NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS) Nonfinite forms of the verb do not limit the verb to a particular number,

tense, person or mood and do not function as predicates. In other words, they cannot make sentences they form only word-combinations: the money borrowed in the bank, the idea of promoting Mr Smith, etc. These forms are also called Verbals because they are made from the verb. The function of Nonfinite forms of the verb is to complicate sentences adding another verbal structure to the finite one: Verbal Predicate The money borrowed in the bank provides basic finance. The idea of promoting Mr. Smith belonged to the manager. The above sentences are formally simple as they have only one finite verb (Predicate), but logically there are two ideas that are joined in one sentence: E.g. The money borrowed in the bank provides basic finance. The money was borrowed in the bank. The money provides basic finance. There are four Verbals in the English language: the Infinitive, the Gerund, Participle I and Participle II, two of which - the Gerund and Participle I - coincide in the form: The infinitive Do write The Gerund Doing writing Participle I Doing writing Participle II Done written

The Verbals also have voice, aspect and perfect distinctions and they fulfill different functions, consistent with different parts of speech such as the noun, the adjective, and the adverb. All non-finite verb forms may participate in so called predicative constructions, where the noun (or pronoun) and a verbal are in predicative relations similar to those of the subject and the predicate: Eg. I heard Jane singing. We waited for the train to pass. I saw him run.

* Finite forms of the verb are the ones that have a particular number, tense, person or mood and their function in sentences is to be a predicate. In other words, Finite forms of the verb make sentences: The money provides basic finance. It was borrowed in the bank. Mr. Smith was promoted. The idea belonged to the manager. THE INFINITIVE 1. 1 The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way. It is treated as the initial form of the verb, which represents the verb in the dictionaries. The infinitive can be: a) used with the particle to (the full infinitive/to-infinitive); b) used without the particle to (the bare infinitive); c) separated with the particle to by an adverb (the split infinitive eg. She doesnt want to even see him). It is used very seldom to give special emphasis to the verb. The infinitive has a double nature: it combines the features of the verb and the noun. The nominal features are only syntactical. Like a noun the Infinitive can be used as

1. subject: Never to study at night was her rule. 2. predicative: Judys intention was to become a writer. 3. object: Judy was sorry to leave the farm.
The verbal features of the infinitive are of two kinds:

Morphological: (like the verb) the infinitive has the category of voice, perfect, aspect. Eg. to do -Active Voice, to be done - Passive voice; To do Non-perfect, to have done Perfect; To do Common(Indefinite), to be doing Continuous (Progressive). b) Syntactical: the infinitive possesses the verb combinability (takes an object, can be modified by an adverb) Eg. I promise never to do such a mistake again. (direct object) I can do this job perfectly. (an adverb)

a)

1.1 FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE There are several forms of the Infinitive in English: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous which are used to show both the simultaneousness or the priority of the action of the Infinitive to the main verb and the form's aspect. Some of them have Passive forms:

Active Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous to speak to be speaking to have spoken to have been speaking

Passive to be spoken

To have been spoken Table A

The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the infinitive are as follows: Verb tenses He works He will work He is working He will be working He worked He has worked He had worked He will have worked He was working He has been working He had been working He will have been working Infinitive -to work -to be working

Present simple Future simple Present Continuous Future Continuous Past simple Present Perfect Past Perfect Future perfect Past Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future perfect Continuous

-to have worked

-to have been working Table B

The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or future; I'm glad to meet you. I was glad to see her. I'll be glad to come It's glorious to love and to be loved. There is no time to lose. = There is no time to be lost.

The Continuous Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb, but this is an action in progress: They happened to be standing near a small restaurant. The Perfect Infinitive expresses 1) an action prior to that of the finite verb: I'm glad to have seen you. 2) a prior action that was not carried out: I meant to have gone there. (But I didn't go there). The Perfect Continuous Infinitive expresses the action which lasted a certain time before the action of the finite verb She seemed to have been eating nothing for ten days. PRACTICE Ex. 1 Define noun and verbal characteristics of the infinitive. State the form of the infinitive. Model: She promised to write letters regularly. to write is the Indefinite Infinitive Active. As a noun it is used in the function of an object. As a verb it takes a direct object (letters) and is modified by an adverb (regularly). 1. Mr. Gordon began to breathe heavily. 2. The Farrells like to tell jokes. 3. She must have been combing her hair, she said, when they came for her. 4. I havent meant to scold and dont expect to be scolded. 5. He demanded to be taken to see the baby. 6. Could you ask him to come as soon as he can? 7. To hear him talk is an education in itself. 8. Theres nothing to be done with her. 9. I think we ought to be starting. 10. I cannot imagine why you should ever have been prevented from seeing the baby. 11. Jimmie tells me he is prepared to sign the statement. 12. They must be intending to go for a swim. 13. You might have thought of Miguel. 14. Our task is to master English. Ex. 2 Comment on the forms of the infinitives. Translate the sentences. 1. He seems to be playing tennis now. 2. Carol didn't want to bother anyone, and she didn't want to be bothered. 3. I'm sorry to have done it. 4. She heard him open the door. 5. What has made her leave us so soon? 6. If you think it is necessary to make changes, you must choose the right moment to make them. 7. For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. 8. Septimus Horatio Cornwallis did not live up to his name. With such a name he should have been a cabinet minister, an admiral, or at least a rural dean. 9.1 was in far too happy a mood, good fortune seemed to be following me like a huge affectionate dog. 10. To be fair, the chef's salad was superb although I confess it was hard to appreciate such food fully while trying to guess if I found the bill come to over fifty-seven pounds. 11. One particular anxiety that always came up with a large construction contract was the government's ability to pay, and pay on time. 12. The work seems to have been done in haste. Ex 3. Look through table A and complete the following sentences by changing the verb in brackets to the correct active or passive form. 1. The massive house seemed (make) of wood. 2. A young manager hopes (give) a promotion very soon. 3. It's such a shock. She has never expected (tell) a lie. 4. Both business partners promise the goods (load) at once. 5. Both business partners promise (load) the goods at once. 6. Our team leader wanted the work (do) as soon as possible. 7. It's important (listen) to people. 8. Its important (listen) by people. 9. She hopes (choose) for the national team. 10. She doesnt like (listen) to music while shes working. 11. He doesn't like (interrupt) while he's working. 12. They will (repair) your watch by Tuesday. 13. Your watch will (repair) by Tuesday. Ex. 4 Look through table B and rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets. Mind the forms of the infinitives corresponding to the tense forms.

1. She has lost her job. (seem)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

.she seems to have lost her job. Ann has accepted to work there. (seem) .. He is working hard. (appear) .. They have been watching TV all afternoon. (seem) Tom missed the train. (appear) They are moving house. (seem) She found the solution. (claim) It has been raining hard. (appear) . She is reading a magazine. (pretend) . Sharon tells lies. (tend) .

Ex. 5 Rewrite these sentences using perfect infinitives.

a)

Model: Im glad that I have left school. Im glad to have left school.

1. I'm glad I've met you. 2. I was sorry I had disturbed him. 3. I expect I'll have passed all my exams by June. 4. It seems that you made a mistake. (You seem...) 5. I'm happy that I've had a chance to talk to you. 6. I was disappointed that I had missed the party. 7. It seems that she's got lost. 8. She was pleased that she had found the house. b) Use perfect infinitive to express a prior action that was not carried out: Model: He didnt go to art college. He fell ill. He was to have gone to art college but he fell ill. (He didn't go.) 1. She didn't marry a friend of her parents, (was to) 2. I didn't see his face when he realised what had happened, (would like to) 3. He didn't finish all his work by three o'clock, (mean) 4. We didn't spend a week skiing, (were to) 5. It wasn't the happiest week of my life. (was to) 6. She didn't say goodbye to everybody before she left. (mean) 7. I didn't live in the seventeenth century, (would like) 8. He didn't play in the Cup Final, (was to) 9. I wasnt sitting there when she walked in. (would like) 10. I didnt telephone you. I forgot. (mean) Ex. 6 Use the right kind of infinitive after modal verbs. 1 I ought (work) right now. 2 If you needed money, you should (ask) me. 3 I'd like (go) home early today. 4 I'd like (see) her face when she opened the letter. 5 She must (have) a shower -1 can hear the water running. 6 You should (tell) me you were ill. 71 should like (invite) him to the concert. 8 I should like him (invite) to the concert. 9 You should (pay) me last week. Why didnt you? 10 He could (kill)somebody, driving like that. 11 He might (wash) my jeans after he borrowed them. Ex 7. Tenses of the Infinitive. Complete the following sentences by changing the verb in brackets to the correct form. . 1. I suppose she might ____ (tell) him that she didnt love him any more .

2. The parents happen ____ (look for) their missing child everywhere since early morning.
3. He seems _____ (do) his homework now. 4. I was really sorry ____ (keep) my friend for two hours at the station but I didnt know she was waiting for me there. 5. We pretend _____ (hear) from him a week ago. 6. The teacher could _____ (give) the class a test that day but he was suddenly taken ill. 7. Try (not make) this mistake again. 8. The weather seems (improve). Lets go for a walk. 9. The meeting was supposed (start) two hours ago. 10. Mathew seems (study) too hard these days. 11. Alice appears (work) on her essay since early morning. Ex. 8. Complete the following sentences by changing the verb in brackets to the correct form. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. She has decided (accept) my offer. Im hopping (leave) by then so I wont be able to come with you. This carpet is filthy; it really needs (clean) soon. The waste from the power station is said (pollute) the atmosphere for months. It will be much too hot (wear) a coat. You must have been thirsty (drink) all that water. He appears(injure) as a result of the fight. Youre not expected (pay) the whole amount today. The report was supposed (finish) two hours ago. He claims (discover) a cure for the common cold. Can I trust you (keep) this secret? Try (not be) late again.

* Ex. 9. Use the required form of the infinitive in its function of part of a compound verbal predicate: 1 He seemed ... all the friendliness he had shown at our previous meeting, (to lose) 2. "I happen ... her lawyer and she telephoned to me," I said to the man. (to be) 3. It became clear that Charles was still idle. He seemed ... scarcely any law. (to read)' 4. The cat seems ... missing for about three weeks, (to be) 5. He appeared ... that they had had the first serious difference of opinion in the whole of their married life. (to forget) 6. "Dr Salt, what do you think you're doing?" "People seem me that for days," said Dr Salt mildly, (to ask) 7. Not going home, in fact, seemed lately ... the pattern of his life. (to become) 8. My mother thought that his hobbies would get him nowhere. In this she turned out ... wrong, (to be) 9. It seemed ... in the room. The floor, the chairs, the desk were covered in drifts of white. It was torn paper, (to snow) 10. She leant far over the banister and strained her ears. All the family seemed.. at once. (to talk) 11.The general seemed ... a great deal. (to age) 12. Charles met me the first day I came to London, and our friendship seemed ... a long time. (to establish) 13. He did not even seem ... what the fuss was about, (to understand) 14. In front of one window there was a small table and Harry was sitting at it, peering at a pile of papers which he seemed or ... . (to copy, to translate) 15. When I arrived there I didn't see the dog. Not much else seemed ... . (to change) 16. Then I caught sight of her on the far side of the square. She seemed ... good-bye to someone, (to say) Ex. 10. Translate the following into English using infinitives as part of a compound verbal predicate.

