REPORT GENETICS LABWORK COLOUR BLIND

By: TIAS RAHAYU 100210103064

STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION MAJOR OF MIPA EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERSHIP AND SCIENCE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER 2011

I. II.

Title

: Colour Blind : To do colour blind test.

Purpose

III.

Basic of Theory: Important First Indera that is eyesight indra; eye. Eye is indera used to see vinicity

environment in the form of picture so that can by recognizing objects exist in vinicity swiftly. Eye represent eyesight to accept light stimulus. Part of sensitive eye to light is part of blot turn yellow found on coat of retina. We earn to see object after light stimulus accepted by precise retina at blot turn yellow, then excitement continued by brain nerve blood-vessel to eyesight center in brain ( Selis Meriem:2011). Eye have receptor to catch light stimulus is called fotoreseptor. Eye consist of some part, for example cornea, iris, pupil, eyepiece, transparent body, retina, silia basan ( blind spot), blot turn yellow ( eye nerve and fovea). At part of retina ( fish-net membrane) pregnant of reseptor, ganglia, nerve fiber and melanin. There is two type of reseptor that is trapeze ( conus) and bar ( basillus). Cell of conus more sensitive to light than bar cell ( Anonim:2011). Process eyesight happened originally incident light to eye through pupil ( eye seed), passing cornea, lens, and interior of direct eyeball to bar cell (bacillus) and trapeze cell ( conus) of retina in eyeball backside. Energy physical Transduction into potential receptor happened in and basilus of konus. Nerve impulses then move cell is differ from retina, that is ganglion cell. Ganglion bring impulses about visual occurence in peripatetic environment to brain as long as optic nerve (Anonim:2009).

Retina have two kinds of cell that is bar cell and sensitive trapeze cell to light. This is Bar cell more sensitive at night as well as white and black colour. While more trapeze cell put hand to sensitive daytime to various colour. Trapeze cell there 3 type which is each most sensitive to spectrum ruddle, green, and is blue ( Nina Karina, 2007). If bar cell and trapeze cell of stimulused, sinyal of is continuited through nerve cell network in itself retina and finally into optic nerve fiber and cortex of serebri ( Guyton and Hall, 1996). Pregnant Bar cell of pigment of rodopsin, that is a compound form among vitamin of A with certain protein. This cell function to accept shadow when weak light and not to see colour. While cell of conus pigment pregnant of iodopsin, that is compound of retinin and of opsin. This cell function to see or accepting object shadow and to see object. There is three kinds of cell of conus which is each sensitive to stimulus ruddle, green and blue. Of third combination of this colour is we earn to see purple spectrum squeeze. At one who have cells which sensitive for the three of this colour type, hence told is normal. At certain people, possible there two or even one or no cell of trapeze that sensitive to colours. At this case of the people told is colour blind ( Anonim:2011). Trapeze cell and bar cell at retina have different function. Bar cell cannot differentiate colour and more intesif to light, Trapeze cell need more illumination to stimulate the cell. Eyesight of colour generated by the existence of three trapeze cell subkelas, each owning its type of alone him and relate to retinal to form visual pigment of fotopsin. Fotoreseptor as red trapeze, green and is blue. Absorbsi Spektra for this pigment each other overlap and perception of brain to pattern of intermediet base on difference of stimulasi two or more trapeze. Example [of], when stimulated by green and red trapeze cell of us possible deflect to see colour turn yellow or orange, base on which trapeze cell which strongest to be stimulated. Colour blind more found at men compared to woman because generally endowed as nature of which clinged by seks ( Campbell: 2002). Colour blind is disease of clan which because of genes of resesif C found on chromosome X. Its of him of c dominant determine people is not colour blind is ( normal). This disparity also often referred as linked sex because this disparity brought by X kromsosom ( Suryo: 1997).

