Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 1 -




Nguyn tc chung thit lp cc biu thc tm cc tr trong mch in xoay chiu:
tm cc tr ca mt biu thc no th chng ta xut pht t cng thc tng qut ca chng, thc hin cc php
bin i theo quy tc nu t s v mu s u l i lng bin thin th ch mt biu thc thay i (chia c t v
mu cho t s chng hn..)
B :
Bt ng thc Cauchy : Cho hai s khng m a, b khi
a b
ab a b 2 ab
2
+
+
Du bng xy ra khi a = b.
Hm s bc hai y = ax
2
+ bx + c, vi a > 0 t gi tr nh nht ti im
2
min
b 4ac b '
x ; y
2a 4a 4a a

= = = =
I. MCH RLC C R THAY I
BI TON TNG QUT 1:
Cho mch in xoay chiu RLC trong R c th thay i c (R cn c gi l bin tr). Tm gi tr ca R

a) cng hiu dng I ca mch t gi tr cc i.
b) in p hiu dng hai u L hoc C t cc i.
c) cng sut ta nhit trn R l P
o
cho trc.
d) cng sut ta nhit trn in tr R t cc i.
Hng dn gii:
a) Cng hiu dng
( )
max
2
2
L C
U U
I I R 0.
Z
R Z Z
= = =
+

Vy R = 0 th I
max
v gi tr
max
L C
U
I
Z Z
=

b) Ta c U
L
= I.Z
L
. Do L khng i nn (U
L
)
max
khi I
max
R = 0.
Khi , ( )
L
L max L
max
L C
U.Z
U I .Z
Z Z
= =

Tng t ta cng c
( )
( )
C
max
C
C max C
max
L C
U R 0
U.Z
U I .Z
Z Z
=

= =

c) Theo bi ta c
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
o o o o o L C 2
2
L C
U
P P I R P R P P R U R P Z Z 0
R Z Z
= = = + =
+

Thay cc gi tr ca U, Z
L
, Z
C
v P
o
vo phng trnh trn ta gii c R cn tm.
d) Cng sut ta nhit trn R:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
L C
L C L C
L C
U U U U U
P I R R R
Z 2 Z Z
R Z Z Z Z
Z Z
R
2 R.
R
R
= = = = =

+

+

Du bng xy ra khi
( )
2
L C
L C
Z Z
R R Z Z
R

= = v
2
max
L C
U
P
2 Z Z
=

Vy mch RLC c R thay i, gi tr ca R v P
max
tng ng l
=

L C
2
max
L C
R Z Z
U
P
2 Z Z

Bi ging 5:
CC TR TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU_PHN 1

Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 2 -

V d 1: Cho mch in RLC c ( )

= = =
4
2 4.10
u 150 2 cos 100 V, L (H), C (F),
5
in tr R c th thay i
c. Tm R
a) cng sut ta nhit P = 90 W v vit biu thc ca cng dng in khi .
b) h s cng sut ca mch l cos = 1/2.
c) cng sut ta nhit trn mch cc i P
max
v tnh gi tr P
max

Hng dn gii:
Ta c Z
L
= 200 , Z
C
= 125 , U = 150 V.
a) Ta c
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
R 225
U 150 R
P I R 90 90 R 90 90R 150 R 90.75 0
R 25 Z R 75
=
= = = = + =

= +


Vi
2 2 o
o
U 150 2 2
R 225 Z 225 75 75 10 I A.
Z 75 10 5
= = + = = = =
lch pha ca u va i tha mn
L C
u i i
Z Z 75 1 1 1
tan arctan arctan
R 225 3 3 3

| | | |
= = = = = =
| |
\ \

Biu thc cng dng in l
2 1
i cos 100t arctan A.
3 5
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

Vi
2 2 o
o
U 150 2 6
R 25 Z 25 75 25 10 I A.
Z 25 10 5
= = + = = = =
lch pha ca u va i tha mn ( ) ( )
L C
u i i
Z Z 75
tan 3 arctan 3 arctan 3
R 25