1. . (to turn out) 2. , , , . (to seem) 3. ? - , , . (to seem) 4. , . (to appear) 5. . (to turn out) 6. , . (to seem) 7. , . (to seem) 8. , , . (to seem) 9. , , , . (to appear) 10. , , . (to seem) 11. , , . (to seem) 12. , . (to seem) 13. , , . (to appear) 14. , , , . (to seem) 15. , . (to happen) 16. , . (to happen) 17. , . (to prove) 18. , , . , , . (to seem)

1.2. THE BARE INFINITIVE AND THE TO-INFINITIVE THE USE OF THE BARE INFINITIVE

1.2.1 Let, make, would rather/ sooner and had better Words/phrases followed by a bare infinitive Auxiliaries: do, will, would Modals: can. May, must, need*, should, would, will , shall, dare*(to express outrage). Neednt in the meaning it wasnt necessary After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to: - I wouldnt dare to tell him. or I wouldnt dare tell him. BUT after darent (or dare not), you must use the infinitive without to: - I darent tell him what happened. (not I darent to tell him); BUT: dare to express challenge is used only with to. Dare to express outrage is used only without to Examples I dont like rock music. I will call you tomorrow. When a child I would go to the park with my mum. I can go there right now. Would you like a cup of coffee? You neednt have bought bread. Weve got enough.

I darent tell him what happened. (or I didnt dare to tell him ) I dare you to do it! How dare you go there!

Modal expressions: had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, can do nothing but Complex object: after verbs of sense perception: see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel, etc. for complete actions BUT: after be seen, be heard, etc. (passive forms) +TO Infinitive Note! Know and have(esp. in American English) may be followed by an infinitive either with or without to. Know in the meaning to see is used without to. Verbs of inducement: let, make, have (*only in the Active), get (* in the meaning of make) BUT: make + to inf in the Passive But-phrases: cannot but, do anything but, do nothing but, couldnt but After and, or, except, but, than, as, like, rather than, as well as

She would sooner die than come back. Youd better live me alone! Id rather go to bed. I felt somebody touch me. He heard the door open. I saw him come into the room. He was seen to come into the room. I have never known him be angry with the children (behaviour, attitude). Everyone knew him to be the author of the article (a fact). Let me tell you something. Dont make me cry. Ill have/get Hudson show you into the room. He was made to do it. Did you do anything but ask questions? They did nothing but listen to him. Id like to lie down and go asleep. Do you want to do it now or wait till later? Rather than wait, I decided to do it now.I think he does little more than come to work, give instructions and go home. Why wait until then? Why nor begin at once? All he did was open the door. What we needed is buy a new flat. I suggested that she give up driving. I demand that all the birds be loosed. The rules require that you come to work at 8. Hes proposed that I become his partner. I recommend that you buy a more powerful computer.

Why-sentences All+be+bare infinitive What+be+bare infinitive Subjunctive Mood

1. We use the imperative form Lets (= Let us) + bare infinitive for making suggestions: 2.
Lets take a taxi! Lets take a taxi, shall we? Do lets take a taxi. The negative is: Lets not (take a taxi). Or: Dont lets (take a taxi). Let as a full verb (= allow) is always followed by a noun or pronoun + bare infinitive: I wont let you / him, etc. go. Dont let the children annoy you. They wont let us speak.

3. Make (= compel) is followed by a bare infinitive in the active: She made them work hard.
4. BUT: It is followed by a to-infinitive in the passive: They were made to work hard. We used the bare infinitive after would rather (not), would sooner (not), had better (not): Id rather be told the truth. Youd better not go near the edge. Supply suitable infinitive forms for the verbs given in brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Lets ..to the cinema. (go) Lets ..out long. (not stay) Lets ...., shall we? (go out) Dont lets home yet. (go) Let XYZ ..a triangle. (be) Let me ..that letter for you. (post) They didnt let her ..jeans. (wear) He made me the mess. (clear up) That T-shirt makes you younger. (look) I was made floors. (scrub) Id rather ....for a walk in the rain than nothing at all. (go, do) Id rather ..anything if you dont mind. (not have) I dont really want to see that play. Id sooner .at home. (stay) Youd better what you think . (not stay) Its late. I think wed better ..(go) 1.2.2 The infinitive with or without to after help and know

1. We may use a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive after a few verbs like help and know.
The use of a to-infinitive is more formal: Mother helped me (to) do my homework. We do not usually omit to after not: How can I help my children not to worry about their exams? 2. 3. We sometimes use help without a noun or pronoun object: Everyone in the village helped (to) build the new Youth Centre. We have a noun or pronoun object after know: Ive never known her (to) be late before. Ive never known her not (to) be late. We use to in the passive: He was known to have / to have had a quick temper as a boy.

PRACTICE Ex. 1 Join or rewrite the sentences below using the words given. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I found this book. The librarian helped me. The librarian I have to fill in this job application form. Can you help me? Can you You mustnt worry so much. I can help you. I can help .. People know him to be a very generous man. He . Hes a ruthless businessman. He is known for that. Hes known .. Shes never on time. Ive never known .. Context Ex. 2 Put in the correct forms of the verbs. ONE CUBE OR TWO?

When we were at school as children we were (make/wear) indoor shoes inside the school building. The teachers would never (let us / wear). our outdoor shoes at all and they (make us / change) in the changing rooms from the moment we entered the building. Id never known teachers (be) . more strict about any other school rule. The trouble was that my indoor shoes really (make me / suffer) ..because they were so tight. (Let / expand) our shoes! a fellow sufferer suggested. He had had a brilliant idea. We put plastic bags inside our shoes and poured water into the bags. We sealed the bags carefully and put our shoes into the freezer. Of course the ice (make the shoes / expand) . and they were a pleasure to wear. This clever idea (help me / get) . through my schooldays with less discomfort and I have never forgotten it!

Ex 3. Complete the sentences. Sometimes you need only one word, sometimes two. Model: I need some money. I'd better .go to the bank. 1. John is expecting you to phone him. You better do it now. 2. Shall I leave the window open?' 'No, you'd better ......................... it.' 3. We'd better leave as soon as possible, .......... we? 4. Wed do something about the problem. 5. I look through the rule again. Ex. 4. Read the situations and write sentences with had better. Use the words in brackets. Model: You're going out for a walk with Tom. If might rain. You say to Tom: (an umbrella) ...We'd better take. an umbrella. 1. Jack has just cut himself. It's quite a bad cut. You say to him: (a plaster) .......................................................................................................................................... 2 You and Ann plan to go to a restaurant this evening. It's a very popular restaurant. You say (reserve) 3 Jill doesn't look very well - not well enough to go to work. You say to her: (work) ....................................................................................................................................... 4 You received your phone bill four weeks ago but you haven't paid it yet. If you don't pay very soon, you could be in trouble. You say to yourself: (pay).. 5 You want to go out but you're expecting an important phone call. You say to your friend: (go out) I 6 You and Fiona are going to the theatre. You've missed the bus and you don't want to be late. (take) .. Ex. 5. Insert 'to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. 1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. She can (sing) quite well. 3. He will be able (swim) very soon. 4. I used (live) in a caravan. 5. You ought (go) today. It may (rain) tomorrow. 6. You needn't (say) anything. Just nod your head and he will (understand). 7. I want (see) the house where our president was born. 8. He made her (repeat) the message. 9. May 1 (use) your phone? 10. You needn't (ask) for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 11. If you want (get) there before dark you should (start) at once. 12. I couldn't (remember) his address. 13. You'll be able (do) it yourself when you are older. 14. Would you like (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end? 15. They won't let us (leave) the Customs shed till our luggage has been examined. 16. How dare you (open) my letters! 17. He didn't dare (argue) with his boss. 18. I used (smoke) forty cigarettes a day. 19. Will you help me (move) the bookcase? 20. He wouldn't let my baby (play) with his gold watch. 21. They refused (accept) the bribe. 22. He is expected (arrive) in a few days.

23. Please let me (know) your decision as soon as possible. 24. He made us (wait) for hours. 25. Could you (tell) me the time, please? 26. We must (send) him a telegram. 27. I let him (go) early as he wanted (meet) his wife. 28. Where would you like (have) lunch? 29. You can (leave) your dog with us if you don't (want) (take) him with you. 30. I'd like him (go) to a university but I can't (make) him (go). 31. We could (go) to a concert, unless you'd prefer (visit) a museum. 32. You seem (know) this area very well. -Yes, I used (live) here. 33. The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn't dare (disobey). 34. Need I (come)? I'd much rather (stay) at home. 35. You can (take) a horse to water but you can't (make) him (drink). (proverb) 36. I'm sorry (disappoint) you but I can't (let) you (have) any more money. Ex. 6. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. (In some of the sentences a present participle could be used instead of an infinitive. These alternatives will be noted in the key.) 1. It is easy (be) wise after the event. 2. Do you (wish) (make) a complaint? 3. We don't (want) anybody (know) that we are here. 4. If you can't (remember) his number you'd better (look) it up. 5. I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought (know) it. 6. He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country. 7. Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals. 8. Could I (see) Mr Pitt, please?-I'm afraid Mr Pitt isn't in. Would you like (speak) to his secretary? 9. It's better (travel) hopefully than (arrive), (proverb) 10. He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn't you had better (show) him. 11. He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt. 12. I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor. 13. He tried (make) me (believe) that he was my stepbrother. 14. As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house. 15. I felt the house (shake) with the explosion. 16. He told me (try) (come) early. 17. Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what we had seen. 18. Would you (like) (come) in my car - No, thanks, I'd rather (walk). 19. I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off. 20. It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) it under your bed in an old stocking. 21. He doesn't even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them. 22. The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them how (open) the safe. 23. If you knew he was wrong, why didn't you (say) something?-I didn't like (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him. 24. It's better (be) sure than sorry. 25. What do you (want) me (tell) him? - Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be delighted (discuss) the matter with him. 26. Did you remember (give) him the money? - No, I didn't, I still have it in my pocket; but I'll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time. 27. I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes. 28. That is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you. 29. I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (handle) firearms. 30. I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames. 31. There is nothing (do) but (wait) till somebody comes (let) us out. 32. He heard a cock (crow) in a neighbouring village. 33. You may as well (tell) us the truth. It will (be) easy (check) your story. 34. The American said he had seen nine presidents (come) and (go). He must (be) a very old man. 35. It is up to you (learn) the laws of your own country. 36. Would you rather (be) more stupid than you look or (look) more stupid than you are? Ex. 7. Translate the following into English using the Infinitive with or without the particle to. 1. , .

