18 969 Geometry

18.
969: Topics in Geometry
Contents
1 Lecture 1 (Notes: K. Venkatram) 1.1 Smooth Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Geometry of Foliations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Symplectic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lecture 2 (Notes: A. Rita) 2.1 Comments on previous lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Symplectic Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Poisson geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lecture 3 (Notes: J. Bernstein) 3.1 Almost Complex Structure . . 3.2 Hermitian Structure . . . . . . 3.3 Integrability of J . . . . . . . . 3.4 Forms on a Complex Manifold 3.5 Dolbeault Cohomology . . . . . 3
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4 Lecture 4 (Notes: J. Pascale ) 11

4.1 Geometry of V V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Linear Dirac structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Generalized metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 Lecture 5 (Notes: C. Kottke) 5.1 Spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 The Spin Group . . . . . . . 5.3 A Bilinear Pairing on Spinors 5.4 Pure Spinors . . . . . . . . . 16
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6 Lecture 6 (Notes: Y. Lekili) 19

6.1 Generalized Hodge star . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2 Spinors for T M T M and the Courant algebroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 Lecture 7 (Notes: N. Rosenblyum) 22
7.1 Exact Courant Algebroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.2 Severas Classication of Exact Courant Algebroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 8 Lecture 8 (Notes: J. Bernstein) 25
8.1 Dirac Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8.2 Geometry of Lie Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9 Lecture 9 (Notes: K. Venkatram) 27

9.1 Bilinar forms on groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.1.1 Key calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
10.1 Integrability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.2 Dirac Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
10.3 Manifolds with Courant Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
11 Lecture 11(Notes: K. Venkatram) 31
11.1 Integrability and spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11.2 Lie Bialgebroids and deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
12 Lecture 12-17(Notes: K. Venkatram) 12.1 Generalized Complex Structures and Topological Obstructions 12.1.1 Z-grading on spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.2 Complex Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1.3 Symplectic Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Intermediate Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.1 Complex and Symplectic Decompositions . . . . . . . . 12.2.2 General case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.3 Weinstein Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2.4 Examples of type jumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Spinorial Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.1 More Examples of Type Jumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.2 Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.3 Intermediate Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.4 Generalized K ahler Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Introduction to Hermitian Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.1 Condition on Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4.2 Integrability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
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13.1 Generalized K ahler Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
13.1.1 Integrability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
14.1 Generalized K ahler Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
14.2 Hodge Theory on Generalized K ahler Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
15.1 Generalized Complex Branes (of rank 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
15.1.1 General Properties of Generalized Complex Branes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
15.1.2 Branes for Other Generalized Complex Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
16 Lecture 21-23 (Notes: K. Venkatram) 16.1 Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1.1 Doubling Functor . . . . . . . . . . 16.1.2 Maps Induced by Morphisms . . . 16.1.3 Factorization of Morphisms L : DV 16.2 T -duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
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1
1.1
Lecture 1 (Notes: K. Venkatram)

Smooth Manifolds
Let M be a f.d. C manifold, and C (M ) the algebra of smooth R-valued functions. Let T = T M be the tangent bundle of M : then C (T ) is the set of derivations Der(C (M )), i.e. the set of morphisms X End(C (M )) s.t. X(f g) = (Xf )g + f (Xg). Then C (T ) is equilled with a Lie bracket [, ] via the commutator [X, Y ]f = XY f Y Xf . Note. Explicitly, [X, Y ] can be obtained as limt0 eld on M .
Y Flt Y X t
, where Flt Di(M ) is the ow of the vector X
Denition 1. The exterior derivative is the mapping k k+1 d:C T C T p (X0 , . . . , Xk )

i
(1)i Xi p(X0 , . . . , Xi , . . . , Xk )
(1)
+ (1)i+j p([Xi , Xj ], X0 , . . . , Xi , . . . , Xj , . . . , Xk )
i<j
Since [, ] satises the Jacobi identity, d2 = 0, i.e. k1 k k+1 d d C T C T C T
(2)
k is a dierential complex of rst-order dierential operators. Set k (M ) = C ( T ). Letting mf = {g f g} denote multiplication by f , one nds that [d, mf ] = df , thus obtaining a sequence of symbols
k1
k+1
(3)
which is exact for any nonzero 1-form C (T ). Thus, is an elliptic complex. In particular, if M is Ker compact, H (M ) = Im d|d|1 is nite dimensional.
Remark. d has the property d( ) = d d + (1)deg d. Thus, ( (M ), d, ) is a dierential k graded algebra, and H (M ) = H (M ) has a ring structure (called the de Rham cohomology ring). We would like to express [X, Y ] in terms of d. Now, a vector eld X C (T ) determines a derivation iX : k (M ) k1 (M ), [(Y1 , . . . , Yk ) (X, Y1 , . . . , Yk )] of (M ). iX has degree 1 and order 0. Denition 2. The Lie derivative of a vector eld X is LX = [iX , d]. Note that this map has order 1 and degree 0. Theorem 1 (Cartans formula). i[X,Y ] = [[iX , d], iY ] (4)
One thus obtains [, ] as the derived bracket of d. See Kosmann-Schwarzbachs Derived Brackets for more information. Problem. Classiy all derivations of (M ), and show that the set of such derivations has the structure of a Z-graded Lie algebra. k One can extend the Lie bracket [, ] on vector elds to an operator on all C ( T ). Denition 3. The Shouten bracket is the mapping p q p+q1 [, ] : C T C T C T (X1 Xp , Y1 Yq ) (1)i+j [Xi , Yi ] X1 Xi Xp Y1 Yj Yq (5)
with the additional properties [X, f ] = [f, X] = X(f ) and [f, g] = 0f, g C (M ). Note the following properties: [P, Q] = (1)(deg
P 1)(deg Q1)
[Q, P ]
P 1)deg Q
[P, Q R] = [P, Q] R + (1)(deg
Q [P, R]
[P, [Q, R]] = [[P, Q], R] + (1)(deg P 1)(deg Q1) [Q, [P, R]] Thus, we nd that C ( T ) has two operations: a wedge product , giving it the structure of a graded commutative algebra, and a bracket [, ], giving it the structure of the Lie algebra. The above properties imply that it is a Gerstenhaber algebra. Finally, for P = X1 Xp , dene ip = iX1 iXp . Note that it is a map of degree p Problem. Show that [[iP , d]iQ ] = (1)(deg
P 1)(deg Q1)
i[P,Q] .
1.2
Geometry of Foliations
Let T be subbundle of the tangent bundle (distribution) with constant rank k. Denition 4. An integrating foliation is a decomposition M = S of M into leaves which are locally embedded submanifolds with T S = . Note that such leaves all have dimension k. Theorem 2 (Frobenius). An integrating foliation exists is involutive, i.e. [, ] []. A distribution is equivallently determined by Ann T or the line det Ann nk (M ). That is, for locally-dened 1-forms (1 , . . . , nk ) s.t. = i Ker i , = 1 k generates a line bundle. If is involutive, iX iY d = [[iX , d], iY ] = i[X,Y ] = 0 for all X, Y s.t. iX = iY = 0. That is, d = for some 1-form . Remark. More generally, let T be a distribution on non-constant rank spanned by an nvolutive C (M ) module D C (T ) at each point. Sussmann showed that such a D gives M as a disjoint union of locally embedding leaves S with T S = everywhere.
1.3
Symplectic Structure
Denition 5. An symplectic structure on M is a closed, non-degenerate two-form : T

