TRNG H CNG NGHIP TP H CH MINH VIN CNG NGH SINH HC & THC PHM B MN: SINH HC I CNG

TIU LUN

Ging vin hng dn: Lp:

NGUYN TRUNG HU HTP 4 TLT

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Tp. HCM, thng 11 nm 2011

DHTP4TLT

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM GVHD: NGUYN TRUNG HU B MN: SINH HC I CNG TIU LUN:

DANH SCH NHM STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H V TN Cao Vn Chung L Minh Lm Nguyn Duy Lm Nguyn Duy Khanh inh Quang Thnh Trn Quc Thng Nguyn V MSSV 10337281 10319211 10319001 10348361 10347681 10353351 10337621 NHIM V Tm kim ni dung Tm kim ni dung Tm kim ni dung Tm kim ni dung Tng hp, chnh sa ni sung, lm PowerPoint Tng hp ni dung Tm kim ni dung

Tp. HCM, thng 11 nm 2011

DHTP4TLT

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

LI CM N

Qua thi gian thc hin bi tiu lun vi ch TM HIU V CC LOI TO gip chng em hiu su hn v To trong sinh hc thc vt ca ngnh Sinh hc thc vt i cng ni ring cng nh trong ngnh cng ngh Sinh hc ni chung, v tm hiu cc loi to; ng thi gip nng cao cc k nng cn thit khi lm bi tiu lun. c c nhng iu l nh s gip ca mi ngi. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n: * Trng H Cng Nghip HCM to iu kin cho chng em tt nghip trung cp, cao ng c tip tc hc lin thng ln i hc ti y. * Vin CN Sinh Hc V Thc Phm cung cp cc ti liu hc tp mn Sinh hc i cng n chng em dng lm c s thc hin bi tiu lun ny. * Thy: Nguyn Trung Hu tn tnh hng dn cho c lp ni chung v nhm chng em ni ring c th hon thnh trn vn bi tiu lun ny. * Gia nh, bn b ng vin v gip .

Tp. HCM, thng 11 nm 2011 Trng nhm: inh Quang Thnh

DHTP4TLT

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

MC LC. Tiu Trang

LI CM N........................................................................................................3 Mc lc...................................................................................................................4 Phn 1. m u. .....................................................................................................7 1. T VN ....................................................................................................7 2. MC CH, YU CU.....................................................................................7 3. I TNG NGHIN CU............................................................................7 4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU .....................................................................7 5. PHM VI NGHIN CU..................................................................................8 6. KT QU NGHIN CU.................................................................................8 PHN 2. NI DUNG.............................................................................................9 Chng 1. KHI QUT CHUNG V TO..........................................................9 Chng 2. C IM HNH THI CA TO...................................................12 2.1. TO LAM CYANOPHYTA...........................................................................12 2.1.1. c im c th............................................................................................12 2.1.2. lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t.......................................................................12 2.1.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................13 2.2. TO LC TIN NHN PROCLOROPHYTA..............................................14 2.2.1. c im c th............................................................................................14 2.2.2. Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t......................................................................14 2.2.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................15 2.3. TO XANH GLAUCOPHYTA......................................................................15 2.3.1. c im c th............................................................................................15 2.3.2 Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t.......................................................................16 2.3.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................17 2.4. TO RHODOPHYTA..............................................................................17 2.4.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................18 2.4.2. Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t......................................................................18
DHTP4TLT 5 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

2.4.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................20 2.5. TO SILIC BACILLARIOPHYCEAE...........................................................20 2.5.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................20 2.5.2. Lc lp v sc t. .........................................................................................20 2.5.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................21 2.6. TO NU PHAEOPHYTA............................................................................21 2.6.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................21 2.6.2. Lc lp v sc t. .........................................................................................21 2.6.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................23 2.7. TO HAI ROI LNG CRYTOPHYTA..........................................................23 2.7.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................23 2.7.2. Lc lp v sc t...........................................................................................23 2.7.4. Cht d tr....................................................................................................25 2.8. TO GIP DINOPHYTA...............................................................................25 2.8.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................25 2.8.2. Lc lp v sc t. .........................................................................................25 2.8.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................27 2.9. TO MT.......................................................................................................27 2.9.1. c im hnh thi........................................................................................27 2.9.2. Lc lp v sc t. .........................................................................................27 2.9.3. Cht d tr....................................................................................................28 2.10. TO LC CHLOROPHYTA........................................................................28 2.10.1. c im hnh thi......................................................................................28 2.10.2. Lc lp v sc t. .......................................................................................28 2.10.3. Cht d tr..................................................................................................29 Chng 3. S SINH SN CA TO...................................................................30 3.1. MC CH V NGHA.............................................................................30 3.2. SINH SN SINH DNG.............................................................................30 3.3. SINH SN V TNH......................................................................................31 3.4. SINH SN HU TNH...................................................................................32
DHTP4TLT 6 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

3.4.1. Cc hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh....................................................................32 3.4.2. Sinh sn hu tnh mt s loi To..............................................................34 3.4.2.1. To nu:.....................................................................................................34 3.4.2.2. To lc:......................................................................................................35 3.4.2.3. To :.......................................................................................................36 Chng 4. VNG I V CC YU T NH HNG...................................37 4.1. VNG I.....................................................................................................37 4.1.1. c im chung............................................................................................37 4.1.2. Vng i ca mt s i din.......................................................................37 4.1.2.1.To nu.......................................................................................................37 4.1.2.2.To lc........................................................................................................40 4.1.2.3.To :........................................................................................................41 4.2. CC YU T NH HNG LN VNG I CA TO.........................42 4.2.1. nh hng ca nhit ................................................................................42 4.2.2. Cht lng v cng nh sng.................................................................43 4.2.3. Quang chu k.................................................................................................43 PHN 3. KT LUN............................................................................................46 PHN 4. TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................48

DHTP4TLT

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

PHN 1. 1. T VN :

M U

Ngy nay vi s php trin nhanh ca khoa hc cng ngh sinh hc, tm hiu cc c tnh sinh hc thc vt v t to ra nhiu loi thc vt mi vi nhiu chng loi khc nhau vi nng sut v cht lng cao p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi. C nhiu loi to c ch cho cc ngnh sinh hc, mi trng, thc phm, y dc, Mt s loi c s dng lm thuc khng sinh, lm thc phm, lm thc n cho ng vt, mt s loi cn c tc dng lm sch mi trng nc. S ra i v pht trin ca ngnh sinh hc thc vt d to ra nhiu thit b phc v nhanh v chnh xc cung gii quyt mt phn no v cc vn ny. V th, nhm chng em quyt nh chn mng sinh hc thc vt, kt hp vi cch tm v thng k ti liu thc hin nghin cu mt ti hon chnh, l: Tm hiu v cc loi to. 2. MC CH, YU CU Mc ch: - tm hiu chung v cc loi to. - tm hiu v c im, hnh thi, s sinh sn cc loi to. Yu cu: - Vn dng side bi ging ca thy Nguyn Trung Hu, cc cun sch v cc ti liu t nhiu ngun chuyn v sinh hc thc vt nghin cu v ti ny. 3. I TNG NGHIN CU. - Tm hiu chung v mi loi to din cho mi ngnh to c bit n hin nay: to lam, to lc tin nhn, to xanh, to , to silic, to nu, to hai roi lng, to gip, to mt, to lc. - Tm hiu c im hnh thi v s sinh sn ca cc li to. 4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU. - Tm kim ni dung t nhiu ngun - Tp hp ni dung
DHTP4TLT 8 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Bin tp li thnh bi hon chnh - 5. PHM VI NGHIN CU. - Bi tiu lun c nghin cu v thc hin trong khong 1 thng, c thc hin ti trng H Cng Nghip HCM - Thng tin trong bi tiu lun c su tm t nhiu ngun. 6. KT QU NGHIN CU. - Nu c c im chung ca cc loi to. - Tm hiu v c dim, hnh thi v s sinh sn ca to. - Tm hiu v vng di ca to. - Tm hiu v cc yu t nh hng dn s sinh sn v t ti ca to.

DHTP4TLT

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

PHN 2.

NI DUNG Chng 1. KHI QUT CHUNG V TO

To c tha nhn rng ri l thc vt bc thp, a s c cu trc n gin v t dng nh quang hp. Vai tr ca to trong h sinh thi nc tng t nh vai tr ca thc vt bc cao trong h sinh thi trn cn. To thuc gii thc vt bao gm mt nhm sinh vt rt a dng, kh nh ngha chnh xc. S phn chia ngnh ca chng cn c nhiu kin, 6 ngnh, 12 hay 13 ngnh ... (ngy nay ngi ta tm chia thnh 10 ngnh). n nay cn mt s to vn cha c bit n mt cch t m.

DHTP4TLT

10

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

To bao gm c th tin nhn v c nhn tht. Ngi ta cho rng to l nhm sinh vt u tin, t nhm thc vt khng hoa, v cui cng l nhm thc vt c hoa xut hin. To c cu to c th dng tn, dng n c hay tp on, dng si hay m mm... Nhiu dng n bo c th chuyn ng v c th c mi lin quan vi protozoa. V hnh thi to rt a dng, mt s ln to nu (Phaeophycota) c th t kch thc tng ng vi mt cy nh. Tuy l nhng sinh vt tng i n gin nhng ngay trong nhng t bo nh nht cng c th th hin mt s hon ho cp t bo.

a s to l sinh vt quang dng, mt s t c i sng d dng, hoi sinh hay k sinh, u lin quan n lc lp v cc sc t trong t bo. To cng rt a dng trong cu trc ca cc sc t quang hp. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh quang hp ca to l carbonhydrat v protein tng t vi nhng thc vt bc cao hn. V vy, nhiu to l sinh vt th nghim l tng nh vo kch thc nh ca chng v d dng thao tc trong mi trng lng. Chng c th c nghin cu di nhng iu kin c kim sot
DHTP4TLT 11 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

trong phng th nghim. Nghin cu sc t to cho php chng ta rt ra quan h v ngun gc gia cc nhm thc vt.

