INTRODUCTION Dengue Fever is caused by one of the four closely related, but antigenically distinct, virus serotypes Dengue

type 1, Dengue type 2, Dengue type 3, and Dengue type 4 of the genus Flavivirus and Chikungunya virus. Infection with one of these serotype provides immunity to only that serotype of life, to a person living in a Dengue-endemic area can have more than one Dengue infection during their lifetime. Dengue fever through the four different Dengue serotypes are maintained in the cycle which involves humans and Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito through the transmission of the viruses to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected with the Dengue virus when it bites a person who has Dengue and after a week it can transmit the virus while biting a healthy person. Dengue cannot be transmitted or directly spread from person to person. Aedes aegypti is the most common aedes specie which is a domestic, day-biting mosquito that prefers to feed on humans. INTUBATION PERIOD: Uncertain. Probably 6 days to 10 days PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: Unknown. Presumed to be on the 1st week of illness when virus is still present in the blood CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: First 4 days: >febrile or invasive stage --- starts abruptly as high fever, abdominal pain and headache; later flushing which may be accompanied by vomiting, conjunctival infection and epistaxis

4th to 7th day: >toxic or hemorrhagic stage --- lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting and frequent bleeding from GIT in the form of melena; unstable BP, narrow pulse pressure and shock; death may occur; vasomotor collapse 7th to 10th day: >convalescent or recovery stage --- generalized flushing with intervening areas of blanching appetite regained and blood pressure already stable MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans through the infective bites of female Aedes mosquito. Mosquitoes generally acquire virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person. After virus incubation of 8-10 days, an infected mosquito is capable, during probing and blood feeding of transmitting the virus to susceptible individuals for the rest of its life. Infected female mosquitoes may also transmit the virus to their offspring by transovarial (via the eggs) transmission. Humans are the main amplifying host of the virus. The virus circulates in the blood of infected humans for two to seven days, at approximately the same time as they have fever. Aedes mosquito may have acquired the virus when they fed on an individual during this period. Dengue cannot be transmitted through person to person mode. CLASSIFICATION: 1. Severe, frank type

>flushing, sudden high fever, severe hemorrhage, followed by sudden drop of temperature, shock and terminating in recovery or death 2. Moderate >with high fever but less hemorrhage, no shock present 3. Mild >with slight fever, with or without petichial hemorrhage but epidemiologically related to typical cases usually discovered in the course of invest or typical cases GRADING THE SEVERITY OF DENGUE FEVER: Grade 1: >fever >non-specific constitutional symptoms such as anorexia, vomiting and abdominal pain >absence of spontaneous bleeding >positive tourniquet test Grade 2: >signs and symptoms of Grade 1: plus >presence of spontaneous bleeding: mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal Grade 3: >signs and symptoms of Grade 2 with more severe bleeding: plus >evidence of circulatory failure: cold, clammy skin, irritability, weak to compressible pulses, narrowing of pulse pressure to 20 mmhg or less, cold extremities, mental confusion Grade 4: >signs and symptoms of Grade 3, declared shock, massive bleeding, pulse less and arterial blood Pressure = 1 mmhg (Dengue Syndrome/DS)

SUSCEPTABILITY, RESISTANCE, AND OCCURRENCE: >all persons are susceptible >both sexes are equally affected >age groups predominantly affected are the pre-school age and school age >adults and infants are not exempted >peak age affected: 5-9 years old DF is sporadic throughout the year. Epidemic usually occurs during rainy seasons (June November). Peak months are September October. It occurs wherever vector mosquito exists. DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Tourniquet test >Inflate the blood pressure cuff on the upper arm to a point midway between the systolic and diastolic pressure for 5 minutes. >Release cuff and make an imaginary 2.5 cm square or 1 inch square just below the cuff, at the antecubital fossa. >Count the number of petechiae inside the box. A test is positive when 20 or more petechiae per suare are observed. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially lethal complication, was first recognized in the 1950s during the dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand, but today DHF affects

most Asian countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in several of them. Last June 16, 2008, I encountered a patient with such kind of infection. This patient has caught my attention and has given the opportunity to study his case. The objective of this study is to help me understand the disease process of Dengue Fever and to orient myself for appropriate nursing interventions that I could offer to the patient. This approach enables me to exercise my duties as student nurse which is to render care. I was given the chance to improve the quality of care I can offer and to pursue my chosen profession as future nurse. I humble myself to present my studied case and submit myself for further corrections to widen the scope of my knowledge and understanding. DENGUE PREVENTION: There is no vaccine to prevent dengue. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue occurs and when in U.S. areas, especially along the Texas-Mexico border, where dengue might occur. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites in these areas is another key prevention measure. Avoid mosquito bites when traveling in tropical areas: Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing. When outdoors during times that mosquitoes are biting, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks.