T . Let (M, ) be a symplectic manifold: note that det det T det T .
Problem. Show that det = Pf Pf , where Pf is the Pfaan. Theorem 3 (Darboux). Locally, C functions p1 , . . . , pn1 , . . . , qn s.t. {dpi , dqi } span T and = ,q dpi dqi . That is, (M, ) is locally dieomorphic to (R2n , dxi dyi ). Moreover, by Stokes theorem, one nds that M = 0 = []i = 0 for all i. Corollary 1. Neither S 4 nor S 1 S 3 have a symplectic structure.
2
2.1
Lecture 2 (Notes: A. Rita)

Comments on previous lecture
(0) The Poincar lemma implies that the sequence e . . . C (k1 T ) C (k T ) C (k+1 T ) . . . is an exact sequence of sheaves, even though it is not an exact sequence of vector spaces. (1) We dened the Lie derivative of a vector eld X to be LX = [X , d]. Since X Der1 (. (M )) and d Der+1 (. (M )), we have [X , d] = X d (1)(1)(1) dX = X d + dX (2) : V V , = If is an isomorphism, then for any X V we have (X, X) = 0, so that X X = Ker (X) = 1 Ann X Thus, we have an isomorphism : X / X Ann X/ X and Ann X X X = = ) X (X X Then using induction, we can prove that V must be even dimensional.
= d d
2.2
Symplectic Manifolds
(continues the previous lecture) For a manifold M , consider its cotangent bundle T M equipped with the 2-form = d, where 1 (T M )is such that (v) = ( (v)). In coordinates (x1 , . . . , xn , a1 , . . . , an ), we have = i ai dxi and therefore d = i dai dxi , as in the Darboux theorem. Thus, T M is symplectic. Denition 6. A subspace W of a symplectic 2ndimensional vector space (V, ) is called isotropic if |W = 0. W is called coisotropic if its -perpendicular subspace W is isotropic. W is called Lagrangian if it is both isotropic and coisotropic.
There exist isotropic subspaces of any dimension 0, 1, . . . , n, and coisotropic subspaces of any dimension n, n + 1, . . . , 2n. Hence, Lagragian subspaces must be of dimension n. We have analogous denitions for submanifolds of a symplectic manifold (M, ): Denition 7. L (M, ) is called isotropic if f = 0. When dim(L) = n it is called Lagrangian. The graph of 0 C (M, T M ), which is the zero section of T M , is Lagrangian. More generally, , the graph of C (M, T M ) is a Lagrangian submanifold of T M if and only if d = 0. It is in this sense that we say that Lagrangian submanifolds of T M are like generalized functions: f C (M ) gives rise to df , which is a closed 1form, so df T M is Lagrangian. Proposition 1. Suppose we have a dieomorphism between two symplectic manifolds, : (M0 , 0 ) (M1 , 1 ) and let i : M0 M1 Mi , i = 0, 1 be the projection maps. Then, Graph() (M0 M1 , 0 0 1 1 ) is Lagrangian if and only if is a symplectomorphism.
f
2.3
Poisson geometry
Denition 8. A Poisson structure on a manifold M is a section C (2 (T M )) such that [, ] = 0, where [, ] is the Shouten bracket. Remark. [, ] C (3 (T M )), so for a surface (2) , all C (2 (T M )) are Poisson. This denes a bracket on functions, called the Poisson bracket: Denition 9. The Poisson bracket of two functions f, g C (0 (T M )) is {f, g} = (df, dg) = (df dg) = [[, f ] , g] Proposition 2. The triple (C (M ), , { , }) is a Poisson algebra, i.e., it satises the properties below. For f, g, h C (0 (T M )), Leibniz rule {f, gh} = {f, g} h + g {f, h} Jacobi identity: {f, {g, h}} + {g, {h, f }} + {h, {f, g}} = 0
Problem. Write {f, g} in coordinates for = ij xi xj .
A basic example of a Poisson structure is given by 1 , where is a symplectic form on M , since 1 1 , = 0 d = 0 Problem. Prove (6) by testing d(Xf , Xg , Xh ), for f, g, h C (M ).
(6)
Poisson manifolds are of interest in physics: given a function H C (M ) on a Poisson manifold (M, ), t we get a unique vector eld XH = (dH) and its ow F lXH . H is called Hamiltonian, and we usually think about it as energy. We have XH (H) = (dH, dH) = 0, so H is preserved by the ow. What other functions f C (M ) are preserved by the ow? A function f C (M ) is conserved by the ow if and only if XH (f ) = 0, equivalently {H, f } = 0, f commutes with the Hamiltonian. If we can nd k conserved quantities, H0 = H, H1 , H2 , . . . , Hk such that {H0 , Hi } = 0, then the system c must remain on a level surface Z = {x : (H0 , . . . , Hk ) = } for all time. Moreover, if {Hi , Hj } for all i, j t then we get commutative ows F lXH . If Z is compact, connected, and k = n, then Z is a torus Tn , and the i trajectory is a straight line in these coordinates. Also, Tn is Lagrangian.
Problem. Describe the Hamiltonian ow on T M for H = f , with f C (M ) and : T M M . Show that a coordinate patch for M gives a natural system of n commuting Hamiltonians. Let us now think about a Poisson structure, : T T and consider = Im. is spanned at each point x by (df ) = Xf , Hamiltonian vector elds. The Poisson tensor is always preserved: LXf = [, Xf ] = [, [, f ]] = [[, ] , f ] + (1)11 [, [, f ]] = [, [, f ]] = LXf = 0 If x0 = Xf1 , . . . , Xfk , then T S = .
t1 F lX1 tk . . . F lXk (x0 ) sweeps out S x0 submanifold of M such that
Example (of a generalized Poisson structure). Let M = g , for g a Lie algebra, [, ] 2 g g. Then T M = M g and T M = M g, and also 2 (T M ) = M 2 g, so [, ] C (2 T g ). Given f1 , f2 C (M ), their Poisson bracket is given by {f1 , f2 } (x) = [df1 , df2 ] , x.
For f, g g linear functions on M, we have
Xf (g) = [f, g] , x = adf g, x = g, ad x
f Thus Xf = ad , so the the leaves of = Im are coadjoint orbits. If S is a leaf, then
f
0 NS T |S T |S 0
S is a short exact sequence and we have an isomorphism : T S = T |S T S, which implies that the leaf N S is symplectic. is independent Given f, g C (S), we can extend them to f , g C (M ). The Poisson bracket f , g of choice of f , g , so {f, g} = f , g is well dened. Therefore, giving a Poisson structure on a manifold is the same as giving a generalized folliation with symplectic leaves.
When is Poisson, [, ] = 0, we can dene d = [, ] : C (k T ) C (k+1 T ) Note that [, ] is of degree (2 1), so it makes sense to cal it d . Also, d2 (A) = [, [, A]] = [[, ] , A] [, [, A]] = [, [, A]] = d2 = 0 Thus, we have a chain complex
. . . C (k1 T ) C (k T ) C (k+1 T ) . . .
Moreover, if mf denotes multiplication by f C (M ), [d , mf ] = d (f ) f d = [, f ] f [, ] = [, f ] = df But for any T , = 0, ( ) : k T k+1 T is exact only for = 0. So, if is not invertible, d k is not an elliptic complex, and the Poisson cohomology groups, H (M ) = Ker d |k T /Im d |k1 T could be innite dimensional on a compact M . Let us look at the rst such groups:
0 H (M ) = {f : d f = 0} = {f : Xf = 0} = {Casimir functions, i.e. functions s.t. {f, g} = 0 for all g} 1 H (M ) = {X : d X = 0} /Im d = {innitesimal symmetries of Poisson vector elds} /Hamiltonians 2 H (M ) = P C (2 T ) : [, P ] = 0 = tangent space to the moduli space of Poisson structures
3
3.1
Lecture 3 (Notes: J. Bernstein)