DHTP4TLT

12

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Chng 2. C IM HNH THI CA TO 2.1. TO LAM CYANOPHYTA 2.1.1. c im c th. - Ging nh cc loi vi khun khc, to lam khng c ty th, cha c nhn chnh thc m ch l vng nhn phn b ri rc trong t bo. T bo ca to lam cha c b my golgi, khng c mng li ni sinh cht v khng c khng bo. 2.1.2. lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t. + Lc lp: - Cc thylacoid khng xp chng ln nhau (y l im khc bit vi thylacoid ca ngnh Prochorophyta v hu ht to Eukaryota), chng xp n c cch u nhau. - S sp xp cch u ca thylacoid c tm thy trong lc lp ca to nhn tht nh to (Rhodophyta) v to xanh (Glaucophyta). + Sc t: - Cc sc t quang hp c nh v trn mng thylacoid, nm t do trong t bo cht. - Thylacoid cha chlorophyl a nhng khng c chlorophyl b v c. - Mng thylacoid cha lipit - ho tan sc t quang hp. - Nhn chung, cc t bo c mu lam ti mu tm nhng thnh thong c mu hoc lc. Mu lc ca chlorophyl b che lp bi sc t ph lc l phycocyamin, allophycocyamin v sc t ph mu l phycoerythin. Phycocyamin,allophycocyamin v phycoerythin l cc hp cht cu trc tng t, chng to nn sc t gi l phycobiliprotein. Phycobiliprotein trong cc th nh c trn b mt mng thylacoid. Cc th ny gi l th hnh cu (hemidiscoidal) hay bn cu (hemispherycal) (20 - 70nm) xp thnh dy c gi l phycobilisome. - Mi phycobilisome cha mt li tam gic hnh a i t c 6 que to ra, mi que gm cc a xp chng ln nhau. Li tam gic cha allophycocyamin ni vi thylacoid nh protein. Cc que bao gm cc a phycocyamin v phycoerythin, chng ni vi nhau nh enzim. Mt ngoi cui cc que to thnh hnh bn nguyt ca phycobilisome khi nhn t mt bn. Phycobilisome c chc nng nh sc t anten ca
DHTP4TLT 13 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

h thng quang hp II, hp th nh sng v truyn cho chlorophyll a trong phc hp h thng quang hp II. - Phycobilisome cng c tm thy trong to nhn tht nh to Rhodophyta, Glaucophyta. - Lc lp ca Rhodophyta v Glaucophyta trng ging t bo ca to lam. Do thylacoid ca 3 nhm ny u dng n v cch u nhau. - Tng quan gia s lng phycocyamin v phycoerythin quyt nh mu ca t bo. Vi loi to lam ng sang mu xanh l khi sinh trng trong nh sng v mu hi trong nh sng xanh, hin tng gi l nhim sc th thch nghi : trng hp u do phycocyamin chim u th, trng hp sau do phycoerythin chim u th. Nhng loi khng c hin tng trn do ch c phycocyamin v allophycocyamin m khng c phycoerythin. - Cc sc t khc nh: - caroten, zeaxanthin, echinenone, canthaxanthin, myxoxanthophyll, lutein. Myxoxanthophyll cn c trong cc nhm to khc. 2.1.3. Cht d tr. - Cht d tr polysacharide l ht tinh bt cyanophycean (cyanophycean starch). Nhng ht cyanophycean c tm thy trong nhng ht nh (tiny granules) nm gia thylacoid, nhng ht nh ny ch c nhn thy di knh hin vi in t. Thm vo , cc t bo to lam thng cha cc ht cyanophycin n bao gm cc polyme ca axit arginine v asparagine, cc th polyphotphat, carboxysome ni cha cc enzim cho qu trnh c nh CO2 ca quang hp, ribulozo 1,5 bisphosphat carboxylase oxygenase (RiBisCO). C th l: + Tinh bt cyanophycean (cyanophycean starch): y l cht d tr quan trng nht, l mt dng lin kt -1,4 glucan tng t vi glycogen v amylopectin thc vt bc cao. Cyanophycean starch nh mt dng ht nh (30nm x 65nm), khng c nhn thy di knh hin vi quang hc, n nm gia cc thylacoid. + Cc ht cyanophycin: nhng ht ny khng ging vi cc ht tinh bt, chng c th c nhn thy di knh vi quang hc, ngay c khi n khng bt mu c trng. Chng c tch lu gn vch ngang ca cc to lam dng tp on hoc dng si hoc ranh gii gia t bo cht v th mu (chromatoplasm).
DHTP4TLT 14 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

+ Cc ht polyphosphate: cc ht polyphosphat ny c ng knh khong 0,5 2m, chng b phn hu trong mi trng axit. + Th polyhedral ( carboxysome): mi th polyhedral c ng knh t 200 300nm, l ni d tr enzim ribulose 1,5bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) y l ezim xc tc cho cc phn ng xy ra trong pha ti quang hp (pha c nh CO2). + Poly--hydroybutyric acid: cc bng ny c ng knh khong 200 nm, dng ny c tm thy mt vi loi to lam. Cht d tr dng ny cng c tm thy nhiu vi khun (Bacteria). 2.2. TO LC TIN NHN PROCLOROPHYTA 2.2.1. c im c th. - n bo, sng cng sinh bt buc vi hi tiu. - Cha c nhn chnh thc, t bo ca to lc tin nhn cha c ti th, b my golgi, khng c mng li ni sinh cht. 2.2.2. Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t. + Lc lp: - Cc thylacoid khng dng n m xp chng ln nhau thnh nhm 2 thylacoid nh thylacoid ca to lc v thc vt bc cao. + Sc t: - Cc sc t quang hp c gn vi thylacoid, nm t do trong t bo cht, khng nm trong lc lp. - Thylacoid cha chlorophyl a v b ging lc lp ca to lc v thc vt bc cao, khng c chlorophyl c. - Cc sc t khc nh: - caroten v cc dng khc ca xanthophyll, zeaxanthin, khng c phycobiliprotein. - Theo thuyt ni cng sinh, lc lp ca to nhn tht c ngun gc t to lc tin nhn, n c hp th nhng khng b bin i bi sinh vt nhn tht. Lc lp ca to Rhodophyta v Glaucophyta c th c gii thch nh l cc th h t bo to lam b hp th, bi v c s ging nhau gia chng v cu trc v sc t quang hp (cc thylacoid c khong cch bng nhau mang phycobilisome, s c mt ca chlorophyl a
DHTP4TLT 15 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

khng c chlorophyl b). Lc lp ca to lc v to nu khc vi lc lp ca to v siu cu trc v thnh phn sc t. 2.2.3. Cht d tr. - Cht d tr tinh bt ging tinh bt cyanophycin. - Th polyhedral (carboxysome) cha enzim ribulose 1,5bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) y l ezim xc tc cho cc phn ng xy ra trong pha ti quang hp (pha c nh CO2). 2.3. TO XANH GLAUCOPHYTA 2.3.1. c im c th. - Ngnh ny thuc gii Eukaryota v theo , t bo gm nhn, b my golgi, li ni cht, ty th v th mu (lc lp). Chng ta xp Glaucophyta ngay sau to prokaryotic bi v lc lp ca Glaucophyta c nhiu lin quan vi ngnh Cyanophyta n bo, hnh cu (Cyanobacteria). V vy, chng c gii thch nh l trung gian gia Cyanophyta v lc lp ca cc loi to khc v thc vt bc cao. Ngnh ny ch c 1 lp: Glaucophyceae.

2.3.2 Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t. + Lc lp: - Lc lp tng t vi Cyanophyta n bo, dng hnh cu (Cyanobacteria). Mi th lp c bao bc bi vch peptidoglycan mng v nm trong mt khng bo c bit.
DHTP4TLT 16 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Cc thylacoid khng xp chng ln nhau (nh trong ngnh Prochlorophyta) ca prokaryotic v hu ht to Eukaryotic) m dng n (ring bit) v cch u nhau. S sp xp cc thylacoid ny cng c tm thy Cyanophyta v trong lc lp ca Rhodophyta. + Sc t: - Lc lp gm Chla v khng c Chlb, c, c im ny cng ging vi Cyanophyta v lc lp ca Rhodophyta. - Mu sc ca lc lp l mu xanh lam do sc t ph mu xanh lam do phycocyanin v allophycocyanin che lp sc t lc. Cc sc t quang hp ph ny nm trong phycobilisome - gn trn thylacoid ging nh Cyanophyta v lc lp ca Rhodophyta. Sc t ph carotenoid (sc t ph ) gm Caroten, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin. - ADN lc lp c c trung tm lc lp. S sp xp ny ging vi Cyanophyta - ngnh ny, ADN cng nm trung tm ca mi t bo. Trung tm ca th mu cng b che lp bi nhng th hnh a gic (carboxysomes), carboxysomes cng lp li mt cch c trng trung tm ca t bo Cyanophyta. Carboxysomes c enzim ribolose 1,5 biphosphat cacboxylase oxygenase, enzim ny xc tc cho qu trnh c nh CO 2 trong quang hp Ribulose 1,5biP. - Glaucophyta c quan tm bi s ging nhau rt ln gia lc lp ca chng vi to lc n bo (Cyanophytes, Cyanobacteria). Tht vy, qua mt thi gian di, lc lp ca chng c xem nh l to cng sinh ni sinh (Cyanelles) sng trong cc t bo ca sinh vt nhn thc n bo d dng v s gii thch ny gp phn vo ng h mnh m gi thuyt ca Mereschkowsky v ngun gc ni cng sinh ca lc lp. Quan st k di knh hin vi in t xc nhn rng lc lp (th mu) ca Glaucophyta tng t vi to lam v cng tng t vi lc lp ca Rhodophyta. Vic pht hin ra vch peptidoglycan mng bao quanh lc lp ca Glaucophyta l bng chng c bit quan trng cho mi lin h vi Cyanophyta, bi c trng ca to lam l c lp peptidoglycan trong vch t bo ca chng. Hn na lp peptidoglycan u b phn hy bi enzim lyzozyme. - Kch thc genome ca lc lp c nghin cu Glaucophyta v tm thy dng vng nh hn 10 ln so vi genome ca Cyanophyta sng t do, genome ca chng
DHTP4TLT 17 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

cha khong 125000 cp baz, tng t vi b gen ca cc lc lp khc. Vi cu trc ny th genome ca Glaucophyta nhng nh ging vi genome ca cc loi to khc v thc vt bc cao hn so vi genome ca Cyanophyta. V vy, genome dng vng ca lc lp Glaucophyta ging vi thc vt bc cao, gm 2 on lp li ngc chiu nhau. - Nh vy, Glaucophyta, lc lp ca n c gi l cyanelle. Cyanelle hot ng nh mt lc lp cung cp cho vt ch cc cht hu c ch yu l glucose. Cyanelle c bao bc bi thnh peptidoglycan cng vi nhng cu trc khc nh thylacoid, carboxysome nh Cyanophyta. Thylacoid cha sc t phicobiliprotein gm allophycocyanin, phycoxyanin (nhng thiu phycocrythin). Bn cnh cn c sc t carotene. Cyanelle khng tn ti c bn ngoi t bo vt ch. Cyanelle ch c th l giai on trung gian trong qu trnh tin ho ca lc lp. 2.3.3. Cht d tr. - Sn phm d tr polysaccharide l tinh bt. Cc hch to bt ny nm bn ngoi lc lp nh Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta. Tuy nhin, c trng hp hch to bt nm bn trong lc lp. 2.4. TO RHODOPHYTA 2.4.1. c im hnh thi. - T bo dng trn, khi cht nguyn sinh hnh cu, khng c roi, to ra t cc bo t hoc giao t. - Dng coccoid, dng si v dng tn.

