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L~sojifojih ghh~oslyfpleojyo2 ujl o}~osfojgfl oiuglyfpl oj soi 
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L^SOJIFOJIH GHH^OSLYFPLEOJYO2 _JL O]^OSFOJGFL OI_GLYFPLOJ SOI
 
Bhwæ Kufw Wossljh Wìjgmor
_jfposwfili io Eusgfl
 bk*wossljhwljgmorNue*ow  
Pågyhs Dhjrìkor Glklylvui
_jfposwfili io Eusgfl
pfgyhs*dhjrlkorNue*ow  
^lklcslw gklpo2
L~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph+ lukl pfsyulk+ toc|uowy+ pfiohghj`osojgfl
Sowueoj
Ojyso kl gheujfili gfojyå`fgl oiuglyfpl+ o}fwyo lgyulkeojyo uj lguosihdojoslkfrlih whcso kl fe~hsyljgfl v klw pfsyuiow |uo yfojo ok l~sojifrlboghh~oslyfph* Oj owyo yslclbh ~sowojylehw ujl o}~osfojgfl oiuglyfpl ghj ujlgklwo io kl Kfgojgflyusl oj ^oildhdål io kl _jfposwfili io Eusgfl+ oj kl |uowo ml iowlsshkklih ujl lgyfpfili clbh ujl eoyhihkhdål io yslclbh ghh~oslyfphoj soi* Lioeìw+ ehwyslehw klw o}~ogylyfplw v ok dslih io wlyfw`lggf÷j io khwowyuifljyow ~lsyfgf~ljyow whcso kl ylsol solkfrlil*
<* FJYSHI_GGF×J
 
L eojuih wo ~sowojyl ok yslclbh oj o|uf~h ojyso khw lkuejhw gheh uj soguswh+uj eæyhih eìw ~lsl lyojios kl lyojgf÷j l kl ifposwfili iojysh iok lukl* Wfjoeclsdh+ gheh l`fsel ^ubhkìw -3>>7&+ jh ow w÷kh uj soguwh eoyhihk÷dfgh+ wfjhlkdh |uo khw lkuejhw iocoj io l~sojios gheh uj ghjyojfih eìw v jogowfyl+~hs yljyh+ io ujl ojwoüljrl wfwyoelyfrlil iok efweh* Oj owyl kåjol woojguojysl kl l`fselgf÷j |uo mlgoj Bhmjwhj v Bhmjwhj -<664+ ??& guljih ifgoj
|uo ‛kl gl~lgfili io yhihw khw lkuejhw io l~sojios l yslclbls 
ghh~oslyfpleojyo
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w kl ~foisl gklpo ~lsl ghjwysufs v eljyojoselysfehjfhw+ `lefkflw+ glssoslw v lefwyliow owylckow* Wos gl~lr io solkfrlsmlcfkfiliow yægjfglw gheh koos+ mlckls+ owgugmls+ owgsfcfs+ glkgukls v sowhkpos~shckoelw ow lkdh plkfhwh ~osh ~hgh òyfk wf kl ~oswhjl jh ~uoio l~kfgls owylw
mlcfkfiliow oj ujl fjyoslggf÷j ghh~oslyfpl ghj klw hyslw ~oswhjlw―*
Owyo mogmhlueojyl wf mlgoehw so`osojgfl lk ìecfyh ujfposwfylsfh+ vl |uo whj lkuejhw |uoiojysh io ~hgh owylsìj yslclbljih ghj yhih yf~h io ~sh`owfhjlkow ghj khw |uoyfojoj |uo wlcos yslclbls io eljosl ghhsifjlil*
 