Almost Complex Structure
Let J C (End(T )) be such that J 2 = 1. Such a J is called an almost complex structure and makes the real tangent bundle into a complex vector bundle via declaring iv = J(v). In particular dim R M = 2n. This also tells us that the structure group of the tangent bundle reduces from Gl(2n, R) to Gl(n, C). Thus T is an associated bundle to a principal Gl(n, C) bundle. In particular we have map on the cohomology, H 2i (M, Z) H 2i (M, Z/2Z) c(T, J) w(T ) Where c(T, J) are the Chern classes of T (with complex structure given by J) and w(T ) are the StiefelWhitney classes. Here the map is reduction mod 2. In particular w2i+1 = 0 and c1 w2 , the later fact implies that M is Spinc . Recall that the Pontryagin classes of a vector bundle are pi H 4i such that pi (E) = (1)i c2i (E C). We study pi (T ) = (1)i c2i (T C). Since the eigenvalues of J : T T are i we have the natural decomposition T C = (Ker (J i)) (Ker (J + i)) = T1,0 T0,1 Here T1,0 and T0,1 are complex subbundles of T C and on has the identications (T1,0 , i) (T, J) and = (T0,1 , i) (T, J). Hence if we choose a hermitian metric h on T we get a non degenerate pairing, = T1,0 T0,1 C and hence T1,0 (T0,1 ) . We now compute = (1)k pk (T ) = c2k (T1,0 T0,1 ) = ci (T1,0 ) c2ki (T0,1 ) = ( ci (T1,0 )) ( cj (T0,1 )
k k k i i j
where the last equality comes from rearranging the sum. Now we have ci (T0,1 ) = (1)i ci (T1,0 ) and since we can identity T1,0 with (T, J) we have (1)k pk (T ) = ( ci (T, J)) ( (1)j cj (T, J))
k i j
Thus the existence of an almost complex structure implies that one can nd classes ci H 2i (M, Z) that
when taken mod 2 give the Stiefel-Whitney class and that satisfy the above Pontryagin relation.
Problem. Show that S 4k does not admit an almost complex structure.
Remark. Topological obstructions to the existence of an almost complex structure in general are not known.
3.2
Hermitian Structure
Denition 10. A hermitian structure or a real vector space V consists of a triple J an almost complex structure : V V symplectic (i.e. = ) g : V V g a metric (i.e. g = g and if we write x g(x, ) then g(x, x) > 0 for x = 0) with the compatibility gJ = 8
Now pick (J, g) this determines a hermitian structure if and only if (gJ) = (gJ) = J g = J g . On the other hand (J, ) determines a hermitian structure if and only if (J) = (J 1 ) = J = J that is if and only if J + J = 0. Then we have (J + J)(v)(w) = (Jx, y) + (x, Jy) = 0 which is equivalent to of type (1,1). We get three structure groups g J O(V, g) = {A : A gA = g} Sp(V, ) = {A A = } Gl(V, J) = {A : AJ = JA}
Now if we form h = g + i we obtain a hermitian metric on V . And we have structure group Stab(h) = U (V, h) = O(v, h) Sp(V, ) = Gl(V, J) O(V, g) = Sp(V, ) Gl(V, J) we note U (V, h) is the maximal compact subgroup of Gl(V, J). Problem. 1. Show Explicitly that given J one can always nd a compatible (or g) 2. Show similarly that givne can nd compatible g.
3.3
Integrability of J
Since we have a Lie bracket on T we can tensor it with C and obtain a Lie bracket on T C. The since T C = T1,0 T0,1 , integrability conditions are thus that the complex distribution T1,0 is involutive i.e. [T1,0 , T1,0 ] T1,0 . How far is this geometry from usual complex structure on Cn ? Idea is if one can form M C the complexication of M (think of RP n CP n or Rn Cn , indeed if M is real analytic it is always possible to do this. Then M C has two transverse foliations by the integrabrility condition (from T1,0 and T0,1 ). Say functions z i : M C C cut out the leaves of T1,0 (i.e. the leaves are given by z 1 = z 2 = . . . = z n = c). Then when one restricts the z i i to a neighborhood U M , obtains maps z 1 , . . . , z n : U C such that < dz 1 , . . . , dz n >= T1,0 = Ann(T0,1 . That is one obtains a holomorphic coordinate chart. Moreover in this chart one has J= i(dz k k + dz k k ) z z k Remark. This is similar to the Darboux theorem of symplectic geometry More generally we have Theorem 4. (Newlander-Nirenberg) If M is a smooth manifold with smooth almost complex structure J that is integrable then M is actually complex. Note. This was most recently treated by Malgrange. Now T1,0 closed under [, ] happens if and only if for X T, X iJX T1,0 one has [X iJX, Y iJY ] = Z iJZ. That is [X, Y ] [JX, JY ] + J[X, JY ] + J[JX, Y ] = 0 Denition 11. We dene the Nijenhuis tensor as NJ (X, Y ) = [X, Y ] [JX, JY ] + J[X, JY ] + J[JX, Y ] 2 Problem. Show that NJ is a tensor in C ( T T ). Thus one has J integrable if and only if NJ = 0. 9
3 Remark. NJ =0 is the analog of d C ( T ) i Now we view J End(T ) = 1 (T ) = if i then J acts on dierential forms, (M ) by i J () = vi = (ei vi ). And one computes J ( ) = J () + (1) J thus J Der0 ( (M )) and we may form LJ = [J , d] Der1 ( (M )). Note. LJ is denoted dc Denition 12. We dene the Nijenhuis bracket [, ] : k l k+l by L[J,K] = [LJ , LK ] One checks [LJ , LJ ] = LNJ hence NJ = [J, J].
3.4
Forms on a Complex Manifold
In a manner similar with our treatment of foliations, we wish to express integrability in terms of dierentiable forms. Let T0,1 (or T1,0 ) be closed under the complexied Lie bracket. Since Ann T0,1 = T1,0 =< 1 , . . . , n > 1 n (Ann T1,0 = T1,0 ), = . . . is a generator for det T1,0 = K. Where here K is a complex line bundle. The condition for integrability is then dn,0 = 0,1 n,0 for some . Taking d again one obtains n 0 = d n,0 d = d , hence = 0. We call K = T1,0 the canonical bundle. Note. This denition is deserved since K T C and T0,1 = AnnK = {X X = 0}, i.e. we can recover the complex structure from K More fully, there is a decomposition of forms