 Avoid heavily populated residential areas. When indoors, stay in air-conditioned or screened areas. Use bednets if sleeping areas are not screened or air-conditioned. If you have symptoms of dengue, report your travel history to your doctor. Eliminate mosquito breeding sites in areas where dengue might occur: Eliminate mosquito breeding sites around homes. Discard items that can collect rain or run-off water, especially old tires. Regularly change the water in outdoor bird baths and pet and animal water containers.

PATIENTS PROFILE NAME AGE GENDER ADDRESS DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH OCCUPATION NATIONALITY CIVIL STATUS RELIGION CHIEF COMPLAINT FINAL DIAGNOSIS : : : : : : : : Jay-Mark Legisniana Lorenzo 8 y/o Male 022 Libertad St. Centro, Solana : : January 08, 2000 Solana, Cagayan

N/A (still a student) Filipino Single Roman Catholic : : Fever Dengue Fever

ATTENDING PHYSICIAN DATE ADMITTED TIME ADMITTED : :

Dra. Magdalena Velarde

June 14, 2008 2:30 PM

ADMITTING INSTITUTION: Saint Paul Hospital

NURSING HISTORY Present Health History: Three days prior to admission the patient has fever and loss his appetite. According to the SO of the patient, they went to consult a physician during the first day of his fever. The physician prescribed Paracetamol for the patient. On the third day, the patient still had the said symptoms. He went back for a check-up. He had CBC and was determined that he has dengue. The patient then was admitted immediately to Saint Paul Hospital on June 14, 2008. Past Health History: According to the SO of the patient the patient did not yet experienced having serious health problems other than fever, colds and cough. He had no previous hospitalization. Family Health History: According to the SO of the patient, their family has the history of Hypertension.

GORDONS 11 FUNCTIONAL HEALTTH PATTERN HEALTH PERCEPTION-HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN Before hospitalization: The patient perceived his health in the state of good condition. He perceives health as wealth and he values his health a lot. He manages his health by practicing proper hygiene and eating nutritious food. During hospitalization: He sees himself as a total ill person because he cannot do anymore the things he usually does like playing with his siblings. He rely his present condition with the help of the therapeutic personnel and by following the prescribed medications. The patient perceived that he is not healthy because of his condition. NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC PATTERN Before hospitalization: The patient eats 3 times a day and with afternoon snacks after coming from school. According to the SO of the patient, he eats meat, fish and also vegetables. He doesnt have any allergies on foods and drugs. His appetite is moderate and usually depends on the food being served. He didnt complain any difficulty in swallowing. During hospitalization:

The patient has loss his appetite and hasnt eaten a lot. He is on a DAT (Diet as Tolerated) EDCF (Except Dark Colored Foods). ELIMINATION PATTERN Before hospitalization: The patient does not have any problem on his elimination pattern. He usually urinates 4-5 times a day without any difficulty. He added that the color of his urine is light yellow. He didnt feel any pain in urination. The patient defecates once a day usually early in the morning before going to school with yellow to brown color. He verbalized that sometimes however, it is hard in consistency with dark color, which generally depends on what he eats. During hospitalization: The patient urinates 2-3 times a day. The color of her urine is yellow. The patient defecates once every two days. ACTIVITY-EXERCISE PATTERN Before hospitalization: He could perform activities of his daily living. According to him, he often plays with his siblings and this serves as a form of exercise for him. During hospitalization: His activity was limited lying on bed but the patient is given his bathroom privileges.

SLEEP-REST PATTERN Before hospitalization: He has the normal 6-8 hours sleep. He also has his nap time for 1-2 hours a day. Sleeping and watching the television are his form of rest. During hospitalization: He doesnt have the adequate time of sleep since he is disturbed with the nurses that enter the room every now and then, and because of the environmental changes of his surroundings. He also has inadequate time to rest since he doesnt have enough time to sleep. COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN Before hospitalization: He is normal in terms of his cognitive abilities. He has good memory and reasoning skills. He can easily comprehend on things. In terms of his perceptual pattern, he has no problems with his senses. During hospitalization: He was normal as before in his cognitive and perceptual pattern. He responds clearly and well understood. He has no sensory deficit; He responds appropriately to verbal and physical stimuli and obeys simple commands. SELF-PERCEPTION SELF-CONCEPT PATTERN

