Delinquency: Minor crime, esp. that committed by young people or Neglect of one's duty.

Deviance: Deviance is behavior that violates the norms of the social group in which the behavior occurs where as a deviant is one who is characterized as a violator of a norm. Engaging in deviant behavior does not automatically lead to a deviant reputation or self-image. There are 2 types of deviance: formal and informal. Formal deviance includes bank corrupt, murder, theft, etc. Informal deviance includes slap, denying or breaking the rules and regulations, etc. Crime is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied by some governmental authority. It represents some type of deviation form formal social norms administered by the state. Crimes are divided by law into various categories, depending on the severity of the offence, the age of the offender, the potential punishment that can be levied, and the court that holds jurisdiction over the case. It is commonly said that everything can be cured by its antibiotic, contraceptive, or preventing measures, but crime can never be cured because it is attached with the humans nature. It is a psychic problem, a mental disorder that compels people to instigate a warfare against everything which becomes obstruction of ones life. Usually wrong means are used to win the warfare of wishes and finally called as crime. Breaching a law or social norms comes under the ambit of crime. In present world, a crime is the law breaking activity. When a person commits crime, he is subjected to punishment. Punishment is not announced on the spot, first the matter is investigated and then the accused is punished with witnesses and proofs. Types of Crime Rather than relying solely on legal categories, sociologists classify crimes in terms of how they are committed and how the offences are viewed by the society. In this section, we will examine four types of crime as differentiated by sociologists: professional crime, organized crime, white-collar crime, and victimless crimes. Professional Crime Although the adage crime doesnt pay is familiar, many people do make a career of illegal activities. A professional criminal is a person who pursues crime as day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals. Some professional criminals specialize is burglary, safecracking, hijacking or cargo, pick pocketing, and shoplifting. Such people can reduce the likelihood of arrest, conviction, and imprisonment through their skill. As a result, they may have long careers in their chosen professions. Organized Crime The term organized crime has many meanings. For our purposes, we will consider organized crime to be the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in smuggling and sale of drugs, prostitution, gambling, and other activities. Organized crime dominates the world of illegal business just as large corporations dominate the conventional business world. It allocates territory, sets prices for illegal goods and services, and acts as an arbitrator in internal disputes. Organized crime is a secret, conspirational activity that generally evades law enforcement. Organized crime takes over legitimate business; gains influence over labour unions, corrupt public officials, intimidate witnesses in criminal trials and even take taxes (Bhatta) from merchants in exchange for protection. Through its success, organized crime has served as a means of mobility for groups of people struggling to escape poverty.

White-Collar Crime Edwin Sutherland noted that certain crimes are committed by the affluent, respectable people in the course of their daily business activities. Sutherland likened these crimes to organized crimes because they are often perpetuated through the role of ones occupation. Sutherland referred to such crimes as white-collar crimes. More recently, the term white-collar crime has been broadened to include offences by business and corporations as well as by individuals. A wide variety of crimes are now classified as white-collar crimes such as income tax evasion, stock manipulation, consumer fraud, bribery, and extraction of kickbacks, embezzlement, and misrepresentation of corporate information. A new type of white-collar crime has emerged since Sutherland first wrote on this topic: computer crime or hacking. The use of such high technology allows one to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud without leaving a trace, or to gain access to a companys inventory without leaving ones home. Moreover, convictions for such illegal acts do not generally harm a persons reputation and career aspirations nearly so much as conviction for a petty everyday crime would. Thus, if an offender holds a position of status and influence in Pakistani society, his or her crime is treated as less serious and the sanction is much more lenient. Victimless Crimes In white-collar or common crimes, peoples economic or personal wellbeing is endangered against their will (or without their direct knowledge). By contract, sociologists use the term victimless crimes to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. Despite the social costs to families and friends of those engaged in such behaviour, may people in Pakistan continue to indulge in gambling, prostitution, alcoholism, and use of drugs and victimless crimes in which there is no victim other than the offender himself. As a result, there is pressure from Islamic Fundamentalists organizations on the government to enforce Islamic Sharia in the country. Three Major Perspectives in Sociology Sociologists analyze social phenomena at different levels and from different perspectives. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. These perspectives offer explaining how society influences people, and vice versa. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behavior. TABLE 1 Sociological Perspectives Sociological Perspective 1. Symbolic Interactionism 2. Functionalism 3. Conflict Theory Level of Analysis Micro Macro Macro Focus Use of symbols; Face-to-face interactions Relationship between the parts of society; How aspects of society are functional (adaptive) Competition for scarce resources; How the elite control the poor and weak

The symbolic interactionist perspective (interactionalist/symbolic)