T C=
p
p,q
T1,0
T0,1
p,q
p,q (M )
that is a Z Z grading. Since dn,0 = we have integrability if and only if d = + , where here = p,q+1 d and = p+1,q d. Problem. Show that without integrability d = + + dN where NJ 2 T T and dN = NJ . Also determine the p, q decomposition of dN .
3.5
Dolbeault Cohomology
2
Assuming NJ = 0 one has 2 = = + = 0. Thus one gets a complex : p,q (M ) p,q+1 (M ). The cohomology of this complex is called the Dolbeault cohomology and is denoted Ker |p,q p,q = H (M ). Im |p,q1 10
This is a Z Z graded ring. The symbol of can be determined from the computation [, mf ] = ef . Now given a real form T {0} then
p,q
p,q+1
0,1
p,q is elliptic, since = 1,0 + 0,1 = 1,0 + 0.1 (as real) and so 0,1 = 0. Hence dim H < on M compact. Now suppose E M is a complex vector bundle, how does pone make E compatible with the complex structure J on M?
Denition 13. E M a complex vector bundle is a holomorphic if there exists a connection E : C (E)
2 C (T0,1 E) which is at (i.e. E = 0). This gives us a complex
C (T0,1 E) . . . 0,q (E) = C (0,q T E) . . . q The cohomology of this complex is called Dolbeault cohomology with values in E and is denoted H (M, E).
E
q Elliptic theory tells us that M compact implies H (M, E) is nite dimensional. We note that |n,0 is a E holomorphic structure on K and hence K is a holomorphic line bundle.
Problem. Find explicitly the E operator on E = T1,0
4
4.1
Lecture 4 (Notes: J. Pascale )

Geometry of V V
Let V be an n-dimensional real vector space, and consider the direct sum V V . This space has a natural
symmetric bilinear form, given by X + , Y + = 1 ((Y ) + (X)) 2
for X, Y V , , V . Note that the subspaces V and V are null under this pairing. Choose a basis e1 , e2 , . . . , en of V , and let e1 , e2 , . . . , en be the dual basis for V . Then the collection e1 + e1 , e2 + e2 , . . . , en + en , is a basis for V V , and we have ei + ei , ei + ei = 1 ei ei , ei ei = 1, whereas for i = j, ei ei , ej ej = 0 Thus the pairing , is non-degenerate with signature (n, n), a so-called split signature. The symmetry group of the structure consisting of V V with the pairing , is therefore O(V V ) = {A GL(V V ) : A, A = , } = O(n, n). Note that O(n, n) is not a compact group. e1 e1 , e2 e2 , . . . , en en
11
We have a natural orientation on V V coming from the canonical isomorphisms det (V V ) = det V det V = R. The symmetry group of V V therefore naturally reduces to SO(n, n). The Lie algebra of SO(V V ) is so(V V ) = {Q : Q, + , Q}. By way of the non-degenerate bilinear form on V V , we may identify V V with its dual, and so we may write so(V V ) = {Q : Q + Q = 0}. We may decompose Q so(V V ) in view of the splitting V V : A Q= , B D where A:V V B :V V :V V D :V V
The condition that Q + Q = 0 means now Q = D B A = Q,
or D = A, = , and B = B. The necessary and sucient conditions that A, , B, D give an element of so(V V ) are therefore A EndV, Thus we may identify so(V V ) with End(V ) 2 V 2 V . This decomposition is consistent with the fact that, for any vector space E with a non-degenerate sym metric bilinear form , , we have so(E) = 2 E. In the case of E = V V this gives so(V V ) = 2 (V V ) = 2 V (V V ) 2 V , and the term V V is just End(V ). Of particular note is the fact that the usual symmetries End(V ) of V are contained in the symmetries of V V . (Since V is merely a vector space with no additional structure, its symmetry group is GL(V ), with Lie algebra gl(V ) = End(V ).) Now we examine how the dierent parts of the decomposition so(V V ) = End(V ) 2 V 2 V act on V V . Any A End(V ) corresponds to the element A 0 QA = so(V V ). 0 A 12 2 V, B 2 V , D = A .
Which acts on V V as the linear transformation A e 0 eQA = SO(V V ) 0 ((eA ) )1 Since any transformation T GL+ (V ) of positive determinant is eA for some A End(V ). We can regard GL+ (V ) as a subgroup of SO(V V ). In fact the map P 0 P 0 (P )1 gives an injection of GL(V ) into SO(V V ). Thus, once again, the usual symmetries GL(V ) may be regarded as part of a larger group of symmetries, namely SO(V V ). This is the direct analog of the same fact at the level of Lie algebras. Now consider a 2-form B 2 V . This element corresponds to 0 0 QB = so(V V ), B 0 which acts V V as the linear transformation 0 0 1 0 0 eB = eQB = exp = + B 0 0 1 B
0 1 +0= 0 B
0 , 1
since Q2 = 0. More explicitly, eQ is the map B B X X X = . + iX B + B(X) Thus B gives rise to a shear transformation which preserves the projection onto V . These transformations are called B-elds. The case of a bivector 2 V is analogous to that of a 2-form: corresponds to 0 Q = 0 0 which acts on V V as e =e
Q
1 = 0
X X + i : ,
or in other words a shear transformation preserving projection onto V . These are called -eld transfor mations. In summary, the natural structure of V V is such that we may regard three classes of objects dened on V , namely, endomorphisms, 2-forms, and bivectors, as orthogonal symmetries of V V .
4.2
Linear Dirac structures

