CSC CSN

THPT Tn Bnh Bnh Dng. D D Y Y S S . . C C P P S S C C N NG G & & C C P P S S N NH H N N 1 11 1.
Gv: L L H H n nh h P Ph h p p. . Tr an g 1
D D Y Y S S . . C C P P S S C C N NG G & & C C P P S S N NH H N N. .
1 1. . P PH H N NG G P PH H P P Q QU UY Y N N P P T TO O N N H H C C. .
1) PHNG PHP QUY NP TON HC:
Bc 1: Chng minh A(n) l mt mnh ng khi n = 1.
Bc 2: Vi k l s nguyn dng ty , xut pht t gi thit A(n) l mnh ng khi n = k, chng
minh A(n) cng l mnh ng khi 1 n k = + .
2) P DNG:

1
Vd Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, ta lun c
( 1)( 2)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1)
3
n n n
n n
+ +
+ + + + =
Gii: Vi n = 1, ta c VT =1. 2 = 2, VP = 1.2.3/3 = 2 nn (1) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k, tc l
( 1)( 2)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1)
3
k k k
k k
+ +
+ + + + = , keN*. Ta chng minh (1)
ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
( 1)( 2)( 3)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1) ( 1)( 2)
3
k k k
k k k k
+ + +
+ + + + + + + = .
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np, ta c
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3)
1.2 2.3 ... ( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
3 3
k k k k k k
k k k k k k
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + = + + + =
Vy (1) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.

2
2
1 3 5 ... (2 1) n n + + + + = (2)
Gii: Vi n = 1, ta c VT =1, VP = 1 nn (2) ng vi n = 1.
2
1 3 5 ... (2 1) k k + + + + = , keN*.
Ta chng minh (2) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l chng minh
2
1 3 5 ... (2 1) (2 1) ( 1) k k k + + + + + + = +
2 2
1 3 5 ... (2 1) (2 1) (2 1) ( 1) k k k k k + + + + + + = + + = +

3
( 1)
1 2 3 ...
2
n n
n
+
+ + + + = (3)
Gii: Vi n = 1, ta c VT =1, VP = 1 nn (3) ng vi n = 1.
( 1)
1 2 3 ...
2
k k
k
+
+ + + + = , keN*.
Ta chng minh (3) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
( 1)( 2)
1 2 3 ... ( 1)
2
k k
k k
+ +
+ + + + + + =
( 1) ( 1)( 2)
1 2 3 ... ( 1) ( 1)
2 2
k k k k
k k k
+ + +
+ + + + + + = + + =

4
3
3 n chia ht cho 3. (4)
Gii: t
3
n
A n n = . Vi n = 1, ta c
1
0 A = , v 0 chia ht cho 3 nn (4) ng vi n = 1.
3
k
A k k = chia ht cho 3, keN*.
3
1
( 1) ( 1)
k
A k k
+
= + + chia ht cho 3.
3 3 2 3 2
1
( 1) ( 1) 3 3 1 1 3 3
k
A k k k k k k k k k k
+
= + + = + + + = + +
2
3( )
k
A k k = + + chia ht cho 3. Vy (4) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.

5
Vd Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n > 3, ta lun c 2 2 1
n
n > + . (5)
Gii: Vi n = 3, ta c VT = 8, VP = 7 nn (5) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (5) ng vi n = k, tc l 2 2 1
k
k > + , keN*, k > 3.
1
2 2( 1) 1
k
k
+
> + + .
1
2 2.2 2.(2 1) 4 2 2 3
k k
k k k
+
= > + = + > + .
Vy (5) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n > 3.
3
3
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B B I I T T P P. .
1) Chng minh rng vi neN*, ta c cc ng thc:
a)
(3 1)
2 5 8 ... 3 1
2
n n
n
+
+ + + + = ; b)
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 8 2 2
n
n n
+ + + + = ;
c)
2 2 2 2
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 3 ...
6
n n n
n
+ +
+ + + + = ; d)
2 2 2
2 ( 1)(2 1)
2 4 ... (2 )
3
n n n
n
+ +
+ + + = .
Hng dn:
a) Vi n = 1, VT = 2, VP = 2. Vy (a) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (a) ng vi n = k, tc l
(3 1)
2 5 8 ... 3 1
2
k k
k
+
+ + + + = . Ta chng minh (a) ng vi 1 n k = + ,
tc l phi chng minh
( 1)(3 4)
2 5 8 ... 3 1 (3 2)
2
k k
k k
+ +
+ + + + + + = . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np,
ta c
2
(3 1) 3 7 4 ( 1)(3 4)
2 5 8 ... 3 1 (3 2) (3 2)
2 2 2
k k k k k k
k k k
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + = + + = = .
Vy (a) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
b) Vi n = 1, VT =
1
2
, VP =
1
2
. Vy (b) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (b) ng vi n = k, tc l
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 8 2 2
k
k k
+ + + + = . Ta chng minh (b) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc

l phi chng minh
1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 4 8 2 2 2
k
k k k
+
+ +
+ + + + + = . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c