10

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

, - . . . , . ? . . . . , . , . , . . -. , . . . ? . . , . ? , . . . . . , ? , . , - . . ? , , . , . 1.3. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE INFINITIVE

Functions Subject Part of a compound nominal predicate (predicative) modal Part of a compound verbal predicate Object

Indicators a) in the initial position: b) with the anticipatory it eg. Its easy to ..., it was important to ..., its wise of him to be in the required tense form a) after modal verbs b) modal expressions *c) verbs denoting modality: expect, desire, hate, hope, like, intend, want, try, wish, etc. after verbs expressing the beginning, duration or end of an action: begin, cease, continue, go on, finish, start, etc. after verbs of: a) sense perception: see, hear, feel, notice, watch, etc. b) wish and intention: desire, intend, mean, want, wish, etc. c) mental activity: believe, consider, know, think, etc. d) feeling, emotion: dislike, hale, like e) declaring: announce, declare, pronounce, report, etc. f) order, compulsion and permission: allow, get, have, let, make, order, permit

Patterns To study is never late.. It is never late to study. His desire was to have a dog. I can speak English well. When I was a boy I was not able to speak English well. *c) I expect to arrive in Bern at 4 o'clock. Bob began to work. She continued to talk about the problem. He claims to be an expert on the subject. I heard him lock the door. I want you to come along with us. He believes it to have been a mistake. She hales him to be bothered. They reported the enemy to be seven miles away. Let her do what she wants to do. What made you believe it?

aspect

Part of a complex object

11

after: a) abstract and class nouns b) indefinite pronouns: somebody, something, someone c) ordinal numerals: first, third Attribute d) substantivized adjectives: last, next substantivized quantitative adjectives: much, little, (no)more,(no)less, little more e) the noun-substitude one purpose sometimes introduced by the conjunction in order to, so as consequen after adjectives modified by enough Adverbial ce (result) and too modifier of Comparison Conjunctions; as if, as though, than (manner)

There's no matter to discuss. There is somebody to look after. He was the first to come. She was the last to do it. Ive got no more to add. A man in your position has so much to lose. Im not the one to believe. He said it (in order) to save your life. Bill is wise enough to confess his fault.

He opened his mouth as if to speak. He liked more to listen to the troubles of others than discuss her own. parenthesi to be honest, to begin with, to cut the long story short, to get to the point, not to make too much of it, to put it another way, to tell you the truth, to say the least, to put it mildly, to say nothing of, to be frank, etc. s * c) I expect to arrive in Bern at 4 o'clock. Some scholars consider it to be an object. 1.3.1 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT The infinitive as subject may either precede the predicate or follow it. In the latter case it is introduced by socalled introductory (anticipatory) it, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence. To do this work is impossible. Its impossible to do this work. N.B! The second case a) is more common, b) can be both interrogative and declarative. (Is it possible to do this work?/It is possible to do this work.) 2. If there are 2 or more homogeneous infinitive subjects in the sentence, all of them take to To be alone, to be free would be happiness to him. It was cruel to do or even to say it. 3. The function of the subject can be performed by the infinitive of any voice, aspect or perfect form. COMMENTARY Its difficult to explain his behavior. to explain is a subject expressed by the indefinite infinitive active with the particle to. The subject is introduced by the anticipatory it. To explain his behaviour is difficult. to explain is a subject expressed by the indefinite infinitive active with the particle to. THE INFINITIVE AS PREDICATIVE The Infinitive as predicative is used in compound nominal predicates after the link verb to be. Eg. Their wish is to master English grammar. N.B! My intention was to go , to see , to My intention was to go and see , or get The infinitive as predicative is used in the following way: 1) In sentences with an infinitive in the function of both the subject and predicative (To see her was to admire her) 2) The set of nouns used as the subject is limited (action, aim, ambition, attempt, business, desire, duty, habit, hope, wish, idea, job, rule, wish about 50 nouns) 3) The predicative infinitive phrase can be introduced by conjunctive adverbs and pronouns how, when, where, what, whom. (The problem was how to begin) 4) The subject can be a. performed by all or the most, the least (All he wanted was to be left alone) b. performed by a gerund or what-clause (What we need is to love somebody) COMMENTARY: His behaviour is difficult to explain. to explain is a predicative expressed by the indefinite infinitive active with the particle to.

1.

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THE COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE (consists of two parts the nominal and structural) can be; The compound verbal modal predicate consists of a modal part and an infinitive. The modal part may be expressed by a) A modal verb b) A modal expression (to be able, be allowed, be willing , had better, would rather) c) *An attitudinal verb (like, hate, expect, mean, try, want ) Some scholars consider it to be an object. Kobrina p. 112 The compound verbal aspect (or phasal) predicate consists of two parts (the nominal and structural) The structural part is represented by verbs denoting various stages of the action: a) Beginning (to begin, start, commence, to set out, to take to, to fall to, to come) b) Duration (to go on, to keep on, proceed, continue) c) Repetition (would, used to) d) Cessation (stop, finish, cease, to give up, to leave off) COMMENTARY: You must be careful. be is part of a compound verbal modal predicate expressed by a bare indefinite infinitive active used after the modal verb must. She continued to ask him questions. to ask is a compound verbal aspect(phasal) predicate expressed by a full indefinite infinitive active. PRACTICE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT Ex 1. Comment the use of the infinitive. Paraphrase these proverbs and sayings by using the infinitive in the initial position. MODEL: Its difficult to explain his behavior. to explain is part of a subject expressed by the indefinite infinitive active with the particle to. The subject is introduced by the anticipatory it. To explain his behaviour is difficult. 1. It is never too late to learn. 2. It is easy to be wise after the event. 3. It's better to give than to take. 4. It takes two to make a quarrel. 5. It's a woman's/lady's privilege to change her mind. 6. It is easy to bear the misfortunes of others. 7. It is better to travel hopefully than to arrive. 8. It is easier to pull down than to build. 9. It's never too late to mend. 10. It's useless to flog a dead horse. 11. When guns speak it is too late to argue. 12. It's too late to lock the stable when the horse has been stolen. Ex.2 a) Use the infinitives given below as subjects: to give up. to stop, to say, to forget, to explain, to lose, to know, to repair, to hear, to search, to mention, to look up, to wait, to speak, to take. 1. He went off. ... for him now was a torture. 2. It's difficult for him ... smoking. 3. It was impossible ... the bicycle. 4. ... the map well means to be able to show any country or town on it. 5. It took us twelve days ... the island. 6. ... the past was impossible. 7. It was his habit every August ... his family to the seaside for change of air. 8. ... at this stage would be a great pity. 9. It's such a comfort ... you say so, doctor. 10. It took him half an hour ... the words in the dictionary. 11. At this moment ... required more effort than she could make.

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12. 13. 14. 15.

It takes an effort ... weight. It's hardly necessary for me ... how grateful I'm for all you've done. It would be tactless ... the subject. It would be no good ... again.

b) Complete the sentences with the infinitives as subjects. 1. It's interesting ... 2. It'll take you a fortnight ... 3. ... was very pleasant. 4. I think it's more comfortable ... 5. ... is the only thing to do. 6. It usually takes me ... 7. It's boring ... 8. ... would be much more useful. 9. It's difficult for her ... 10. Will it be possible for them ... ? 11. ... isn't an easy matter. 12. How much time did it take you ... ? 13. Is it important for people ... ? 14. ... would be unjust. 15. It's my job .... Ex.3 Make one sentence out of two using the infinitive as a subject. Eg. People elect and are elected. It is the right of every citizen. a) To elect and be elected is the right of every citizen. b) Its the right of every citizen to elect and to be elected. 1. He liked to walk in the garden. It was pleasant. 2. He was to answer the teachers question. It was difficult. 3. We must prove it. Its our task. 4. They were to include the information available. It was their aim. 5. She was to drive to London. It was her plan. Ex.4 Translate into English. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. . . . , , , ? . 20 , . , . . , : . . , . . , , . . . . . . . . . . , , . , .

16.
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25.

14

26. . 27. . 28. . 29. ? 30. , . INFINITIVE AS PREDICATIVE Ex. 1. Comment on the use of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian. Model: His behaviour is difficult to explain. to explain is a part of a predicative expressed by the indefinite infinitive active with the particle to. 1. The reason of his success is easy to understand. 2. Her neighbour was difficult to talk to. 3. The house was charming to look at, but rather inconvenient to live in. 4. Is your friend easy to deal with? 5. The date of the letter was impossible to make out. 6. Gemma was pleasant to look at and interesting to talk to 7. The Gadfly was difficult to convince. Ex.2 a) Use the infinitives given below as predicative: to visit, to encourage, to tell, to keep, to try, to go on, to return, to become, to reach, to bake, to check, to ask, to offend, to see, to take. 1. My plan for this weekend is ... one of my delicious apple pies. 2. My advice to you is ... a coach tour. 3. My next plan for the holiday is ... Europe. 4. The only thing that could do you best is ... a long rest. 5. The place is difficult ... by land. 6. His duty was ... us some questions on the matter. 7. The last thing I meant was ... you. 8. The only thing she could do was ... the truth. 9. My next plan was ... to the house avoiding Wells if possible. 10. The greatest thing is ... our heads up. 11. My suggestion for you is ... the answers on your own. 12. But for the present the best thing to do was ... him in his studies. 13. What turn things will take place is the best thing ... now. 14. There was no water nearby and the only thing was ... to find it somewhere. 15. His life's ambition was ... an economist. b) Use the infinitive as a predicative to complete the sentences. 1. Our plan was ... 2. To act like this meant ... 3. The first thing he did was ... 4. The main problem ... 5. Our next step must be ... 6. What I want is ... 7. Our only chance to see him ... 8. To ask him a straight question means ... 9. Your next task is ... 10. My advice to her was ... 11. My only wish is ... 12. What she wants now is ... 13. My proposal is ... 14. Her aim is ... 15. What I have come for ... Ex. 3. Complete the following. 1. The book was difficult ... .2. She is pleasant ... .3. This problem will not be difficult ... 4. The boy is hard ... .5. What he says is pleasant . .. , but rather hard .... His stories are too incredible .... 6. The sentence is easy ... and useful ... . 7. All she cooks is nice ... and delicious ....

Ex.4. Change the structure of the sentences according to the model.

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Model: It is difficult to explain his behaviour. (subject) His behaviour is difficult to explain. (predicative) 1. It is rather hard to read his handwriting. 2. It is very pleasant to listen to him. He sings so well. 3. It is hard to polish a diamond. 4. It is easy to answer such questions. 5. It is very comfortable to work at this desk. 6. It was very amusing to watch the scene. 7. It was easy to follow the track. 8. It was difficult to get along with him. Ex. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Infinitive as predicative. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. , . . . , , . . . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. , , . 12. , . 13. . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , . 17. , . 18. , . 19. . 20. , , . 21. , 2 . 22. , . 23. . 24. , , . 25. .

THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE Ex. 11. Comment on the use of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive in the combination modal verb + infinitive. Model: You must be careful. be is a part of a compound verbal modal predicate expressed by a bare infinitive active used after the modal verb must. 1. Old Jolyon said simply, "I suppose I oughtn't to have time here, Jo!" 2. To the north we could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees. 3. "I wish you could put some sense into Uncle Simon," he said. 4. Something festive ought to be done tonight. 5. "I thought a nice visit might cheer you up," said Miss Packard. 6. She had to be at seven the next morning. 7. You ought to have learnt by now that I know my own mind. 8. "My lord Milton," cried Evelyn, "could you have done something?" 9. But as she often justly remarked, sentiment was to be deprecated. 10.I must be going now, I felt it was due to you to know exactly how things stand. 11. ...I am to be given more food and drink. 12. I could have crumpled them (the papers) up and thrown them at him, only they would not have hurt. 13. I promise faithfully that I'll be on that train. I suppose no great harm could be done in two hours. 14. I feel I ought to have gone with him. One of us ought to have done so. 15. She must have come early to have got a position like that. 16. You must see that I cannot take the responsibility. 17. Yet the gentleman might have said, "I should like a portrait of my wife," and the lady might have said, "I should like a portrait of my husband." 18. "All right," I said to Andy. "You can come, and he can run in ahead of us if he likes." 19. That may have been a

16

false statement made so that Rogers should appear to be in the same position as ourselves. 20. I fancy he must have belonged to some society. Ex. 12. Use the required form of the infinitive after can (could) in the following sentences. Comment on the use of the infinitive. Model: She cant have missed the party. The modal verb can is used to express certainty. 1. Her face was quite unlined and she could not ((to be) more than thirty. 2. I'm wondering if something can (to do) about it. 3. Her friend said quickly: "I know where you can (to get) your bicycle fixed." 4. "You couldn't (to worry) too much," Jack was tempted to say, "if you're still out at one thirty in the morning." 5. It's impossible. He can't (to do) it. 6. There wasn't anything wrong with tea. There couldn't (to be). 7. Harry's story disappointed him because if the girl had been with him at half past eight she couldn't (to be) at Hexley at the same time. 8. She lay, raised up rather high upon the pillow, her eyes closed and her hair undone. She could not (to sleep), though it would have been hard to say quite how this was evident. 9. "Have you seen anything of Roberta lately?" "Not for ages. I don't know what she can (to do)." 10. He couldn't (to hear) the news at dinner because his sister hadn't arrived yet. 11.1 can easily (to walk) to the railway station. Ex. 13. Use the required form of the infinitive after may (might) in the following sentences. Comment on the use of the modal verb. 1. On the whole there was less said than might (to expect). 2. Dont turn on the light.The fellow may (to lurk) outside the house door. 3. You've acquired a great deal of experience. You might (to write) a book. 4. There was no sign of John in the street. Of course, I said to myself, he might (to detain) at his office. 5. "Who said Mr Sorrel had gone to America?" "He might (to tell) it himself." 6. Strickland is very ill. He may (to die). Jack had the feeling that Maurice might one day (to break) down. 8. But what you tell me may not (to be) true. 9. I was deeply shocked and worried. "It is no easy matter to find the man," the doctor said to me. He might (to read) my thoughts. 10. He may not (to want) to become a publisher in the first place, but once he had taken it up the profession had appeared to absorb all his interests. 11. Mr Fox said something about it once, but I might not (to understand) him properly. 12. "Then why on earth all this secrecy?" "One never knows who may (to listen)." Ex. 14. Use the required form of the infinitive after must: Comment on the use of the modal verb. 1. Both sisters must (to be) ashamed of having spoken as they had in front of a third person. 2. Fred knew that the girl's father was a draper and had four assistants. "He must (to do) well," he said to her. "He doesn't complain," said the girl. 3. The night porter was very good-looking and it must (to take) him a half-hour to comb his hair into such shining black perfection. 4. "You must (to be) right," I said. 5. They must (to hear) that the fellow was in London. 6. But at last he rose realizing dully that he had work which he must (to do). 7. He had a faint feeling of satisfaction in the thought that Mat must (to wonder) why they had gone off together. 8.1 must (to sit) there for a quarter of an hour waiting and thinking about it before I saw the letter. 9. "His relatives do not think so." "Then they must (to be) a lot.of damned fools." 10. Mrs Cromwell took us round the yacht. There was no doubt that it must (to cost) her a lot of

17

money. 11. He had said that he himself was an admirer of Stendahl. This must (to influence) him in making his decision. 12. At half past two I heard Hudson grunt, put down his book and switch out the light. He must (to read) since midnight. 13. "I must (to get) old," she said, "to be talking like that." 14. There were a lot of mirrors that must (to buy) at the sale of some old restaurant. 15. When I jumped up the thing fell off my knee. It must (to lie) there yet. 1.3.2 THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT THE INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT

offer agree refuse

decide plan arrange

hope aim learn

deserve afford forget

attempt manage fail

promise threaten

If these verbs are followed by another verb, the structure is usually verb + to (infinitive): It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home. Simon was in a difficult situation, so I agreed to lend him some money. How old were you when you learnt to drive? (or learn how to drive) I waved to Karen but failed to attract her attention. Note these examples with the negative not to: We decided not to go out because of the weather. I promised not to be late. With many verbs you cannot normally use to . .for example, enjoy / think / suggest: I enjoy dancing. (not enjoy to dance) Ian suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go) Are you thinking of buying a car? (not thinking to buy) We also use toafter: For example: seem appear tend pretend claim.

They seem to have plenty of money. I like George but I think he tends to talk too much. Ann pretended not to see me as she passed me in the street.
There is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done): I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (= I pretended that I was reading) You seem to have lost weight. ( = it seems that you have lost weight) We say decide to do something, a promise to do something etc. (noun + to): I think his decision to give up his job was stupid. George has a tendency to talk to much. After the following verbs you can use a question word (what / whether / how etc.) + to : ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand wonder

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We asked Have you decided I dont know Do you understand

how where whether what

to get to go to apply to do?

to the station. for your holidays? for the job or not.

Also: show / tell / ask / advise / teach somebody what / how / where to do something: Can somebody show me how to change the film in this camera? Ask Jack. Hell tell you what to do. Ex. 1 Complete the sentences for each situation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Shall we get married? Yes, lets. They decided to get married. Please, help me. OK. She agreed Can I carry your bag for you? No, thanks. I can manage. He offered .. Lets meet at 8 oclock. OK, fine. They arranged . Whats your name? Im not going to tell you. She refused

Ex. 2 Complete each sentence with a suitable verb. Eg. Dont forget to post the letter I gave you. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There was a lot of traffic but we managed to the airport in time. Jill has decided not . a car. Weve got a new computer in our office. I havent learnt .. it yet. I wonder where Sue is. She promised not . late. We were all too afraid to speak. Nobody dared . anything.

Ex. 3 Put the verb into the correct form, to or ing. 1. When Im tired, I enjoyed watching television. Its relaxing. (watch) 2. It was a nice day, so we decided for a walk. (go) 3. Its a nice day. Does anyone fancy for a walk? (go) 4. Im not in a hurry. I dont mind (wait) 5. They dont have much money. They cant afford out very often. (go) 6. I wish that dog would stop . Its driving me mad. (bark) 7. Our neighbor threatened the police if we didnt stop the noise. (call) 8. We were hungry, so I suggested dinner early. (have) 9. Hurry up! I dont want to risk .. the train. (miss) 10. Im still looking for a job but I hope something soon. (find) Ex.4 Make a new sentence using the verb in brackets.

1. He has lost weight.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tom is worried about something. You know a lot of people. My English is getting better. That car has broken down. David forgets things. They have solved the problem.

(seem) He seems to have lost weight. (appear) Tom appears ... (seem) You ...... (seem) .. (appear) ..... (tend) .. (claim) ..

Ex.5 Complete each sentence using what / how / whether + one of these verbs.

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do 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

get

go

ride

say

use

1. Do you know how to get to Johns house?

Can you show me .this washing machine? Would you know .. if there was a fire in the building? Youll never forget . a bicycle once you have learned. I was really astonished. I didnt know Ive been invited to the part but I dont know . or not.

want expect

ask beg

help would like mean (= intend) would prefer

would love would hate

These verbs are

followed by to (infinitive). The structure can be: verb + to verb + object + to We expected to be late. We expected Tom to be late. Would you like to go now? Would you like me to go now? He doesnt want to know. He doesnt want anybody to know. Be careful with want. Do not say want that: Do you want me to come with you? (not Do you want that I come) After help you can use the infinitive with or without to. So you can say: Can you help me to move this table? or Can you help me move this table?

tell remind order warn for)

force

enable teach invite persuade get (= persuade, arrange

These verbs have the structure verb + object + to . : Can you remind me to phone Ann tomorrow? Who taught you to drive? I didnt move the piano by myself. I got somebody to help me. Jim said the switch was dangerous and warned me not to touch it. In the next example, the verb is passive (was warned): Jane suggested that I should buy a car. (not Jane suggested me to buy)

advise

recommended

encourage

allow

permit

forbid

There are two possible structures after these verbs. Compare: verb + ing (without an object) I wouldnt recommend staying in that hotel. She doesnt allow smoking in the house. verb + object + to I wouldnt recommend anybody to stay in that hotel. She doesnt allow us to smoke in the house.

Compare these examples with (be) allowed (passive): Smoking isnt allowed in the house. / We arent allowed to smoke in the house. Make and let These verbs have the structure verb + object + infinitive (without to): The customs officer made Sally open her case. (not to open) Hot weather makes me feel tired. (= causes me to feel tired)

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Her parents wouldnt let her go out alone. (= wouldnt allow her to go out) Let me carry your bag for you.

1. Complete the questions. Use do you want me to ? or would you like me to? with one of these verbs (+ any other necessary words): come lend repeat show shut wait

1. Do you want to go alone or do you want me to come with you ?

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Have you got enough money or do you want...? Shall I leave the window open or would you....? Do you know how to use the machine or would...? Did you hear what I said or do..? Can I go now or do...?

2. Complete the sentences for each situation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lock the door. OK. She told him to lock the door. Why dont you come and stay with us for a few days? Yes, Id love to. They invited him Can I use your phone? No! She wouldnt let . Be careful. Dont worry. I will. She wanted . Can you give me a hand? Yes, of course. He asked .

3. Complete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.

1. My father said I could use his car. My father allowed me to use his car.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. I was surprised that it rained. I didnt expect . Dont stop him doing what he wants. Let .. He looks older when he wears glasses. Glasses make I think you should know the truth. I want... Dont let me forget to phone my sister. Remind. At first I didnt want to apply for the job but Sarah persuaded me. Sarah persuaded... 8. My lawyer said I shouldnt say anything to the police. My lawyer advised.. 9. I was told that I shouldnt believe everything he says. I was warned... 10.If youve got a car, you are able to travel round more easily. Having a car enables 4. Put the verb in the right form:ing or infinitive (with or without to).

1. She doesnt allow smoking in the house. (smoke)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Ive never been to Iceland but Id like ..there. (go) Im in a difficult position. What do you advise me ..? (do) She said the letter was personal and wouldnt let me it. (read) We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed .(go) Where would you recommend me .for my holidays? (go) I wouldnt recommend ...in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat) The film was very sad. It made me . (cry) Carols parents always encouraged her .hard at school. (study)

7.
8.

Exercise 5. Translate into English using the infinitive as an object: 1. , . 2. .