Colour blind represent disparity of genetic / alighted from wafting old fellow to its child, because this disparity brought by kromosm X. Its meaning of chromosome of Y not bring colour blind factor. This matter differentiate beetwen colour blind patient at woman and man. Woman with carrier is nature of, physically not experience of colour blind as normal woman in general. But woman with carrier is nature of have potency of degradation colour blind factor to its child later ( Bejo, 2008). Because its gene there are at chromosome of X, thereby the percentage of bigger colour blind happened at man than woman. Finally, chromosome of Y not bring colour blindly. A woman there are term " carrier is nature of" this matter show there one chromosome of X bringing the nature of is colour blind ( XCXc). Woman with carrier is nature of physically not experience of colour blindly, as normal woman. But woman with carrier is nature of have potency to degrade colour blind factor to its child. If degraded at boy because chromosome of X its only one, hence at one just chromosome of X have earned to cause colour blindly. On the contrary, if at daughter because owning two chromosome of X, hence to arise colour blindly of disparity there must be at both chromosome of X that is from both its old fellow, ( XcXc at colour blind woman) ( Anonim: 2011). Two gene related to colour blind appearance is OPN1LW ( Opsin 1 Long Wave), encoding red pigment and OPN1MW ( Opsin 1 Middle Wave), encoding green pigment ( Samir S. Deeb and of Arno G. Motulsky, 2005). According to Dickyspeed (2009), following colour blind classification 1. Trikromasi; natural eye of change of level of sensitivitas colour from one or more trapeze cell at retina. is three generation classification at trikomasi 1. Protanomali, a colour blind weaken to recognize to squeeze 2. Deuteromali, green colour will be difficult recognized by patient 3. Trinomali ( blue low), condition where recognized by difficult blue colour of patient 2. Dikromasi; situation when one from three trapeze no cell. There three generation classification 1. Protanopia, trapeze cell ruddle no so that mount brightness ruddle 2. Deuteranopia, retina not have sensitive trapeze cell to green colour 3. Tritanopia, blue colour trapeze cell not be found 3. Monokromasi; colour blind by common people, marked with natural eye retina of total damage in colour merespon. Only white and black colour capable to be accepted by retina.

Test of clinis used occasionally to detect colour blind handicap is Ishihara test and of tes American Optical HRR pseudoisochromatic. This methods is weared to determine swiftly a relied on colour blind disparity of usage of dotty card by is assorted of colour which forming number ( Ishihara) and symbol ( HRR). While to do sure classification of protanopia, deuteranopia, protanomali, and deuteranomali need usage of anomaloscope entangling colour equivalent ( Samir S Deeb Arno G Motulsky and, 2005).

At colour blind test, someone told normal if can read 10 plate or more than 1-11. If reading truly 7 plate or less, hence categorized is colour blind. colour blind Patient of amount can only read truly a plate owning difference of colour which striking ( Slamet Hariyadi:2007) . According to Wartamedika ( 2008), till now, not yet been found the way of to heal colour blindly of generation. Even though is, available of some ways to assist its patient. Way of the for example is to 1. Using colour lens eyeglasses. Its target, to be patient can differentiate colour with interest easy to. Way of this effective proven at some patient 2. Using eyeglasses with lens able to lessen dazzled light. Usually colour blind patient can differentiate clearer colour if light not too bold or bedazzle

3. Otherwise can see colour at all ( total colour blind), patient suggested to use dark lens eyeglasses and have protector of light at its side. Darker atmosphere needed because rod cell, that is cell which only can differentiate black colour, white, and grey, work eminently at condition of bleak light

IV.

Method of Research 4.1. Tools and Materials - Room which is light enough - Book of Colour Bling test

4.2. Work Prosedure

Preparing book of Colour Blind test

Passing in participant of practicum lecture of genetics test colour blind one by one

Making group data and class data

Doing analysis for the man who experience of colour blindly V. Result of Research

Class Data NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 Probandus Tita Martin Irfan Haqqi Ester Tias Rahayu Mistake 0 1 3 0 1 1

VI.

Analysis At perception of conducted this practicum colour blind test which used to know how far