1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2.2 2 1 2 1
...
2 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 2
k k k
k k k k k k
+
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + = + = = .
Vy (b) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
c) Vi n = 1, VT = 1, VP = 1. Vy (c) ng vi n = 1. Gi s (c) ng vi n = k, tc l
2 2 2 2
( 1)(2 1)
1 2 3 ...
6
k k k
k
+ +
+ + + + = . Ta chng minh (c) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
2 2 2 2 2
( 1)( 2)(2 3)
1 2 3 ... ( 1)
6
k k k
k k
+ + +
+ + + + + + = . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 1)(2 1) ( 1)(2 7 6) ( 1)( 2)(2 3)
1 2 3 ... ( 1) ( 1)
6 6 6
k k k k k k k k k
k k k
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + = + + = =
Vy (c) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
d) Vi n = 1, VT = 4, VP = 4. Vy (d) ng vi n = 1. Gi s (d) ng vi n = k, tc l
2 2 2
2 ( 1)(2 1)
2 4 ... (2 )
3
k k k
k
+ +
+ + + = . Ta chng minh (d) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
2 2 2 2
2( 1)( 2)(2 3)
2 4 ... (2 ) (2 2)
3
k k k
k k
+ + +
+ + + + + = . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
2
2 2 2 2
2 ( 1)(2 1) 2( 1)(2 7 6) 2( 1)( 2)(2 3)
2 ... (2 ) (2 2) (2 2)
3 3 3
k k k k k k k k k
k k k
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + = + + = =
Vy (d) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
2) Chng minh rng vi neN*, ta c:
a)
3 2
3 5 n n n + + chia ht cho 3; b) 4 15 1
n
n + chia ht cho 9;
c)
3
11 n n + chia ht cho 6; d) 7 1
n
chia ht cho 6;
e) 11 6
n
chia ht cho 5; f) 6.7 2.3
n n
chia ht cho 4.
Hng dn:
a) t
3 2
3 5
n
A n n n = + + . Vi n = 1
1
A = 9 chia ht cho 3. Vy (a) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (a) ng vi n = k, tc l
3 2
3 5
k
A k k k = + + chia ht cho 3. Ta chng minh (a) ng vi 1 n k = +
tc l phi chng minh
3 2
1
( 1) 3( 1) 5( 1)
k
A k k k
+
= + + + + + chia ht cho 3. Tht vy, theo gi thit quy
np, ta c
3 2 3 2 2 2
1
( 1) 3( 1) 5( 1) ( 3 5 ) 3 9 9 3( 3 3)
k k
A k k k k k k k k A k k
+
= + + + + + = + + + + + = + + + chia ht
cho 3. Vy (a) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
b) t 4 15 1
n
n
A n = + . Vi n = 1
1
A = 18 chia ht cho 9. Vy (b) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (b) ng vi n = k, tc l 4 15 1
k
k
A k = + chia ht cho 9. Ta chng minh (b) ng vi 1 n k = +
tc l phi chng minh
1
1
4 15 14
k
k
A k
+
+
= + + chia ht cho 9. Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
1
4 15 14 4.4 15 14 4(4 15 1) 45 18 4. 9(2 5 )
k k k
k k
A k k k k A k
+
+
= + + = + + = + + = + chia ht cho 9.
Vy (b) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
c) t
3
11
n
A n n = + . Vi n = 1
1
A = 12 chia ht cho 6. Vy (c) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (c) ng vi n = k, tc l
3
11
k
A k k = + chia ht cho 6. Ta chng minh (c) ng vi 1 n k = + tc
l phi chng minh
3
1
( 1) 11( 1)
k
A k k
+
= + + + chia ht cho 6. Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
3 3 2 3 2
1
( 1) 11( 1) 3 3 1 11 11 ( 11 ) 3( 4) 3[ ( 1) 4)]
k k
A k k k k k k k k k k A k k
+
= + + + = + + + + + = + + + + = + + + . V
3[ ( 1) 4] k k + + chia ht cho 3 v k(k + 1) + 4 chia ht cho 2 nn chia ht cho 6.
Vy (c) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
d) t 7 1
n
n
A = . Vi n = 1
1
A = 6 chia ht cho 6. Vy (d) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (d) ng vi n = k, tc l 7 1
k
k
A = chia ht cho 6. Ta chng minh (d) ng vi 1 n k = + tc l
phi chng minh
1
1
7 1
k
k
A
+
+
= chia ht cho 6. Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
1
7 1 7.7 1 7(7 1) 6 7. 6
k k k
k k
A A
+
+
= = = + = + chia ht cho 6.
Vy (d) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
e) t 11 6
n
n
A = . Vi n = 1
1
A = 5 chia ht cho 5. Vy (e) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (e) ng vi n = k, tc l 11 6
k
k
A = chia ht cho 5. Ta chng minh (e) ng vi 1 n k = + tc l
phi chng minh
1
1
11 6
k
k
A
+
+
1
1
11 6 11.11 6 11(11 6) 60
k k k
k
A
+
+
= = = + chia ht cho 5.
Vy (e) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
f) t 6.7 2.3
n n
n
A = . Vi n = 1
1
A = 36 chia ht cho 4. Vy (f) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (f) ng vi n = k, tc l 6.7 2.3
k k
k
A = chia ht cho 4. Ta chng minh (f) ng vi 1 n k = +
tc l phi chng minh
1 1
1
6.7 2.3
k k
k
A
+ +
+
1 1
1
6.7 2.3 42.7 6.3 3(6.7 2.3 ) 24.7 3. 24.7
k k k k k k k k
k k
A A
+ +
+
= = = + = + chia ht cho 4.
Vy (f) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
3) Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n > 2, ta c cc bt ng thc:
a) 3 3 1
n
n > + ; b)
1
2 2 3
n
n
+
> + .
Hng dn:
a) Vi n = 2, VT = 9, VP = 7. Vy (a) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (a) ng vi n = k, tc l 3 3 1
k
k > + , ta chng minh (a) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng
minh
1
3 3( 1) 1
k
k
+
> + + . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
3 3.3 3(3 1) 3( 1) 1 6 1 3( 1) 1
k k
k k k k
+
= > + = + + + > + + . V 6k 1 > 0 nn
1
3 3( 1) 1
k
k
+
> + + .
Vy (a) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n > 2.
b) Vi n = 2, VT = 8, VP = 7. Vy (a) ng vi n = 1.
1
2 2 3
k
k
+
> + , ta chng minh (b) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng
minh
2
2 2 5
k
k
+
> + . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
2 1
2 2.2 2(2 3) 2 5 2 1 2 5
k k
k k k k
+ +
= > + = + + + > + . V 2k + 1 > 0 nn
2
2 2 5
k
k
+
> + .
Vy (b) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n > 2.
4) Cho tng
1 1 1
...
1.2 2.3 ( 1)
n
S
n n
= + + +
+