= = = = = =
Biu thc cng dng in l ( ) ( )
6
i cos 100t arctan 3 A.
5
=
b) T cng thc tnh h s cng sut ta c
( )
2
2 2
2
L C
1 R 1 R 1
cos R 25 3.
2 2 R 75 4
R Z Z
= = = =
+
+

c) Ta c P
max
khi
L C
2
max
L C
R Z Z
U
P
2 Z Z
=

Thay s ta c R = 75 v
2 2
max
L C
U 150
P 150W.
2 Z Z 2.75
= = =

Ch :
Trong trng hp P
max
th h s cng sut ca mch khi l
2 2
1
2
= = = =
+
L C
R R
cos , do R Z Z .
Z
R R

Tc l lch pha ca u v i khi l /4.
Khi cun dy c thm in tr hot ng r 0 th ta cn c thm dng bi tnh cng sut ta nhit trn R, trn cun
dy v trn ton mch.
TH
1
: Cng sut ta nhit trn ton mch cc i
Ta c ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
L C
L C L C
U U U U
P I R r R r R r
Z 2 Z Z
R r Z Z Z Z
R r
R r
= + = + = + =

+ +
+ +
+

T ta cng c gi tr ca R v P
max
tng ng
L C L C
2 2
max max
L C L C
R r Z Z R Z Z r
U U
P P
2 Z Z 2 Z Z
+ = =

= =





TH
2
: Cng sut ta nhit trn R cc i
Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 3 -

Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
R 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
L C L C L C
U U U U
P I R R R
Z R 2Rr r R r Z Z r Z Z Z Z
R 2r
R R R
= = = = =
+ + + + +
+ + +

p dng BT Cauchy cho mu s ta cng c
( ) ( )
2 2
R
2 2
2 2
L C L C
U U
P
r Z Z 2r r Z Z
2r R.
R
=
+ + +
+

T ta c gi tr ca R v (P
R
)
max
tng ng l
( )
( )
( )

= +

+ +

2
2
L C
2
R
max
2
2
L C
R r Z Z
U
P
2r r Z Z

V d 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu gm cun dy c r

= 50 , L = 0,4/ (H) v t in c in dung C = 10
4
/
(F) v in tr thun R thay i c. in p hai u mch l ( ) = u 100 2 cos 100t V. Tm R
a) h s cng sut ca mch l 1/2.
b) cng sut ta nhit trn ton mch t cc i. Tnh gi tr cc i .
c) cng sut ta nhit trn in tr R cc i. Tnh gi tr cc i ca cng sut .
Hng dn gii:
Ta c
L C
Z 40, Z 100, U 100V = = =
a) H s cng sut ca mch l
( ) ( )
2 2
L C
R r R r 1
cos
Z 2
R r Z Z
+ +
= =
+ +

Thay s ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
R 50 1
4 R 50 R 50 60
2
R 50 60
+
(
= + = + +

+ +

Gii phng trnh trn ta c cc nghim R cn tm.
b) Cng sut tiu th trn on mch t gi tr cc i khi
L C
R r Z Z R 50 60 R 10. + = + = =
Khi , cng sut cc i ca mch
2 2
max
L C
U 100 250
P W.
2 Z Z 2.60 3
= = =

c) Cng sut ta nhit trn R cc i khi
( )
( )
( )
2
2
L C
2
R
max
2
2
L C
R r Z Z
U
P
2r r Z Z

= +

+ +

Thay s ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
L C
2 2
R
max
2
2
L C
R r Z Z 50 60 10 61 .
U 100
P W.
100 20 61
2r 2 r Z Z

= + = + =

= =

+
+ +

V d 3: Cho mch in xoay chiu RLC mc ni tip, bit R c th thay i c. Biu thc in p hai u
mch c dng
| |
= +
|
\

u 100 2 cos 100t V.

4
iu chnh R cng sut tiu th ca mch t gi tr cc i v
bng 100 W. Vit biu thc cng dng in trong mch, bit mch c tnh dung khng.
Hng dn gii:
Khi cng sut ta nhit trn R cc i th ta c
L C
2 2
max
L C
R Z Z
Z R
R 50 .
U 100
P 100
2 Z Z 2R
=
=

=

= =

Khi ,
o
o
U 100
I 2A
Z 50
1
cos
4 2

= = =

= =

.
Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 4 -

Do mch c tnh dung khng nn
u i i

0 .
4 2
< = = =
T , biu thc cng dng in trong mch l

i 2cos 100t A.
2
| |
= +
|
\

BI TON TNG QUT 2:
Cho mch in RLC c R thay i. in p hiu dng hai u mch in l U. Khi R = R
1
v R = R
2
th mch
tiu th cng mt cng sut (hay P
1
= P
2
). Chng minh rng:
a) ( )
2
1 2 L C
R R Z Z =
b)
1 2