ability of trapeze cell at retina we can differentiate colour. Indicator which we use that is compatible of number that read probandus at book of Ishihara test with number which seen by comparator. Test ishihara is colour blind tes consisting of sheet ( plate) which in it there are dots with various size measure and colour. The Colour dots compiled so that form circle. the Dot colour made in such a manner so that colour blind patient will not see difference of colour such as those which seen by normal people ( pseudo-isochromaticism). At normal people, in circle there are certain line or number. But at colour blind person, visible at circle will differ. Image practice of Ishihara this is colour blind test practice which conducted by participant of genetics practicum by using book of Ishihara which in him there are some containing plate of colours inserted by number at colour circles. Each group delegate one of member to go forward and colour blind test. Responder ( practican) showed about more or less 14 image plate of ishihara and asked to recognize object which there are in it. Object staying in the the plate can in the form of lobed line and also number which must be answered and showed responder. From result of data which we obtain to indicate that at first group ( Tita Enestya HR) and group four ( Haqqi Anajili) not make mistake of moment read plate residing in at book of ishihara so that the group member nothing that experience of colour blind disparity. This matter proven by read of number at book of Ishihara test as seen by comparator. Mean retina there are trapeze cells of protan that is trapeze cell ruddle able to see brightness ruddle, deuteron trapeze cells that is sensitive trapeze cell to green colour and trapeze cells of tritan that is sensitive trapeze cell to blue colour. While at group two (Martin), group 5 (Ester) and group 6 ( Tias Rahayu) making mistake of moment read plate residing at book of ishihara, but although make one mistake of read dalm, third of the group remain to be told is not colour blind. Someone told colour blind if he/she cannot read ishihara plate / conducting mistake in read counted 4-5 plate in 14 entirety plate. Matter causing the happening of mistake read at third the group member enabled because probandus less focus effect of or fatigue of factor other, or conducive because probandus true really difficulty in reading ishihara plate. Then at group probandus three (Irfan) can be seen that

probandus conduct mistake read counted 3, this matter although expressed is not colour blind but require to beware of because just earning enabled can become colour blind some of or possibility it is true resulted from by some factor among others less focus or it is true really cannot differentiate tested colour . But as a whole all probandus expressed is not colour blind with the meaning not happened trouble to colours exist in or photoreceptor of cone. At woman of heterozigot will not experience of colour blindly. The woman only as carrier (carrier). Normal or heterozigot of homozigot can know one of the him by seeing lineage/ ancestry from both its old fellow. Some example of marriage at colour blind shall be as follows: 1. Normal Female married with Normal Male P G F1 : XCXC : : XC XC XC XC XCXC XCXC >< XCY XC , Y Y XCY XCY

Phenotype of child : 2 normal male (50 %) 2 normal female (50 %) Ratio of Phenotip : Normal : Colour Blind = 4 : 0

2. Normal Female married with Suffering Colour Blind Male P G F1 : XCXC : : XC XC XC Xc XCXc XCXc >< XcY Xc , Y Y XCY XCY

Phenotype of child : 2 normal male (50 %) (Heterozygot) 2 normal female (50 %)

Ratio of Phenotip

Normal

Colour blind

4 :

3. Carrier Female married with Normal Male P G F1 : XCXc : : X

C

><

XCY XC, Y

XC XC X X
C C

Y XCY XcY

Xc

XCXc

Phenotype of child : 1 colour blind male (25 %) 1 normal female (25 %) (Heterozygot) 1 normal male (25 %) 1 normal female (25%) (Homozygot) Ratio of Phenotip : Normal : Colour Blind = 3 : 1

4. Carrier Female married with Colour Blind Male P G F1 : XCXc : : X

C

><

XcY Xc, Y

XC Xc X X
C c

Y XCY XcY

Xc

XcXc

Phenotype of child : 1 normal male (25 %) (Heterozygot) 1 normal female (25 %) 1 colour blind male (25 %) 1 colour blind female (25%) Ratio of Phenotip : Normal : Colour Blind = 1 : 1

5. Colour blind Female married with Normal Male P G F1 : XcXc : : Xc Xc Xc XC XCXc XCXc >< XCY XC, Y Y XCY XcY

Phenotype of child : 2 normal female (50%) (Heterozygot) 2 colour blind male Ratio of Phenotip : Normal : Colour Blind = 1 : 1

6. Colour Blind Female married with Colour Blind Male P G F1 : XcXc : : Xc Xc Xc Xc XcXc XcXc >< XcY Xc, Y Y XcY XcY

Phenotype of child : 2 colour female (50%) 2 colour blind male (50%) Ratio of Phenotip : Normal : Colour Blind = 0 : 4

Colour blind gene related to with chromosome of X ( X-Linked Genes). Become possibility a man owning XY genotive to be hit colour blind generationly compared to bigger of woman which XX have genotive to be hit is colour blind. If only related/relevant at one of the chromosome of X its just, woman referred as carrier or carrier, what can degrade colour blind gene at its childs. According to one of the researching into 5-8% man and 0,5% woman borne is colour blind. And 99% colour blind patient is including dicromation, protanopition, and deuteranopition.