a) Tnh
1 2 3
, , S S S .
b) D on cng thc tnh tng
n
S v chng minh bng quy np.
Hng dn:
a) Ta c
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3
; ;
1.2 2 1.2 2.3 3 1.2 2.3 3.4 4
S S S = = = + = = + + = .
b) D on
1
n
n
S
n
=
+
(1)
Vi n = 1, ta c
1
1 1
2 1 1
S = =
+
. Vy (1) ng vi n = 1.
1
k
k
S
k
=
+
. Ta chng minh (1) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng
minh
1
1
2
k
k
S
k
+
+
=
+
. Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
2
1
1 1 2 1 1
( 1)( 2) 1 ( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2) 2
k k
k k k k
S S
k k k k k k k k
+
+ + +
= + = + = =
+ + + + + + + +
.
5) Chng minh rng s ng cho ca mt a gic li n cnh l
( 3)
2
n n
(1)
Hng dn:
Vi n = 4, ta c s cnh bng 4 l t gic lc s ng cho l 2 =
4(4 3)
2
. Vy (1) ng vi n = 4.
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k, tc l a gic li k cnh th s ng cho l
( 3)
2
k k
. Ta chng minh (1)
ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l a gic li k + 1 cnh th s ng cho l
( 1)( 2)
2
k k +
.
Tht vy, t gi thit quy np, ta c a gic li k cnh th s ng cho l
( 3)
2
k k
. Ni nh
1 k
A
+
ti
cc nh
2 3 1
, ,...,
k
A A A

, ta c k 2 ng cho. Ngoi ra
1 k
A A l mt ng cho na. Khi s ng
cho l
2
( 3) 2 ( 1)( 2)
2 1
2 2 2
k k k k k k
k
+
+ + = =
Vy (1) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n > 4.
A
k
A
k-1
A
2
A
1
A
k+1

2 2. . D D Y Y S S . .
1) NH NGHA:
Mi hm s u xc nh trn tp cc s nguyn dng N* c gi l mt dy s v hn (dy s). K
hiu:
: *
( )
u
n u n

Dy s ( )
n
u di dng khai trin
1 2 3
, , ,..., ,...
n
u u u u trong ( )
n
u u n = l s hng tng qut ca dy s.
2) NH NGHA DY S HU HN:
Mi hm s u xc nh trn tp M = {1, 2, 3, , m} vi meN* c gi l mt dy s hu hn.
Dng khai trin ca dy hu hn l
1 2 3
, , ,...,
m
u u u u vi
1
u l s hn u
m
u l s hn cui.
3) CCH CHO MT DY S:
Dy s cho bng cng thc ca s hng tng qut:
Dy ( )
n
u vi s hng tng qut
2 1
n n
n
u =
c vit di dng khai trin l

2 3 4
1, , , ,..., ,...
3 7 15 2 1
n
n

Dy s cho bng phng php m t:
Dy ( )
n
u vi
n
u l s hng gn ng thiu ca s t vi sai s tuyt i
1
10
n
th
1 2 3
3,1; 3,14; 3,141;.... u u u = = =
Dy s cho bng phng php truy hi:
Cho mt hay vi s hng u sau cho tip h thc truy hi. H thc truy hi l h thc biu th s
hng th n qua mt hay vi s hng ng trc n. V d dy Phi-b-na-xi cho bi
1 2
1 2
1
( 3)
n n n
u u
n
u u u

= =
>
= +
ngha l s hng th ba tr i mi s hng bng tng ca hai s hng ng

trc n.
4) BIU DIN HNH HC CA DY S:
C th biu din dy s
1 2 3
, , ,..., ,...
n
u u u u trn trc s hoc cp s (n,
n
u ) trn mt phng ta .
5) DY S TNG, GIM & B CHN:
Dy s ( )
n
u c gi l dy s tng nu ta c
1 n n
u u
+
> neN*.
Dy s ( )
n
u c gi l dy s gim nu ta c
1 n n
u u
+
< neN*.

1
Vd Dy s ( )
n
u vi 2 1
n
u n = l dy s tng. Tht vy, neN*, xt hiu
1
2( 1) 1 (2 1) 2 0
n n
u u n n
+
= + = > nn c
1 n n
u u
+
> . Vy ( )
n
u vi 2 1
n
u n = l dy s tng.

2
Vd Dy s ( )
n
u vi
3
n n
n
u = l dy s gim. Tht vy, neN*, xt hiu
1 1 1
1 1 2
0, *
3 3 3
n n n n n
n n n
u u n N
+ + +
+
= = < e nn c
1 n n
u u
+
< . Vy ( )
n
u vi
3
n n
n
u = l dy s gim.
Dy s ( )
n
u c gi l b chn trn nu tn ti mt s M sao cho
n
u M s , neN*.
Dy s ( )
n
u c gi l b chn di nu tn ti mt s m sao cho
n
u m > , neN*.
Dy s ( )
n
u c gi l b chn nu n va b chn trn va b chn di, tc l tn ti mt s M v m
sao cho
n
m u M s s , neN*.