2
+ = , vi
1
,
2
ln lt l lch pha ca u v i khi R = R
1
, R = R
2
.
c) Cng sut ta nhit tng ng khi = = =
+
2
1 2
1 2
U
P P P
R R

Hng dn gii:
a) Theo gi thit ta c P
1
= P
2

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 L C 2 1 L C 2 2
2 2
1 L C 2 L C
U U
I R I R R R R R Z Z R R Z Z
R Z Z R Z Z
( (
= = + = +

+ +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2 1 L C 2 1 2 L C 1 2 2 1 L C 2 1 1 2 L C
R R R Z Z R R R Z Z R R R R Z Z R R R R Z Z + = + = =
b) Ta c
L C
1
1
L C
2
2
Z Z
tan
R
Z Z
tan
R

=

, do ( )
2
L C 2
1 2 L C 1 2
1 L C
Z Z R
R R Z Z tan cot
R Z Z

= = =

T ta c
1 2

dpcm.
2
+ =
c) Ta c
( )
2 2 2
2
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
2
1 1 2 1 2
1 L C
U U U
P P P I R P R R dpcm
R R R R R
R Z Z
= = = = = =
+ +
+

Vy mch RLC c R thay i m R = R
1
v R = R
2
th P
1
= P
2
s tha mn
( (( ( ) )) )
2
1 2 L C
1 2
2
1 2
R R Z Z

2
U
P
R R


= = = =


+ = + = + = + =



= == =

+ ++ +


Ch :
Trong trng hp mch in b khuyt mt phn t (hoc L hoc C) th ta c cc iu kin tng t
+ Vi mch R, L:
2
1 2
2
1 2
L
R R Z
U
P
R R
=

+ Vi mch R, C:
2
1 2
2
1 2
C
R R Z
U
P
R R
=

Cc em cn phn bit r hai trng hp cng sut cc i khi R bin thin v cng sut bng nhau.
+ Khi R bin thin th cng sut cc i l
2 2
2 2
max
L C
U U
P
Z Z R
= =

+ Khi R bin thin c hai gi tr cho P bng nhau th
( )
2
2 2
1 2
2 1 2
1 2
2 2
max
L C
L C
U
P
U U
R R
P
Z Z R R
Z Z R R

+
= =

Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 5 -


V d 1: ( thi i hc 2009)
t in p xoay chiu c gi tr hiu dng khng i vo hai u on mch gm bin tr R mc ni tip vi
t in. Dung khng ca t in l 100 . Khi iu chnh R th ti hai gi tr R
1
v R
2
cng sut tiu th ca
on mch nh nhau. Bit in p hiu dng gia hai u t in khi R = R
1

bng hai ln in p hiu dng
gia hai u t in khi R = R
2
. Cc gi tr R
1
v

R
2
l
A. R
1


= 50 , R
2


= 100 . B. R
1
= 40 , R
2
= 250 .
C. R
1


= 50 , R
2


= 200 . D. R
1
= 25 , R
2
= 100 .
Hng dn gii:
Theo gi thit ta c P
1
= P
2

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 C 2 1 C 2 2 2 2
1 C 2 C
U U
I R I R R R R R Z R R Z
R Z R Z
( ( = = + = +

+ +

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 C 2 1 2 C 1 2 2 1 C 2 1 1 2 C 1 2
R R R Z R R R Z R R R R Z R R R R Z R R 100 + = + = = = , (1)
Mt khc, gi U
1C
l in p t in khi R = R
1
v U
2C
l in p t in khi R = R
2

Khi theo bi ta c
1
1C 2C 1 C 2 C
2
I
U 2U I Z 2I Z 2
I
= = =
Li c
2
2 2 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2
R I
P P I R I R 4
R I
| |
= = = =
|
\
, (2)
Gii (1) v (2) ta c R
1