x, y = 0 for all x, y L.
A subspace L V V is called isotropic if
If V has dimension n, then the maximal dimension of an isotropic subspace in V V is n. Isotropic subspaces of the maximal dimension are called linear Dirac structures on V . Examples of linear Dirac structures on V are 13
1. V 2. V . 3. eB V = {X + iX B : X V }, which is simply the graph B of the map B : V V . 4. e V = {i + : V }. 5. In general, A V , where A O(V V ). Exercise. If D is a linear Dirac structure on V , such that the projection onto to V , V (D) = V , then there is a unique B : V V such that D = eB V . Specically B = V (V |D)1 . A further example of a linear Dirac structure is given as follows: let V be any subspace of dimension d. Then the annihilator of , Ann(), consisting of all 1-forms which vanish on is a subspace of V of dimension n d. The space D = Ann() V V is then isotropic of dimension n, and is hence a linear Dirac structure. When we apply a B-eld to a Dirac structure of this kind, we get eB ( Ann()) = {X + + iX B : X , Ann()} = eB () Ann(). We dene the type of a Dirac structure D to be codim(V (D)). The computation above shows that a B-eld transformation cannot change the type of a Dirac structure. What matters in this computation is not so much B itself as it is the pullback f B of B under the inclusion f : V . Indeed, if f B = f B , then 0 = iX (f B f B ) = f (iX B iX B ). This means that iX B iX B Ann(), and so eB () Ann() = eB () Ann(). Generalizing this observation, let f : E V be the inclusion of a subspace E of V , and let 2 E . Then dene L(E, ) = {X + E V : f = iX }, which is a linear Dirac structure. Note that when = 0, L(E, 0) = E Ann(E). Otherwise, L(E, ) is a general Dirac structure. Conversely, the subspace E and 2-form may be reconstructed from a given Dirac structure L. Set E = V (L) V. Then L V = { : , L = 0} = { : (V (L)) = 0} = Ann(E).
14
We can dene a map from E to V /L V by taking e E rst to (V |L)1 (e) L, and then projecting onto V /L V ; this yields : E V /L V = V /Ann(E) = E . Then we have 2 E , and L = L(E, ). In an analogous way, we could consider Dirac structures L = L(F, ), where F = V (L), and : F F . Exercise. Let Dirk (V ) be the space of Dirac structures of type k. Determine dim Dirk (V ). Compare this to the usual stratication of the Grassmannian Grk (V ). A B-eld transformation cannot change the type of a Dirac structure, since eB L(E, ) = L(E, + f B). However, a -eld transform can. Express a given Dirac structure L as L(F, ), with g : F V an inclusion, and 2 F . Let E = V (L), which contains L V = Ann(F ). Thus E/L V = E/Ann(F ) = Im , and so dim E = dim L V + rank . Since rank is always even, if we change to + g , we can change dim E by an even amount. The space Dir(V ) of Dirac structures has two connected components, one consisting of those of even type, and one consisting of those of odd type.
4.3
Generalized metrics
There is another way to see the structure of Dir(V ). Let C+ V V be a maximal subspace on which the pairing , is positive denite, e.g., the space spanned by ei + ei , i = 1, . . . , n. Let C = C+ be the orthogonal complement. Then , is negative denite on C . If L is a linear Dirac structure, then L C = {0}, since L is isotropic. Thus L denes an isomorphism. L : C+ C such that Lx, Ly = x, y, since x + Lx, y + Ly = 0. By choosing isomorphism between C and Rn with the standard inner product, any L Dir(V ) may be regarded as an orthogonal transformation of Rn , and conversely. Thus Dir(V ) is isomorphic to O(n) as a space. The two connected components of O(n) correspond in some way to the two components of Dir(V ) consisting of Dirac structures of even and odd type. Observe that because C+ is transverse to V and V , the choice of C+ is equivalent to the choice of a map : V V such that the graph is a positive denite subspace, i.e., for 0 = x V , x + (x), x + (x) = (x, x) > 0. Thus if we decompose into g + b, where g is the symmetric and b the anitsymmetric part, then g must be a positive denite metric on V . The form g + b is called a generalized metric on V . A generalized metric denes a positive denite metric on V V , given by , |C+ , |C
Exercise. Given A O(n), determine explicitly the Dirac structure LA determined by the map O(n) Dir(V ). 15
5
5.1
Lecture 5 (Notes: C. Kottke)

Spinors
V . Indeed, if X + V V and V , let (X + ) = iX + .
We have a natural action of V V on
Then (X + )2 = iX (iX + ) + (iX + ) = (iX ) iX + iX = X + , X +
where , is the natural symmetric bilinear form on V V : 1 X + , Y + = ((Y ) + (X)). 2 2 Thus we have an action of v V V with v = v, v. This is the dening relation for the Cliord Algebra CL(V V ). For a general vector space E, CL(E, , ) is dened by CL(E, , ) = E/ v v v, v1 That is, CL(E, , ) is the quotient of the graded tensor product of E by the free abelian group generated by all elements of the form v v v, v1 for v E. Note in particular that if , 0 then CL(E, , ) = E. n = We therefore have representation CL(V V ) End( V ) = End(R2 ) where n = dimV . This is called the spin representation for CL(V V ). Choose an orthonormal basis for V V , i.e. {e1 e1 , . . . , en en }. The cliord algebra has a natural volume element in terms of this basis given by (1)
n(n1) 2
(e1 e1 ) (en en )(e1 + e1 ) (en + en ). 0 V acted
Problem. Show 1 = 1, ei = ei , ei = ei , and 1 = 1, considering 1 as the element in on by the cliord algebra. The eigenspace of is naturally split, and we have S + Ker( 1) = S Ker( + 1) = ev od V V
The ei are known as creation operators and the ei as annihilation operators. We dene the spinors S by S = V = S+ S Here is another view. V is naturally embedded in V V , so we have CL(V ) = V CL(V V ) since V, V = 0. Note in particular that det V CL(V V ), where detV is generated by e1 en in terms of our basis elements. detV is a minimal ideal in CL(V V ), so CL(V V ) detV CL(V V ). Elements of CL(V V ) det V are generated by elements which look like (1, ei , ei ej , . . .) e1 en no ei f det V For x CL(V V ) and S, the action x satises xf = (x )f . Problem. Show that this action coincides with the Cartan action. 16
5.2
The Spin Group