Colour blind natural someone marking depend on some factor, probably because its condition is caused by genetic factor (congential), disease (colour blind storey and aquired) of him, some of or is total. Symptom generally is difficult differentiate to ruddle and green ( what most often happened) or difficulty in differentiating green and blue colour ( seldom be found). Symptom for case which a more regular in the form of object seen in the form of grey shadow ( this condition is very rare found) and eyesight decrease. VII. Conclusion

Based of data an analysis above, we can get several conclusion, as follows: 1. Colour blind is disease of clan which because of genes of resesif C found on chromosome X. Its of him of c dominant determine people is not colour blind is ( normal). This disparity also often referred as linked sex because this disparity brought by X kromsosom. 2. One of way of to be able to know what is colour blind someone is one of him by using colour blind test that is test of Ishihara. 3. Test ishihara is colour blind tes consisting of sheet ( plate) which in it there are dots with various size measure and colour. The Colour dots compiled so that form circle. the Dot colour made in such a manner so that colour blind patient will not see difference of colour such as those which seen by normal people ( pseudoisochromaticism). At normal people, in circle there are certain line or number. But at colour blind person, visible at circle will differ. 4. To know someone which in test use test of Ishihara what colour blind natural not that is if the someone cannot read 25-30% plate from amount of plate of overall of hence the people can be told is colour blind. Less than 25%-30% or can read plate of overall of without wrong hence the someone normal. 5. In our practicum all of the probandus normal, its meaning not experience of colour blind. With the meaning not happened trouble to colours exist in or photoreceptor of cone. 6. - Normal Female married with Normal Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 2 normal male (50 %) and 2 normal female (50 %).

- Normal Female married with Suffering Colour Blind Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 2 normal male (50 %) (Heterozygot) and 2 normal female (50 %) - Carrier Female married with Normal Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 1 colour blind male (25 %), 1 normal female (25 %) (Heterozygot), 1 normal male (25 %) and 1 normal female (25%) (Homozygot). - Carrier Female married with Colour Blind Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 1 normal male (25 %) (Heterozygot), 1 normal female (25 %), 1 colour blind male (25 %) and 1 colour blind female (25%). - Colour blind Female married with Normal Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 2 normal female (50%) (Heterozygot) and 2 colour blind male. - Colour Blind Female married with Colour Blind Male yielding offspring with result of F1 is Phenotype of child : 2 colour female (50%) and 2 colour blind male (50%). 7. Colour blind gene related to with chromosome of X ( X-Linked Genes). Become possibility a man owning XY genotive to be hit colour blind generationly compared to bigger of woman which XX have genotive to be hit is colour blind. If only related/relevant at one of the chromosome of X its just, woman referred as carrier or carrier, what can degrade colour blind gene at its childs. According to one of the researching into 5-8% man and 0,5% woman borne is colour blind. And 99% colour blind patient is including dicromation, protanopition, and deuteranopition.

REFERENS Anonim. 2009. Buta Warna. http://puskesmassimpangempat.wordpress.com. (diakses 4 November 2011). Anonim. 2011. Buta Warna. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta-warna. (diakses 4 November 2011). Bejo. 2008. Tes Buta Warna. http://rxbejo.blogspot.com/2008/11/tes-buta-warna.html. (diakses 4 November 2011). Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece & Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2002. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 3. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. Depp, S.S. and Motulsky, A.G., 2005, Red-Green Color Vision Defects, In GeneREVIEWS, (diakses 4 November 2011). Dickyspeed. 2009. Buta Warna. http://dickspeed.blogspot.com/2009/05/buta-warna.html.

(diakses 4 November 2011). Guyton and Hall, 1996, Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Hariyadi, Slamet dan Erlia Narulita. 2007. Petunjuk Praktikum Genetika. Jember: Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Universitas Jember. Karina, Nina. 2007. Mengenal Lebih Dekat Buta Warna.

http://mengenallebihdekatbutawarna.wordpress.com/2010/04/. (diakses 2011). Meriem, Selis. 2011. Buta Warna.

4 November

http://selismeriem.wordpress.com/category/laporan-

praktikum/ . (diakses 4 November 2011). Suryo. 1997. Genetika. Jogjakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.