= 50 , R
2


= 200 .
Vy chn p n C.
V d 2: Mt mch in gm mt t in C, mt cun cm L thun cm khng v mt bin tr R c mc ni
tip. t vo hai u mch in mt in p xoay chiu ( ) u 120 2cos 120t V. = . Bit rng ng vi hai gi tr
ca bin tr R
1
= 18 v R
2
= 32 th cng sut tiu th P trn on mch l nh nhau. Cng sut P ca
on mch c th nhn gi tr no ?
Hng dn gii:
Theo chng minh cng thc trn ta c
2 2
1 2
U 120
P 288W.
R R 18 32
= = =
+ +

Vy P = 288 W.
V d 3: Cho mch in RLC c in p hai u mch l u 30 2cos(100t)V, = R thay i c. Khi mch c R
= R
1
= 9 th lch pha gia u v i l
1 .
Khi mch c R = R
2
= 16 th lch pha gia u v i l
2.
bit
+ =
1 2

.
2

a) Tnh cng sut ng vi cc gi tr ca R
1
v R
2

b) Vit biu thc ca cng dng in ng vi R
1
, R
2

c) Tnh L bit
3
10
C (F).
2

=
d) Tnh cng sut cc i ca mch.
Hng dn gii:
a) Theo chng minh cng thc trn, khi
1 2 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
R R , R R
U 30
P P P 36W.

R R 9 16
2
= =

= = = = =

+ + + =

b) Ta c ( )
1 2
2
L C 1 2 L C
1 2
R R , R R
Z Z R R 9.16 144 Z Z 12.

2
= =

= = = =

+ =

Khi R = R
1
= 9 th ta c tng tr ca mch l ( )
2
2 2
1 L C
U
Z R Z Z 9 144 15 I 2A.
Z
= + = + = = =
lch pha ca u v i tha mn
L C
u i i
1
Z Z 12 4 4 4
tan arctan artan
R 9 3 3 3
| | | |
= = = = = =
| |
\ \

Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | 6 -

T , biu thc cng dng in l
4
i 2 2cos 100t artan A.
3
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

Khi R = R
1
= 16 th ta c tng tr ca mch l ( )
2
2 2
2 L C
U
Z R Z Z 16 144 20 I 1, 5A.
Z
= + = + = = =
lch pha ca u v i tha mn
L C
u i i
2
Z Z 12 3 3 3
tan arctan artan
R 16 4 4 4
| | | |
= = = = = =
| |
\ \

T , biu thc cng dng in l
3
i 1, 5 2cos 100t artan A.
4
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

c) Khi
3
C
10
C (F) Z 20.
2

= = M
L
L C
L
8
L (H)
Z 32
25
Z Z 12
Z 8 2
L (H)
25

=
=

=

=

d) Cng sut cc i ca mch khi R bin thin c tnh bi
2 2
max
L C
U 30
P 37, 5W.
2 Z Z 2.12
= = =

BI TP LUYN TP
Bi 1: Cho mch in RLC c in p hai u mch = u U 2cos( t )V, R thay i c. Khi mch c R = R
1
= 90
th lch pha gia u v i l
1 .
Khi mch c R = R
2
= 160 th lch pha gia u v i l
2.
Bit rng
+ =
1 2

.
2

a) Tm L bit C = 10
4
/ (F) v = 100 rad/s.
b) Tm bit

= =
4
3,2 10
L ( H ),C ( F ).
2

Bi 2: Cho mch in RLC c in p hai u mch l = u U 2cos( 100t )V, R thay i c. Khi mch c R = R
1
=
90 v R = R
2
= 160 th mch c cng cng sut P.
a) Tnh C bit L = 2/ (H).
b) Tnh U khi P = 40 W.
Bi 3: Cho mch in RLC, R c th thay i c, Hiu in th hai u mch l = u 200 2cos( 100t )V, L = 2/
(H), C = 10
4
/ (F). Tm R
a) h s cng sut ca mch l .
3
2

b) in p hiu dng gia hai u in tr l =
R
U 50 2V.
c) cng sut ta nhit trn R l P = 80 W.
Bi 4: Cho mch in RLC, R c th thay i c, in p hai u mch l

= =
4
10
u 240 2cos( 100t )V,C ( F ).

Khi R = R
1
= 90 v R = R
2
= 160 th mch c cng cng sut P.
a) Tnh L, cng sut P ca mch.
b) Gi s cha bit L, ch bit P
max
= 240 W v vi 2 gi tr R
3
v R
4
th mch c cng cng sut l P = 230,4 W
Tnh gi tr R
3
v R
4.
Gio vin : ng Vit Hng
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