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3. . 4. . 5. , . 6. . 7. ? 8. . 9. , . 10. . 11. . 12. , , . 13. . 14. , . 15. -? 16. . 17. . 18. , . 19. , . 20. , , . 21. . 22. , . 23. -? 24. . 25. . 26. , . 27. , . 28. : . 29. , , . VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE Verbs followed immediately by an Infinitive (direct object) Verbs followed immediately by a noun/pronoun + Infinitive (indirect object)

1. Agree 2. Appear 3. Ask , 4. Choose 5. Come 6. Decide 7. Demand 8. Deserve 9. Fail 10. Forget 11. Happen 12. Hesitate 13. Hope 14. Intend 15. Learn 16. Manage 17. Mean 18. Offer 19. Prepare 20. Pretend 21. Prove 22. Refuse 23. Regret 22

31. Advise 32. Allow 33. Appoint 34. Ask , 35. Beg , 36. Call 37. Choose 38. Command 39. Convince 40. Direct 41. Encourage 42. Expect 43. Forbid 44. Instruct 45. Invite 46. Like 47. Oblige 48. Order 49. Prefer 50. Promise 51. Require 52. Teach 53. Tell

24. Remember 25. Seem 26. Stop 27. Struggle 28. Threaten
29. Try 30. Wait

54. Want 55. Warn 56. Wish 57. Write

1.3.3. THE INFINITIVE AS ATTRIBUTE The English infinitive functioning as an attribute can modify: 1. nouns, both abstract and concrete: Because of his quarrel with his family he was in no position to get the news. The best thing to do would be to go back. 2. indefinite, negative and universal pronouns in -body, -thing, -one (one): Have you anything to offer me? He was someone to admire. He had everything to make his life a happy one. Occasionally personal and reflexive pronouns: I've only you to look to. Oh, but you have only yourself lo praise. 3. substantivized ordinal numerals (especially first) and the substantivized adjectives next and last: Jack was the first to come. She was the last to reach the hall. 4. the substantivized quantitative adjectives much, little, (no) more, (no) less, little more, enough: A man in your position has so much to lose. I've no more to add. the substantivized adverb nowhere: Now 1 had nobody to see, nowhere to go. 5. the noun-substitute one. I am not the one to run about and discuss my affairs with other people. The most common form of the infinitive functioning as an attribute is the non-perfect common aspect active voice form. N.B! When performing the function of an attribute the infinitive is always used with the particle to. If there are two or more homogeneous attributes the second (and the following) retain to if joined asyndetically, but drop it if joined by conjunctions. There was, however, my little Jean to look after, to take care of. Did he give you any small parcel to bring back and deliver to anyone in England? I suppose theres nothing to be done, but comply and depart. The relation between the attributive infinitive and its head word can be of four kinds: subjective, objective, adverbial and appositive. 1. In phrases with subjective relation the head word denotes: a) the doer of the action of the infinitive But I wasn't the only person to bear you (who heard you). There was nothing to take him into the city (which would take). b) the bearer of the state expressed by an adjective or stative following the infinitive of the verb to be: He was not the man to be proud of his wealth. He is the last man to be afraid of you. 2. In phrases with objective relation the head word denotes an object (direct or prepositional): I have no money to give him: we are getting poor. But isn't there something to be done right now? If the infinitive requires a prepositional object, the latter is placed after the infinitive: Now I had nothing more to think about. There was Irene to be thought of. It isn't an idea to be proud of. He's done nothing to be ashamed of. 3. In phrases with an adverbial relation the head word denotes the time, place, or manner of the action expressed by the infinitive. The range of nouns used in such phrases is semantically limited: All this I saw in a moment, for I had only a moment to see in. (time relation) I have no home to go. It was a wonderful place to be taken to. (space relation) . This is the way to teach him. (relation of manner) 4. In phrases with an appositive relation the head word is an abstract noun which requires a certain explication of its

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meaning, and the infinitive provides that explication: She manifested the greatest anxiety to be on good terms with him. They had no desire to spread scandal, no desire to be ill-natured. The infinitive as an attribute may be introduced by a conjunction: _ He had sought in vain for inspiration how to awaken love. I had now an idea what to do. The conjunctive infinitive phrase may be governed by a preposition: They had no knowledge of how to live on. He's got no information about when to start.

COMMENTARY This is a film not to be missed. to be missed is an attribute expressed by an indefinite infinitive passive with the particle to used after a common noun film PRACTICE Ex.1. Comment on the use of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the rendering of the infinitive as attribute. Model: This is a film not to be missed. to be missed is an attribute expressed by an indefinite infinitive passive with the particle to used after a common noun film 1. The desire to write was stirring in Martin once more. 2; He had a good deal to say about India. 3. The relief from that long waiting, the feeling of nothing to worry about, was so delicious. 4. The first person to enter was Mrs. Evans, her face white, her dark frightened eyes avoiding his. 5. He looked at the shelves of books to be read and understood. 6. He received a note to say that he was expected at the family dinner. 7. Andrew was the third to go in for the interview.8. You have health and much to live for. Ex. 2. Replace the subordinate attributive clause by an infinitive in the function of an attribute. a) MODEL: I had avoided the house all day and had brought food that we could eat by the lake. I had avoided the house all day and had brought food to eat by the lake. 1. Thank you very much, but I've got something better I can do with my time. 2. There was nothing else we could do. 3. He might have something he wanted to tell her. 4. I just want to look round and see if there's anything that can be done. 5. Scarlett, I have something so important I want to tell you. I hardly know how to say it. 6. At the end of the year there was a great 'deal we had to do. 7. There was nothing more that could be done here. 8. There are various things we must discuss. 9. Everything was all right, there wasn't a tiling one could find fault with. 10. I've got a suggestion I can make to you. b) Complete the following using the infinitives as attributes. 1. He was always the first ... 2. We have nothing ... 3. This is the chance ... 4. He isn't a man ... 5. She made an attempt ... 6. Is there anybody ... ? 7. He always finds something ... 8. This is the information ... 9. He spoke of his wish ... 10. You see I have no time ... Ex. 3. Replace the infinitive used in the function of an attribute by an attributive clause.

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Model: Probably there's nothing to do. Probably there's nothing that we can do. 1. I had apparently nothing to fear. 2. "Did they give you anything to drink?" I said. 3. Her parents were away from home, so there would be nobody to look after her. 4. I should have thought it would be more to the point to get up and enjoy a splendid day. 5. It was not the thing to say. 6. Well, there is nothing to see inside. 7. There was nothing else to do. 8. She found no one to admire. *Ex. 4. Paraphrase the following so as to use the infinitive as attribute. a) 1. There was nothing that might keep him at home that night, and he gladly accepted the invitation. 2. He is not the man who would shirk his duty. 3. This is a mineral that can be found only in this part of the country. 4. There are so many letters that must be answered! 5. I have so many letters that must be answered! 6. She had no one in whom she could confide. 7. Can you entrust the work to anyone? 8. Here is the list of medicines which are not to be sold without a prescription. 9. We could not spare a moment. 10. Can anything be done to prevent such accidents? b) 1. The parcels are all sorted out. Here are the ones that are to go (to be sent) by air. 2. The questions that are going to be submitted for discussion must be circulated two days before the opening session. 3. The ship has arrived with the pictures which will be displayed at the international exhibition. 4. The delegates to the scientific conference which will be held on the 19th of July have to register with the organizing committee. 5. The library has received a prospectus of the books which will be published this year. 6. We must have five more reports printed; *Ex. 5. Complete the sentences using infinitives in the function of an attribute. a) 1. There's nothing else ... . 2. They had very little ... 3. There were no objections ... that you could put your finger on. 4. He was nearly the last ... . 5. You see I have no time ... . Prompts: to do, to say, to waste, to make, to arrive b) Complete the sentences using infinitives in the function of an attribute. 1 I was thirsty, but there was nothing 2 I was tired out, but there was nowhere ................................. 3 We were all hungry, but. there wasn't very much ................................ 4 We were late setting off. so there was no time ............................... 5 I couldn't do It alone, and there was no one ................................ . 6 The children were bored. They said there was nothing ........................ 7 There were no books or newspapers, nothing at all ................................. 8 I couldn't find my way, and there was no one ................................. 9 I switched on the TV. but there wasn't really anything .......................... 10. We had a walk round the town, but there wasnt anything interesting . Ex. 6. Insert the infinitives given in brackets in the appropriate form. Add post-posed prepositions if necessary. 1. I have a lot of things ... and many problems ... . (to think, to consider). 2. How many classes have you got ... this week? (to attend). 3. There were usually hundreds of matters, big and small, .... (to attend). 4. He would never fail to find something.... even if there was little or nothing .... (to say, to speak). 5. She always came with some little story ... , looking for some body ... it. (to tell). 6. Tell the child matches are a dangerous thing .... (to play). 7. There are two more games and the tournament will be over. (to play). Ex. 7. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Infinitive as attribute. 1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. , . 5. .

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6. -, ? 7. . 8. - . 9. : . 10. , . 11. . 12. . 13. , . 14. : . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. . 19. . 20. . 21. . 22. . 23. . 24. , . 25. , . 26. . 27. . 28. , . 29. , , . 30. . 31. , . 32. , . 33. , . 34. . 35. , , . 1.3.4. THE INFINITIVE AS ADVERBIAL MODIFIER The infinitive can be used as an adverbial modifier of: purpose, subsequent events, consequence, attendant circumstances, comparison, condition, exception, time, motivation. In all these functions but that of the adverbial modifier of exception, the infinitive is used with the particle to. 1. The adverbial modifier of purpose. In this function the action denoted by the infinitive is always a hypothetical action following the action denoted by the predicate I think I will go to England to improve my English. We stood in the rain and were taken out one at a time to be questioned and shot. The position of the infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of purpose varies. It usually stands after the predicate, though the position at the beginning of the sentence is also possible; To occupy her mind, however, she took the job given her. In both positions the infinitive may be preceded by the conjunction in order: I keep a diary in order to enter the wonderful secrets of my life. In order to see her better he had to turn his head. The infinitive of purpose may also be introduced by the conjunctions so as, as if, as though, and the preposition except, in which case it acquires the additional meanings of manner (so as), comparison (as if, as though) and exception (except): He turned away so as to conceal his tears. Sherbent down as if to look at the flowers. He stretched out his hand as though to shield his face. In weeks of fog I would curl up in a corner of the cabin and read, hardly lifting my eyes except to eat. Lastly, the infinitive of purpose may be modified by limiting particles: I'm here just to see you off. He came down only to say good-night to you. 2. The adverbial modifier of subsequent events. In this function the infinitive denotes an action that actually takes place after the action denoted by the predicate. The position of this adverbial in the sentence is fixed-it always follows the predicate

