The Handbook of Formulas and Tables For Signal Processing

Poularikas A. D.
Fourier Transform
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing.
Ed. Alexander D. Poularikas
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999

1999 by CRC Press LLC

3

Fourier Transform

3.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Transform

Denitions Properties Tables

3.2 Two-Dimensional Continuous Fourier Transform

Denitions

References
Appendix 1

Examples

3.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Transform

3.1.1 Denitions

3.1.1.1 Fourier Transform

or
If

f

(

t

) is piecewise continuous and absolutely integrable, then its Fourier transform is a bounded
continuous function, bounded by If

F

(

) is absolutely integrable then its inverse
is

f

(

t

).
F f f t e dt F f e
f t F f e df
j ft j
j ft
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

2
2

F f t e dt F e R jX
f t F e d
j t j
j t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

1
2
F d ( ) .
F( )


3.1.1.2

f

(

t

) =

f

r

(

t

) +

j f

i

(

t

)

is complex,

f

r

(

t

) and

f

i

(

t

)

are real functions
(

f

r

(

t

) =

f

(

t

),

f

i

(

t

)

= 0)
(

f

r

(

t

) = 0)
F f t t f t t dt j f t t f t t dt
R f t t f t t dt
X f t t f t t dt
f t
r i r i
r i
r i
r
( ) [ ( )cos ( )sin ] [ ( )sin ( )cos ]
( ) [ ( )cos ( )sin ]
( ) [ ( )sin ( )cos ]
( )

+
+

11
2
1
2

[ ( )cos ( )sin ]
( ) [ ( )sin ( )cos ]
R t X t d
f t R t X t d
i
f t ( ) real
R f t t dt X f t t dt
R R X X F F
f t F e d
j t
( ) ( )cos ( ) ( )sin
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) Re ( )

1
f t j f t
i
( ) ( ) is purely imaginary
R f t t dt X f t t dt
R R X X F F
i i
( ) ( )sin ( ) ( )cos
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

f t f t f t ( ) ( ) ( )] is even [
R f t t dt X
f t R t d
o
o
( ) ( )cos ( )
( ) ( )cos

2 0
1
f t f t f t ( ) ( ) ( )] is odd [
R X f t t dt
f t X t d
o
o
( ) ( ) ( )sin
( ) ( )sin

0 2
1


3.1.2 Properties

3.1.2.1 Properties of Fourier Transform

TABLE 3.1

Properties of Fourier Transform

Operation

1. Transform-direct
2. Inverse transform
3. Linearity

af

1

(

t

) +

bf

2

(

t

)

aF

1

(

) +

bF

2

(

)
4. Symmetry 2

f

(

)
5. Time shifting
6. Scaling
7. Frequency shifting
8. Modulation
9. Time differentiation
10. Time convolution
11. Frequency convolution
12. Autocorrelation

13. Parseval's formula
14. Moments formula where
15. Frequency differentiation
16. Time reversal
17. Conjugate function
18. Integral
19. Integral
f t ( ) F( )
f t ( )
f t e dt
j t
( )

1
2

F e d
j t
( )
F( )
F t ( )
f t t
o
( t )
e F
j t
o
t
( )
f at ( )
1
a
F
a
_
,
e f t
j t
o
t
( )

F
o
( ) m
f t t
f t t
o
o
( ) cos
( )sin
'
1
2
1
2
[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( ) ( )]
F F
F F
o o
j o o

+ +
+
d
dt
f t
n
n
( ) ( ) ( ) j F
n

f t h t f h t d ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

F H ( ) ( )
f t h t ( ) ( )
1
2
1
2

F H F H d ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f t ( ) f t f f t d *( ) ( ) *( )

F F F ( ) *( ) ( )
2
E f t dt
( )
2
E F d
1
2
2
( )
m t f t dt
F
j
n
n
n
n

( )
( )
( )
( )
0

F
d F
d
n
n
n
n
( )
( )
( )
, , , 0 0 1 2
0

L
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
jt f t
jt f t
n
dF
d
d F
d
n
n
( )
( )
f t ( ) F( )
f t *( ) F*( )
( ( ) ) F 0 0
f t dt
t
( )
1
j
F
( )
( ( ) ) F 0 0 f t dt
t
( )
1
0
j
F F
( ) ( ) ( ) +


3.1.3 Tables

3.1.3.1 Graphical Representations of Some Fourier Transforms

TABLE 3.2

Table of Fourier Transforms (

x

=

t

;

y = w

)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)



TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)

f(x) F(y)
3.54
3.55
A
-A
s-a<x<s+a
-s-a<x<-s+a
A
-A
0<x<2a
-2a<x<0
-2Aj
sin ay
y
sin ys
-4jA
sin ay
y
sin ay
3.56
3.53
y
y


TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)
f(x) F(y)
3.57
3.58
3.59
J
0
(x)
J
1
(x)
2x
1-y
2
sqn y =
1 y>0
0 y=0
-1 y<0
j
x
2
1-y
2
y
y
y

f(x) F(y)
3.60
3.61
3.62
xe
-x
2
(x+a) - (x-a)
tanhx
-j cosech
y
2
2j sin
y
2
-j
y
2
4
y
2
e
-
y
y
y


TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

;

y = w

) (continued)
f(x) F(y)
3.63
3.64
3.65
e
-|x|
sinx
x
tan
-1
2
y
2
p(x)
*
p(x)
*
p(x)
sin y
y
3
p
a
(x)
sin ax
x
y
y
y

f(x) F(y)
3.66
3.67
3.68
x e
-ax
a>0 x0
a
2
- y
2
-j
(a
2
+ y
2
)
2
2ay
(a
2
+ y
2
)
2
1
a
2
+ x
2
a
e
-a|y|
cos bx
a
2
+ x
2
2a
+ e
-a|y-b|
e
-a|y+b|
y
y
y


TABLE 3.2


x

=

t

; y = w) (continued)
f(x) F(y)
3.69
3.70
3.71
sin bx
a
2
+ x
2
d(x)
dx
jy
x
d(y)
dy
2j
2aj
- e
-a|y-b|
e
-a|y+b|
y
y
y
f(x) F(y)
3.72
3.73
3.74
sin w
0
x
0
x 0
x < 0
cos w
0
x
0
x 0
x < 0
x
0
x 0
x < 0
[(y-w
0
) - (y+w
0
)] -j

2
w
0
w
0
2
- y
2
[(y-w
0
) - (y+w
0
)] +

2
jy
w
0
2
- y
2
d(y)
dy
-
1
y
2
j
y
y
y
3.2 Two-Dimensional Continuous Fourier Transform
3.2.1 Denitions
3.2.1.1 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform
3.2.1.2 Properties of Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform
References
Bracewell, Ron, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,
NY, 1965.
Campbell, G. A., and R. M. Foster, Fourier Integrals for Practical Applications, Van Nostrand Company,
Princeton, NJ, 1948.
Champency, D. C., Fourier Transforms and Their Physical Applications, Academic Press, New York,
1973.
Howell, K., Fourier transform, in The Transforms and Application Handbook, Edited by A. D. Poularikas,
CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1996.
Papoulis, Athanasios, The Fourier Integral and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, NY, 1962.
Walker, James S., Fourier Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1988.
TABLE 3.3 Properties of Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform
Rotation
Linearity
Conjugation
Separability
Scaling
Shifting
Modulation
Convolution
Multiplication
Correlation
Inner Product
Parseval Formula

F
F
{ ( , )} ( , ) ( , )
{ ( , )}
( )
( , )
( )
( )
f x y F f x y e dx dy
F F e d d
j x y
j x y

1 2
1
1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1
2
f x y ( , ) t t
F( , ) t t
1 2
a f x y a f x y
1 1 2 2
( , ) ( , ) + a F a F
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
( , ) ( , ) +
f x y *( , )
F*( , )
1 2
f x f y
1 2
( ) ( ) F F
1 1 2 2
( ) ( )
f ax by ( , )
1
1 2
ab
F
a b

,
_
,
f x x y y
o o
( , ) t t
e F
j x y
o o
t + ( )
( , )

1 2
1 2
e f x y
j x y
c c
t + ( )
( , )

1 2

F
c c
( , )
1 1 2 2
m m
g x y h x y f x y ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
G H F ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1 2 1 2 1 2
g x y h x y f x y ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
G H F ( , )
( )
( , ) ( , )

1 2 2 1 2 1 2
1
2

c x y h x y ( , ) ( , ) f x y ( , )
G H F ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1 2 1 2 1 2

I f x y h x y dx dy

( , ) *( , ) I F H d d

1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
( )
( , ) *( , )

I f x y dx dy

( , )
2
I F d d

1
2
2 1 2
2
1 2
( )
( , )


Appendix 1

Examples
1.1 Gibbs Phenomenon

Example 3.1

Let

U

(

) be the spectrum of unit step function, and let the truncated spectrum =

U

(

) for

o
and zero otherwise. We can also write the truncated spectrum as follows: = U()
where is a unit pulse of 2
o
duration and centered at the origin. The approximate step function
and is shown in Figure 3.1.
1.2 Special Functions
Example 3.2
Example 3.3
Example 3.4
FIGURE 3.1
U
o
( )
U
o
( ) p
o
( ),
p
o
( )

u t U p U p u t
t
t
d
a
o o
t
o o
( ) = F F F

1 1 1
1 1
{ ( ) ( )} { ( )} { ( )} ( )
sin sin

F F {sgn( )} {lim sgn( )} lim sgn( )
lim lim
( ) ( )
t e t e t e dt
e dt e dt
j j j
t t j t
j t
o
j t
o

+
1
]
1
1

+
+
_
,

0 0
0 0
1 1 2

F F { ( )} { sgn( )} ( ) ( ) u t t
j j
+ + +
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 1
2

F F

( )} { ( ) ( ) t nT comb t t nT e dt
T
n n
j t

1
]
1
1

But comb
T
(t) is periodic with the period
o
= 2/T, and can be expanded in the complex form of Fourier
series comb
T
(t) = Hence comb t
T
e
T
jn t
n
o
( ) .
1

COMB
T
e dt
T
n
o
o
n
j n t
o
n

( ) ( )
( )

1 2

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Poularikas A. D.

1999 by CRC Press LLC

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