Spin(V V ) = {v1 vr : vi V V , vi , vi = , r even.}
The spin group Spin(V V ) CL(V V ) is dened by
Spin(V V ) is a double cover of the special orthogonal group SO(V V ); there is a map : Spin(V V ) SO(V V ) where the action (x) v = xvx1 in CL(V V ). The adjoint action in the Lie algebra so(V V ) is given by dx : v [x, v] where [, ] is the commutator in CL(V V ), so 2 (V V ). so(V V ) = span{[x, y] : x, y V V } = Recall that 2 (V V ) = 2 V 2 V End(V ), so a generic element in 2 V 2 V End(V ) 2 (V V ) looks like
2:1
B++A
In terms of the basis, say B = Bij ei ej , ij ei ej , and A = Aj ei ej . In CL(V V ), these become Bij ei ej , i ij ej ei and 1 Aj (ej ei ei ej ), respectively. Consider the action of each type of element on the spinors. 2 i (Bij ei ej ) = Bij ei ei = B ( ij ej ei ) = ij iej iei = i 1 j 1 j 1 j i 1 j i i i i i A (ej e e ej ) = Ai (iej (e ) e iej ) = ( Ai j ) Ai e ej = TrA A 2 i 2 2 2 2 Given B V , recall the B eld transform eB . This acts on the spinors via eB
= + B + 1 B B +
2!
Note that there are only nitely many terms in the above. 2 V , we have Similarly, given 1 e = + i + i i + 2 For A End(V ), eA g GL+ (V ), we have g= det(g) g 1
so that, as a GL+ (V ) representation, S V (detV )1/2 . =
17
5.3
A Bilinear Pairing on Spinors
V and consider the reversal map : V V where
Let ,
1 k k 1
Dene (, ) = [() ]n detV where n = dim V , and the subscript n on the bracket indicates that we take only the degree n parts of the resulting form. Proposition 3. For x CL(V V ), (x , ) = (, (x) ) Proof. Recall that (x )f = xf and (, ) = if (, )f = if (() ))f = (f )()f = (f )f
so (x , ) = (xf )f = (f )(x)f = (, (x)). Corollary 2. We have (v , v ) = (, (v)v ) = v, v(, ) Also, for g Spin(V V ), (g , g ) = 1(, ) Example. Suppose n = 4, and , ev V , so that = 0 + 2 + 4 and similarly for , where the subscripts indicate forms of degree 0, 2, and 4. Then () = 0 2 + 4 and (, ) = (0 2 + 4 ) (0 + 2 + 4 ) 4 = 0 4 + 0 4 2 2 If n = 4 and , od V , then (, ) = (1 3 ) (1 + 3 ) 4 = 1 3 3 1 . Proposition 4. In general, (, ) = (1) Problem.
n(n1) 2
(, )
What is the signature of (, ) when symmetric?
Show that (, ) is non-degenerate on S . Show that in dimension 4, the 16 dimensional space V has a non degenerate symmetric form
18
5.4
Pure Spinors
V be any nonzero spinor, and dene the null space of as L = {X + V V : (X + ) = 0}.
Let
It is clear then that L depends equivariantly on under the spin representation. If g , then L (g)L where : Spin(V V ) so(V V ) as before. The key property of the null space is that it is isotropic. Indeed, if x, y L we have 2x, y = (xy + yx) = 0. Thus L L . If L = L , that is, if L is maximal, then is called pure. We have therefore that is pure if and only if L is Dirac. Example. Take = e1 en . Then L = V . 0 2 Take 1 V . Then L1 = V . For B V , then eB 1 = 1 B + 1/2B B + . So B B LeB = e (L1 ) = e (V ) = B . For V , is pure since L = {X + : iX + = 0} = Ker which is Dirac; indeed this is what we called L(Ker , 0). Similarly, considering eB , we have LeB = L(Ker , f B). Given a Dirac structure L(E, ), choose 1 , . . . , k such that 1 , . . . , k = Ann E. Choose B such that f B = . Then = eB 1 k is pure and L = L(E, ). Problem. Show L L = {} (, ) = 0. 2 V

g Spin(V V )
Let dim V = 4, and = 0 + 2 + 4 = 0. Show that is pure i 20 4 = 2 2 .
Lecture 6 (Notes: Y. Lekili)
Recall from last lecture : S = V , (X + ) = X + . Mukai pairing (, ) = [ ()]n Spin0 -invariant. Dir(V ) Pure spinors L = ceB 1 . . . k , k = type Problem. 1. Prove that L L = {0} (, ) = 0

2. Let dimV = 4. Show that 0 = = 0 + 2 + 4 is pure i 20 4 = 2 2 . Show in general dimension that Pur = Pure spinors S are dened by a quadratic cone. Indentify the space P(P ur) P(S .)
19
6.1
Generalized Hodge star
C+ positive denite. C+ : V V , C+ (X)(X) > 0 for X = 0 . C+ = g+b , g S 2 V and b 2 V . Note that C+ determines an operator G:V V V V Gx, Gy = x, y, G2 = 1. So G = G. G is called a generalized metric since Gx, y is positive denite. 0 g 1 Note that if C+ = g : {v + g(v)} and C = {v g(v)} then G = . In general g 0 C+ = g+b = eb g so 0 g 1 1 0 0 g 1 1 0 g 1 b g 1 b b G=e e = = g 0 b 1 g 0 b 1 g bg 1 b bg 1 Problem. Note that restriction of G to T is g bg 1 b. Verify that it is indeed positive denite. Comment about the volume form of g bg 1 b = g b : Note: g bg 1 b = (g b)g 1 (g + b) . So det(g bg 1 b) =det(g b)det(g 1 )det(g + b), and det(g+b) det(g + b) =det(g + b) =det(g b). Hence volgb =det(g bg 1 b)1/2 = det(g)1/2 . Problem. What is volgb /volg ? Aside: detV , choose orientation. detV V , natural orientation since square. detg(v v) > 0 so detg
has square roots. After choice of orientation on V , there exists a unique positive square root volg .
A generalized metric is given by G : V V V V such that G2 = 1, G = G, G(x), x > 0.
C = ker(G 1).
Consider = a1 . . . an where (a1 , . . . , an ) is an oriented basis for C+ . CL(C+ ) CL(V V ).
is the volume element of CL(C+ ) is the lift of G to Pin(V V ) = {v1 . . . vr : ||vi || = 1} (Spin if n is even) acts on forms via = a1 . . . an . Consider b = 0 and ei , ei orthonormal basis. Then = (e1 + e1 ) . . . (en + en ). Consider () = (en + en ) . . . (e1 + e1 ). ()1 = en . . . e1 , ()e1 = en . . . e2 , . . . etc. So, (()) = , Hodge star. So (()) is generalized Hodge star. Note that 2 = (1) 2 and (, ) = (1) consider (, ) is symmetric pairing of , into detV . And note that if b = 0,
n(n1) n(n1) 2
(, ). So
(, ) = (, ()) = [ (())]top = [ ]top = g(, )volg 0 g 1 When b = 0, G = eb eb . So = eb g eb , and (, ) = (eb g eb , ) = (g (eb )eb ). So g 0 always nondegenerate for all b. Hence (, ) = G(, )(1, 1) with G(1, 1) = 1 where G is the natural symmetric pairing on forms. Problem. Let e1 , . . . , en be g-orthonormal basis of V . Show (ei + (g + b)(ei )) form orthonormal basis of C+ .
Show (1, 1) = det(g + b)(e1 . . . en ) = As a result, show
volgb volg det(g+b)
det(g)1/2
= volgb
= ||eb ||2 g 20
6.2
Spinors for T M T M and the Courant algebroid