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the predominant symbols, make this subjective interpretation especially evident. The words have a certain meaning for the sender, and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the receiver. In other terms, words are not static things; they require intention and interpretation. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Written music serves as an example. The black dots and lines become more than mere marks on the page; they refer to notes organized in such a way as to make musical sense. Thus, symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols, as well as to those of others. The functionalist perspective (structural functional) According to the functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. In the process, the children become lawabiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. If all goes well, the parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If all does not go well, the parts of society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability, and productivity Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Critics also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of society's members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. The conflict perspective (social conflict) The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution), and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the weak Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point to its overly negative view of society. The theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to

capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. Organizational Culture The values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. Organizational culture is the sum total of an organization's past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and is expressed in its self-image, inner workings, interactions with the outside world, and future expectations. It is based on shared attitudes, beliefs, customs, express or implied contracts, and written and unwritten rules that the organization develops over time and that have worked well enough to be considered valid. Also called corporate culture, it manifests in (1) the ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community. (2) the extent to which autonomy and freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression. (3) how power and information flow through its hierarchy. (4) the strength of employee commitment towards collective objectives. It is termed strong or weak to the extent it is diffused through the organization. It affects the organization's productivity and performance, and provides guidelines on customer care and service; product quality and safety; attendance and punctuality; and concern for the environment. It extends also to production-methods, marketing and advertising practices, and to new product creation. While there are many common elements in the large organizations of any country, organizational culture is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change. Social Groups A social group consists of two or more people who interact with one another and who recognize themselves as a distinct social unit. The definition is simple enough, but it has significant implications. Frequent interaction leads people to share values and beliefs. This similarity and the interaction cause them to identify with one another. Identification and attachment, in turn, stimulate more frequent and intense interaction. Each group maintains solidarity with all to other groups and other types of social systems. Groups are among the most stable and enduring of social units. They are important both to their members and to the society at large. Through encouraging regular and predictable behavior, groups form the foundation upon which society rests. Thus, a family, a village, a political party a trade union is all social groups. These, it should be noted are different from social classes, status groups or crowds, which not only lack structure but whose members are less aware or even unaware of the existence of the group. These have been called quasi-groups or groupings. Nevertheless, the distinction between

social groups and quasi-groups is fluid and variable since quasi-groups very often give rise to social groups, as for example, social classes give rise to political parties. Social Group (class lecture): A number of people who share up common characteristics and share up organized pattern of recurrent social interaction may be called a group. When two or more people are in a state of interaction, it can be called a group but there exists five essential requirements for a group: There should be at least two or more people constituting a group. There must be communication among individuals. Person who had interaction with one another can make a group they share common interest among themselves. There is a social structure (standardize relationship and meaning that arise out of human experience). There is a feeling of dependency among group members. For example unity, we feeling, group norms, etc.

Group: A group is a set of people recurrently interacting in a structured way according to shared expectations about each other's behavior. Wastage interest groups: A kind of group in which people keep their own motive but they dont show it in front of others. Reference Groups: The people who refer themselves on the basis of groups, nations, religion, social interaction, etc are called reference groups. Cast Groups: The people who purely depend on cast system are called cast groups. Pressure Groups: those groups who put pressure on individuals or groups to make the work done either positive or negative are called pressure groups. Social Interaction: the impact that influences human mind is the most due to social interaction. It is an important factor of a society. It is a communication among individuals and groups existing in a society. Culture: Culture is the values, norms, language, tools and other shared products of society that provide a plan for social life. It is all about human life. Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, art, belief, morale, custom, law, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a man and a member of a society. -W. Taylor (1971). Culture is everything which is socially learned and shared by the members of the society. -Horton & Hunt (1984 AC). Functions of Culture: - It assigns collective representation of group and society.

It gives sentiments of unity and mutual support. It gives shared understanding and shared meaning.

Importance of Culture: A culture is a way of life of a group of people, their behavior, beliefs, values and symbols that they accept generally without thinking about them. Culture is vast and it is transmitted from generation to another generation from where we get the information about our culture. Task Groups: Task groups are groups of individuals brought together to accomplish a specific action or produce a product. If you have participated in an educational planning meeting, been a member of a committee, attended a treatment team meeting, been elected to student government, or joined a social movement group, you have already experienced a task group in action. For some, the experience may not have been a positive one, because running an effective task group takes many different skills. Many social work students will be in the position of leading task groups while they are in school or very shortly afterward. Developing an awareness of the ingredients that go into a successful task group, with satisfied members, is crucial. Five areas that are frequently cited by the experts on task groups are the five Cs: Control, Conflict, Communication, Consensus, and Cohesion. The five Cs can make or break a task group experience. Groups are dynamic and fluid, which often means that the five Cs will be interrelated and interconnected. All can influence member satisfaction and ultimately the level of success the group will have attaining its goals. Thinking about some of the pitfalls that task groups can experience, and some strategies that may help you avoid them, may help you prepare for your own task group experience. Conflicts: Functional Conflicts: functional conflicts enable society to adjust to broader changes and give people the ability to reset their moral values. For example, the political debates at elections. Dysfunctional Conflicts: Dysfunctional conflicts creates so much disturbance that people loose their moral bearings and suffer from anomie a sense of being purposeless in a world that has changed too quickly. There are 3 types of conflicts: 1) TASK CONFLICT: these are the conflicts over content and goals of work. They stimulate ideas that enhance performance. (low to moderate functional). 2) RELATIONSHIP CONFLICT: these conflicts are based on interpersonal relations. Almost always dysfunctional). 3) PROCESS CONFLICT: these are conflicts over the question that how the work gets done. (At low levels functional).