DHTP4TLT

18

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

2.4.2. Lc lp (chloroplast) v sc t. + Lc lp: - Lc lp ca to c mng kp v khng c mng li ni sinh cht lc lp (ging vi Glaucophyta, Bryophyta v Tracheophyta). Cc thylakoid khng xp chng ln nhau, chng mm ring r trong lc lp vi khong cch u nhau. c im ny khc vi cc thc vt quang hp nhn thc khc tr Glaucophyta v nhng thc vt ny cc thylakoid thng xp chng ln nhau hnh thnh cc thylakoid dng bn (lamen) hay dng ht (grana) . i khi mt s loi c mt hoc hai thylakoid nm vng ngoi vi v song song vi mng lc lp. A Lc lp ca Porphyridium purpureum; B Lc lp ca Ceramiumdna: AND lc lp; e : mng lc lp; p: phycobilisome; s: tinh bt; th: thylakoid. + Sc t. - To c mu sc thay i t mu n mu en v thay i theo su phn b. To sng vng triu cao c mu thay i t xanh n en, vng triu thp hn c mu sc thay i t nu n ta, cn su hn th c mu hng. S thay i ny ph thuc vo cc loi sc t v hm lng ca chng. - Cc sc t quang hp to l chlorophyll a v d v phycobillin (gm phycoerythrin, phycocyanin v alophycocyanin). Cc loi sc t ny l nhng thnh phn cn thit ca b my quang hp to . Mi loi sc t ch hp th nhng tia sc c bc sng ph hp, cc tia sng khng c hp th s b phn x - to , sc t phycoerythrin thng l sc t tri ln t cc sc t xanh chlorophyll v phycocyanin, do lm cho to c mu . Tuy nhin, mt vi loi, mu sc c th thay i ty thuc vo t l gia phycoerythrin v phycocyanin ( nu trn). - Mt s loi to cn c mt s sc t khc nh carotenoid (gm - carotene v - carotene), leutin v zeaxanthan. - Tt c cc sc t trn u nh v trong lc lp. Lc lp to rt a dng v hnh dng. Chng c nm i din vi vch t bo hay nm trung tm t bo. Cc lc lp nm i din vi vch t bo thng c hnh a hay hnh sao. mt s loi th ch c lc lp hnh a hoc hnh sao, mt s loi th c c hai loi

DHTP4TLT

19

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

ny nh Ceramium. Ch c mt vi loi thuc lp Bangiophyceae c lc lp nm trung tm t bo. - B mt ca cc thylacoid c cc phycobilisome cha phycobiliprotein. - Phycobiliprotein l phc hp gia phycobilin v protein. - ADN ca lc lp c t chc thnh cc mn nc nh, cc nucleoid. Trong lc lp ca to khng c mt ca nucleoid dng vng (Hnh 12A, B). - Cc nh khoa hc cho rng, lc lp ca to c ngun gc t to lam ni cng sinh. iu ny xut pht t c im ca lc lp to ch c lp mng kp, khng c mng li ni sinh cht lc lp v phycobilin l sc t c trng ca to v to lam. S kin tin ha dn n s hnh thnh lc lp ca to din ra nh sau: To lam b ht vo ti thc n ca ng vt nguyn sinh bi s thc bo. Tuy nhin, thay v b tiu ha nh mt ngun thc n, n li sng ni cng sinh trong c th ng vt nguyn sinh. iu ny s c li cho c to lam v ng vt nguyn sinh. To lam quang hp to ra sn phm cho ng vt nguyn sinh, ng thi n c bo v trong mi trng vng chc. Tri qua qu trnh tin ha vch ca t bo to lam b mt i. S t bin xy ra vt ni cng sinh lm mt vch t bo ca n s c chn lc trong qu tin ha bi v n to iu kin thun li cho s vn chuyn cc hp cht gia vt ch v vt ni cng sinh. Mng ti thc n ca vt ch thc bo tr thnh mng ngoi ca mng lc lp. Mng nguyn sinh cht ca to lam tr thnh trong ca mng lc lp. S sp xp li cc mng thylakoid v s tin ha ca cc th a din thnh ht to tinh bt hon thin s chuyn tip thnh mt lc lp tht s. 2.4.3. Cht d tr. - Sn phm d tr ca to l tinh bt floridean. l mt cht -1,4 glucan. Tinh bt ca to khc vi tinh bt ca to lc v thc vt bc cao. Tinh bt ca to khng c chui khng phn nhnh amylose m ch c chui phn nhnh amylopectin. Khi x l vi iot cho mu nu hoc vng. Cc ht tinh bt c to thnh t bo cht, khng nm trong lc lp nh tinh bt ca to lc. - Floridean c dng khi vi trng lng phn t thp, gn mng lc lp, c chc nng iu ho p sut thm thu, n khng ch c Rhodophyta m cn Cyanophyta v Crypytophyta.
DHTP4TLT 20 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

2.5. TO SILIC BACILLARIOPHYCEAE. 2.5.1. c im hnh thi. - To silic l sinh vt n bo, c nhn tht (Eukaryote), sng ring l hoc lin kt thnh tp on, T bo c kch thc t 2m n 2mm.

2.5.2. Lc lp v sc t. + lc lp: - Lc lp thng c mu vng nu, v chlorophyll b che lp bi sc t chnh l fucoxanthin. - ADN ca lc lp c t chc trong mt vng nucleotid v c bao quanh bi mt mng li ni sinh cht. - Lc lp gn nhn v mng li ni sinh cht lc lp c ni vi mng nhn. - Thylakoid xp 3 v c mt lamellae vnh ai nm di mng lc lp, bao quanh cc tm khc. + Sc t: - Sc t ca to silics gm chlorophyll a, c2, c th c c1 hoc c3, khng c chlorophyll b.

DHTP4TLT

21

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Cc carotenoic: caroten, fucoxanthin, diatoxanrthin v diadinoxanhhitn, ch o l fucoxanthin, chnh sc t ny quyt nh mu vng nu cho to. Tt c cc sc t ny u nm trong lc lp. Thng to silic lng chim c hai tm dng bn c cc ch lm hay phn thu. - To silic trung tm li thng c s lng lc lp nhiu hn, dng a v cng phn thu. 2.5.3. Cht d tr. - Lc lp ca to c mt hoc nhiu ht bt (pyrenoid), c th nm trung tm ca lc lp hoc mt trong ca lc lp, c khi nm trong khoang ca lc lp. - Cht d tr: Cht d tr quan trng nht ca to silic l chrysolaminarin (mt loi bta 1,3 linked glucan) c d tr dng dung dch trong cc ti cha c bit. Chrysolaminarin cng l sn phm d tr quan trng ca Chrysophyceae. Ngoi ra to silics cng d tr cc git lipit. 2.6. TO NU PHAEOPHYTA. 2.6.1. c im hnh thi. - Tt c cc loi thuc lp to nu u c cu to a bo, hnh thi v cu trc ca to rt a dng, t nhng dng si phn nhnh c kch thc hin vi cho n dng l c nhiu thy c cu trc phc tp v di nhiu mt. Mc d vi nhng khc bit th to nu vn l mt nhm phn loi mt cch t nhin. 2.6.2. Lc lp v sc t. + Lc lp: - Lc lp c dng hnh a, hoc hnh di thng c mu vng nu v mu lc ca chlorophyll b che lp bi mu sc ca cc sc t ph fucoxanthin. Ht to bt (pyrenoid) nh ci cung nh