Di forms Spinors for T T .
On a manifold M , T = T M , T = T M . T T is a bundle with , structure O(n, n). S = T .
New element: d : k k+1 . Recall [X, Y ] is dened by [X,Y ] = [LX , Y ] = [[d, X ], Y ]. We now use same strategy to dene a bracket on T T . (X + ) = (X + ) So for e1 , e2 C (T T ), dene [[d, e1 ], e2 ] = [e1 , e2 ]C the Courant bracket on C (T T ). Note [d, X + ()] = LX + (d) and [LX + (d), Y + ()] = [X,Y ] + ((LX )) ((Y d)). Hence [[d, e1 ], e2 ] = [X,Y ] + (LX Y d) denes a bracket, Courant bracket : [X + , Y + ] = [X, Y ] + LX Y d. Note bracket is not skew-symmetric: [X + , X + ] = LX X d = dX = dX + , X + . It is skew up to exact terms or up to homotopy. However, it does satisfy Jacobi identity: [[a, b].c] = [a, [b, c]] [b, [a, c]]. Proof: [d, ] = D an inner graded derivation on End. D2 = 0. [a, b]C = [[d, a], b] = [Da, b] Then [[a, b]C , c]C = [D[Da, b], c] = [[Da, Db], c] = [Da, [Db, c]] [Db, [Da, c]] = [a, [b, c]C ]C [b, [a, c]C ]C . It is also obviously compatible with Lie bracket. T T T [ , ]C [ , ] that is, [a, b] = [a, b]C . Two main key properties : [a, f b] = f [a, b] + ((a)(f ))b.
Let a = X + , b = Y + ,
[X +, f (Y +)] = [X, f Y ]+LX (f )f Y d = f [a, b]+(Xf )Y +(Xf ) = f [X +, Y +]+(Xf )(Y +).
How does it interact with , ? ab, b = 2[a, b], b
[a, b], b = [X,Y ] + Y (LX Y d) = LX Y = 1 LX b, b = ab, b 2
21
Usually written : ab, c = [a, b], c + b, [a, c].

This denes the notion of Courant Algebroid :
(E, , , [, ], ) where E is a real vector bundle, : E T is called anchor, , is nondegenerate symmetric
bilinear form, [, ] : C (E) C (E) C (E) such that :
[[e1 , e2 ], e3 ] = [e1 , [e2 , e3 ] [e2 , [e1 , e3 ]] [e1 , e2 ] = [e1 , e2 ] [e1 , f e2 ] = f [e1 , e2 ] + (e1 )f )e2 e1 e2 , e3 = [e1 , e2 ], e3 + e2 , [e1 , e3 ] [e1 , e1 ] = de1 , e1 E is exact when 0 T E T 0 So T T is exact Courant algebroid. This motivates Lie Algebroid : A T , [, ] : C (A) C (A) C (A) Lie alg. such that [a, b] = [a, b] [a, f b] = f [a, b] + ((a)f )b

7
7.1
Lecture 7 (Notes: N. Rosenblyum)

Exact Courant Algebroids
T
Recall that a Courant algebroid is given by the diagram of bundles E
where is called the anchor along with a bracket [ , ] and a nondegenerate bilinear form , such that [a, b] = [a, b] The Jacobi identity is zero [a, f b] = f [a, b] + ((a)f )b
[a, b] = 1 da, a
2 ab, c = [a, b], c + b, [a, c] A Courant algebroid is exact if the sequence 0 T
is exact (note that is always 0). Remarks: For an exact Courant algebroid, we have: 22
1. The inclusion T E is automatically isotropic because for , T , , = ( ) = 0