L~sojifojih ghh~oslyfpleojyo2 ujl o}~osfojgfl oiuglyfpl oj soi 
3
Io eljosl dojoslk ~hioehw l`fsels |uo ok l~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph owghjwfioslih ~hs khw ifposwhw luyhsow gheh ujl eoyhihkhdål io ojwoüljrlclwlil oj kl gsoojgfl io |uo ok l~sojifrlbo wo lgsogfojyl guljih khwowyuifljyow iowlsshkklj mlcfkfiliow ghh~oslyfplw ~lsl l~sojios+ whkugfhjls~shckoelw v kkopls l glch lgyfpfiliow wfdjf`fglyfplw -Glcosh+ 3>>71 Glcosh vKkhsojyo1 3>>4&* Wodòj l`fsel Bhmjwhj v Bhmjwhj -<666&+ ok l~sojifrlboghh~oslyfph wo kkopl l glch l yslpæw iok oe~koh ifiìgyfgh io dsu~hw soiugfihwoj khw |uo khw lkuejhw yslclblj bujyhw ~lsl el}fefrls wu ~sh~fh l~sojifrlbo vok io khw ioeìw* ^hs yljyh+ wo ~uoio ojyojios |uo ok yslclbh ghh~oslyfph wo iloj wfyulgfhjow io fjyoslggf÷j whgflk oj klw gulkow uj dsu~h io wuboyhw ml ioghjwodufs ujl ylsol ~soio`fjfil oj kl |uo ok hcboyfph òkyfeh wo ghjwfduo lyslpæw io kl wuel io kl ghjwogugf÷j io hcboyfphw io glil efoecsh iok dsu~hoj wfyulgfhjow io lvuil jh ghe~oyfyfpl -^sojiow+ 3>>>&*Ilih |uo ok l~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph ow io yf~h dsu~lk luj|uo ghj ujlwglslgyosåwyfglw
ow~ogå`fglw 
-Wklpfj+ <666&+ ~lsl wu elvhs æ}fyh wo iocodlsljyfrls ujl moyoshdojofili ehioslil ojyso klw ~oswhjlw fjyodsljyow iokdsu~h v ghjwfiosls ok glsìgyos whgflk |uo yfojo kl lgyfpfili+ lioeìw io klwfyulgf÷j ghjgsoyl io l~sojifrlbo* Wfj oeclsdh jh yhilw klw yojylyfplw oj okl~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph yfojoj æ}fyh v khw cojo`fgfhw ~hyojgflkow jh wfoe~sowhj lkgljrlihw+ vl |uo+ clbh gfosylw gfsgujwyljgflw+ kl ghh~oslgf÷j ~uoioghjiugfs l kl ghj`hsefili+ l ~shgowhw fjòyfkow+ `lkyl io fjfgflyfpl+elkojyoj
ifihw+ ghj`kfgyhw v ghe~shefwhw†
-Wlkfjlw+ 3>>7&* ^hioehw l`fsels+~hs yljyh+ |uo kl ghh~oslgf÷j so|ufoso io uj ow`uosrh v jogowfyl io ujlhsfojylgf÷j lil~ylil l kl wfyulgf÷j ihgojyo h ghjyo}yh io l~sojifrlbo+ vl |uojh wo
yslyl io uj ~shgowh ow~hjyìjoh+ lioeìw o}fdo ‛ifwoüls ~shgowhw io
 ojwoüljrl oj khw |uo ojyojiosoehw |uo ghklchsls ow ujl `hsel io l~sojios v
l kl por l~sojios l ghklchsls ow uj hcboyfph iok ~shgowh io ojwoüljrl―
-Elsyåjor v ^sojiow+ 3>>0+ <63&*Ok yslclbh ghh~oslyfph jh wo hsdljfrl ow~hjyìjoleojyo+ wfjh |uo ghjkkopl~shyhghkhw io lgyulgf÷j |uo whj sow~hjwlcfkfili iok ~sh`owhs h ~sh`owhsl vhyshw |uo ghssow~hjioj lk dsu~h io l~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph* Khw hcboyfphw iokl lgyfpfili+ kl io`fjfgf÷j v klw o}fdojgflw io klw ylsolw+ khw gsfyosfhw v okowylckogfefojyh io khw dsu~hw+ ok ehih io oplkulgf÷j io klw ghe~oyojgflwwokoggfhjlilw+ mlv |uo ~kljf`fglskhw+ o}~kfglskhw l khw owyuifljyow v so`ko}fhjlswhcso khw sowukylihw -Wìjgmor+ 3>>6&* ^hs wu ~lsyo ok lkuejlih ylecfæj yfojo|uo sow~hjwlcfkfrlswo iok gue~kfefojyh io khw shkow+ l hsdljfrlwo ok yslclbh v l~hjoswo io lguosih*Wf wo kkopl l glch ghssogyleojyo+ ok yslclbh ghh~oslyfph ow ujl eoyhihkhdål|uo yfojo eugmlw pojylblw+ gheh lwå mlj fih ioehwysljih klw ifwyfjylwfjpowyfdlgfhjow solkfrlilw mlwyl ok eheojyh* Luj lwå iocoehw io yojos ojguojyl |uo yfojo gfosylw kfefylgfhjow o fjghjpojfojyow* ^lsl Jhduofslw v hyshw-<667& owyhw ~hisålj wos khw eìw iowylglihw2 iæ`fgfy oj ok `ujgfhjlefojyh iolkdujhw io khw dsu~hw+ if`fgukyliow ~lsl kl hsdljfrlgf÷j iok lukl+ ~lsyfgf~lgf÷jiowfdulk io khw ghe~hjojyow io khw if`osojyow dsu~hw+ ok yslclbh eìw kojyh+ifwefjuvoj ok phkueoj io ghjyojfihw |uo ~uoioj wos gheujfglihw v kl~lsyfgf~lgf÷j wuoko fs ifwefjuvojih* Wfj oeclsdh ghjwfioslehw |uo wf kl
 