DHTP4TLT

22

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

ra t phn cui ca lc lp. Mi lc lp thng c mt hoc vi ht to bt c dng qu l. Lc lp c bao bc bi bn lp mng trong gm hai lp mng ca lc lp v hai lp mng li ni sinh cht lc lp. Mng li ni sinh cht lc lp ni vi mng nhn. Gia mng nhn v hai lp mng ca lc lp c periplastidal. Periplastidal gm h thng cc vi ng lin kt vi nhau khong hp gia mng nhn v hai lp mng ca lc lp. - Pha trong lc lp, ba thylacoid thng xp chng ln nhau to thnh cc tm lamella. Lc lp ca to nu c cc lamella ngoi vi chy st mng lc lp, bao bc cc lamella khc pha trong. c im cu to lc lp ca to nu cng l mt trong nhng c im quan trng xp to nu vo cng mt ngnh vi to silic, to vng, to vng nh v cc lp khc vo cng mt ngnh. Cu trc lc lp ca to nu ging vi cu trc in hnh ca ngnh Heterokontophyta. - ADN ca lc lp c dng vng. + Sc t : - Sc t quang hp ca to nu ha tan trong lc lp khng tp trung thnh cc phycobilisome trn b mt ca thylacoid nh to hay to lam. Sc t quang hp l Chla, Chlc, khng c Chlb. Sc t quang hp ph l fucoxanthin v cc sc t xanthophyll cng c hin din to nu nh: violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin. Bn cnh cn c caroten. to nu cc sc t quang hp ph c bit l fucoxanthin c mu sc ln t sc t quang hp nn to nu c mu nu. Chrysophyceae v Bacillariophyceae cng c mu nu do sc t fucoxanthin. 2.6.3. Cht d tr. - Sn phm d tr ca qu trnh quang hp l Chrysolaminaran, trong cu trc cha lin kt -1,3 glucan, sn phm ny c cha trong nhng khng bo c bit c to ra t t bo cht. Sn phm d tr ca to nu ging vi sn phm d tr ca Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae; lp Xanthophyceae v Hapthophyceae sn phm d tr cng c cu trc tng t. Bn cnh to nu cn c mannitol, lipid dng cc git du cng c pht hin. Do trong lc lp ca to nu thng c cc git lipit. Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae cng c s hin din ca Mannitol.
DHTP4TLT 23 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Trong t bo ca nhiu to nu tch ly mt lng ln it, Laminaria c th tch ly vi t l ln n 0,03-0,3% trong khi nng it trong nc bin c nng rt thp 0,000005%. Do trc y ngi ta chit xut It t to nu. Bn cnh to bin v c bit l to nu cng thng thi ra mi trng mt lng ln brominatemethane. - to nu cn tng hp nn cc dng ca tannin, chng c cu trc khac nhau nhng u cha polyhydroxyphenol hay dn xut ca n. Chc nng chnh ca cc hp cht tannin l gip to nu chng li cc ng vt n c. Khi oxi ho tannin cho ra sn phm l thuc nhum, thuc nhum ny c mu nu en thng thy to nu b cht do thu triu a ln bi. 2.7. TO HAI ROI CRYTOPHYTA 2.7.1. c im hnh thi. - Ngnh Cryptophyta ch c mt lp l Cryptophyceae, c cu thnh t c s l cc roi v c tm thy trong c mi trng bin v mi trng nc ngt. T bo cha Chlorophyll a v c2 v phycobiliprotein c tm thy bn trong thylakoid ca lc lp. C th t bo c dng lng bng (sau trc) vi t bo dt trong mt phng. Mt vi nhm thiu lc lp v d dng nhng hu ht c mt lc lp chia thy n vi mt ht to tinh bt trung tm. 2.7.2. Lc lp v sc t. + Lc lp : - Lc lp ca ngnh hu ht c tin ha t s cng sinh gia mt c th tng t cryptomonas thc bo Goniomonas v to . Lc lp c bao quanh bi hai mng ca mng li ni sinh cht (ER) lc lp v hai mng ca mng lc lp. Gia mng ngoi v mng trong ca mng li ni sinh cht lc lp l ht tinh bt v nucleomorph. ADN lc lp c tp trung trong nhiu th nh m cc th ny phn tn khp ni trong lc lp. - Lc lp cc t bo khc nhau khc nhau t 1 n 2 lc lp, c th xanh dng, xanh lam, , nu, xanh oliu, nu v vng nu. Nhng mu ny c mt do chlorophyll b ln t bi mt s lng ln sc t quang hp ph c tm thy vi cc t l khc nhau.

DHTP4TLT

24

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Thylakoid thng xp i to thnh tm, khng c tm ai. Thylakoid dy hn thylakoid ca to v c lp y cc vt liu nhum mu ti, mu ny i din cho sc t phycocyanin v phycoerythrin. - ADN tp trung trong nhiu th nh. Mt c quan c bit l nucleomorph hin din trong khong trng gia lc lp v mng li ni sinh cht lc lp, thng nm phn lm trn b mt ca ht to tinh bt. Nucleomorph c mt mng kp bao quanh v cha c ADN v cu trc ging nhn. Phm vi t bo c bao quanh bi lc lp ER c gii thch nh s m t s thoi ha ni cng sinh. ng h cho kin ny gn y thu c t s phn tch s pht sinh chng loi ca chui m t ribosome ARNr 18S trong nhn v nucleomorph. Nucleomorph cha acid nucleid m ha nhng ARNr m c hp nht vo ribosome trong khong gia hai mng ca lc lp ER. Nucleomorph c th l phn nh nhn ca s ni cng sinh trong s kin dn n lc lp ER. Nucleomorph c bao quanh bi mt mng c nhng l tng t trong mng nhn. N trnh by dng c s ca phn chia s dng vi ng. Nucleomorph phn chia trong k u sm ca nhn chnh theo sau s sao chp th c s nhng trc khi phn chia lc lp v mng li ni sinh cht lc lp. Ch mt loi thiu nucleomorph l Goniomonas, khng mu v thiu lp th. Mt to khng mu th hai, Chilomonas l dng bin i ca quang hp cryptophyte cha mt ht khng mu (v sc lp) v mt nucleomorph. - Nucleomorph thng c gii thch nh nhn b thoi ho ca h thng quang hp trong hin tng ni cng sinh ca sinh vt nhn tht, n c xem nh l s hp nht vo t tin ca Cryptophyte. + Sc t. - Carotenoid chnh c mt l carotene v xanthophyll chnh, diatoxanthin. c ba dng quang ph ca phycoerythrin v ba dng quang ph ca phycocyanin, tt c c s khc nhau t phycobiliprotein c tm thy trong cyanobacteria v to . Phycobiliprotein nm trong vng trung gian bn trong cc thylakoid v khng c cht m ca cc thylakoid trong phycobilisome nh qu trnh trong cyanobacteria v to . Mi Cryptophyte quang hp ch c mt nhm ca phycobiliprotein hoc phycoerythrin hoc phycocyanin khng bao gi c c hai. Khng allophycocyanin no c mt.
DHTP4TLT 25 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Alolphycocyanin ng vai tr nh mt cu ni trong vic chuyn i ca nng lng nh sng t phycoerythrin v phycocyanin thnh Chlorophyll a ca phn ng trung tm trong to v cyanobacteria. c s thay i trong s lng ca sc t di iu kin cng nh sng khc nhau. - T bo ca Cryptomanas pht trin di iu kin cng nh sng thp (10 Em-2 s-1 ) cha gp i chlorophyll a v c2, v su ln nh phycoerythrin khp t bo khi pht trin di iu kin cng nh sng cao (260 Em -2 s-1). Di iu kin cng nh sng thp c s tp trung cao hn ca phycoerythrin v thylakoid dy hn. 2.7.4. Cht d tr. - Cht d tr quan trng nht l tinh bt. Cc ht ny to ra bn ngoi mng lc lp nhng bn trong lc lp ER, n gn ht to bt. Mt c trng ch c duy nht to Cryptophyceae l tinh bt c tch ly khng lc lp cng khng t bo cht m periplastidial gia lc lp ER v mng lc lp. Tinh bt l -1,4-glucan to thnh khong 30% amylose v amylopectin. Tinh bt Cryptophycean tng t tinh bt khoai ty v tinh bt c tm thy trong to xanh v to gip c hai roi (dinoflagellates). Ngoi ra cn c cc git lipit. 2.8. TO GIP DINOPHYTA. 2.8.1. c im hnh thi. - a s n bo, c rnh. C nhm c v, c nhm to gip khng v (to gip trn). - C 2 roi, hu ht c kh nng chuyn ng. Dng khng chuyn ng do thch nghi vi ni sng ca chng. - Bao gm cc dng ht, pamella, amip v tp on dng si. Ngoi ra c vi dng k l, c bit khc thng. a dng hnh thi l do a dng v kiu dinh dng. Bn cnh t dng kiu dinh dng d dng cng pht trin trong ngnh ny nh hoi sinh, k sinh, cng sinh v ton dng cng thy c. 2.8.2. Lc lp v sc t. + Lc lp. - Lc lp c bao quanh bi mt mng gm c 3 lp mng song song, khng ni vi mng li ni cht v mng nhn.
DHTP4TLT 26 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Thylacoid thng xp 3. - Vi to gip c lc lp khc thng hoc thiu lc lp, n i din cho nhng sinh vt nhn thc c hin tng ni cng sinh. - Lc lp ca nhm ni cng sinh c bao bi mt lp mng li ni cht ni vi mng nhn. - Nhng loi kch thch ln thng c lc lp ko di, sp xp to trn.

Hnh: Lc lp Peridinium cinctum - ADN ca lc lp tp hp trong cc khi nh, trong sut, nm ri rc trong lc lp. Nhng loi to gip ni cng sinh c th c nhng dng nucleotid khc nhau. + Sc t. - Khong mt na s loi to gip c kh nng quang hp. Nhng loi quang hp thng c mu vng - nu, kt qu s c mt ca cc sc t ph quang hp, che lp mu xanh ca chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a v c2, khng c chl b. - Cc sc t ph ch yu l peridinin, xanthophyll, diadinoxanthin, dinoxanthin, carotene. Peridinin l sc t tip nhn nh sng hu ht to gip quang hp v kt hp vi chl a to phc hp peridinin - chla. Tuy nhin vi loi c sc t nu thay v peridinin, trong khi vi loi c mu xanh lc hoc . - Nhng loi to gip ni cng sinh c th c sc t nu fucoxanthin thay v peridinin (trong khi vi loi c mu xanh lc hoc ), chl ca cc loi ny l chl c1 v c2 l nhng dng nucleotid khc nhau.
DHTP4TLT 27 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

2.8.3. Cht d tr. - Trong lc lp c cc ht to bt, chng c th b cun vo hoc gn trong lc lp. - Tinh bt l cht d tr chnh, n c to thnh bn ngoi mng lc lp t cc ht to bt. Tinh bt ca to gip cng ging to , trong khi tinh bt to lc c to ra v d tr bn trong lc lp. - Lipid cng c tm thy nh vt liu d tr. 2.9. TO MT. 2.9.1. c im hnh thi - a s to mt c dng n bo, c roi, t bo kiu monad. Trong qu trnh sng, c giai on t bo c bao bc bi lp v nhy c gi l bo t ngh (bo xc) 2.9.2. Lc lp v sc t. + Lc lp: - Hnh dng khc nhau mi loi trong ngnh. V d loi Euglena spiroyra: lc lp nh v c hnh a; loi Euglena khc lc lp dng tm m khng cha y ht to tinh bt v xung quanh khng giu ht tinh bt. - Ging vi Dinophyta, lc lp c bao bc bi 3 lp mng, khng ni vi li ni sinh cht ca nhn. Lc lp c lp mng dy 35-45nm - S hnh thnh ba lp mng ny theo con ng thc bo. Hai mng ngoi c xem nh mng ca lc lp to lc. Mng th ba c xem l mng ca khng bo thc n ca vt ch. - Thylakoid thng sp xp thnh nhm 3, dng bn mng, cch sp xp ging Dinophyta, khng c thylakoid ngoi vi nh Heterokontophyta. Nhiu loi khng c lc lp nn chng sng d dng bng cch thc bo hoc hoi sinh. - Lc lp khng b che lp bi sc t ph nn c mu xanh. - Lc lp c cha ADN. ADN DNA t c s khc bit so vi nhn. V Euglena c coi l c th u tin c cha DNA lc lp c chng minh. ADN c tm thy nh mt cun ca cc ht m chiu di n xuyn sut lc lp. + Sc t: - Lc lp cha sc t Chl a, b to nn mu xanh ca to, khng c Chl c.