3
Vd Dy s ( )
n
u vi
2
1
n
n
u
n
=
+
l dy s b chn. Tht vy, neN*, theo Csi, ta c
2
2
1 1 1
2 2
1 2
n n
n
n n n
+
+ > > s
v
2
0
1
n
n
<
+
. Vy vi
2
1
0
1 2
n
n
< s
+
nn ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.

B B I I T T P P. .
1) Vit nm s hng u ca cc dy s ( )
n
u cho bi s hng tng qut
n
u :
a)
2 1
n n
n
u =
; b)
2 1
2 1
n
n n
u

=
+
; c)
1
1
n
n
u
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
; d)
2
1
n
n
u
n
=
+
;
e)
2
2 3
n
n
u
n
= ; f)
2
2
sin cos
4 3
n
n n
u

= + ; g) ( 1) 4
n n
n
u = .
2) Cho dy s ( )
n
u , bit
1 1
1, 3
n n
u u u
+
= = + vi n > 1.
a) Vit nm s hng u ca cc dy s.
b) Chng minh bng phng php quy np 3 4
n
u n = (1).
Hng dn:
a) 1, 2, 5, 8, 11.
b) Vi n = 1, ta c
1
1 3.1 4 u = = tha (1). Vy (1) ng vi n = 1.
Gii s (1) ng vi n = k, tc l 3 4
k
u k = . Ta chng minh (1) ng vi n = k + 1, tc l phi chng
minh
1
3 1
k
u k
+
= . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
3 3 4 3 3 1
k k
u u k k
+
= + = + = .
3) Cho dy s ( )
n
u , bit
2
1 1
3, 1
n n
u u u
+
= = + vi n > 1.
a) Vit nm s hng u ca cc dy s.
b) D on cng thc s hng tng qut
n
u v chng minh bng phng php quy np.
Hng dn:
a) 3, 10, 11, 12, 13
b) Ta c 9 1 8, 10 2 8, 11 3 8 = + = + = + . Ta d on 8
n
u n = + (2).
Vi n = 1, ta c
1
3 1 8 u = = + nn (2) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (2) ng vi n = k, tc l 8
k
u k = + . Ta chng minh (2) ng vi n = k + 1, tc l phi chng
minh
1
9
k
u k
+
= + . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
2 2
1
1 1 ( 8) 9
k k
u u k k
+
= + = + + = + .
4) Xt tnh tng gim ca dy ca dy ( )
n
u , bit:
a)
1
2
n
u
n
= ; b)
1
1
n
n
u
n
=
+
; c) ( 1) .(2 1)
n n
n
u = + ; d)
2 1
5 2
n
n
u
n
+
=
+
.
Hng dn:
a)
1
1 1 1 1
2 2 0
1 1
n n
u u
n n n n
+
| |
= = <
|
+ +
\ .
v n + 1 > n, neN*. Vy ( )
n
u l dy gim.
b)
2
1
2
1
: 1
2 1 2
n
n
u n n n n
u n n n n
+
+
= = >
+ + +
v mu nh hn t 2 n v neN*
1 n n
u u
+
> . Vy dy( )
n
u tng.
c) Cc s hng an du v c tha s ( 1)
n
nn dy s khng tng cng khng gim.
d)
2
1
2
2 3 2 1 10 19 6
: 1
5 7 5 2 10 19 7
n
n
u n n n n
u n n n n
+
+ + + +
= = <
+ + + +
v mu ln hn t neN*
1 n n
u u
+
< . Vy dy( )
n
u gim.
5) Xt tnh b chn ca dy ( )
n
u cho bi cng thc sau:
a)
2
2 1
n
u n = ; b)
1
( 2)
n
u
n n
=
+
; c)
2
1
2 1
n
u
n
=
; d) sin cos
n
u n n = + .
Hng dn:
a) Dy s b chn di v
2
2 1
n
u n = > 1 neN* v khng b chn trn.
b) Vi n > 1 n + 2 > 3 n(n + 2) > 3
1 1
0
( 2) 3 n n
< s
+
neN* ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
c) Vi n > 1
2 2
2
1
2 2 2 1 1 0 1
2 1
n n
n
> > < s
neN* ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
d) Ta c sin cos 2 sin
4
n n n
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
. Vi neN*, ta c 2 2 sin 2
4
n
| |
< + <
|
\ .
(du = khng
xy ra v n nguyn dng). Vy ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
6) Chng minh rng dy s ( )
n
u vi
2 3
3 2
n
n
u
n
+
=
+
l dy s gim v b chn.
Hng dn:
Ta c
2
1
2
2 5 2 3 6 19 10
: 1
3 5 3 2 6 19 15
n
n
u n n n n
u n n n n
+
+ + + +
= = <
+ + + +
v mu ln hn t 5 n v neN*
1 n n
u u
+
< nn dy
s gim.
Ta c
2 3 2 5
3 2 3 3(3 2)
n
n n
+
= +
+ +
. Vi n > 1 3n + 2 > 5
1 1
3 2 5 n
s
+