He sees himself as a person with a good personality. He has been a good friend, brother and a son. He said he has to be a good person in order not to hurt others. He also describes himself as a typical type of student and person. ROLE-RELATIONSHIP PATTERN Before hospitalization: He has a close relationship with his family. They were five siblings in their family. He was at the middle. I was also able to ask his mother about his being a son and she confessed that he is a good son but at times he doesnt obey her. He is also a responsible student and knows all his duties as a friend. During hospitalization: He had more time to bond with his family. He said that it was a nice feeling to know that your family is so supportive to him. He learned to appreciate the beauty of having a family that gives you strength and support no matter what. SEXUALITY-REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN According to him, he doesnt think of the things like having a girlfriend and getting married yet. He is still young for such matters. COPING-STRESS TOLERANCE PATTERN

Before hospitalization: He does not fully identify his situations having stress but he always tell her parents when something is wrong. During hospitalization: He shares his problems to his family. He verbalizes his feelings. VALUE-BELIEF PATTERN He is a Roman Catholic devotee. He always goes with his family every Sunday to go to mass. He was taught by his family to believe and have fear to GOD. They usually believe in quack doctors.

PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT Date assessed: June 18, 2008 General assessment: conscious and coherent Initial vital signs: T=36.2 C, RR=23, BP=90/60, PR=70 Area Techniq Normal Assessed ue Findings Skin Color Inspectio Light n brown, tanned skin (vary according to race) Soles and Inspectio Lighter palms n colored palms, soles Moisture Inspectio Skin n/ normally Palpation dry Temperat Palpation Normally ure warm Texture Palpation Smooth and Actual Findings Evaluat ion

Light Normal brown skin

Lighter colored palms, soles Skin normally dry Normally warm Smooth and

Normal

Normal Normal Normal

Turgor

soft Palpation Skin snaps back immediatel y

soft Skin snaps Normal back immediatel y Transparent Normal , smooth and convex Pale Due to decrease d blood flow Firm Normal

Skin appenda ges Inspectio Transparent a. Nails n , smooth and convex Nail beds Inspectio Pinkish n

Nail base Inspectio Firm n White color Returns Normal of nail bed within 2-3 Capillary Inspectio under seconds refill n/ pressure Palpation should return to pink within 2-3 seconds b. Hair

Distributi Inspectio Evenly on n distributed Color Inspectio Black n Texture Inspectio Smooth n/ Palpation Eyes Eyes Inspectio Parallel to n each other Visual Inspectio PERRLAAcuity n Pupils (penlight equally ) round react to light and accommod ation Eyebrows Inspectio Symmetric n al in size, extension, hair texture and movement Eyelashes Inspectio Distributed n evenly and

Evenly distributed Black Smooth

Normal Normal Normal

Parallel to each other PERRLAPupils equally round react to light and accommoda tion Symmetrica l in size, extension, hair texture and movement Distributed evenly and

Normal Normal

Normal

Normal

Eyelids

curved outward Inspectio Same color n as the skin Blinks involuntaril y and bilaterally up to 20 times per minute

curved outward Same color Normal as the skin Blinks involuntaril Normal y and bilaterally up to 18 times per Normal minute Do not cover the pupil and the sclera, lids normally close symmetrica lly Transparent Normal with light pink color

Do not cover the pupil and the sclera, lids normally close symmetrica lly Conjuncti Inspectio Transparent va n with light pink color

Sclera Cornea Pupils Iris

Inspectio n Inspectio n Inspectio n

Color is white Transparent , shiny Black, constrict briskly Inspectio Clearly n visible

Color is white Transparent , shiny Black, constrict briskly Clearly visible Free of lesions, discharge of inflammati on

Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal

Ears Ear canal Inspectio Free of opening n lesions, discharge of inflammati on Canal walls pink Inspectio Client n normally hears words when whispered

Normal

Hearing Acuity

Canal walls pink Client normally Normal hears words when whispered

Nose

Shape, Inspectio Smooth, size and n symmetric skin color with same color as the face Nares Inspectio Oval, n symmetric and without discharge

Smooth, symmetric Normal with same color as the face Oval, symmetric Normal and without discharge

Mouth and Pharynx Inspectio Pink, moist Light pink, Lips n symmetric dry, symmetric Buccal Inspectio Glistening Glistening mucosa n pink soft pink soft moist moist Gums Inspectio Slightly Slightly n pink color, pink color, moist and moist and tightly fit tightly fit against against