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He arrived at three o'clock to hear that Fleur had gone out with the car at ten. (He arrived and heard...) I came down one morning, to find Papa excited to the point of apoplexy. (I came down and found...) In this function the infinitive may be preceded by the particles only, merely, simply, which change the meaning of the whole sentence: the action denoted by the infinitive preceded by these particles makes the action denoted by the predicate pointless or irrelevant. She returned to London in a few days, only to learn mat Bess had gone to the continent. (She returned..., but learnt...) The men had tried a rush simply to be swept out of existence, (had tried a rush, but were swept...) 3. As an adverbial modifier of consequence (result) the infinitive depends on adjectives and adverbs modified by too, adjectives, adverbs and nouns modified by enough, adjectives modified by so, and nouns modified by such. In the last two cases the infinitive is introduced bv asa) He was too tired to argue. The story was too interesting to be passed over lightly. He had gone too far to draw back. b) He's old enough to learn this. I thought I liked Letty well enough to marry her. He was fool enough to enjoy the game. c) He had seen enough blasted, burned out tanks to have no illusions. d) Just the pressure of his hand was enough to upset her. e) She was so kind as to accept my proposal. f) Do you think I am such a fool as to let it out of my hands? 4. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances shows what other actions take place at the same time as the action of the predicate. He did not wake, but her voice floated out, to swell the night's uneasiness, (her voice floated out, swelling the night's uneasiness) The fog oozed in ungenially to smear sooty fingers over the two elegant young people who sat inside, (the fog oozed in ..., smearing sooty finger's...) 5. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of comparison refers to predicate groups including adjectives or adverbs in the comparative degree. The infinitive itself is introduced by than: To give is more blessed than to receive. Soon she realized, that it was much more pleasant to give than to be given. Note: Although the infinitive of comparison is generally used with to, it may also occur without it: I was more inclined to see her safely married than go on watching over her. 6. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of condition denotes an action the realization of which pre-conditions the realization of the action of the predicate. To look at Montmorency you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon earth... (If you looked..., you would imagine...) To touch it one would believe that it was the best of furs. (If one touched it, one would believe...) I'll thank- you to take your hands off me. (I'll thank you, if you take) 7. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of exception denotes the action which is the only possible one in the, situation. The infinitive is generally used without to and is introduced by the prepositions but and except. It is found in negative and interrogative sentences: I had nothing to do but wait. What could I do but submit? There is nothing to do except turn back. 8. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of time denotes an action which marks out the moment of time up to which or at which the action of the predicate is performed: His father lived to be ninety. (lived till he was...) I may not live to reach the airstrip this afternoon. (may not live till I reach...) He means well; but you shrug your shoulders to hear him talk? (you shrug... when you hear...) Go away! I shudder to see you here. (I shudder when I see...) 9. The infinitive used as an adverbial modifier of motivation refers to a compound nominal predicate with the predicative expressed by an adjective, a noun or a prepositional phrase denoting some kind of assessment of someone's intellectual faculties, morals or other qualities. The infinitive denotes an action which serves as a motivation on which this or that ssessment is based. The assessment itself

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is a temporary one: What an idiot I was not to have thought of it before! (I had not thought of it before, therefore I can justly be called an idiot.) She had been silly to come here. (She came here, and it was silly of her.) They're out of their mind to have sent you here! (They have sent you here, so one can think them out of their mind.) N.B! Of all the adverbials described above, only adverbial modifiers of purpose and consequence are widely used in both formal and informal style. The adverbials of subsequent events, attending circumstances, comparison and exception are confined to formal style; those of motivation, time and condition are characteristic of colloquial style. COMMENTARY He came to my place to see me. to see is an adverbial modifier of purpose expressed by the indefinite infinitive active. He came to my place in order to see me. to see is an adverbial modifier of purpose expressed by the indefinite infinitive active. The infinitive is introduces by the conjunction in order. To tell the truth, its easy. to tell the truth is a parenthesis. COMPREHENCION Define the type of the adverbial modifier: 1. I did my best to stop her. 2. Our teacher is too hard to please. 3. She raised her hand as if to arrange her hair. 4. To be there in time, you have to get up very early. 5. She is cleaver enough to understand this rule. 6. He was so polite as to invite us to the party. 7. I decided to take a taxi in order not to miss my train. 8. He awoke one morning to find himself famous. 9. To receive letters is more pleasant than to white them. 10. I came in to see if I could do something to help her. 11. He came to Africa to die of malaria. 12. Im studying English in order to become a good specialist. ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PURPOSE Ex. 1 Use the words in brackets to answer the questions: MODEL: Why did you go out? (buy some bread) .. I went out to buy some bread. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Why Why Why Why Why Why Why Why do you have to go to the bank? (change some money).. did she knock on your door? (wake me up) .......................................... are you saving money? (go to Canada) .. is Ron going into hospital? (have an operation) are you wearing two pullovers? (keep warm) do you go to the beach every week? (like swimming) .. did she moved to London? (find work) . is he leaving home? (going to University) .

Ex. 2 Combine each pair of sentences into one using an infinitive or infinitive phrase in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. When he left Mrs. Otter Philip went. She wanted to buy drawing materials. At last Lawson, exhausted, got up. He decided to go home. It occurred to him that his information might be used. He wanted to help the girl. I read about your problem and came. I wanted to see if I could help. He made up his mind. He decide to be more reasonable. He left the room he wanted to avoid trouble.

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7. He looked at me. He wanted to see what I meant. 8. His niece put her face up. She wanted to be kissed. We can use infinitive to say why somebody does something She sat down to rest. (NOTfor rest. OR for resting). In order toand so as to are common before be, know and have; and before other verbs in a more formal style. I got up early in order to be ready to leave at eight. She studied English in order to have a better chance of getting a job. I came to Britain so as to know more about British culture. N.B! In order and so as are normal before not to. I spoke quietly so as(in order) not to frighten her. (NOT I spoke quietly not to) Ex.3 Use the infinitive as an adverbial modifier of purpose using so as, in order to Use positive and negative sentences. MODEL: I read the story the second time ... a) I read the story the second time to understand it better. b) I read the story the second time so as to understand it better. c) I read the story the second time in order to understand it better. 1. I read the story the second time ... 2. He had to work hard ... 3. We must hurry (so as not) ... 4. After classes we stayed at the university ... 5. Has he come ... ? 6. I called on him yesterday ... 7. We stopped ... 8. He came immediately ... 9. Write down this rule ... 10. I won't play the radio loudly (so as not) ... 11. He stepped aside politely ... 12. I've opened the door ... Ex.3. Write sentences to say why people go to some of the following places. Begin You go MODEL: a library You go to a library to borrow books. 1. a bookshop 10. 2. a cinema 11. 3. a theatre 12. 4. a swimming pool 13. 5. a gymnasium 14. 6. a driving school 15. 7. a station 16. 8. an airport 17. 9. a travel agents

a church a football stadium a bank a post office a restaurant a supermarket a garage a newsagent

*Ex 4 Write a sentence to say why you are learning English. (to get a better job? To study something else? To travel? To?) If you can work with other students, find out why they are learning English. Ex.5 Translate into English. 1. , . 2. , . 3. 6 , . 4. , . 5. ? 6. , . 7. , . 8. , .

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9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

, . , . . , . , . , . . THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF RESULT (CONSEQUENCE) Too has a negative meaning. It shows that something is more than enough, necessary or wanted. It is used in the following patterns: a) too + adjective/adverb + to -infinitive e.g. It is too cold to go swimming. b) too ... for somebody/something e.g. This coffee is too sweet for me. c) too ... for somebody/something + to -Infinitive e.g. This house is too small for us to live in. Enough has a positive meaning. It shows that there is as much of something as is wanted or needed. It is used in the following patterns: a) adjective/adverb + enough + to -Infinitive e.g. She is old enough to go out on her own. BUT: not + adjective/adverb + enough + to Infinitive (negative meaning) e.g. He did not run fast enough to win the race. b) enough + noun + to -Infinitive e.g. We've got enough room to put you up.

Ex. 1. Complete the sentences with too or enough and the adjective in brackets: 1. A: Did you go to the beach yesterday? B: No. It wasnt .warm enough to go to the beach. (warm) 2. A: Do her new shoes fit her? B: No. They are . (small) 3. Have you finished your homework? B: I cant. Its . (difficult) 4. Did you hear the announcement? B: No. It wasnt (loud) 5. Can you open the window, please? B: I cant. Im not .. to reach it (tall) 1. A; Its . in here. (hot) B: Why dont you take your coat off, then? 7. A: Did you enjoy the party last night? B: No. We were to enjoy it. (tired) 8.Why dont you drink your tea? B: Its not for me to drink. (sweet) Ex. 2. Paraphrase the sentences: 1 He is very short. He cant be a basketball player. He is too ...short to be a basketball player. 2. She has saved enough money. She can go on holiday. She has saved ............................ 3. This tea is very hot. I can't drink it. This tea is ...................................................... 4. Daisy is very young. She can't go to school. Daisy is .................................................... 5. They have got lots of space. They can have a party. They have got ............................... 6. Paul is rich. He can buy a yacht. Paul is ...................................................................... 7. It's hot outside. You can't wear a coat. It's ........................................................... 8. Mary is mature. She can make her own decisions. Mary is ............................................ 9. This flat is small. We can't live in it any more. This flat is ............................................. 10. Ron has a lot of patience. He can look after the children. Ron has...............................

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Ex. 3. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Infinitive as adverbial modifier of purpose or result. 1. 6 , . 2. , . 3. . 4. ? 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. -, . 9. , . 10. , , . REVISION Define the function of the infinitive: 1. It was clever of him not to ask for more money. 2. She was the one to be loved for ever. 3. She began to talk about leaving her job. 4. The bank advised me to take the loan. 5. The pleasure to visit them was great. 6. To understand the rule means to use it. 7. There was nothing else to say. 8. Our plan was to start the job right away. 9. We used to meet every week. 10. You can come whenever you want. 11. You were the first to complete the task. 12. It gives me pleasure to visit them. 13. She was sorry to have been treating him so cruelly. 14. She continued to ignore his jokes. 15. To tell the truth, it was pleasant to do this exercise. 1.4. Constructions with the Infinitive The infinitive is used in:

1. predicative constructions of two types: a) the for-to-infinitive construction b) the objective with the infinitive construction (complex object)
2. The subjective infinitive construction (complex subject) 1.4.1 THE FOR-TO-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION In the for-to-infinitive construction the infinitive (usually an infinitive phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition for. The construction is used where the doer of the action (or the bearer of the state), expressed by the infinitive, is different from that of the finite verb (the predicate): The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the Infinitive is the same: He longed to see the truth. . All I want is to get out of here for good. , , - . The doer of the action of the finite verb and of the Infinitive is not the same: He longed for me to see the truth. , . All I want is for Jack to get out of here for good. , , - .

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In translating this construction into Russian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used. Eg. All I want is to get out of here for good. , , - . SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH THE FOR-PHRASE The for-phrases have different syntactical functions in the sentence: 1. The Subject* is it was will be good easy impossible for smb to do smth It's easier for me to go out and buy a new pair of gloves. . It's easy for you to answer this question. . It is not for me to say so. He .