DHTP4TLT

28

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Sc t ph quan trng: - carotene, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin v mt s sc t khc nh: echinenone, diatoxanthin v zeaxanthin 2.9.3. Cht d tr. - Sn phm d tr khng phi l tinh bt m l paramylon, mt -1-3 polyme ca glucose c trong t bo cht. - Ngoi ra to Mt c ht to tinh bt nm ngoi lc lp. 2.10. TO LC CHLOROPHYTA. 2.10.1. c im hnh thi. To lc n bo c cha chlorophyl a v b, xanthophyll. Hnh thi rt khc nhau, c loi n bo, c loi thnh nhm (nh hnh hay phi nh hnh), c loi dng si, c loi dng mng, c loi dng ng...Phn ln c mu lc nh c. Sc lp (chromoplast) c th c hnh phin, hnh di, hnh li, hnh tr, hnh cc, hnh sao...Thng c 2-6 thylakoid xp chng ln nhau. Phn ln c 1 hay nhiu pyrenoid nm trong sc lp. Nhim v ch yu ca pyranoid l tng hp tinh bt. Trn sc lp ca lc to n bo hay t bo sinh sn di ng thng c im mt (stigma hay redeyespot) mu . Phn ln t bo di ng ca lc to c si lng roi (tin mao) di bng nhau v trn nhn (gi l Isokontan). Mt s loi lng roi rp v c lng nh trn mt. C loi trn b mt lng roi c 1 hay vi tng vy nh (scale). Lng roi ca t bo di ng to lc thng c 2 si, mt s t c 4 si, 8 si hay nhiu hn. Cng c khi ch c 1 si lng roi. Phn ln t bo to lc c 1 nhn. Mt s t c nhiu nhn (coenocytic).Thnh t bo ca to lc ch yu cha cellulose, mt s t cha xylan hoc mannan.

DHTP4TLT

29

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

2.10.2. Lc lp v sc t. + lc lp: - Lc lp c bao bi mng kp, khng c mng li ni sinh cht lc lp. V im ny chng ging vi Rhodophyta, Glaucodophyta, Bryophyta v Tracheophyta. Mi lp mng lc lp dy 5nm, khong cch gia chng 6 -10nm. Trong lc lp thylakoid c kch thc khc nhau. Ht to bt nm trong lc lp. - Thylakoid kt hp thnh di gm 2 6 hoc nhiu hn, khng c lamella vnh ai. - ADN lc lp dng vng nm ri rc khp lc lp. - Lc lp hu ht Chlamydomonas c dng ci tch v nm cnh mng t bo, vi loi lc lp c hnh dng khc nhau. Gc ca tch dy v c pyrenoid nh v y. + Sc t: - Lc lp c mu xanh do n khng che lp bi cc sc t khc. C chl a v b, c im ny chng ging vi Prochlophyta, Euglenophyta, Glaucodophyta, Bryophyta v Tracheophyta. Ngoi ra mt s loi c mt loi chl tng t chlc. - Sc t quang hp ph nh : xantophyll, violaxanthin,lutein, zeaxanhthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, siphonein v siphoyoxanthin. 2.10.3. Cht d tr.
DHTP4TLT 30 NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Sn phm d tr l tinh bt c dng ht trong cht nn ca lc lp lm cho lc lp c b mt ln nhn. Ht to bt (pyrenoid - trung tm to tinh bt) nm trong lc lp, n c chc nng trong quang hp. Pyrenoid l on protein c kh nng tham gia phn ng c nh CO2, n cha enzim RiBisCO (ribulozo 1,5 bisphosphat carboxylase oxygenase) tham gia phn ng u tin trong chu trnh ti s dng cacbon.

DHTP4TLT

31

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Chng 3. S SINH SN CA TO 3.1. MC CH V NGHA. to, mi th h t n c th sinh sn v tnh v hu tnh. - S sinh sn v tnh lm tng nhanh s lng c th, nhng vt cht di truyn ca chng khng c s thay i, cn sinh sn hu tnh li to nn tnh a dng v cc bin d ca cc c th trong qun th. Tuy nhin sinh sn hu tnh thng lng ph v mt nng lng v vt cht t bo do cc giao t c phng thch ra nhng khng phi bao gi cng c th th tinh c, nhng giao t ny thng cht v gy ra s lng ph ny. Ty v iu kin trong mi trng m to c hnh thc sinh sn no nhm to ra th h mi thch ng c vi iu kin ca mi trng. - Hu ht to bin duy tr c hai hnh thc sinh sn. Theo Russel (1986) ni c ng giao t th cc giao t ny thc hin chc nng nh ng bo t trong sinh sn v tnh. - Mt vi to sng tri ni th s lng c th ph thuc hnh thc sinh sn sinh dng phn mnh. 3.2. SINH SN SINH DNG. Qu trnh sinh sn sinh dng c tin hnh trn nhng phn ring l ca c th. Phn ln cc loi sinh sn theo hnh thc ny thng khng chuyn ha chc nng sinh sn. C bn hnh thc sinh sn theo kiu sinh dng ng vi hnh thi ca chng: + To n bo: Sinh sn bng cch phn chia t bo,thng gp to lam(cyanophyta) v to mt (euglenophyta). - T mt t bo m phn ct thnh hai t bo mi. + To dng tp on : Sinh sn bng cch phn tch nhng tp on c kch thc nh hay thnh nhng tp on mi ngay trn tp on m, nh tp on Volvox + To dng si: To thnh cc on nh hay t on t nhin,kiu sinh sn ny thng gp : Oscollatoria,Octoc,Lyngbya + To dng tn: Sinh sn nh tch mt phn trn c th m,c th con dnh ln c th m hoc mc c lp.

DHTP4TLT

32

NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Phn ct to on: Chng cho ra cc an ngn,ri khi c th m thnh mt c th khc. Chng ri khi c th m bng cch trt. Trong hnh thc sinh sn bng cch to on ny th c 2 dng l gin bo v hoi bo. + Gin bo: L mt hay hai t bo gn nhau ha nhy thnh mt Cht u ha.T bo gn nh vy ri nhau d dng v tn t ti v tr y. + Hoi bo: mt t bo tr nn vng v vch ngang ca chng lm,t bo dn tan i lm cho to on ri ra. - Cu hnh: (propagula) Loi Sphacelaria rigidula (thuc lp to nu) khi gp iu kin nhit cao: 12200C v trong iu kin ngy di: 16h chiu sng s hnh thnh nhnh sinh sn cn gi l cu hnh. Cu hnh c hnh thnh mt bn ca tn, thng mang 2 nhnh, him khi 3. Cu hnh ni vi tn bng mt lp t bo mng nn rt d pht tn v ny chi thnh tn mi. - Ny chi: Cy con c hnh thnh trc tip trn cy m, sau tch ra khi cy m pht trin thnh c th mi. 3.3. SINH SN V TNH. y l hnh thc sinh sn quan trng ca cc loi To, trong qu trnh sinh sn c th sinh vt hnh thnh nn c quan sinh sn chuyn ha gi l bo t. Hnh thnh cc loi bo t v tnh, nh Bo t tnh (Aplanospore), Bo t ng (Zoospore), Bo t t thn (Autosporre), Bo t mng dy (Akinet). Thc hin bng s hnh thnh cc bo t chuyn ha, c roi hoc khng c roi. Cc bo t c hnh thnh trong bo t phng (ti bo t). Bo t ny mm thnh tn mi. - Sinh sn v tnh bng bo t lng bi: To nu c c quan sinh sn c bit l ti bo t nhiu (plurilocular sporangia), ti bo t ny ch to thnh bo t 2n bo t ny li ny mm thnh th bo t ban u. To nu: Trn th bo t c mang ti bo t mt ngn hay ti bo t nhiu ngn hoc c hai ty thuc vo iu kin trong mi trng. + Ti bo t nhiu ngn (plurilocular sporangium): Ti bo t ny gm nhiu t bo, mi t bo trong ti s hnh thnh nn mt ng bo t. Cc ng bo t c hnh
DHTP4TLT 33 NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

thnh trong ti bo t nhiu ngn l cc ng bo t lng bi (2n). Do khi c gii phng, ng bo t ny mm thnh th bo t mi. + Ti bo t mt ngn (unilocular sporangium): ti bo t mt ngn ch gm mt t bo. Ti ti bo t mt ngn tri qua qu trnh phn bo gim nhim to ra bo t gim nhim (n). Cc bo t ny mt na pht trin thnh th giao t c v mt na pht trin thnh th giao t ci. - Sinh sn v tnh bng ng bo t: Ulothrix zonata sinh sn v tnh bng ng bo t 4 roi, hoc 2 roi. To lc: T bo dinh dng t phn ct thnh nhiu ng bo t mang 2,4 hoc nhiu roi. Bo t bi li mt thi gian ri ngng chuyn ng, bm vo gi th v pht trin thnh c th mi. Nu gp iu kin mi trng khng thch hp, to c th hnh thnh bo t bt ng c vch dy, sng chm mt thi gian, khi gp iu kin thun li th pht trin thnh tn mi. Dng c bit ca bo t l hnh thnh cc Cyst,Cyst c kh nng chng chu vi iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng.Khi gp iu kin thun li chng c kh nng ny mm pht trin thnh c th mi. mt s to lam cn c kh nng to ra ni bo t (endospore), ngoi bo t (exospore). - Mt s loi c th to ra ng bo t (ankinite), d bo t (heterocyst). 3.4. SINH SN HU TNH. Sinh sn hu tnh l hnh thc sinh sn c s kt hp gia cc t bo chuyn ha c gi l giao t. Qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh din ra vi nhiu hnh thc a dng,mang cc c im c trng ca loi. Da vo hnh dng v kch thc ca ca giao t ngi ta chia qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh thnh: ng giao (isogamy), D giao