5 1
0
3(3 2) 3 n
< s
+

2 2 5 2
1 1
3 3 3(3 2) 3
n
u
n
< + s < s
+
neN*. Vy ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
7) Chng minh rng dy s ( )
n
u vi
3 2
2 3
n
n
u
n
+
=
+
l dy s tng v b chn.
Hng dn:
Ta c
2
1
2
3 5 3 2 6 19 15
: 1
2 5 2 3 6 19 10
n
n
u n n n n
u n n n n
+
+ + + +
= = >
+ + + +
v mu b hn t 5 n v neN*
1 n n
u u
+
> nn dy
s tng.
Ta c
3 2 3 5
2 3 2 2(2 3)
n
n n
+
=
+ +
. Vi n > 1 2n + 3 > 5
1 1
2 3 5 n
s
+

5 1
0
2(2 3) 2 n
< s
+

3 5 3 3
1 1
2 3(3 2) 2 2
n
u
n
s < s <
+
neN*. Vy ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
3 3. . C C P P S S C C N NG G. .
1) NH NGHA:
Cp s cng l mt dy s (hu hn hoc v hn), trong k t s hng th hai, mi s hng u bng
s hng ng ngay trc n cng vi mt s khng i d. S d c gi l cng sai ca cp s cng.
Nu ( )
n
u l cp s cng vi cng sai d, ta c cng thc truy hi
1 n n
u u d
+
= + neN*.
Khi d = 0 th cp s cng l dy s khng i.

1
Vd Cho ( )
n
u l mt cp s cng c su s hng vi
1
1
3
u = , d = 3. Vit dng khai trin ca n.
Gii:
1 8 17 26 35 44
, , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3

2) S HNG TNG QUT:
Nu cp s cng ( )
n
u c s hng u
1
u v cng sai d th s hng tng qut
n
u c xc nh bi cng
thc:
1
( 1)
n
u u n d = + vi n > 2.

2
Vd Cho cp s cng ( )
n
u vi
1
u = 5, d = 3.
a) Tm
15
u ; b) S 100 l s hng th my ?
c) Biu din cc s hng
1 2 3 4 5
, , , , u u u u u trn trc s. Nhn xt v tr ca mi im
2 3 4
, , u u u so vi hai
im lin k.
Gii:
a) Ta c
1
( 1)
n
u u n d = +
15
u = 5 + (15 1)3 = 37.
b) Ta c
1
( 1)
n
u u n d = + . Vi 5 + (n 1)3 = 100 n = 36.
c) Nm s hng u tin ca cp s cng l 5, 2, 1, 4, 7.

2
u l trung bnh cng ca
1
u v
3
u ,
3
u l trung bnh cng ca
2
u v
4
u
3) TNH CHT CA CP S CNG:
Trong mt cp s cng, mi s hng (tr s hng u v cui) u l trung bnh cng ca hai s hng
ng k vi n, ngha l
1 1
2
k k
k
u u
u
+
+
= vi k > 2.
4) TNG n S HNG U CA CP S CNG:
Cho cp s cng ( )
n
u . t
1 2 3
...
n n
S u u u u = + + + + l tng n s hng u tin ca n. Khi
1
2
n
n
u u
S n
+
= hay
1
( 1)
2
n
n n
S nu d
= + .

3
Vd Cho dy s ( )
n
u vi 3 1
n
u n = .
a) Chng minh dy ( )
n
u l cp s cng. Tm
1
u v d.
b) Tnh tng ca 50 s hng u.
c) Bit
n
S = 260, tm n.
Gii:
a) Ta c 3 1
n
u n =
1
3 2
n
u n
+
= + v
1
3
n n
u u
+
= nn ( )
n
u l mt cp s cng.
Vi
1
u = 2, cng sai d = 3 cho ta
1
( 1) 2 ( 1)3 3 1
n
u u n d n n = + = + = .
b) Ta c
1
( 1)
2
n
n n
S nu d
= +
50
50.49
50.2 .3 3775
2
S = + = .
c) Ta c
1
( 1)
2
n
n n
S nu d
= + . Vi
n
S = 260
2
( 1)
2 3 260 3 520 0 13
2
n n
n n n n
+ = + = = .

B B I I T T P P. .
1) Trong cc dy s ( )
n
u sau y, dy s no l cp s cng ? Tnh s hng u v cng sai ca n.
a) 5 2
n
u n = ; b) 1
2
n
n
u = ; c) 3
n
n
u = ; d)
7 3
2
n
n
u

= .
Hng dn:
a)
1 n n
u u
+
= 2 neN* nn dy cho l mt cp s cng vi
1
u = 3 v d = 2.
b)
1 n n
u u
+
= neN* nn dy cho l mt cp s cng vi
1
u = v d =
c)
1
2.3
n
n n
u u
+
= nn dy cho khng l mt cp s cng.
d)
1 n n
u u
+
= 3/2 neN* nn dy cho l mt cp s cng vi
1
u = 2 v d = 3/2.
2) Tm s hng u v cng sai ca cp s cng sau, bit:
a)
1 3 5
1 6
10
17
u u u
u u
+ =
+ =
; b)
2 3 5
1 6
7
12
u u u
u u
+ =
+ =
; c)
9 5
2 7
8
39
u u
u u
=
; d)
7 3
2 7
8
75
u u
u u
=
.
Hng dn:
a)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
( 2 ) ( 4 ) 10 2 10 16
( 5 ) 17 2 5 17 3
u u d u d u d u
u u d u d d
+ + + = + = =

+ + = + = =

.
b)
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
( ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) 7 2 7 11
( 5 ) 12 2 5 12 2
u d u d u d u d u
u u d u d d
+ + + + = + = =

+ + = + = =

c)
1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ( 8 ) ( 4 ) 8 2
1 15 ( )( 6 ) 39 14 15 0 hoac
d u d u d d
u u u d u d u u
= + + = =