Lack of fluid intake Normal

Normal

each tooth Tongue Moist, slightly Normal rough on dorsal surface medium or dull red Teeth Firmly set, Normal shiny With tooth decay Hard and Inspectio Hard Hard soft n palatepalateNormal palate domedomeshaped shaped Soft Palate- Soft Palatelight pink light pink Neck Symmetr Neck is Neck is y of neck Inspectio slightly slightly Normal muscles, n hyper hyper alignment extended, extended, of trachea without without masses or masses or

each tooth Inspectio Moist, n slightly rough on dorsal surface medium or dull red Inspectio Firmly set, n shiny

Neck ROM

Inspectio n

Thyroid gland

Palpation

Thorax Auscultat and ion Lungs Abdomen Inspectio n Bowel sounds

asymmetry Neck moves freely, without discomfort Rises freely with swallowing Clear breath sounds Skin same color with the rest of the body

asymmetry Neck moves freely, without discomfort Rises freely with swallowing Clear breath sounds Skin same color with the rest of the body Clicks or gurling sounds occur irregularly and range from 20 per

Normal

Normal Normal Normal

Normal Auscultat ion Clicks or gurling sounds occur irregularly and range from 5-35

per minute Extremit ies

minute

Inspectio Symmetric Symmetrica Normal Symmetr n al l y Normal Inspectio Same with Same with Skin n the color of the color of color other parts other parts of the body of the body Normal Hair distributi on Palpation Warm to touch Skin Temperat Inspectio ure n No lesions Presence of lesion ROM Inspectio Evenly n distributed Evenly distributed Warm to touch No lesions Able to move but with assistance Normal Normal Due to body weaknes s

Inspectio Moves n freely without discomfort

Neurolog y system Level of Inspectio Fully conscious n conscious, ness respond to questions quickly, perceptive of events Behavior Inspectio Makes eye and n contact appearanc with e examiner, hyperactive expresses feelings with response to the situation

Fully conscious, respond to questions quickly perceptive of events

Normal

Makes eye contact with Normal examiner, hyperactive expresses feelings with response to the situation

LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 14, 2008 PARAMETER White Blood Cells ACTUAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS 3.9 x 10^g/L Decreased due to inadequate inflammatory defenses to suppress infection and humoral immunity takes place M: 13.0-18.0 10.2 g/dL Decreased g/dL due to poor oxygen supply 39-54 % 31 % Decreased due to poor oxygen NORMAL FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Segmenters

0.60-0.70

0.73

Lymphocytes Platelet Count

0.20-0.30 150-450 x 10^g/L

0.27 163 x 10^g/dL

supply Increased; indicate high glucose level in the blood normal Normal

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 15, 2008, AM PARAMETER White Blood Cells ACTUAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS 2.9 x 10^g/L Decreased due to inadequate inflammatory defenses to suppress infection and humoral immunity takes place M: 13.0-18.0 9.5 g/dL Decreased NORMAL FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L

Hemoglobin

g/dL Hematocrit 39-54 % 29 %

Segmenters Lymphocytes

0.60-0.70 0.20-0.30

0.65 0.35

Platelet Count

150-450 x 145 x 10^g/L 10^g/dL ABO/ Rh Type: O Rh positive

due to poor oxygen supply Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Normal Increased due to the bodys increased immune system Hemolysis

FECALYSIS REPORT Date: June 15, 2008 PARAMETER Physical Properties NORMAL FINDINGS Yellow ACTUAL FINDINGS Brown ANALYSIS Due to the

Color Consistency Semi-formed Loose

presence of bacteria Due to presence of bacteria

Bacteria: Occasional Occult Blood: Negative Remarks: No ova/intestinal parasite seen URINALYSIS REPORT Date: June 15, 2008 PARAMETER Color Transparency Reaction Specific Gravity Sugar Protein Squamous Epithelial Cells NORMAL FINDINGS Yellow Amber Clear to slightly turbid 4.5-8 1.005-1.030 Negative Negative Few ACTUAL FINDINGS Yellow clear 6.5 1.020 Negative Negative Occasional ANALYSIS normal normal normal normal normal normal normal

Red Blood Cells Pus Cells Amorp. Urates/Phosphates

Few Few Few

0-2 0-2 Occasional

normal normal normal

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 15, 2008, PM PARAMETER White Blood Cells ACTUAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS 2.7 x 10^g/L Decreased due to inadequate inflammatory defenses to suppress infection and humoral immunity takes place M: 13.0-18.0 9.5 g/dL Decreased g/dL due to poor oxygen supply 39-54 % 29 % Decreased NORMAL FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L