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

(anisogamy), Non giao (oogamy), mt s sinh sn hu tnh theo kiu tip hp gia hai t bo sinh dng. 3.4.1. Cc hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh. + ng giao (isogamy): ng giao (isogamy) l giao t c v ci ging nhau v c hnh dng v kch thc. + D giao (anisogamy): D giao (anisogamy) l cc giao t c v ci v bn cht hon ton ging nhau ch khc nhau kch thc ca chng. Giao t ci ln hn giao t c v thng t di ng. + Non giao (oogamy): L s kt hp ca mt trng ln bt ng cha nhiu cht d tr vi mt tinh trng nh chuyn ng (tr to Rhodophyta tinh t khng chuyn ng) cha t cht d tr. Hp t c hnh thnh sau khi kt hp ca hai giao t hay th tinh s ny mm trc tip thnh tn mi hoc qua giai on ngh khi gp iu kin bt li: tch ly dinh dng hnh thnh bo t non n khi gp iu kin thun li th ny mm to thnh tn mi. mt s to cha tin ha qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh tin hnh bng s kt hp ton vn ca c c th gi l s ton giao (hologamy).

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

to nu, nhiu loi ng giao, d giao nhng thc t c biu hin ca non giao, vi giao t c c s lng ng trc khi th tinh. A. S vn ng lch hng khi tip xc vi ho cht Ectocarpus siliculosus Roi rng. B. Laminaria digitata: thm u ht silic vo trung tm , vi nhng du hiu ring ca tinh trng. C. Fucus spiralis: cc phn ng quay v du hiu ring ca tinh trng gn git CF trong fuco. * Theo Motomura v Sakai (1988) cho thy rng trng ca Laminaria angustana c roi bng v rng trc khi gii phng khi ti non. * To sinh sn bng hnh thc non giao, khng ging nhng loi khc ch ti trng l mt cu trc c bit c gi l th qu hay qu bo (carpogonium). Qu bo gm: + Phn di phnh to cha trng. + Phn trn ko di to thnh th mao (vi sn bo: trychogym). Th mao c th di, ngn hoc dng u li ty theo loi. Do cu trc c quan sinh sn c bit nh vy nn vng i ca to cng c nhiu khc bit. - Trinh sn: (Parthenogenesis). L hnh thc sinh sn trong cc giao t pht trin trc tip khng qua th tinh. + i vi loi non giao (oogamy) v d giao (anisogamy): giao t ci pht trin khng qua th tinh to thnh th giao t. + i vi nhng loi c vng i d hnh, giao t ng hnh, cc giao t khng th tinh s pht trin thnh cy c hnh thi ging th bo t (sporophyte morphology), nh chi Derbesia. Hnh thc sinh sn ny him xy ra, t l pht trin thnh cng trong t nhin cha c bit (Clayton, 1988). + Tip hp: Qu trnh tip hp : C th l tn ng chu, cng c th l tn bit chu. - Tn bit chu : ta c mt si tn c v mt si tn ci, s tip hp xy ra gia hai t bo ca hai si to xp song song hnh thnh ng tip hp. Ni cht ca t bo ny di
DHTP4TLT 36 NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

chuyn sang t bo kia (s tip hp hnh thang). C trng hp ni cht ca hai t bo u di chuyn v hp t hnh thnh ngay ng giao phi. - Tn ng chu : hai t bo k cn ca mt si tip hp vi nhau, lc y mt phn vch ngn tan i hnh thnh cu ni lm ng cho t bo c di chuyn qua t bo ci (s tip hp bn). 3.4.2. Sinh sn hu tnh mt s loi To. 3.4.2.1. To nu: Trn th giao t c mang ti giao t nhiu ngn (plurilocular gametangium) hay mt ngn (unilorcular gametangium). C hai loi ti giao t u to ra giao t n bi (n). Da vo c im ca giao t c v giao t ci trong sinh sn hu tnh c cc hnh thc sau: + Hnh thc ng giao (isogamous): cc giao t c v cc giao t ci c kch thc ging nhau v c kh nng chuyn ng bng roi. + Hnh thc d giao (anisogamous): giao t ci c kch thc ln hn so vi giao t c, c hai giao t u c kh nng chuyn ng nh roi. + Hnh thc non giao (oogamous): giao t ci c kch thc ln hn giao t c gp nhiu ln v khng chuyn ng. Giao t ci c gi l non. 3.4.2.2. To lc: Thc hin bng s kt hp ca nhng t bo chuyn ha gi l giao t. Ty theo mc ging nhau hay khc nhau ca cc giao t m phn bit 3 hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh l ng giao (homogamy), d giao (heterogamy) v non giao (ogamy). Hp t c hnh thnh sau khi kt hp giao t hoc th tinh s ny mm trc tip thnh tn mi hoc qua giai on trung gian. mt s to cha tin ha (nh b Volvocales) qu trnh hu tnh tin hnh bng s kt hp ton vn ca c c th (gi l s ton giao = hologamy). Ngoi ra mt s to khc li c qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh c bit theo li tip hp (zygogamy) gia 2 t bo sinh dng v khng to thnh giao t (nh Rong nht Spirogyra). Qu trnh tip hp:

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

- Tn bit chu ( d tn) : ta c mt si tn c v mt si tn ci, s tip hp xy ra gia hai t bo ca hai si to xp song song hnh thnh ng tip hp. Ni cht ca t bo ny di chuyn sang t bo kia (s tip hp hnh thang). C trng hp ni cht ca hai t bo u di chuyn v hp t hnh thnh ngay ng giao phi. - Tn ng chu ( ng tn): hai t bo k cn ca mt si tip hp vi nhau, lc y mt phn vch ngn tan i hnh thnh cu ni lm ng cho t bo c di chuyn qua t bo ci (s tip hp bn). Mt s trng hp nhiu giao t ny n thnh mt trng nh hp t vi vch dy cha nhiu ni cht v sng chm. Song s tip hp khng xy ra m hai t bo ch tip xc nhau hay c khi u tip hp cha ng nhau (s trinh sn). 3.4.2.3. To : Sinh sn to c c im sinh hc th v, l tinh t khng vn ng, th giao t ci l nhng t bo chuyn ha m n vn cn tn ti trn th giao t ci, v pht trin theo nhiu con ng, thng lin quan n s kt hp ca nhiu t bo v hiu ng chuyn nhn. Ti im ngoi cng, qu ti c th hnh thnh t s th tinh n. Theo quan im truyn thng ca sinh sn hu tnh to , ch nhng tinh trng c lp v dnh n tip xc vi ng non bo. Kh nng ny c thc hin tt khi chng gii phng si nhy nh Tiffaniella snyderae. Si nhy c kh nng n hi, n vn di trong dng chy ca nc v khi n gn vi cy ci,n c th to v ngt b mt v tp trung tinh trng gn nhau trn ng non bo. C nhng phn ph hnh nn trn tinh trng nh Aglaothamnion neglectum khng nhy dnh v lin kt ch vi ng non bo v lng, mc d lin kt ny l khng c tnh c hiu loi. To c s tnh thnh nhnh qu bo t, t bo h tr, t bo tr bo (ch vi nhng loi phn nhnh).

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Chng 4. VNG I V CC YU T NH HNG 4.1. VNG I. 4.1.1. c im chung. Vng i ca to xen k gia giao t th v bo t th.

4.1.2. Vng i ca mt s i din. 4.1.2.1.To nu: - Vng i ca to Fucus: Vng i ca to Fucus (to nu) l mt k lng tng sinh, giai on n bi ch xut hin t bo giao t. Sinh sn hu tnh theo hnh thc non giao. Nh vy trong chu trnh sng ca Fucus tn ti ch yu l th h bo t, cn th giao t xem nh b tiu gim v sng nh trn th bo t. Cho nn ngi ta xp chu trnh sng ca Fucus vo kiu mt k lng bi. Th bo t sn xut ra giao t cc ti trong

DHTP4TLT

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

bo phng. Hp t pht trin thnh th bo t mi. Khng nhn thy c qu trnh sinh sn v tnh Fucus. - Vng i ca to Ectocarpus: Tn Ectocarpus c dng si phn nhnh to thnh nhng chm c mu nu kch thc t vi centimetre (cm) n vi decimetre (dm). Ectocarpus c c hnh thc sinh sn v tnh bng bo t v sinh sn hu tnh theo hnh thc ng giao. Trong i sng ca to c hai dng tn l tn n bi v tn lng bi c hnh thi v kch thc ging nhau. Trong sinh sn v tnh bng ng bo t. Cc ng bo t c th c to ra trong cc ti bo t nhiu ngn (plurilocular sporangium) hay cc ti bo t mt ngn (unicular sporangium) trn th bo t. ti bo t nhiu ngn, mi t bo s hnh thnh nn mt ng bo t nhng khng tri qua qu trnh gim phn, do cc ng bo t c to ra ti bo t nhiu ngn l cc bo t lng bi. Bo t lng bi l mt trong nhng nt c bit trong sinh sn ca to nu. Cc bo t lng bi s ny mm, pht trin thnh mt th bo t mi. Trong khi , ti bo t mt ngn, ch gm mt t bo phnh ln din ra qu trnh gim phn hnh thnh nn cc cc bo t n bi. Mt na s bo t n bi s ny mm v hnh thnh nn th giao t c v mt na hnh thnh th giao t ci. Trong sinh sn hu tnh, cc giao t cng c to ra trong cc ti giao t nhiu ngn hay mt ngn trn th giao t. Tuy nhin, cc giao t c tao ra khng c nhng c im khc nhau c bit nh cc ti bo t. Cc giao t sau khi c hnh thnh kt hp vi nhau to thnh hp t lng bi. Hp t ny mm v pht trin thnh th bo t mi. Ectocarpus sinh sn hu tnh theo hnh thc ng giao, giao t c v giao t v giao t ci c kch thc ging nhau v c kh nng chuyn ng. Nh vy, ta thy rng trong vng i ca to Ectocarpus l vng i hai k n lng tng sinh ng hnh khng bt buc. iu ny c ngha trong vng i th bo t ca Ectocarpus khng hon ton ph thuc v th giao t do c hnh thc sinh sn v tnh bng ng bo t lng bi c hnh thnh trong ti bo t nhiu nn th bo t c kh nng sinh ra th bo t mi. - Vng i ca to Sphacelaria:

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

To Sphacelaria trong vng i c s xen k th h gia giao t th v bo t th hi d hnh (diplohaplontic slightly heteromorphic), gia th giao t v th bo t ch sai khc nhau t. C th giao t v th bo t ca Sphacelaria c dng si phn nhnh to thnh mt cm si, tn cao t 0,5-3cm. Trong sinh sn hu tnh, c th giao t c v giao t ci u mang ti giao t nhiu ngn. Ti giao t c c cc ngn nh hn so vi cc ngn ca ti giao t ci, y l mt c im phn bit gia th giao t c v th giao t ci. Cc giao t c c kch thc nh hn rt nhiu v c mu sc nht hn so vi cc giao t ci nn chng c gi l giao t nh (microgamete), cc giao t ci c gi l giao t ln (macrogamete). C hai loi giao t u c kh nng chuyn ng. Khi giao t c v giao t ci kt hp vi nhau to thnh hp t lng bi. Hp t pht trin to thnh th bo t khng qua giai on ngh. Ngoi ra, cc giao t ci c th pht trin trc tip khng qua th tinh to thnh th giao t ci. Sphacelaria sinh sn hu tnh xy ra ti nhit cao (12,24,20oC khi nghin cu trong phng th nghim vi iu kin ngy di khong 16 gi chiu sng). Trong khi cc ti to t bo sinh sn mt ngn li c to ra trong iu kin nhit thp (412oC), 20oC ch c th dinh dng pht trin. Nh vy, Sphacelaria c hnh thc sinh sn rt a dng v trong vng i c s xen k th h d hnh, sinh sn hu tnh theo hnh thc d giao. - Vng i ca to Laminaria: Cc chu k cuc sng cho thy bin i rt ln t mt nhm khc. Tuy nhin, chu k sng ca Laminaria bao gm cc th h lng bi, l to b ln Trong b Laminariales Th bo t c s phn ha thnh thn, l, r gi. R c dng si phn nhnh hay c dng a. Thn c dng tr trn hay dt, l thng c dng bn ln thng mi tn ch c mt l nguyn hay chia thy. Gia thn v l c m phn sinh gip c thn v l sinh trng. Mt s loi c kh nng sinh sn sinh dng bng hnh thc mc chi t r. Sinh sn v tnh bng ng bo t n bi. Cc ti ng bo t c hnh thnh t cc t bo ngoi bin trn l, phn chia gim nhim to nn 16 - 64 ng bo t. Cc ng bo t s pht trin thnh th giao t c v th giao t ci.
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Trong i sng ca Laminaria c hai dng tn khc nhau l tn ln (Macrothalli) v tn nh (Microthalli). Tn nh l th giao t, c kch thc hin vi, dng si phn nhnh vi s lng t bo t. Trong khi tn ln l th bo t, c dng l hay c phn thy, c kch thc ln t vi decimetre (dm) cho n nhiu mt v c cu trc phc tp. Vng i ca to Laminaria gm hai k n lng tng sinh d hnh vi s chim u th ca th bo t, th giao t c s tiu gim rt mnh. 4.1.2.2.To lc: Chu trnh sng ca to lc c cc hnh thc: - Mt k n tng sinh: qu trnh gim phn xy ra sau khi hnh thnh hp t. - Mt k lng tng sinh: qu trnh gim phn xy ra trc khi hnh thnh giao t. - Hai k n lng tng sinh xen k th h ng hnh: cy giao t v cy bo t ging nhau. - Hai k n lng tng sinh xen k th h d hnh: cy giao t v cy bo t khc nhau v hnh dng v kch thc. - Chu trnh sng ca Chlamydomonas: Chlamydomonas l to n bo mu xanh l cy c tm thy trong cc mi trng sng nc ngt nh ao, h. Cc t bo bi bng cch s dng mt cp roi. + Trong iu kin tng trng tt, nhng t bo ny phn chia v tnh (nh phn phn hch). + Khi iu kin bt u xu i (s khi u ca ma ng, ao nh kh, vv).Cc giao t c tnh c kt hp vi cc giao t mang tnh ci to thnh hp t lng bi. Hp t c bao bi lp mng dy v tri qua giai on ngh. Sau giai on ngh hp t phn chia to thnh 4 t bo n bi c roi. + Chu trnh sng mt k n tng sinh. - Chu trnh sng ca Oedogonium: Vng i ca Oedogonium l mt k n tng sinh - Sinh sn hu tnh theo kiu non giao. - Sinh sn v tnh t ng bo t ny mm thnh th giao t n bi. - Tm tt chu trnh sng ca Oedogonium (ng tn) nh sau:

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

+ Th giao t n dng si cha c ti c v ti ci. Ti c cho ra tinh trng nh c mt vng roi u, ti ci cho ra trng c kch thc ln. Di tc dng ca hoocmone do trng tit ra s kch thch tinh trng n th tinh v hnh thnh hp t (2n). Hp t ny gim phn cho ra 4 ng bo t (n) v chng pht trin thnh th giao t. + Ocdogonium cng c hnh thc sinh sn v tnh : trn th giao t, chng cho ra nhng ng bo t (n), nhng ng bo t ny ri ra v nh c vo gi th bng r gi v sau chng pht trin thnh th giao t dng si. - Chu trnh sng ca Codium fragile: Vng i ca Codium l mt k lng tng sinh. - Sinh sn hu tnh theo kiu d giao: hai ng bo t c kch thc ln, nh khc nhau. - Chu trnh sng Ulva lactuca: + Chu trnh sng hai k n lng tng sinh ng hnh d giao. + Chu trnh sng ca Ulva lactuca bao gm cc th giao t n bi v th giao t lng bi. Cc th giao t c v th giao t ci qua qu trnh phn chia nguyn phn cho ra cc giao t c v giao t ci c hai roi. Chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh hp t lng bi, hp t lng bi pht trin thnh th th bo t. th bo t trng thnh tin hnh phn chia gim nhim cho ra cc bo t c bn roi. Mt na sinh trng thnh th giao t c v mt na thnh th giao t ci. 4.1.2.3.To : - loi Audouinella: Vng i ca n rt a dng c nhiu kiu vng i trong qu trnh sng ca chng. Trong c tn ti vng i mt k n tng sinh. Vng i n tng sinh ca Audouinella, hp t c to thnh khng pht trin thnh th qu bo t m phn chia hnh thnh ti t bo t cha bn bo t n bi. Cc t bo t c gii phng ny mm hnh thnh th giao t. Nh vt trong vng i mt k n tng sinh ca Audouinella ch c hp t l lng bi v ch c th giao t l dng sng sinh dng (sng t do). - Vng i ca Porphyra:

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NHM 8

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GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Trong i sng ca Porphyra c hai dng tn khc nhau, dng tn n bi- cy Porphyra (th giao t) v tn lng bi conchocelis (t bo t): Tn ca th giao t c kch thc ln dng di hay dng l, ch gm mt lp t bo. Phin thng gp np hay x mp. Tn bm vo gi th bng cc r gi (rhizoid). Phn ln th giao t l lng tnh tuy nhin c mt vi trng hp c s phn tnh. Tn ca th bo t c dng si sng trong v ca c, s hn, Nh vy, trong vng i ca Porphyra c s xen k hai th h giao t th v bo t th, trong th giao t chim u th. Vng i ca Porphyra l vng i hai k n lng tng sinh ng hnh khng bt buc, do th giao t v th bo t c kh nng ti to li bn thn chng bng hnh thc sinh sn v tnh. - Vng i ca Polysiphonia (to ): C s xen k ca ba th: th giao t, th qu bo t (2n) v th t bo t (2n). 4.2. CC YU T NH HNG LN VNG I CA TO. 4.2.1. nh hng ca nhit . Nhit l mt tn hiu r rng nh hng n qu trnh sinh sn ca rong bin, cc nhit khc nhau c cc kiu sinh sn khc nhau. S chuyn t qu trnh sinh trng sang sinh sn thng ph thuc vo cc yu t mi trng nh nhit v nh sng (Luning v tom Dieck, 1989; Luning, 1990). mt vi loi, cc bc khc nhau trong qu trnh sinh sn i hi cc nhit ti u khc nhau. Giai on conchocelis ca Porphyra tenera ( Nht), nhit tt nht hnh thnh bo t n l 180C 210C (Kurogy v Hirano, 1956; Dring, 1974). Mt s to nh Ectocarpus siliculosus, Sphacelaria fucigera trong nhng iu kin nhit khc nhau th c cc hnh thc sinh sn khc nhau. to Ectocarpus, th bo t to ra ti bo t nhiu ngn trong iu kin 190C v to ra ti b t mt ngn iu kin 100C. to Ectocarpus, th bo t to ra ti bo t nhiu ngn trong iu kin 19 0C v to ra ti b t mt ngn iu kin 100C. Trong giai on conchocelis ca to Porphyra tenera khi c nghin cu Nht Bn, nhit cc thun cho chng hnh thnh cc ti n bo t (monosporangium)
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SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