= = + + = + =

d)
1 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ( 6 ) ( 2 ) 8 2
3 17 ( )( 6 ) 75 14 51 0 hoac
d u d u d d
u u u d u d u u
= + + = =

= = + + = + =

3) Mt sn tng mt ca mt ngi nh cao hn mt sn 0,5m. Cu thang i t tng mt ln tng hai gm 21
bc, mi bc cao 18cm.
a) Vit cng thc tm cao ca mt bc ty so vi mt sn.
b) Tnh cao ca sn tng hai so vi mt sn.
Hng dn:
a) Gi chiu cao ca bc th n so vi mt sn l
n
h , ta c 0, 5 .0,18
n
h n = +
b) Chiu cao ca sn tng hai so vi mt sn l
21
0, 5 21.0,18 4, 28( ) h m = + =
4) T 0 gi n 12 gi tra, ng h nh bao nhiu ting, nu n ch nh chung bo gi v s ting
chung bng s gi ?
Hng dn:
Tnh tng 1 + 2 + 3 + + 12 =
1 12
.12 78
2
+
= (ting chung).
5) Cho cp s cng ( )
n
u c
2 22
60 u u + = . Hy tnh tng 23 s hng u tin ca cp s cng .
Hng dn:
Ta c
1 2 23 22
, u u d u u d = = + v
1
( )
2
n
n
u u
S n
+
=
1 23 2 22
23
( ) 60
.23 .23 .23 690
2 2 2
u u u u
S
+ +
= = = =
6) Xc nh m 3 s
2
, , 3 m m theo th t lp thnh mt cp s cng. Lit k v tnh cng sai 3 s .
Hng dn:
3 s
2
, , 3 m m lp thnh mt cp s cng khi
2
2
1
3
2 3 0
3 2
m
m
m m m
m
=
= =

=

Vi m = 1 3 s cn tm l 1; 1; 3 c cng sai d = 2.
Vi m = 3 3 s cn tm l 9; 3; 3 c cng sai d = 6.
4 4. . C C P P S S N NH H N N. .
1) NH NGHA:
Cp s nhn l mt dy s (hu hn hoc v hn), trong k t s hng th hai, mi s hng u bng
s hng ng ngay trc n nhn vi mt s khng i q. S q c gi l cng bi ca cp s nhn.
Nu ( )
n
u l cp s nhn vi cng bi q, ta c cng thc truy hi
1
.
n n
u u q
+
= neN*.

1
Vd Dy s 2, 4, 8,16, 32 l mt cp s nhn vi s hng u
1
2 u = v cng bi q = 2.
2) S HNG TNG QUT:
Nu mt cp s nhn c s hng u
1
u v cng bi q th s hng tng qut
n
u c xc nh bi cng
thc
1
1
.
n
n
u u q

= vi n > 2.

2
Vd Cho cp s nhn ( )
n
u vi
1
u = 3, q =
1
2
.
a) Tnh
7
u ; b) Hi
3
256
l s hng th my ?
Gii:
a) Ta c
1
1
.
n
n
u u q

=
6
6
7 1
1 3
3.
2 64
u u q
| |
= = =
|
\ .

b) Ta c
1
1
.
n
n
u u q

= . Vi
3
256
n
u =
1 1 1 8
1 3 1 1 1 1
3. 1 8 9
2 256 2 256 2 2
n n n
n n

| | | | | | | |
= = = = =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
.
3) TNH CHT CA CP S NHN:
Trong mt cp s nhn, bnh phng ca mi s hng (tr s hng u v cui) u l tch ca hai s
hng ng k vi n, ngha l
2
1 1
.
k k k
u u u
+
= vi k > 2.
4) TNG n S HNG U CA CP S NHN:
Cho cp s nhn ( )
n
u vi cng bi q = 1. t
1 2 3
...
n n
S u u u u = + + + + . Khi
1
1
1
n
n
q
S u
q
.

3
Vd Cho cp s nhn ( )
n
u , bit
1
u = 2,
3
u = 18. Tnh tng ca mi s hng u tin.
Gii: Ta c
2 2 2
3 1
2. 18 9 3 u u q q q q = = = = .
Vi q = 3, ta c
1
1
1
n
n
q
S u
q

10 10
10
10 1
1 1 3
2. 3 1 59048
1 1 3
q
S u
q

= = = =

.
Vi q = 3, ta c
1
1
1
n
n
q
S u
q

10 10 10
10 1
1 1 3 1 3
2. 29524
1 1 3 2
q
S u
q

= = = =
+
.

4
Vd Tnh tng
2
1 1 1
1 ...
3 3 3
n
S = + + + +
Gii: Ta c
1
u = 1, q =
1
3
v tng
2
1 1 1
1 ...
3 3 3
n
S = + + + + c n + 1 s hng.
Do
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 3 1 3
1. 1
1
1 2 3
1
3
n
n
n
q
S u
q
+
+
+
| |
|
(
| |
\ .
= = =
(
|
\ .
(

