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A- L THUYT
I. KHI NIM V HP CHT HU C V HA HC HU C Cacbon l mt nguyn t ha hc rt c bit: cc nguyn t cacbon c th kt hp vi nhau v vi nhng nguyn t ca cc
Cc hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, cacbonic, mui cacbonat, cacbua kim loi, xianua, axit axanhiric, ) c gi l hp cht hu c.
3. Cc hp cht hu c tng i d bay hi, km bn vi nhit v d chy. 4. Phn ln cc hp cht hu c khng tan hoc rt t tan trong nc, d tan trong cc dung mi hu c. 5. Cc phn ng ha hc ca hp cht hu c thng din ra chm v theo nhiu hng khc nhau to thnh hn hp cc sn phm.
III. CC LOI CNG THC CA HP CHT HU C 1. Cng thc tng qut cho bit thnh phn nh tnh ca cc nguyn t. Th d: Cht c cng thc tng qut C xHy O z (x, y, z l cc s nguyn dng cha bit), cng thc ny ch cho bit trong phn t c 3 nguyn t l C, H, O. 2. Cng thc thc nghim cho bit t l v s lng cc nguyn t trong phn t. Th d: (CH2O)n vi n l s nguyn dng cha c xc nh c th, n 1. Cng thc ny cho bit t l s nguyn t C : H : O = 1 : 2 : 1
3. Cng thc n gin nht c ngha tng t nh cng thc thc nghim.
Th d:
CH2O (trong cng thc n gin nht khng ghi bi s n)
4. Cng thc phn t cho bit r s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t
Th d:
C6H12O6 Ca(OH)2 CuSO4
CuO,t o
CO 2 5H2O
2. Xc nh nit
H2SO4d,to
2NaOH
Na2SO4
2NH3
2H2O
10
3. Xc nh halogen
11
12
c, hp th cacbonic
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14
2. nh lng nit
Nung nng mt lng cn chnh xc a gam hp cht hu c vi CuO trong dng kh cacbonic chuyn ht lng nit trong hp cht thnh kh
CuO,CO2 ,t o
N2
CxHyOzNt
CO2 H2O N2
15
mN
%N
16
3. nh lng cc nguyn t khc - Halogen: Phn hy hp cht hu c bng oxi hoc HNO3 bc khi chuyn halogen thnh HX ri nh lng di dng AgX (X l Cl, Br)
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- Oxi: Thng thng, hm lng oxi trong 1 hp cht hu c c xc nh mt cch gin tip bng cch ly 100% tr i tng s ca cc nguyn t khc c trong hp cht.
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Gi s hp cht c C, H, O
1. Da vo cng thc n gin nht a, Cc d kin cn c: - Thnh phn % v khi lng ca tng nguyn t, hoc khi lng tng nguyn t trong a gam hp cht, hoc s mol tng nguyn t. - Khi lng phn t
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b, Cch thit lp CTPT: - Nu bit thnh phn % v khi lng ca tng nguyn t: T l v s nguyn t trong phn t:
C:H: O
%C %H %O : : 12 1 16
a:b:c
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CaHbOc
(CaHbOc )n
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C:H: O
a:b:c
Tm c cng thc n gin nht, bit khi lng phn t ta s tm c cng thc phn t.
22
2nH2O ,nC
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24
y H2O 2
mH2O 9y ;y M.mH2O 9a
M.mCO2
Da vo M v x, y tm c suy ra z.
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26
M.%C ;y 12.100
M.%H ;z 100
M.%O 16.100
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B BI TP 1. t chy ht 0,9 gam mt hp cht hu c A thu c 1,32 gam cacbonic v 0,54 gam nc. KLPT ca A l 180. Tm CTPT ca A. Nhn xt: t chy hp cht hu c A sinh ra cacbonic v nc nn trong A phi c 2 nguyn t C, H v c th c O Gi CTPT ca A l C xHy O z .
mA MA 0, 9 0, 005 mol 180
nA
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S phn ng t chy:
CxHyOz
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2. X l hp cht cha 24,24%C; 4,04%H, 71,72%Cl v khi lng. t chy 0,12 gam Y thu c 0,072 gam nc v 0,176 gam cacbonic. a, Tm cng thc n gin nht ca X v Y.
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C : H : Cl
CH2Cl
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i vi cht Y:
mC mH mO
12mCO2
0, 064g
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T l s nguyn t trong Y l:
mC mH mO : : 12 1 16 0, 048 0, 008 0, 064 : : 12 1 16 0, 004 : 0, 008 : 0, 004 1 : 2 : 1
C:H:O
CH2O
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(CH2Cl)n;(CH2O)m
MX MY
99 60
n m
2 2
Vy CTPT ca X v Y ln lt l
Hoc C2H4Cl2;C2H4O2
(CH2Cl)2 ;(CH2O)2
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35
Gii
5,2 gam A tng ng vi s mol ca 1,6 gam oxi KLPT ca A l:
MA mA nA 5, 2 1, 6 / 32 104
S mol ca A tng ng vi 10,4 gam l 0,1 mol Khi lng bnh 1 tng chnh l khi lng ca nc
nH2O nCO2
3, 6 18
nCaCO3
36
CxHyOz 0,1
xCO 2 0,1x
0,1x 0, 3 0,1y 2 0, 2
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4. (2009A): Mt hp cht X cha ba nguyn t C, H, O c t l khi lng mC : mH : mO = 21 : 2 : 4. Hp cht X c cng thc n gin nht trng vi cng thc phn t. S ng phn cu to thuc loi hp cht thm ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l A. 4. B. 3. C. 6. D. 5. 5. Mt cht hu c A c 51,3%C; 9,4%H; 12%N; 27,3%O v khi lng. T khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 4,034. a. Xc nh cng thc GN ca A.
b. Xc nh CTPT ca A.