Hemoglobin

Hematocrit

Segmenters Lymphocytes

0.60-0.70 0.20-0.30

0.68 0.32

Platelet Count

150-450 x 10^g/L

125 x 10^g/dL

due to poor oxygen supply normal Increased due to the bodys increased immune system hemolysis

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 16, 2008, AM PARAMETER White Blood Cells NORMAL FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L ACTUAL FINDINGS 3 x 10^g/L ANALYSIS Decreased due to inadequate inflammatory defenses to suppress infection and

Hemoglobin

M: 13.0-18.0 g/dL 39-54 %

9.7 g/dL

Hematocrit

29 %

Segmenters Lymphocytes

0.60-0.70 0.20-0.30

0.69 0.36

Platelet Count

150-450 x 10^g/L

110 x 10^g/dL

humoral immunity takes place Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased due to poor oxygen supply normal Increased due to the bodys increased immune system hemolysis

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 16, 2008, PM PARAMETER NORMAL ACTUAL ANALYSIS

White Blood Cells

FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L

FINDINGS 4.8 x 10^g/L

Hemoglobin

M: 13.0-18.0 g/dL 39-54 %

10.3 g/dL

Hematocrit

31 %

Segmenters

0.60-0.70

0.57

Lymphocytes

0.20-0.30

0.43

Decreased due to inadequate inflammatory defenses to suppress infection and humoral immunity takes place Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased; indicate low glucose level in the blood Increased due to the

Platelet Count

150-450 x 10^g/L

95 x 10^g/dL

bodys increased immune system hemolysis

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 17, 2008, AM PARAMETER White Blood Cells Hemoglobin NORMAL FINDINGS 5-10 x 10^g/L M: 13.0-18.0 g/dL 39-54 % ACTUAL FINDINGS 5 x 10^g/L 10 g/dL ANALYSIS Normal Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Normal Increased due to the

Hematocrit

30 %

Segmenters Lymphocytes

0.60-0.70 0.20-0.30

0.68 0.32

Platelet Count

150-450 x 10^g/L

85 x 10^g/dL

bodys increased immune system hemolysis

HEMATOLOGY REPORT Date: June 17, 2008, PM PARAMETER White Blood Cells Hemoglobin NORMAL ACTUAL FINDINGS FINDINGS 5-10 x 10 x 10^g/L 10^g/L M: 13.0-18.0 11.4 g/dL g/dL 39-54 % 35 % ANALYSIS Normal Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased due to poor oxygen supply Decreased; indicate low glucose level

Hematocrit

Segmenters

0.60-0.70

0.53

Lymphocytes

0.20-0.30

0.47

Platelet Count

150-450 x 10^g/L

101 x 10^g/dL

in the blood Increased due to the bodys increased immune system hemolysis

REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BLOOD Blood is considered the essence of life because the uncontrolled loss of it can result to death. Blood is a type of connective tissue, consisting of cells and cell fragments surrounded by a liquid matrix which circulates through the heart and blood vessels. The cells and cell fragments are formed elements and the liquid is plasma. Blood makes about 8% of total weight of the body. Functions of Blood: >transports gases, nutrients, waste products, and hormones >involve in regulation of homeostasis and the maintenance of PH, body temperature, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels >protects against diseases and blood loss PLASMA Plasma is a pale yellow fluid that accounts for over half of the total blood volume. It consists of 92% water and 8% suspended or dissolved substances such as proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory substances. Plasma volume remains relatively constant. Normally, water intake through the GIT closely matches water loss through the kidneys, lungs, GIT and skin. The suspended and dissolved substances come from the liver, kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, and immune tissues as spleen.

FORMED ELEMENTS Cell Type Erythrocytes (RBC) Leukocytes (WBC): Neutrophil Spherical cell, nucleus with two or more lobes connected by thin filaments, cytoplasmic granules stain a light pink or reddish purple, 12-15 micrometers in diameter Phagocytizes microorganism Description Biconcave disk, no nucleus, 7-8 micrometers in diameter Function Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Basophil

Eosinophil

Releases histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin which Spherical cell, prevents clot nucleus, with two formation

Lymphocyte

indistinct lobes, cytoplasmic granules stain blue-purple, 1012 micrometers in diameter Spherical cell, nucleus often bilobed, cytoplasmic granules satin orange-red or bright red, 10-12 micrometers in diameter

Releases chemical that reduce inflammation, attacks certain worm parasites

Monocyte

Produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms, responsible for allergic reactions, Spherical cell graft rejection, with round tumor control, and nucleus, regulation of the cytoplasm forms a immune system thin ring around the nucleus, 6-8 Phagocytic cell in micrometers in the blood leaves diameter the circulatory