Gv: L L H H n nh h P Ph h p p. . Tr ang 11
B B I I T T P P. .
1) Chng minh cc dy s
3
.2
5
n
| |
|
\ .
,
5
2
n
| |
|
\ .
,
1
2
n
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l cc cp s nhn.
Hng dn:
a)
1 1
3 3
.2 : .2 2
5 5
n n n
n
u
u
+ +
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
. Vy
1
.2
n n
u u
+
= neN* dy
3
.2
5
n
| |
|
\ .
l cp s nhn.
b)
1
1
5 5 1
:
2 2 2
n
n n
n
u
u
+
+
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
. Vy
1
1
.
2
n n
u u
+
= neN* dy
5
2
n
| |
|
\ .
l cp s nhn.
c)
1
1
1 1 1
:
2 2 2
n n
n
n
u
u
+
+
| | | |
| | | |
= = | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
. Vy
1
1
.
2
n n
u u
+
| |
=
|
\ .
neN* dy
1
2
n
| |
| |
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
l cp s nhn.
2) Cho cp s nhn ( )
n
u vi cng bi q.
a) Bit
1
u = 2,
6
u = 486. Tm q.
b) Bit q =
2
3
,
4
8
21
u = . Tm
1
u .
c) Bit
1
u = 3, q = 2. Hi s 129 l s hng th my ?
Hng dn:
a) Ta c
5 5 5
6 1
2. 486 243 3 u u q q q q = = = =
b) Ta c
3
4 1
u u q = vi
4
8
21
u =
3
1 1
2 8 8 8 9
. :
3 21 21 27 7
u u
| |
= = =
|
\ .

c) Ta c
1
1
1
n
n
q
S u
q
. Vi
1
u = 3, q = 2,
n
S = 192, ta c :
7
1 ( 2)
3. 129 1 ( 2) 129 ( 2) 128 ( 2) ( 2) 7
1 ( 2)
n
n n n
n

= = = = =

.
3) Tm cc s hng ca cp s nhn ( )
n
u c nm s hng, bit:
a)
3
u = 3 v
5
u = 27;
b)
4 2
u u = 25 v
3 1
u u = 50.
Hng dn:
a)
2 2
3 1 1 1
4 2
5
1
1
3 3 3
3
27
27 9
3
u u q u q u
u
u q q
q
= = = =

=
= =

=

Vi q = 3, ta c cp s nhn
1
,1, 3, 9, 27
3
. Vi q = 3, ta c cp s nhn
1
, 1, 3, 9, 27
3
.
b)
3 2
4 2 1 1 1
1
2 2
3 1
1 1 1
25 25 ( 1) 25
1 200
;
50 2 3
50 ( 1) 50
u u u q u q u q q
q u
u u
u q u u q
= = =

= =

=
= =

.
4) Tm cp s nhn c su s hng, bit rng tng ca nm s hng u l 31 v tng ca nm s hng sau
l 62.
Hng dn:
Ta c
1 2 3 4 5
31 u u u u u + + + + = v
2 3 4 5 6
62 u u u u u + + + + =
5
6 1 1
31 ( 1) 31 u u u q = = (1)
Ta c
1 2 3 4 5
31 u u u u u + + + + =
5
1
1
31
1
q
u
q
(2). Ly (1) chia (2) q 1 = 1 q = 2 v

1
u = 1.
5) T l dn s ca tnh X l 1,4%. Bit rng dn s ca tnh hin nay l 1,8 triu ngi. Hi vi mc tng
nh vy th sau 5 nm, 10 nm dn s ca tnh l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn: 1, 4% 101, 4% N N N + =
Vi
1
u = 1,8 triu, q = 101,4%
5
6 1
1, 9 u u q = ~ triu v
10
11 1
2,1 u u q = ~ triu.
N N T T P P C CH H N NG G & & K KI I M M T TR RA A. .
1) Chng minh rng neN*, ta c:
a) 13 1
n
chia ht cho 6; b)
3
3 15 n n + chia ht cho 9.
Hng dn:
a) t 13 1
n
n
A = . Vi n = 1, ta c
1
12 A = , v 12 chia ht cho 6 nn (a) ng vi n = 1.
Gi s (a) ng vi n = k, tc l 13 1
k
k
A = chia ht cho 6, keN*.
Ta chng minh (a) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
1
1
13 1
k
k
A
+
+
= chia ht cho 6.
( )
1
1
13 1 13.13 1 13 13 1 12 13. 12
k k k
k k
A A
+
+
= = = + = + chia ht
cho 6. Vy (a) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
b) t
3
3 15
n
A n n = + . Vi n = 1, ta c
1
18 A = , v 18 chia ht cho 9 nn (b) ng vi n = 1.
3
3 15
k
A k k = + chia ht cho 9, keN*.
Ta chng minh (b) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc l phi chng minh
3
1
3( 1) 15( 1)
k
A k k
+
= + + + chia ht cho
9. Tht vy, t gi thit quy np, ta c
3 2 3 2
1
3( 3 3 1) 15 15 (3 15 ) 9 9 18
k
A k k k k k k k k
+
= + + + + + = + + + +
chia ht cho 9. Vy (b) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n.
2) Cho dy s ( )
n
u , bit
1
u = 2,
1
2 1
n n
u u
+
= (vi n > 1).
a) Vit nm s hng u ca dy.
b) Chng minh
1
2 1
n
n
u

= + (1) bng phng php quy np.
Hng dn:
a) 2, 3, 5, 9, 17.
b) Vi n = 1, ta c
0
1
2 2 1 u = = + tha (1). Vy (1) ng vi n = 1.
Gii s (1) ng vi n = k, tc l
1
2 1
k
k
u

= + . Ta chng minh (1) ng vi n = k + 1, tc l phi chng
minh
1
2 1
k
k
u
+
= + . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c
1
1
2 1 2(2 1) 1 2 1
k k
k k
u u

