to ra trong cc my to bt v dn ti bng ng ng hoc np vo cc bnh cha chy cm tay. - Bt ho khng kh: to thnh bng cch khuy trn khng kh vi cht to bt BN70, T-70. 9.4.1.4. Bt cha chy Dng cc loi bt tr: kalicacbnat K2CO3, natricacbnat Na2CO3, ct kh...c tc dng ngn cch cht chy vi khng kh. C th dng kh nn phun bt kh vo m chy. 152

9.4.1.5. Cc loi kh - Dng loi kh tr (CO2, N, heli, agon, hi nc) c th cha chy thit b in, khng lm hng vt cha chy nh th vin, kho lu tr h s... - C th dng trm di ng, bnh cm tay. 9.4.1.6. Cc cht halogen - Cc cht ny c hiu qu cha chy ln, tc dng ch yu l c ch phn ng chy v lm lnh. Cc cht halogen d thm t nn thch hp cha chy cho cc bng vi si. - Cc cht ny thng l brmetyl, tetracloruacacbon (CCl4) 9.4.2. Dng c v phng tin cha chy 9.4.2.1. Dng c cha chy Dng c th s nh thang, cu lim, bao ti..., bnh cha chy, vi nc. 1. Bnh bt ho hc:

1. Thn bnh 2.Bnh cha H2SO4 3.Bnh cha Al2(SO4)3 4.L xo 5.Li hnh tr 6.Vi phun bt 7.Tay cm 8.Cht p 9.Dung dch kim Na2CO3. Hnh 9.4: Bnh bt ho hc

153

Bnh bt ho hc gm 2 bnh. Bnh st bn ngoi ng natribicacbonat NaHCO3, bnh thu tinh bn trong ng dung dch aluminsunfat Al2(SO4)3 . Dung tch bnh ngoi 810 lt, bnh trong 0,451 lt. Lng bt sinh ra 4055 lt, cha chy cht lng rt hiu qu, khng cha chy in, t n, kim loi, hp cht ca kim loi. 2. Bnh bt ho khng kh: gm 2 b phn chnh l v bnh ng dung dch to bt v bnh thp bn trong ng kh nn. Bnh bt ho khng kh dng cha chy cc cht lng din tch cha chy 0,51m2. Khi cha chy ch cn m van bnh kh nn cho khng kh trn ln dung dch to bt phun vo m chy. Bnh bt ho khng kh thng c dung tch 510 lt, cht to bt 4,59 lt. Lng bt sinh ra khong 3060 lt, tm phun xa 2050m, p sut lm vic 12kg/cm2, trng lng cht to bt 7,514 kg. 3. Bnh cha chy bng CO2.

1.Thn bnh 2.ng xiphng 3.Van an ton 4.Tay cm 5.Np xoy 6.ng dn 7.Loa phun 8.Gi k Hnh 9.5: Bnh cha chy bng kh CO2

154

Bnh cha CO2. Khi cha chy th m van bnh v hng loa vi phun vo m chy. Dng cha chy cho thit b in v cc ti liu qu, my mc t tin. 4. Bnh cha chy tetaccloruacacbon CCl4: -Bnh cha chy loi ny c th tch nh, ch yu dng cha chy trn t, ng c t trong v thit b in. -Cu to c nhiu kiu, thng thng n l 1 bnh thp cha khong 2.5 lt CCl4, bn trong c 1 bnh nh cha CO2. -Kh nng dp tt m chy ca CCl4 l to ra trn b mt cht chy 1 loi hi nng hn khng kh 5.5 ln. N khng nui dng s chy, khng dn in, lm cn xy tip xc vi cht chy do lm tt chy. -Kghi cn dng, p tay vo cht p, mi nhn ca cht p chc thng tm m v kh CO2 trong bnh nh bay ra ngoi. Di p lc ca kh CO2, dung dch CCl4 phun ra ngoi theo vi phun thnh 1 tia. Bnh c trang b 1 mng bo him phng n. Mt s bnh kiu ny ngi ta dng khng kh nn thay th CO2.

1.Thn bnh 2.Bnh nh cha CO2 3.Np 4.ng xiphng 5. Vi phun 6. Cht p 7.Mng bo him 8.Tm m 9.L xo 10. Tay cm. Hnh 9.6: Bnh cha chy bng CCl4

155

9.4.2.2. Phng tin cha chy c gii Phng tin cha chy c gii trang b cho cc n v cha chy chuyn nghip. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn t cc thit b chng chy t ng kiu nhit, khi, nh sng t nhng ni cn bo v chy. * Vi rng cha chy: -H thng vi rng cu ho c tc dng t ng dp tt ngay m chy bng nc khi n mi xut hin. Vi rng c 2 loi: kn v h. 1-Vi rng kn: -C np ngoi lm bng kim loi d chy, t hng vo i tng cn bo v (cc thit b, cc ni d chy). Khi c m chy, np hp kim s chy ra v nc s t ng phun ra dp tt m chy. Nhit nng chy ca hp kim, ph thuc vo nhit lm vic ca gian phng v ly nh sau: i vi phng c nhit di 40o l 72o. i vi phng c nhit t 40o-60o l 93o. i vi phng c nhit di 60o-100o l 141o. i vi phng c nhit cao hn 100o l 182o. 2-Vi rng h: -Khng c np y, m nc c th bng tay hoc t ng. H thng vi rng h to mng nc bo v cc ni sinh ra chy.

Ghi nh: m bo tt c cc n v ngun nhit phi c dp tt khi ht gi lm vic. Rc l nhng vt d bt la. Hy gi ni lm vic sch s v ngn np, khng bt c loi rc no lu cu. Thng thuc hai ng thot him khi cng trng.

156