Cc loi M hnh Chu trnh d n phn mm

Tc gi: Raymond Lewallen

M hnh tng qut

M hnh chu trnh d n phn mm m t cc giai on ca chu trnh phn mm nhm mc ch xc nh cch thc thc hin ca tng giai on. C rt nhiu loi chu trnh khc nhau v mi cng ty li c cc chu trnh ring c h nhng chng u c cc im chung nh sau:

Mi giai on phi lm ra cc sn phm theo yu cu ca giai on k tip trong chu trnh. Cc yu cu c a thnh thit k, giai on xy dng s a cc thit k thnh ng dng, giai on Test xc nhn cc sn phm ca xy dng p ng ng cc yu cu.

Giai on xc nh yu cu
Giai on ny thc hin vic thu thp cc yu cu nghip v. Giai on ny cn s tp trung nht ca qun tr d n v cc bn lin quan. Qun tr d n, cc bn lin quan v ngi s dng cn hp li vi nhau xc nh ra cc yu cu. Ai l ngi s s dng h thng? H s s dng h thng nh th no? Nhng d liu no cn c a vo h thng? Nhng d liu no s c kt xut ra t h thng? l cc cu hi thng thng trong qu trnh thu thp yu cu. Qu trnh ny s lit k cc chc nng h thng cn cung cp, m t cch thc thc hin cc chc nng, qui trnh nghip v s x l cc d liu, d liu g s c lu tr v s dng trong h thng, giao din ngi dng chy th no. Kt qu chung s l h thng tng th l ci g ch khng phi l lm th no lm ra n. Business requirements are gathered in this phase. This phase is the main focus of the project managers and stake holders. Meetings with managers, stake holders and users are held in order to determine the requirements. Who is going to use the system? How will they use the system? What data should be input into the system? What data should be output by the system? These are general questions that get answered during a requirements gathering phase. This produces a nice big list of functionality that the system should provide, which describes functions the system should perform, business logic that processes data, what data is stored and used by the system, and how the user interface should work. The overall result is the system as a whole and how it performs, not how it is actually going to do it.

Thit k
Thit k h thng phn mm l giai on tip theo sau khi xc nh c yu cu. Cc kin trc s phi tham gia vo giai on ny. Giai on ny s m t chi tit h thng s lm vic nh th no. Kin trc h thng, bao gm c phn cng, phn mm, truyn thng, thit k phn mm (bao gm c UML) l cc sn phm ca giai on thit k.

Xy dng

Sau khi c thit k giai on xy dng s bt u, y l giai on di nht trong chu trnh d n phn mm, giai on ny do cc lp trnh vin m trch chnh. i khi giai on thit k v xy dng c th lm theo kiu cun chiu.

Testing
Trong giai on Test cc tester s thc hin kim th xem ng dng c p ng ng cc yu cu hay khng. Giai on ny s c cc hot ng Unit test, system test, acceptance test. Unit test s thc hin cho tng thnh phn ca h thng, system test v acceptance test s thc hin cho ton h thng.

M hnh Waterfall
y l m hnh ph bin v c in nht, n gin, d hiu v d p dng. Trong m hnh ny mi giai on phi c hon thnh trc khi giai on mi bt u. Ti thi im kt thc mi giai on cn phi thc hin xem xt xc nh xem d n c ang i ng hng khng, c th tip tc khng hay phi hy b, trong m hnh ny th cc giai on bt buc phi ni tip, khng c vt qua nhau.

u im
n gin v d p dng D qun l v mi giai on c cc sn phm v qui trnh xem xt r rng Cc giai on c thc hin v hon thnh ti mt thi im. Ph hp vi cc d n nh vi cc yu cu r rng

Nhc im
Rt kh khn cho d n nu phm vi d n b thay i Khng nhn thy ng dng cho ti tn cui chu trnh Nhiu ri ro v bt trc

Khng ph hp cho cc d n phc tp hoc lp trnh hng i tng Khng ph hp cho cc d n di v ang thc hin Khng ph hp cho cc d n c nguy c thay i yu cu cao.