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6. Oxi ha hon ton 4,02 gam mt hp cht hu c X ch thu c 3,18 gam Na2CO3 v 0,672 lt kh CO2. Cng thc GN ca X l A. CO2Na. B. CO2Na2. C. C3O2Na. D. C2O2Na. 7. t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A cha C, H, O cn 1,904 lt O2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4 : 3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A, bit t khi ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7. A. C8H12O5 B. C4H6O2 C. C8H12O3 D. C6H12O6
8. t chy hon ton 1 lt kh X cn 6 lt oxi thu c 4 lt CO2 v 5 lt hi nc (cc kh v hi o cng iu kin). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C4H10. B. C4H10O. C. C4H10O2. D. C4H10O3.
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A.C5H11ON. B.C5H11O2N. C.C5H10ON. D.C4H11O2N. Cu15. Cng thc phn t ca cht c thnh phn 54,5%C, 9,1%H, 36,4%O, bit 0,88g hi chim th tch 224ml ( ktc ) l A. C4H8O. B. C4H8O2. C. C4H8O3. D. C4H6O. Cu16. nh ngha ng v ng ng l A. nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c cng tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. B. nhng n cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c cng tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. C. nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt nhm CH2 nhng c cng tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. D. nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c tnh cht ho hc khc nhau. Cu17. nh ngha ng v ng phn l A. nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t. B. nhng n cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t. C. nhng hp cht ging nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t. D. nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc cu to. Cu 18. Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t trng vi cng thc n gin nht, t l khi lng ca C, H, O v N ln lt l 72 : 5 : 32 : 14. Cng thc phn t ca X l A. C6H14O2N. B. C6H6ON2. C. C6H12ON. D. C6H5O2N. Cu19. Ho hi hon ton 1 hirocacbon A thu c th tch hi ng bng th tch CO2 thu c khi t chy ht cng lng hirocacbon (cc th tch o cng iu kin ).Vy A l A.C2H4. B.CH4. C.C2H2. D.Khng xc nh c. Cu20. t chy 1 hirocacbon A thu c s mol nc bng s mol CO2. Cng thc tng qut ca A l A. CnH2n-2. B. CnH2n-6. C.CnH2n. D.CnH2n+2. Cu 21. Khi t chy 0,42g mt hp cht hu c thu c 1,32g CO2 v 0,54g H2O. Hp cht hu c trn c thnh phn gm cc nguyn t? A. C, H. B.C, H, O. C.C, O. D.H, O. Cu 22. Khi t chy 1 lt kh A cn 5 lt oxi. Sau phn ng thu c 3 lt CO2 v 4 lt hi nc. Xc nh cng thc phn t A? (th tch o cng iu kin) A.C2H4O2. C.C3H8O. B.C2H4. D.C3H8. Cu 23. Mt hp cht hu c A cha 2 nguyn t X, Y v c khi lng mol l M bit 150 < M <170. t chy hon ton m(g) A thu c m(g) nc. CTPT A l A. C10H22. B. C11H24. C. C12H18. D. C12H22. Cu 24. Bit m(g) mt hp cht A chim cng th tch vi m(g) CO2 cng iu kin nhit p sut. CTPT A l A. CH4. B. C2H6. C. C3H6. D. C3H8. Cu 25. t chy hon ton 1,47 gam cht hu c X ch cha C, H, O bng mt lng va 1,0976 lt kh oxi (ktc) thu c H2O, 2,156 gam CO2. T khi ca X so vi khng kh nm trong khong (3; 4). Cng thc phn t ca X l A. C3H6O2. B. C3H4O2. C. C3H6O3. D. C3H8O3. Cu 26. t chy m (g) mt hp cht A to ra CO2 v H2O c khi lng ln lt l 2,75m(g) v 2,25m(g). CTPT ca A l A. C2H4. B. C3H8. C. CH4. D. C2H6. Cu 27. t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A cha C, H, O cn 1,904 lt O2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4 : 3. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A bit t khi ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7. A. C8H12O5 B. C4H8O2 C. C8H12O3 D. C6H12O6 Cu 28. t chy hon ton 14,4g mt hirocacbon A thu c 44g CO2. CTPT A l A.C2H6. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12. Cu 29. Cng thc chung ca dy ng ng hirocacbon mch h c cha 2 ni i v 1 ni 3 trong phn t l A.CnH2n-2. B. CnH2n-4. C. CnH2n-6. D. CnH2n-8. Gio vin: Tng Th Son Ngun: Hocmai.vn
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