+
= = + = + .
3) Xt tnh tng, gim v b chn ca cc dy s ( )
n
u , bit:
a)
1
n
u n
n
= + ; b)
1
1
( 1) sin
n
n
u
n
= ; c) 1
n
u n n = + ; d)
2
1
3
n
u
n
= ; e)
3 1
2 7
n
n
u
n
=
+
.
Hng dn:
a) Dy ( )
n
u tng v b chn di. Tht vy:
Ta c
1
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 ( 1)
n n
u u n n
n n n n
+
| | | |
= + + + = >
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
v
1
( 1) n n +
< 1 neN* nn dy ( )
n
u tng.
Theo Csi
1
2 n
n
+ > neN* nn dy ( )
n
u b chn di.
b) Dy ( )
n
u an du v
1
( 1)
n
nn khng tng v khng gim.
Ta c
1
1 1
( 1) sin sin 1 1 1
n
n n
u u
n n
= = s s s neN* nn dy ( )
n
u b chn.
c) Dy ( )
n
u gim v b chn. Tht vy:
Ta c
1
1 1
0
1 2 1
n n
u u
n n n n
+
= <
+ + + + +
neN* nn dy ( )
n
u gim.
Ta c
1
1 0
1
n
u n n
n n
= + = >
+ +
v 1 1 1 1 1 2 n n + + > + + = + neN* nn
1 1
1 1 2 n n
s
+ + +
. Vy
1
0
1 2
n
u < s
+
neN* nn dy ( )
n
u b chn.
d) Dy ( )
n
u gim v b chn. Tht vy:
Gv: L L H H n nh h P Ph h p p. . Tr ang 13
Ta c
1 2 2
1 1
0
( 1)
n n
u u
n n
+
= <
+
neN* nn dy ( )
n
u gim.
Ta c
2 2
1 1
0 1 3 3 2
n n
< s < s neN* nn dy ( )
n
u b chn.
e) Dy ( )
n
u tng v b chn. Tht vy:
Ta c
2
1
2
3 2 3 1 6 25 14
: 1
2 9 2 7 6 25 9
n
n
u n n n n
u n n n n
+
+ + +
= = >
+ + +
neN*
1 n n
u u
+
> nn dy s tng.
Ta c
3 1 3 23
2 7 2 2(2 7)
n
n
u
n n
= =
+ +
. Vi n > 1 2n + 7 > 9
1 1
2 7 9 n
s
+

23 23
0
2(2 7) 18 n
< s
+

23 3 3 23 3 25 3
18 2 2 2(2 7) 2 9 2
n
u
n
+ s < s <
+
neN*. Vy ( )
n
u l dy s b chn.
4) Tm s hng u
1
u v cng sai d ca cp s cng ( )
n
u , bit:
a)
2 5
4 9
42
66
u u
u u
+ =
+ =
b)
1 5
4
5 10 0
14
u u
s
+ =
c)
7 15
2 2
4 12
60
1170
u u
u u
+ =
+ =

Hng dn:
a)
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
4 42 2 5 42 2 5 42 4
11 3 8 66 2 11 66 6 24
u d u d u d u d d
u u d u d u d d
+ + + = + = + = =

= + + + = + = =

b)
1 5 1
1 1 1 4
5 10 0 15 40 0 3
8 4 6 14 2( ) 14
u u u d d
u u d u u
+ = + = =

= + = + =

c)
1
0, 3 u d = = hoc
1
21
12,
5
u d = = .
5) Tm cp s cng ( )
n
u c nm s hng, bit
1 5
3 4
7
9
u u
u u
+ =
+ =

Hng dn:
Ta c
1 5 1
3 4 1 1
2
7 2 4 7
1
9 2 5 9
2
d
u u u d
u u u d u
=
+ = + =

+ = + = =

. Cp s cng cn tm l
1 3 7 11 15
, , , ,
2 2 2 2 2

6) Tm cng sai v s hng tng qut ca cp s cng ( )
n
u , bit
17
33
33
65
u
u
=

Hng dn:
Ta c
17 1
1 33 1
33 16 33 2
1 65 32 65
u u d d
u u u d
= + = =

= = + =

. Vi
1
( 1) 1 ( 1)2 2 1
n n
u u n d u n n = + = + = .
7) Cho cp s cng ( )
n
u c
4 97
101 u u + = . Hy tnh tng 100 s hng u tin ca cp s cng .
Hng dn:
Ta c
4 97 1 1 1 1 1 100
101 3 96 101 99 101 101 u u u d u d u u d u u + = + + + = + + = + =
Ta c
1
2
n
n
u u
S n
+
=
1 100
100
.100 101.50 5050
2
u u
S
+
= = = .
8) Tm s hng u
1
u v cng bi q ca ca cc cp s nhn ( )
n
u , bit:
a)
6
7
192
384
u
u
=
b)
4 2
5 3
72
144
u u
u u
=
c)
2 5 4
3 6 5
10
20
u u u
u u u
+ =
+ =
d)
2 5
3 4
6 1
3 2 1
u u
u u
+ =

Hng dn:
a) q = 2,
1
u = 6; b) q = 2,
1
u = 12; c) q = 2,
1
u = 1; d) q = 1,
1
u =
1
5
;

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THPT Tn Bnh Bnh Dng. D D Y Y S S . . C C P P S S C C N NG G & & C C P P S S N NH H N N 1 11 1.

+ + + + = . Ta chng minh (b) ng vi 1 n k = + , tc

+ + + + + = . Tht vy, theo gi thit quy np, ta c

c vit di dng khai trin l

ngha l s hng th ba tr i mi s hng bng tng ca hai s hng ng

(2). Ly (1) chia (2) q 1 = 1 q = 2 v

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