L~sojifojih ghh~oslyfpleojyo2 ujl o}~osfojgfl oiuglyfpl oj soi 
7
eoyhihkhdål ghh~oslyfpl wo l~kfgl ghssogyleojyo jh wo iocosål io ~shiugfsjfjdujl io owylw io`fgfojgflw*_jl por wojylilw klw clwow io kh |uo ojyojioehw ~hs l~sojifrlboghh~oslyfph+ jhw guowyfhjlehw wf ow ~hwfcko kkopls l glch yslclbhw ghh~oslyfphwoj ehilkfili pfsyulk* ^lsl
Wlkfjlw ‛klw yogjhkhdålw
io kl gheujfglgf÷jfjyshiugoj ujl ghj`fduslgf÷j yogjhk÷dfgl |uo ~hyojgflj uj l~sojifrlbo eìw
`ko}fcko v ujlw ~osw~ogyfplw juoplw ~lsl kl ghh~oslgf÷j― -Wlkfjlw+ 3>>7+ <03&*
Ylk v gheh l`fsel owyo efweh luyhs+ klw YFG ~osefyoj |uo klw ~oswhjlw wogheujf|uoj ~lsl |uo ~uoilj ghh~osls ghj kl fjyojgf÷j io ghjwodufs ujhcboyfph gheòj* Yojfojih oj guojyl kh |uo jhw gheojylj Glwljhpl+ Ìkplsor vD÷eor -3>>6&+ ok l~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph pfsyulk ow uj ~shgowh gheujfglyfphio ghjwysuggf÷j io wfdjf`fglih ghjbujyh |uo io eljosl owysugyuslil ~sheuopokl fjyoslggf÷j ojyso fdulkow oj soi+ oj yhsjh l uj hcboyfph h ylsol oiuglyfplfjyosio~ojifojyo*Ok uwh iok l~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph oj soi ow uj yoel |uo owyì yojfojih wuludo oj ok eheojyh lgyulk v kl fjpowyfdlgf÷j whcso khw ~shgowhw iol~sojifrlbo oj ghh~oslgf÷j+ sopokl |uo ow jogowlsfh lpljrls oj okghjhgfefojyh io khw eogljfwehw |uo fjyospfojoj v `lphsogoj wu o`fglgfl oj klghjwysuggf÷j io ghjhgfefojyh ghjbujyh+ ~lsl ok iowlsshkkh io ehiokhw eìw~sh`ujihw oj ghjyo}yhw pfsyulkow io l~sojifrlbo v ojwoüljrl*
3* GHH^OSLJIH OJ SOI* _JL O]^OSFOJGFL OJ KL_JFPOSWFILI
 
Yojfojih oj guojyl kh ~kljyolih mlwyl ok eheojyh+ iogfifehw solkfrls ujlo}~osfojgfl io yslclbh ghh~oslyfph l yslpæw io klw soiow yokoeìyfglw+ ghj klfjyojgf÷j `ujileojylk io kkopls l kl ~sìgyfgl khw ghjhgfefojyhw whcsol~sojifrlbo ghh~oslyfph v iowgsfcfs ujl o}~osfojgfl io yslclbh ghh~oslyfph ojsoi+ io ehih |uo ~uoil wospfs ~lsl eobhsls `uyuslw o}~osfojgflw io owyo yf~h*Ghjgsoyleojyo jhw ~kljyolehw khw wfdufojyow hcboyfphw ow~ogå`fghw2% Ghjhgos ok jfpok io o}~osfojgfl v wlyfw`lggf÷j iok lkuejlih sow~ogyh l owyoyf~h io eoyhihkhdål ~sopfh l kl solkfrlgf÷j io kl o}~osfojgfl*% Lposfduls klw o}~ogylyfplw iok lkuejlih whcso ok yslclbh ghh~oslyfph oj soi*% Plkhsls ok dslih io wlyfw`lggf÷j iok lkuejlih yslw kl solkfrlgf÷j io klo}~osfojgfl*^lsl iowlsshkkls owyl o}~osfojgfl wo ml ghjylih ghj 34 lkuejhw io kl
lwfdjlyusl ‛Ifwoüh v oplkulgf÷j io elyosflkow ifiìgyfghw― ghssow~hjifojyo l
ujl h~ylyfpl h`sogfil l khw guswhw 9² v ?² io kl kfgojgflyusl oj ^oildhdål* Owyllwfdjlyusl wo iowlsshkkl io eljosl pfsyulk l yslpæw io kl juopl ~klyl`hsel
‛Lukl Pfsyulk―+ solkfrlil ghj Wlalf+ io kl _jfposwfili io Eusgfl*
3*<* ^SHGOIFEFOJYH 
Yhih ok yslclbh wo solkfr÷ oj ifwyfjylw `lwow* Kl ~sfeosl ifsfdfil l ghjhgoseobhs l khw lkuejhw ghj khw |uo jhw oj`sojyìclehw v wu ehih io yslclbls ~lsl
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