M hnh V-Shaped
Ging nh Waterfall, m hnh ny cng l vic thc hin ni tip cc qu trnh. Mi giai on phi c hon thnh trc khi bt u giai on mi. Trong m hnh ny Testing c ch trng hn so vi m hnh Waterfall, vic test c thc hin rt sm trc khi qu trnh lp trnh kt thc, c thc hin t cc giai on trc . Xc nh yu cu l Giai on u tin ging trong m hnh Waterfall, k hoch system test c lp trc khi thc hin lp trnh, k hoch test c tp trung vo ngay trong cc cuc hp xc nh chc nng trong qu trnh thu thp yu cu. Giai on thit k mc cao tp trung vo kin trc h thng v thit k. K hoch Integration test cng c lp trong giai on ny test cc cu phn ca h thng ng dng khi lm vic cng nhau. Giai on thit k chi tit tp trung vo thit k cc cu phn ca ng dng. K hoch Unit test c lp trong giai on ny. Giai on xy dng tp trung vo vic lp trnh, khi lp trnh xong th bt u ton b cc cng vic bn nhnh phi ca m hnh vi vic trin khai cc giai on test.

u im
n gin v d s dng Mi giai on u c cc sn phm r rng C hi thnh cng cao hn m hnh Waterfall do k hoch test c lp sm Ph hp vi cc d n nh v yu cu d hiu

Nhc im
Rt cng nhc, ging nh m hnh Waterfall Kh khn v tn km nu c thay i hoc m rng phm vi

Phn mm ch c xy dng vo giai on xy dng, khng c cc m hnh tham kho trc M hnh khng cung cp gii php r rng cho cc vn pht hin ra trong giai on test

M hnh Incremental
M hnh ny cng l mt phin bn khc t Waterfall vi vic pht trin nhiu vng lp li, c th coi y l mt m hnh Lp Waterfall (multi-waterfall). Cc chu trnh c chia nh thnh cc giai on nh hn d qun l, mi giai on nh s phi thc hin nh mt chu trnh Waterfall bao gm Xc nh yu cu Thit k - Xy dng Test. Theo m hnh ny chng ta s c phin bn u tin ca ng dng sau khi kt thc giai on u tin trong chu trnh, cc giai on tip theo s xy dng ng dng trn c s ng dng c ca giai on u.

u im
C c bn ng dng nhanh hn v sm hn trong chu trnh d n Mm do hn - d dng thay i phm vi v yu cu hn Test v sa li d hn trong cc giai on nh Kim sot ri ro d hn v cc ri ro c xc nh trong tng giai on nh Mi giai on nh l mt Milestone rt d qun l

Nhc im
Mi giai on trong mt giai on con l cng nhc v khng c lng vo nhau Ri ro cho kin trc h thng v cc yu cu khng c thu thp ht trong giai on u

M hnh Spiral
M hnh ny tng t nh m hnh Incremental nhng ch trng hn n vn phn tch ri ro. M hnh Spiral c 4 giai on: Lp k hoch, Phn tch ri ro, Thc hin v nh gi. Cc d n phn mm s lp li 4 giai on ny trong cc giai on nh ca d n (thng c gi l 1 vng), vng c baseline s bt u vo giai on Lp k hoch khi thu thp xong yu cu v nh gi xong cc ri ro, cc vng tip theo s xy dng trn vng c baseline.

Cc yu cu c thu thp trong giai on lp k hoch, trong giai on phn tch ri ro s thc hin cc qui trnh xc nh ri ro v cc gii php ng ph. Prototype c xy dng vo cui giai on phn tch ri ro. ng dng c xy dng vo giai on Thc hin, vic test c thc hin vo cui giai on ny. Giai on nh gi cho php khch hng nh gi cc sn phm ca d n trc khi thc hin mt vng mi. Trong m hnh Spiral phn gc th hin tin trnh cn bn knh th hin chi ph.

u im
Phn tch ri ro k cng Ph hp cho cc d n ln v cc nhim v quan trng ng dng xut hin sm trong chu trnh phn mm

Nhc im
Chi ph cao

Vic phn tch ri ro i hi cc chuyn gia cao cp S thnh cng ca d n ph thuc vo giai on phn tch ri ro Khng ph hp cho cc d n nh