nhit khong 210C 270C, trong khi cc n bo t c gii phng nhit khong 180C 210C. Chen v cng s nm 1970, khi nghin cu P. miniata Nova Scotia thy rng cc ti bo t ca conchocelis c hnh thnh nhit 130C 150C nhng cc bo t conchocelis li c gii phng trong iu kin nhit thp 30C 70C. Sphacelaria sinh sn hu tnh xy ra ti nhit cao (120C ,240C, 200C khi nghin cu trong phng th nghim vi iu kin ngy di khong 16 gi chiu sng). Trong khi cc ti to t bo sinh sn mt ngn li c to ra trong iu kin nhit thp (4 0C 120C). 4.2.2. Cht lng v cng nh sng. Cc th giao t ca to b c th sinh sn khi c th ch c vi t bo, v qu trnh sinh trng cng ph thuc vo cht lng v cng nh sng. * Cng chiu sng: Ti cng chiu sng thp nht, th giao t ca mt s to khng th pht trin c, mc d vy, chng c th pht trin tr li khi cng chiu sng tng. Luning v Neushul (1978), cho rng: cc th giao t dng tn, sinh trng mnh nht cng chiu sng: 4W/m2. Cn 2 - 3 ln cng chiu sng trn th giao t c th to ra giao t. * Cht lng nh sng: - nh sng xanh: + Cn cho s pht sinh giao t ca to b. + nh hng ca nh sng xanh to nu do s hp th ca sc t cryptochrome. nh sng xanh gy ra s gii phng nhanh chng trng t ti trng (Dring, 1984). - nh sng nh hng n rong bin do s hp th ca phytocrome. To hp th nh sng bi phycobilisome c cu trc tng t nh phytocrome. Nhit v nh sng khng tc ng ring r m cng tc ng ln sinh sn ca rong bin. Loi Sphacelaria rigidula (thuc lp to nu) khi gp iu kin nhit cao: 120C 200C v trong iu kin ngy di: 16h chiu sng s hnh thnh nhnh sinh sn cn gi l cu hnh.

DHTP4TLT

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

Tuy nhin, nh sng v nhit khng phi tc ng mt cch ring r m cng nhau tham gia iu khin s sinh sn to bin. 4.2.3. Quang chu k. Nhit v nh sng l cc yu t khng n nh v bin i theo chu k ma. Mt yu t khc nh hng mnh n sinh sn ca rong bin l quang chu k. Quang chu k l thi gian chiu sng trong ngy, iu khin sinh sn ca thc vt. Theo thng k ca Dring nm 1988 55 loi rong bin u thy c phn ng vi quang chu k. - bin Mediterranean, Cortel Breeman v ten Hoopen, 1978 ch nhn thy cy giao t ca loi Acrosymphyton purpuriferum vo ma xun v h, cn cy t bo t ch thy iu kin ngy ngn, nu ph v m di bng nh sng trng, xanh v th khng c ch s to thnh t bo t. - to nu, tn mi c hnh thnh iu kin ngy ngn v nhit thp: 1,50C 150C. Trong iu kin ngy ngn, tc m di, nu ph v m di bng giai on chiu sng ngn khong 1h th tn s khng hnh thnh. S hnh thnh ti t bo t Rodochorton purpureum xy ra trong iu kin ngy ngn, b c ch bi chiu nh sng v nh sng xanh vo ban m nhng nu chiu nh sng xa th khng gy c ch (Dring v West, 1983). nh hng ca quang chu k i vi vng i ca rong bin cng tng t nh thc vt bc cao, thi gian nh hng ln rong bin l thi gian ti ch khng phi thi gian sng. i vi to, s phn ng vi quang chu k khng c r rng nh thc vt c hoa. nhiu to c s xen k th h d hnh, chng thng phn ng vi cc tn hiu ca mi trng chuyn sang mt giai on sng khc c s thay i v mt hnh thi. Vi c im ny gip cho chng thch nghi tt hn vi iu kin ca ma tip theo. Do th sinh dng mi c to ra c kh nng thch nghi tt hn vi iu kin mi trng mi (ma mi). Cc to c s xen k hnh thi ng hnh, c s p ng v mt sinh sn. n nay ngi ta cn thy rng cc to n bi cng c s p ng vi quang chu k.

DHTP4TLT

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

S tc ng ca quang chu k khc vi s tc ng tng cng cng nh sng nhn c. Quang chu k c s thay i theo ma, chng c nhng tc ng mnh ln s sinh trng v pht trin ca to. Cng nh thc vt c hoa, to khi phn ng vi quang chu k chng khng o thi gian chiu sng m ngc li chng o thi gian ti (tr mt s trng hp c bit nh Acrosymphyton pupuripherum, th t bo t l cy ngy di chng o thi gian chiu sng ch khng o thi gian ti). * Mt s to phn ng vi cc tn hiu ngy ngn ca quang chu k nh: Porphyra tenera (to ): th bo t (conchocelis) c hnh thnh v sng trong sut ma xun v ma h, sang ma thu di tc ng ca cc tn hiu ngy ngn th bo t hnh thnh v gii phng bo t conchocelis. Bo t pht trin thnh tn porphyra (th giao t) v sng qua ma thu v ma ng, trong ma ng xy ra qu trnh sinh sn hu tnh hnh thnh nn bo t qu. Bo t qu sang ma xun tip tc pht trin thnh th bo t. Qua cho thy, th conchocelis p ng vi iu kin ngy ngn v cu trc c to ra trong iu kin ngy ngn l ti bo t conchocelis (conchosporangia). Bonnemaisonia hamifera (to ): th t bo t c hnh thnh ma h bng sinh sn hu tnh. Sang ma thu, di tc ng ca tn hiu ngy ngn, chng hnh thnh ti t bo t v gii phng t bo t. Nh vy, th t bo t l thc vt ngy ngn, chng phn ng vi iu kin ngy ngn v cu trc c to ra trong iu kin ngy ngn l ti t bo t (tetrasporangia). iu khin thi gian sinh sn mt cch chnh xc th cn c nhiu tn hiu ca mi trng cng tc ng. Nh vng i ca Porphyra nereocystis v to b Nereocystis luetkeana, th giao t ca Porphyra sng bm trn cung ca th bo t ca Nereocystis. Tuy nhin, trong ma thu v ma ng, th giao t ca to b v conchocelis ca Porphyra sng ring bit. Nereocystis sinh trng nhanh vo u ma xun, do Porphyra (conchocelis) cn gii phng bo t chng gn ln cung ca to b trc khi to b vn cao ln. xc nh thi gian chnh xc gii phng bo t trong ma xun Porphyra nereocystis va phn ng vi iu kin ngy ngn ni tip vi iu kin ngy di.

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

S tc ng ca cc nhn t sinh thi ln vng i ca to bin khng phi l s tc ng ring l ca tng nhn t sinh thi, m l s tc ng tng hp ca tt c cc nhn t sinh thi. nh sng v nhit cng khng tc ng ring l m chng cng tc ng ln vng i ca to bin.

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

PHN 3.

KT LUN

To phn b rt rng ri trong t nhin, chng ch yu sng trong nc ngt, nc l hoc nc mn, hnh thc dinh dng ca chng cng rt a dng. To l nhng sinh vt c nhn chun, trong t bo lun c cht dip lc, nn chng ch yu sng t dng. To l ngnh thc vt kh phong ph v a dng chim phn ln din tch i dng. Vi nhiu ngnh to v nhiu loi khc nhau. Trong cc thy vc nc ngt to cung cp oxy v hu ht thc n s cp cho c v cc ng vt thy sinh khc. To gp phn bo v mi trng nui thy sn bng cch tiu th bt lng mui khong d tha. To c kh nng ng ho CO2 lm gim hiu ng nh knh, tham gia vo chu trnh tun hon vt cht. Cc yu t to nn to gm 75% l cht hu c (lipid, protid, glucid, vitamin) v 25% l khong cht, cc nguyn t vi lng nh it, magi, moliden, fluo, kali... v nhiu sn phm quang hp ca to c gi tr nn c ng dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc i sng. Sinh sn ca to rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu hnh thc sinh sn khc nhau: Sinh sn sinh dng, sinh sn v tnh v sinh sn hu tnh. Trong cc hnh thc sinh sn ta thy rng sinh sn sinh dng, sinh sn v tnh hay trinh sn c th gip cho cc loi to sinh ra mt s lng ln c th con nhm tng nhanh s lng c th ca cc qun th khi gp cc iu kin thun li nh c th tit kim c ngun nng lng v ngun vt cht trong qu trnh sinh sn. Tuy nhin trong cc hnh thc sinh sn vt cht di truyn ca chng khng c s thay i khc vi hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh. sinh sn hu tnh do c s kt hp gia hai ngun vt cht di truyn khc nhau (thng qua qu trnh th tnh hay tip hp) v s phn ly vt cht di truyn trong qu trnh gim phn to giao t hay bo t gim nhim sp xp li ngun vt cht di truyn ca c th b m cho cc th h con. Nh to c s a dng v mt vt cht di truyn trong cc th h con hay th h con c nhiu bin d v mt di truyn. Nh gip cho th h con c th thch nghi tt hn vi nhng iu kin bin i trong mi trng.

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

To bin phn ng vi s tc ng ca cc nhn t mi trng trong sinh sn bng cc hnh thc sinh sn hp l nh sinh sn v tnh hay sinh sn sinh dng, nh sng v nhit l nhng nhn t gip cho to bin xc nh c thi gian sinh sn hp l. Nh gip cc giai on ca to bin (giao t th v bo t th) c sinh ra trong mi trng thch hp cho chng nh duy tr s tn ti ca loi. S sinh sn ca to bin ph thuc vo yu t mi trng, c bit nh sng ng vai tr quan trng.

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NHM 8

SINH HC I CNG

GVHD: Ths NGUYN TRUNG HU

PHN 4.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh: Sinh hc i cng_thy Nguyn Trung Hu. 2. http://vietsciences.free.fr/khaocuu/nguyenlandung/vitao01.htm 3. http://www.uni-koeln.de/~aeb25/cryptophyceae.html 4. http://vietsciences.free.fr/khaocuu/nguyenlandung/vitao01.htm 5. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/nganh-tao-luc-chlorophyta.884244.html 6. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/tao-don-bao-thuoc-tao-luc-chlorophyta-.632796.html 7. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/nganh-tao-giap-dinophyta.884246.html
8. http://www.sinhhocvietnam.com/vn

9. http://thuviensinhhoc.com/ebook/sinh-hoc/ 10. http://www.ebook.edu.vn/ 11. http://violet.vn/main

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