Platelet

Spherical or irregular cell, nucleus round or kidney or horseshoe shaped, contain more cytoplasm than lymphocyte, 1015 micrometers in diameter Cell fragments surrounded by a cell membrane and containing granules, 2-5 micrometers in diameter

system and becomes a macrophage which phagocytises bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and debris within tissues

Forms platelet plugs, release chemicals necessary for blood clotting

PREVENTING BLOOD LOSS

When a blood vessel is damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and interfere with the normal tissue function or blood can be lost from the body. Small amounts of blood from the body can be tolerated but new blood must be produced to replace the loss blood. If large amounts of blood are lost, death can occur. BLOOD CLOTTING Platelet plugs alone are not sufficient to close large tears or cults in blood vessels. When a blood vessel is severely damaged, blood clotting or coagulation results in the formation of a clot. A clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers called fibrin, which traps blood cells, platelets and fluids. The formation of a blood clot depends on a number of proteins found within plasma called clotting factors. Normally the clotting factors are inactive and do not cause clotting. Following injury however, the clotting factors are activated to produce a clot. This is a complex process involving chemical reactions, but it can be summarized in 3 main stages; the chemical reactions can be stated in two ways: just as with platelets, the contact of inactive clotting factors with exposed connective tissue can result in their activation. Chemicals released from injured tissues can also cause activation of clotting factors. After the initial clotting factors are activated, they in turn activate other clotting factors. A series of reactions results in which each clotting factor activates the next clotting factor in the series until the clotting factor prothrombin activator is formed. Prothrombin activator acts on an inactive clotting factor called prothrombin. Prothrombin is converted to its active form called thrombin. Thrombin converts the inactive clotting factor fibrinogen into its active form, fibrin. The fibrin threads form a network which traps blood cells and platelets and forms the clots.

CONTROL OF CLOT FORMATION Without control, clotting would spread from the point of its initiation throughout the entire circulatory system. To prevent unwanted clotting, the blood contains several anticoagulants which prevent clotting factors from forming clots. Normally there are enough anticoagulants in the blood to prevent clot formation. At the injury site, however, the stimulation for activating clotting factors is very strong. So many clotting factors are activated that the anticoagulants no longer can prevent a clot from forming. CLOT RETRACTION AND DISSOLUTION After a clot has formed, it begins to condense into a denser compact structure by a process known as clot retraction. Serum, which is plasma without its clotting factors, is squeezed out of the clot during clot retraction. Consolidation of the clot pulls the edges of the damaged vessels together, helping the stop of the flow of blood, reducing the probability of infection and enhancing healing. The damaged vessel is repaired by the movement of fibroblasts into damaged area and the formation of the new connective tissue. In addition, epithelial cells around the wound divide and fill in the torn area. The clot is dissolved by a process called fibrinolysis. An inactive plasma protein called plasminogen is converted to its active form, which is called plasmin. Thrombin and other clotting factors activated during clot formation, or tissue plasminogen activator released from surrounding tissues, stimulate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Over a period of a few days the plasmin slowly breaks down the fibrin.

DRUG STUDY ISOPRINOSINE Dosage : 2 tsp TID 250 mg Classification: Antivirals Indication:Rhinovirus; herpes genitalis; measles; encephalitis; influenza; herpes zoster; herpes simplex; type A & B hepatitis; AIDS related complex; neoplastic diseases; anergy and hypoergy prior to major surgery Action: >Synthetic antiviral: it stimulates T-lymphocytes; used for HIV and Hepatitis >non-toxic immune system stimulant Adverse Reactions: >Transient increase in urine and serum uric acid level; very rarely skin rashes; pruritis; GI upset; nausea; fatigue; malaise Contraindications: >Hypersensitivity. Patients w/ adnormally low neutrophil counts (< 0.75 x 10x9/L), or abnormally low haemoglobin levels (< 7.5 g/dL or 4.65 mmol/L) Nx Considerations: >Monitor increase in serum uric acid level, gout, urolithiasis or renal dysfunction; pregnancy and lactation >Monitor hematological parameters Patient Teaching: >Inform patient that the drug must be taiken 1 hour apart on an empty Stomach >Instruct the patient to notify prescriber if unusual effects occurs