2. The Object a) to wait to arrange to be anxious for smb to do smb I'm waiting for you to come. . I have arranged for you to have a private room. , . Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth. - . There is no one for the children to play with. . There is nothing else for me to say . It is not the right time for us to speak about it. . It was the only thing for me to do. , . stood aside for us to pass by. , . 4. The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose do smth for smb to do smth 5. The Adverbial Modifier of Result (too) cold wide (enough) for smb to do smth The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time. , - .

b) to make to think

it

difficult easy

for smb to do smth

3. The Attribute a) a) somebody There is nothing for smb to do smth b) It is only thing The right time for smb to do smth

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N.B! Nice Kind Sensible Silly Stupid tactless It was silly of you to ask that question. . It's nice (kind) of you to say so. ( ). It will be very sensible of you to go there at once. , . PRACTICE Comment on the use of the for-to-infinitive construction: 1. Im watching for someone to serve me. 2. At the station there were trolleys for passengers to put their luggage on. 3. We arranged for someone to look after the house. 4. Fiona was longing for her parcel to arrive. 5. Its difficult for untrained people to find work. We brought some toys for the children to play with. 6. For the diet to work properly, you have to follow it very strictly. 7. Its dangerous for children to play near the railway line. Exercise 1. Write the sentences as one.Use a for-to-infinitive phrase as subject. MODEL: Everyone must play their part. Its important. Its important for everyone to play their part. 1. 2. 3. 4. Children shouldnt play with matches. Its dangerous. Its dangerous.. The taxi is coming at eight oclock. Phil has arranged it. Phil has The party should begin soon. This is impatient. Tina. People should know the truth. Its important.

It is It was It will be

of smb to do

Replace the following groups of sentences by a sentence with a for-phrase subject. MODEL: He won't catch the six fifteen. It's impossible. It is impossible for him to catch the six fifteen. 1. She explained everything. It was not difficult. 2. She managed to do it in time. But it was quite an effort. 3. Don't make mistakes. It's important. 4. Her mother made the decision. It's the usual thing in this family. 5. We ought to take a vacation now. It won't be difficult. 6. You'll speak English with her. It'll do you good. 7. She is very late. It's rather unusual. 8. You really ought to see a doctor. It will be best. 9. We'll spend a couple of weeks in Petersburg next June. It will be rather pleasant. Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences by adding for-phrases to them. MODEL: It would be better (you; to stay in bed). It would be better for you to stay in bed. 1. It's very important (children; to play outdoors). 2. It'll be best (she; to talk to the manager). |3. It might be just possible (you; to make him see the doctor). 4. It would be easy (I; to pretend). 5. It's very bad (boys; to smoke). 6. It's not (you; to carry that heavy bag). Exercise 3 Complete the following sentences by adding objective for-phrases to them. 1. She is out playing. The doctor does not think its necessary .... 2. Under the circumstances I really think it best.... 3. All right, I'll go. Why are you so anxious .... 4. After a long telephone conversation with John we arranged .... 5. He stood there with a bunch of flowers waiting .... 6. The manager was very cross and said that he did not mean ....7. It's getting cold. It's bad for the children .... 8. Have you brought something for me ... on the train? 9. There's simply nobody there for a young girl... . 10 I can't find a place for us .... 11. Those are not the right people for you ... . 12. I have bought a few things for Tony ... .

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too and enough We can use the pattern with for after too and enough. The road is too busy for the children to be able to cross safely.(too busy..) The table was too small for all of us to sit round. The table was big enough for all of us to sit round. (big enough) The guide didnt speak clearly enough for everyone to understand her.

Exercise 4 Replace the following pairs of sentences by sentences with adverbial for phrases of result. MODEL: The street is very narrow. He won't be able to turn the car. a) The street is too narrow for him to turn the car. b) The street isnt wide enough for him to turn the car. 1. The way to the village was long. I felt hungry again. 2. The heat was oppressive. We did not stay long on the beach. 3. The problem was comparatively easy. I solved it in half an hour. 4. The situation was getting complicated. We could no longer cope with it. 5. The conversation was interesting. The children did not want to go to bed. 6. The noise of the traffic grew loud. I could not sleep. 7. The light was good. She could read the inscription. Ex.5 Add a sentence with too or enough and: big, difficult, heavy, high, loud, warm. MODEL: The boys couldnt lift the piano. It was too heavy for them to lift. Melanie cant understand the poem. It isnt big enough for her to read. 1. Mary cant reach the top shelf. ________________________________________________ 2. We cant understand the poem. _______________________________________________ 3. Not everyone could hear the music. ____________________________________________ 5. Mark couldnt swim in the sea. _______________________________________________ for or of ? We can use of after these adjectives describing peoples behavior: good, nice, kind, helpful; mean, generous; brave; honest; clever, sensible; silly, stupid, foolish, careless; wrong; polite, rude. Its kind of your parents to give me a lift. (= Your parents are kind) It was clever of you to work out the answer. (= You were clever) Compare good of and good for in these two sentences: a) It was good of you to go jogging with me. (= It was a kind action by you. I enjoy your company.) b) It was good for you to go jogging with me. (= It was a good, healthy experience for you.)

Exercise 6 Put in for or of. Sally: It was good ______ Simon to help us clear away after the party. Pat: Yes, it was kind _______ him. Sally: It was honest _______ him to admit breaking that glass. But it wasnt really necessary _______ him to pay for it. Pat: He seemed very anxious ______ us to accept the money. Exercise 7 Match the sentence pairs and rewrite them with for and the to-infinitive. Use a for-to-infinitive construction as an adverbial modifier of purpose. N.B! We dont use it at the end of the clause: MODEL: Theres a visitors book. Guests can write their names in it. Theres a visitors book for guests to write their names in __. (not in it)

Theres a visitors book. Theres a pool. There are tables. Theres music. There are gift shops.

You can listen to it. You can picnic at them. Tourists can buy souvenirs in them. Guests can write their names in it. Guests can swim in it.

Theres a visitors book for guests to write their names in. 1. _____________________________________________________________________

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2.____________________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________________ Exercise 8. Translate the sentences from Russian into English. 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. .11. , . 12. , . 13. , . 14. , , . 15. , .16. , . 17. 5 . 3. . 4. . 18. . 19. , . 20. .

1.4.2 The Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex object) In the objective with the infinitive construction the infinitive (usually an infinitive phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. It is rendered in Russian by an object clause. It is mostly translated into Russian by an object clause. Subject + Predicate + Noun (Pronoun) + Infinitive - I want Mother (her) to help me. , () . - They expect the steamer to leave tonight. , . The Complex Object is used after the verbs: 1. of mental activity: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to find (, ), to expect, to suppose (), to imagine, to feel, to trust, to mean, etc. After these verbs the verb to be is generally used. (It can be omitted after the verbs to consider, to find, to declare). The use of this construction after most verbs of mental activity is more characteristic of literary style. 2. of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report, to teach. 3. denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend/to choose (= want). 4. denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to hate 5. denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer ( , ), to ask (for), to command, to encourage, to forbid, etc. In most cases after these verbs the Passive Infinitive is used. - I knew them to be right. , . We expect them to arrive soon. , . - I find him (to be) a very clever man. , . - I don't consider him (to be) an honest man. , . - The doctor pronounced the wound to be a slight one. , . - He intended me to go with him to India. , . - I want you to stop worrying. , . - Tell me what you would like me to do. , , . - The captain ordered the cases to be loaded. . - asked for the letter to be sent off at once. , ( ). - She asked to be shown the photo. . - Mr Domby suffered his daughter to play with Paul.

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 . - I saw Brown enter the room. , . - I felt the blood rush into my cheeks. , . - I saw the fire slowly conquered. , . - saw Fleur coming. , .

6. denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, etc. After such verbs the bare infinitive (without "to") is used. After these verbs only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use Participle II. If the process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used.

COMPARE: Verb + Infinitive I saw him enter the shop. (I saw the whole action - he opened the door, went in and disappeard.) Verb + Participle I I saw him entering the shop. (This action was in progress when I saw him). NOTES: 1. The verbs to see and to hear are followed by a clause (not by the Infinitive Construction) when they are not really verbs of sense perception, i.e. when the verb to see means "to understand" and the verb to hear- "to learn, to be told" - I saw that she didn't realize the danger. (), . - I heard that he had left for the south. ( ), . 2. After the verbs to see and to notice the Complex Object is not used with the verb to be, a clause is used in that case: - I saw that he was pale. , . PRACTICE Ex. 1. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object. 1. Seeing her enter the room he rose to greet her. 2. Did you feel the bridge shake? 3.1 don't like you to say such things. 4. Put on a thicker coat, I don't want you to catch cold. 5. We knew him to be very brave. 6. Nobody said anything, we just watched him put it away in his case. 7. You could have heard a pin drop. 8. She wouldn't explain, just urged me to use my own eyes. 9. Well, tell him to see us tomorrow morning, will you? 10. After lunch he begged me to accompany him home. Ex. 2. Replace the following complex sentences or groups of sentences by simple sentences with the Infinitive Construction. MODEL: I looked out of the window. He crossed the street. I saw him cross the street. 1.I shall stay at home and do my lessons. Mother said so. 2.1 never smoke indoors. My wife doesn't like it. 3. He's an honest boy. I know it. 4. We don't eat ice-cream before dinner because Mother has forbidden it. 5. You got off the train at Saltmarsh city. The porter saw you. 6. He ordered that tea should be brought at once. 7. No one had expected that she would marry the man. 8. I could hear it perfectly well. They were discussing me. 9. Don't shout so! The whole house will know what has happened. Do you want it? Ex. 4. Practise the following according to the model. MODEL: A. Do you want to make a speech? B. No, I want you to make a speech. Do you want to ...: 1. speak first? 2. introduce the speakers? 3. attend the conference? 4. give a talk? 5. make the arrangements? 6. fix a date? 7. organize the reception? 8. buy souvenirs? 9. take photographs? Ex.4 REVISE FULL AND BARE INFINITIVE BEFORE YOU DO THIS EXERCISE!!! Use the infinitives in brackets as parts of complex objects. Make all the necessary changes. 1. The pills the doctor has given me made me (to feel) much better. 2. I saw my father (to leave) the house that very morning. 3. George was sure that fresh air and exercise would make us (to sleep) well.

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4. I thought it (to be) a signal to start. 5. We didn't expect him (to come back) so soon and were wondering what had happened. 6. I'd like it (to be done) as quietly as possible, without attracting anybody's attention. 7. Just at that moment he heard his door (to open) and quickly (to shut). 8. The regulations require me (to wear) this uniform. 9. James promised me (to arrive) on time. 10. I told her (to return) the book promptly. 11. Everybody saw him (to lock) the door and (to put) the key into his pocket. 12. He felt the eyes of his group (to rest) on him. 13. He was seen (to cross) the street and (to turn) round the corner. 14. There is some information I want you (to obtain). 15. He liked to see them (to work). 16. He let them (to go). 17. She was heard (to breathe) heavily moving upstairs. 18. Lawson nodded quickly and walked away. Philip felt a shiver (to pass) through his heart. 19. Amy speaks ten languages perfectly well! You can't expect me (to believe) that. 20. I've never heard him (to speak) of his life in Australia. b) Complete the sentences using complex objects with the infinitive. 1. Ann advised me ... 11. Shall I ask her ... ? 2. The official warned us not ... 12. I want you ... 3. Let's ... 13. The teacher told them ... 4. I've never seen her ... 14. Everyone saw the man ... 5. You can't expect me ... 15. I've never heard her ... 6. My mother wanted me 16. She told me ... 7. Have you ever heard ... ? 17. I like them ... 8. Well, I didn't actually see him ... 18. He watched them ... 9. I expect them ... 19. Her words made us ... 10. Let him ... 20. I consider him ... Ex. 5. Translate the sentences using the phrases: let smb do smth - ; ()...; ()... make smb do smth - ; have smb do smth - , ... I 1. . 2. . 3. , - . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. . 10. . II 1. , . 2. , . 3. . 4. ? 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. ( ). . Ex. 6 Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the models whenever possible. Model 1: see (hear) smb do smth I heard somebody call me. Model 2: want (expect) smb to do smth I want you to repeat the sentence. I 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , - . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , , - . 8. , . 9. , - . 10. , . II 1. , . 2. , . 3. , - . 4. , . 5. , ? , . 7. , . 9. , .

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Ill 1. , (move). 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. . Ex. 7 Translate the sentences from Russian into English using complex object: I 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , ? 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . II 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , ? 10. , . 11. , . Ex. 8. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the Complex Object wherever possible. 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , , , . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , , , . 10. , , , . 11. , . 12. , . 13. , - . 14. , . 15. , . 16. , ? 17. (), . 18. , . 19. , . 1.4.3 THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION (COMPLEX SUBJECT) (the Nominative-with-the-lnfinitive Construction) The Complex Subject consists of a noun/pronoun (in the nominative case) and the Infinitive. It is considered to be the subject of the sentence, its Russian equivalent is in most cases a subordinate clause. Laser is known to be used in medicine. , . The Complex Subject is used with: 1. thefollowinaaroupsof verbs in the Passive: 0 The car was seen to disappear in the distance. , denoting sense perception: to see, to hear, . to notice, etc. She was heard to laugh heartily. , denoting mental activity: to think, to . consider, was thought to be honest and kind. to believe, to expect, to suppose, to know, etc. . (, ...) is considered to have been one of the most popular writers of his time. , .

the verbs: to say, to report (), to order, to ask, to allow, to state (), to announce

She is said to be working at the factory. , . The delegation is reported to have left Moscow. ,

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(). 2. word groups: to be likely (), to be unlikely (, ), to be certain/to be sure (, , , ). 3. pairs of synonyms: to seem/to appear (, -), to prove/to turn out (), to happen/to chance (). Neaative forms: don't doesn't didn't seem prove + infinitive happen

. is unlikely to know her address. { ), . is sure to be asked about it. . They seem to have quite forgotten us already. , , . The first experiment proved to be a success. . Only yesterday we happened to meet the man. .

is/are not likely + infinitive

doesn't seem to know this subject. , , . didn't prove to be a very experienced engineer. . didn't happen to be there at that time. , . is not likely to come today. , , .

NOTES: 1. The Infinitive in the Complex Subject is used in all its forms and expresses: a) a simultaneous action - is said to live in London. , . b) an action in progress The water seems to be boiling. , . c) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb They are reported to have finished the construction. , . 2. The Infinitive in sentences with the Complex Subject cannot refer to the future except with the verbs and word-groups: to expect, to be sure/certain, to be likely. We are sure to come to the heart of the matter. . He is expected to give us an answer tomorrow. , . 3. If the verbs to prove, to seem/to appear (, ) are followed by adjectives or nouns, the verb to be after them can be omitted. She proved (to be) very clever. . seems ill. . appears an experienced teacher. . COMPARE: seems ill. seems to be ill. . , , . 4. After the verbs in the Passive Voice the Complex Subject is more characteristic of a literary than a colloquial style, except with the verbs to suppose, to expect, to make. PRACTICE Ex. 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. 1. The river is supposed to flow in this direction. 2. His childhood is said to have been very difficult. 3. You are expected to

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know these things. 4. He didn't seem to know you. 5. The situation seems to have become difficult. 6. He is said to have owned a very good library. 7. He was told to have organized the whole business. 8. The man doesn't seem to recognize you. 9. She seems to have done it especially for you. 10. You're not supposed to mark other people's books. Ex. 2. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the Infinitive. I. (A B) I. He seems (to read) since morning. 2. She seems (to work) at his problem since she came here. 3. He appears (to know) French well. He is said (to spend) his youth in Paris. 4. The enemy was reported (to overthrow) the defence and (to advance) towards the city. 5. You seem (to look) for trouble. 6. They seemed (to quarrel). I could hear their angry voices. 7. They are supposed (to work) at the problem for the last two months. 8. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it while cleaning the house. 9. They seemed (to wait) for ages. II. (B) 1. She smiled broadly and waved her hand. She seemed (to recognize) me. 2. Even if he is out, you needn't worry. He is sure (to leave) the key under the door-mat. 3. At that time I happened (to work) at my first novel. 4. You won't be likely (to miss) the train if you start right away. 5. Don't cry! Everything is bound (to get) right between you. 6. She lost her head and seemed (to forget) the little English she knew. 7. A young woman is supposed (to write) this book. 8. You needn't mention it again. He is not likely (to forget) it. 9. He is believed (to teach) by his father. 10. You needn't tell me this. I happened (to give) all the details by Mother. 11. She is expected (to operate) on today. 12. Just look at his hands. He is sure (to work) in the garage. III. (B, C) 1. He seems (to be satisfied) with the results. 2. It seemed it would take not less than a page (to put) it into words. 3. The book is likely (to publish) and (to appear) on sale pretty soon. It is sure (to sell) well and (to sell) out in no time. 4. The man appears (to know) practically all European languages; he is said (to learn) them while travelling. 5. The river was reported (to overflow) the banks and (to advance) towards the suburbs of the city. 6. You seem (to look) for trouble. 7. The committee is said (to revise) the programme and (to work out) a plan of its realization. 8. The man seemed (to study) me and I felt uneasy in his presence. 9. The book was believed (to lose) until the librarian happened (to find) it during the inventory. Ex. 3. (B) Paraphrase the following sentences using the Complex Subject. MODEL 1: It seemed that he knew the subject well. He seemed to know the subject well. 1. It happened that they met that very day. 2. It proved that there were some broken cups in the case. 3. It seems that the play has made a deep impression on him. 4. It proved that he was a very experienced worker. 5. It appears that the house was built in the 18th century. 6. It happened that there was a doctor there at that time. 7. It appears that there are different opinions on this subject. 8. It happened that he was at home at that time. 9. It seems that there is a great difference between these two samples. MODEL 2: It is reported that the delegation has left London. The delegation is reported to have left London. 1. It is known that he has a large collection of pictures. 2. It may be said that the new theatre is the most beautiful building in the town. 3. It was reported that the ship had arrived in Odessa. 4. It can't be considered that the results of the experiment are bad. 5. It is expected that many people will attend the meeting. 6. It is believed that there is hope of reaching an agreement. 7. It is said that the expedition has reached Vladivostok. 8. It is considered that this mine is the best in the district. 9. It can be expected that the weather will improve soon. 10. It can't be expected that the Petersburg football team will win. 11. It is said that there are many difficulties in solving this problem. Exercose 4. Paraphrase using Complex Subject. MODEL: It is known that he is a great book-lover. He is known to be a great book-lover. 1) It was expected that the members of the Committee would come to an agreement. 2) It was reported that many buildings had been damaged by the fire. 3) It seems that this book is very popular with children. 4) It appears that the house was built in the 18th century. 5) It happened so that he was at home at that time. 6) It proved that he was a very experienced worker. 7) It is likely that the ship will arrive tonight. 8) It is not likely that they will return soon. 9) It is unlikely that the meeting will be postponed. 10) It is sure that they will come to London. 11) It is certain that they will be here on Monday. 12) It was likely that the price of copper would fall.

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Exercise 5. Use your own ideas to complete the sentences with the Infinitive in the correct form. 1) Lake Baikal is said ..... the deepest lake in the world. 2) The negotiations are likely ..... until Sunday. 3) The steamer is believed ..... in Istambul. 4) The cargo does not seem ..... by the storm. 5) The parties are reported ..... the problem. 6) The parties are understood ..... an agreement. 7) They are very likely ..... part in this work. 8) The results of the test seemed ..... them. 9) This plant seems ..... such equipment since 1965. 10) I happened ..... my office early that day. 11) She seemed ..... for along time. 12) They seem ..... a good time at the seaside. Exercise 6 Translate the words in brackets. 1. He is thought () a very good singer. 2. They are expected () a reply today. 3. They are said () to a new flat. 4. Who is supposed () the letter? 5. The doctor is supposed () you something. 6. The results of the experiment are believed () very good. 7. The new instrument is expected () scientists solve many important problems. 8. The members of the committee are understood () to an agreement. 9. He is said () them his services. 10. In the 19th century the dark areas on the Mars were thought () seas. 11. We were supposed () the day on board the ship. 12. The seamen were not supposed () ashore that day. 13. The expedition is said () a very important discovery. 14. They were expected () 300 miles that day. 15. She is known () in the subject. 16. They were heard () to do it. 17. The ship is expected () here on Tuesday. 18. They are supposed () him. 19. They were believed () the secret all the time. Exercise 7 Translate the following sentences into English. I 1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , . 11. . II 1. , , . 2. , , . 3. , , . 4. , -, . 5. , , . 6. , -, . 7. , . 8. , , . 9. , "" . 10. , -, . 11. , , . III 1. , -, . 2. , , . 3. , -, . 4. , . 5. , , , . 6. , , . 7. , , . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. , . 1.5 TEST YOURSELF

I.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Insert 'to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets: Theres little else you could do but (keep) your fingers crossed. Our house is not easy (find). Youd better (have) your hair cut. I saw him (act) in Hamlet and I liked him immensely. Why not (save) a little money if we can. How dare you (come) here after all you have done? Do you happen (remember) the number of the flat? You should go and have fun rather than (sit) here crying. There used (be) a small house there. Never let him (talk) with you like that. I couldnt but (reject) your offer. They have no garden (play) in. This hat will make you (look) old-fashioned.

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14. Ill have (get) up earlier not (miss) the train. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Fill in the correct form of the Infinitive: Mrs. Dashkova is reported (write) a new novel now. He was said (wait) for his visa for two months, not less. I dont expect him (leave) for Germany for food. She didnt seem (interest) in gardening. Why didnt you make her (drink) some hot milk? The children appeared (take) good care of. She was made (leave) the job. I am glad (do) all the homework yesterday. Honesty is the first principle (observe) when working with us. The girl pretended (read) the book and not (notice) me. All he wanted was (read) and not (forget) by the public. Who told the nurse (give) the sick man this medicine? He seems (sit) here since morning.

III. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the Infinitive: 1. She explained everything. It was not difficult. 2. It is unlikely that the meeting will be postponed. 3. I never smoke indoors. My wife doesn't like it. 4. She has saved enough money. She can go on holiday. 5. Can you entrust the work to anyone? IV. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define the function of the Infinitive: She had a baby to look after. The girl learned to dance at school. A managers duty is to put the plan into action. We were to have arrived earlier, but we were delayed on the road. They used to have long conversations in the evenings.

V. Translate the sentences into English using infinitives and infinitive constructions: 1. , . 2. ? 3. , . 4. . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. , . 9. . 10. , .

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