AMOXICILLIN Dosage : 375 mg TID Classification : Antibiotic Indication: Infections due to susceptible strains; helicobacter pylori infections in combination with other agents; post-exposure prophylaxis against bacillus anthracis; Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy Action: Bactericidal: inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall, causing cell death Adverse Reactions: >CNS lethargy, hallucinations, seizures >GI glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth, furry tongue (black hairy), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (bloody), enterocolitis,pseudomembranous colitis, nonspecific hepatitis >GU nephritis >Hematologic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, neutropenia, prolonged bleeding time >Hypersensitivity rash, fever, wheezing, anaphylaxis >Others superinfections: oral and rectal moniliasis, vaginitis Contraindications: >Contraindicated with allergy to cephalosporins or penicillins, or other allergens >Use cautiously with renal disorders and lactation Nx Considerations: >Culture infected area prior to treatment; reculture area if response is not expected >Give in oral preparations only; amoxicillin is not affected by food >Continue therapy for at least 2 days after signs of infection have disappeared; continuation for 10 full days is recommended >Use corticosteroids or antihistamines for skin reactions Patient Teaching:

>Take this drug around-the-clock >Take the full course of therapy; do not stop because you feel better >This antibiotic is specific for this problem and should not be used to self-treat other infections >Eat frequent small meals to avoid GI effects; frequent mouth care may prevent sore mouth >Report unusual bleeding or bruising, sore throat, fever, rash, hives, severe diarrhea, difficulty of breathing PARACETAMOL Dosage: 250 mg/5ml q 4 RTC Classification: Nonopioid Analgesics & Antipyretics Indication: Mild pain or fever Action: Produce analgesia by blocking pain impulses by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandin in the CNS or of other substances that sensitize pain receptors to stimulation. The drug may relieve fever through central action in the hypothalamic heat-regulating center. Adverse Reactions: Hematologic: Hemolytic Anemia, Neutropenia, Leukopenia, Pancytopenia Hepatic: Jaundice Metabolic: Hypoglycemia Skin: Rash, Urticaria Contraindications: Contraindicated in patients hypersensitive to drug. Use cautiously in patients with long-term alcohol use because therapeutics doses cause hepatotoxicity in these patients. Nx Considerations:

 ALERT: Many OTC and prescription products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this when calculating total daily dose. Use liquid form for children and patients who have difficulty in swallowing. In children, dont exceed five doses in 24 hours. Patient Teaching: Tell parents to consult prescriber before giving drug to children younger than age 2. Advise patient or parents that drug is only for short-term use; urge them to consult prescriber if giving to children for longer than 5 days or adults for longer than 10 days. ALERT: Advise patient or caregiver that many OTC products contain acetaminophen, which should be counted when calculating total daily dose. Tell patient not to use for marked fever (temperature higher than 103.1F [39.5C]), fever persisting longer than 3 days, or recurrent fever unless directed by prescriber. ALERT: Warn patient that high doses or unsupervised long-term use can cause liver damage. Excessive alcohol use may increase the risk of liver damage. Caution long-term alcoholics to limit acetaminophen intake to 2g/day or less. Tell breast-feeding woman that acetaminophen appears in breast milk in low levels (less than 1% of dose). Drug may be used safely if therapy is short-term and doesnt exceed recommended doses. Interactions o Drug-Drug - Barbiturates, Carbamazepine, Hydantoins, Rifampin, Sulfinpyrazone: high doses or longterm use of these drugs may reduce therapeutic effects and enhance hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen. Avoid using together. - Lamotrigine: may decrease lamotrigine level. Monitor patient for therapeutic effects.

- Warfarin: may increase hypoprothrombinemic effects with long-term use with high doses of acetaminophen. Monitor INR closely. - Zidovudine: may decrease zidovudine effects. Monitor patient closely. o Drug-Herd - Watercress: may inhibit oxidative metabolism of acetaminophen. Discourage use together. o Drug-Food - Caffeine: may enhance analgesic effects of acetaminophen. Products may combine caffeine and acetaminophen for therapeutic advantage. o Drug-Lifestyle - Alcohol use: may increase risk of hepatic damage. Discourage use together. RELESTAL Dosage: 1 tsp every 6 Classification: Antidiarrheals Content: Dicycloverine HCl Indication: Childrens cholic, functional gut disturbances, renal and biliary coloc Administration: May be taken before or after meals Contraindications: Closed-angle glaucoma; urinary or GI obstruction, intestinal atony, paralytic ileus, asthma, myasthenia gravis, ulcerative colitis, hiatus hernia, ulcerative colitis and hepatic or renal colic Adverse Reactions: Increased intraocular pressure, cyclopegia, mydriasis, dry mouth, blurred vision, flushing, urinary hesitancy & retention, tachycardia, palpitations, constipation, elevated body temperature, CNS excitation, rash, vomiting, photophobia Drug Interactions: Anticholinergic activity may be increased by other parasympatholytics.

Guanethidine, histamine and reserpine can antagonize the inhibitory effect of anticholinergics on gastric acid secretion. Antacids may impair absorption. PRED 10 Dosage: tsp 3x a day after meal Classification: Corticosteroid Hormones Content: Prednisone Indication: Treatment of endocrine, rheumatic & hematologic disorders, allergic & edematous states, collagen, dermatologic & opth, resp & neoplastic diseases. Suppression of inflammatory disorders. Administration: Take immediately after meals Contraindications: Gastric and duodenal ulcers, systemic fungal & certain viral infections, glaucoma, psychoses or severe psychoneuroses; live vaccines; hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids Special Precautions: Heart failure, recent MI or HTN, DM, epilepsy, glaucoma, hypothyroidism, hepatic failure, osteoporosis, peptic ulceration, psychoses or severe effective disorders & renal impairment Adverse Reactions: Fluid, electrolyte, visual & psychic disturbances, Cushingoid state, hirsutism, growth retardation, skin atrophy, facial erythema, aseptic osteonecrosis, amenorrhea Drug Interactions: Live vaccines APPEBON Dosage: 1 tsp BID Classification: Appetite Stimulants

Content: Per 5 ml Buclizine HCl 5mg, vitamin B1 10 mg, vitamin B6 5mg, vitamin B12 25mcg, lysine HCl 500mg Indication: Poor appetite, underweight, anorexia nervosa. For nutritional support in post-operative cases, metabolic disorders and convalescence Administration: With food Contraindications: Angle closure glaucoma, prostate hypertrophy & primary hemachromatosis Special Precautions: May impair ability to drive or operate machinery; pregnancy Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness & dulling of mental alertness, dry mouth, headache, nausea, jitteriness, tiredness Drug Interactions: Reduce the effectiveness of levodopa; CNS depressants; alcohol

LEARNING FEEDBACK DIARY NAME: Dorina Lorraine B. Binarao CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR: Ms. Shane B. Santos, RN 2008 OBJECTIVES: At the end of the rotation, I will be able to: To upgrade my knowledge on clinical setting To familiarize myself with the hospital setting

AREA: St. Paul Hospital Floor 1 DATES: June 16, 17, 18, 23 & 24,

To deliver health care services. To build rapport with the patients, SOs, staff nurses, clinical instructor and student nurses.

To enhance my skill on therapeutic communication The first rotation of my duty was in St. Paul Hospital and unexpectedly my schedule is night shift. Im nervous at the first night of duty because I still dont know what to expect in a hospital

setting. The first night was like an orientation for us. We were only tasked to do the vital signs taking and plotting. We werent allowed yet to do the charting and giving of medications. The patients given to us were in the Holy Family Ward. My first patient was a three year old boy whose chief complaint was contusion hematoma. It was good that I was paired with a Chinese student because I have someone to help me in taking the vital signs. The only disadvantage of having paired with her is that it is difficult to explain everything to her because language difference. Having a night duty has positive and negative factors. The positive or advantage of night duty is that you are not toxic with many things to do. At night shift, you also have the time to browse the chart of the patient. The negative or disadvantage part is that you have to make yourself awake for about eight hours. Another disadvantage is that it is difficult to interview and assess the patient because it is his/her time to sleep and rest. Interaction among the group is really needed to keep all of us awake. In next nights of our duty, we had our patients staying in Sto. Nio Ward. We were already tasked to do charting. Doing the charting every night enhances my skill and ability in doing it. Interviewing the SOs of the patient assigned to me was not difficult because they were so

cooperative and kind. I was lucky to have patients that dont have lot of tantrums even if they are still kids. Experiencing the clinical or hospital setting makes me feel excited of my future job. I believe that I must do everything correctly for the benefit of my patients. It is a good and relieving feeling that the patient you handle will be discharged immediately. The most unforgettable experience of my first rotation of duty was that someone died. My heart that time was like stubbed with a knife that I cant breathe. Through this case, I instilled in my mind that I must be relax and do the things necessary to revive a life. Panicking during such case will not do anything good. The first rotation of duty had left me with so many experiences that taught me a lot of things to remember. A CASE STUDY ON DENGUE FEVER

Submitted by: Dorina Lorraine B. Binarao Vicky (BSN3 RLE Group G)

Submitted to: Ms. Shane B. Santos, RN