since , a = (a).
2. The bracket [ , ]|T = 0: for s, t C (E), f C (M ), D = d : C (M ) C (E)
Now,
[s, Df ], t = sDf, t Df, [s, t] = s(t(f )) [s, t](f ) = t(s(f )) = DDf, s, f Thus, [s, Df ] = Ds, Df . We also have, [Df, s] + [s, Df ] = DDf, s and therefore [Df, s] = 0. We need to show that [f dxi , gdxj ] = 0. But have [dxi , dxj ] = 0 and [a, f b] = f [a, b] + ((a)f )b, [ga, b] = g[a, b] ((b)g)a + 2a, bdg.
7.2
Severas Classication of Exact Courant Algebroids
We can choose an isotropic splitting 0 T
i.e. sX, sY = 0 for all X, Y T . We then have E T T and we can transport the Courant structure = to T T : for X, Y T and , T , X + , Y + = sX + , sY + = (sY ) + (sX) = (Y ) + (X) since sX, sY = 0. Also, [X + , Y + ] = [sX + , sY + ] = [sX, sY ] + [sX, ] + [ , sY ] . We have that the second term is given by [sX, ] = [sX, ] = 0 and therefore, [sX, ] 1 . Further, [sX, ](Z) = [sX, ], sZ = X , sZ , [sX, sZ] = X(Z) ([X, Z]) = iZ LX and so [sX, ] = LX . Now, the third term is given by [ , sY ], sZ = [sY, ] + DsY, , sZ = (LY )(Z) + iZ diY = (iY d)(Z) and so [ , sY ] = iY d. For the rst term, we have no reason to believe that [sX, sY ] = [X, Y ] We do have that [sX, sY ] = [X, Y ]Lie . Now, let H(X, Y ) = s [sX, sY ]. We then have,
23
1. H is C -linear and skew in X, Y : H(X, f Y ) = f s [sX, sY ] + s (X(f )sY ) = f s [sX, sY ], and H(f X, Y ) = s [f sX, sY ] = f H(X, Y ) s ((Y f )sX) + 2sX, sY df = f H(X, Y ). Furthermore, [sX, sY ] + [sY, sX] = dsX, sY . 2. H(X, Y )(Z) is totally symmetic in X, Y, Z: H(X, Y )(Z) = [sX, sY ], sZE = XsY, sZ sY, [sX, sZ] So, we have [sX, sY ] = [X, Y ] iY iX H for H 3 (M ). Problem. Show that [[a, b], c] = [a, [b, c]] [b, [a, c]] + ic ib ia dH and so Jac = 0 if and only if dH = 0. Thus, we have that the only parameter specifying the Courant bracket is a closed three form H 3 (M ).
We will see that when [H]/2 H 3 (M, Z), E is associated to an S 1 -gerbe.
Now, lets consider how H changes when we change the splitting. Suppose that we have two section
s1 , s2 : T E. We then have that (s1 s2 ) = 0. So consider B = s1 s2 : T T . In the s1 splitting,
we have for x T , s2 (x) = (x + (s2 s1 )x). Since the si are isotropic splittings, we have that
(s2 s1 )(x)(x) = 0. Thus we have, B C (2 T ).
Now, in the s1 splitting we have,
[X +ix B, Y +iY B]H = [X, Y ]+LX iY B iY diX B +iY iX H = [X, Y ]+i[X,Y ] B iY LX B +iY diX B +iY iX H = = [X, Y ] + i[X,Y ] B + iY iX (H + dB) In particular, in the s2 splitting H changes by dB. Thus, we have that [H] H 3 (M, R) classies the exact Courant algebroid up to isomorphis. The above bracket is also a derived bracket. Before, we had that [a, b]C = [[d, a], b]. Now, replace d with dH = d + H. We clearly have that d2 = (dH) = 0 since dH = 0. Note that dH is H not of degree one and is not a derivation but it is odd. The cohomology of dH is called H-twisted deRham cohomology. In simple cases (e.g. when M is formal in the sense of rational homotopy theory,), we have H (H ev/od (M ), e[H] ) = HdH
ev/od
(M )
where eH = H.
Now, [a, b]H = [[dH , a], b]. Indeed, for B 2 , we have eB and
eB (d + H)eB = eB deB + eB HeB = dH+dB , and so eB [eB , eB ]H = [ , ]H+dB In particular, if B 2 l, then eB is a symmetry of the Courant bracket.
c This phenomena is somewhat unusual because for the ordinary Lie bracket, the only symmetries are given
by dieomorphisms of the underlying manifold. More specically, a symmetry of the Lie bracket on C (T )
is a diagram
T T M such that is a dieomorphism and [, ] = [, ]. 24
Claim 1. Sym[ , ]Lie = {( , ), Dif f (M )}. Proof. Given (, ) Sym[ , ]Lie , consider G : 1 . Then G covers the identity map on M and we have f G[X, Y ] ((Y f )GX = G[f X, Y ] = f [GX, GY ] (GY )f GX and so Y f = (GY )(f ) for all Y, f and so G = 1. Lets now consider the question of what all the symmetries of the Courant bracket [ , ]C are. Once again, we have a diagram E E M where E T T such that 1. , = , 2. [, ] = [, ] 3. = . Suppose that Dif f (M ). Then on T T , is given by = ( )1 and so we have (X + ) = X + ( )1 and
1 [ X + ( )1 , Y + ( )1 ]H = [X + , Y + ] H
since 1 (i Y i X H)(Z) = i Z i Y i X H = H(X, Y, Z). In particular, this does not give a symmetry unless H = H.
Now, consider a B-eld transform. Since eB [eB , eB ]H = [, ]H+dB , this is not a symmetry unless
dB = 0. Now we can combine these to generate the symmetries: [ eB , eB ] = eB [, ] H+dB and so eB SymE i H H = dB. It turns out that these are all the symmetries. Theorem 5. The above are all the symmetries of an exact Courant algebroid. In particular, we have a short exact sequence 0 2 Sym(E) Dif f[H] 0 cl where Dif f[H] is the subgroup of dieomorphisms of M preserving the cohomology class [H].
8
8.1
Lecture 8 (Notes: J. Bernstein)

Dirac Structures
0 T E T 0
So far we understand the exact Courant Algebroids
Which are classied up to isomorphism by [H] H 3 (M, R3 ) and upon a choice of splitting is isomorphic to (T T , <, >, [, ]H , : E T ). For H 3 . Always consider (M, E) or (M, H). Geometry in exact cl Courant Algebroids consists of studying special subbundles L E. 25
Theorem 6. Suppose that L E a subbundle which is closed under [, ] (involutive), i.e. [C (L), C (L)] C (L). then L must be isotropic or L = 1 () for T integrable distribution. Note, for k T , 1 () is of dimension n + k and contains T (so is not isotropic). Proof. Suppose L is involutive, but not isotropic, then there exists v C (L) with < v, v >m = 0. Now recall property [f v, v] = f [v, v] ((v)f )v + 2 < v, v > df 2 < v, v > df C (L) for all f , as [f v, v], f [v, v] C (L). This implies that dfm Lm for all m which tells us that Tm Lm but T is 1 isotropic so Lm = (m ) for = 0. Thus rkL > n evertywhere and so L not isotropic at all points p M thus Tp Lp for all p and so L = 1 () where is an integrable distribution. So interesting involutive subbundles are isotropic subbundles L E. Recall that the axioms of a Courant Algebroid imply that [a, a] = 1 d < a, a >. Thus on L, [, ]C |C (L) denes a Lie Algebroid when L is 2 involutive and isotropic. So L E with [L, L] L and < L, L >= 0 implies that (L, [, ], ) is a Lie Algebroid which implies (C ( L ), dL ) gives rise the HdL (M ) the Lie Algebroid Cohomology. Denition 14. When an isotropic, involutive L E is maximal it is called a Dirac Structure Examples of Dirac structures in 0 T E T 0 T E as [T , T ] [T , T ] If we split (T T , [, ]H ) then [X, Y ]H C (T ) if and only if H = 0 so T T T is a Dirac
structure if and only if H = 0
Any maximal isotropic transverse L (that is such that L T = {0} is of the form L = B . Since eB [eB , eB ]H = [, ]H+dB so eB [T, T ]HdB = eB [eB B , eB B ]HdB = [B , B ]H . Thus [B , B ] B ] if and only if [T, T ]HdB T and this occurs if and only if H dB = 0 so B is Dirac when and only when [H] = 0. In particular when [H] = 0 there is no Dirac complement to T . When T is an integral distribution then f : Ann T T is involutive for [, ]H when and only when f H = 0. For (T T , [, ]H ) and 2 T we consider . This is Dirac if and only if [, ] = H where we think of : T T . Problem. Verify the condition for to be Dirac by rst showing that [ + (), + ()] = + () if
and only if < [ + (), + ()], + () >= 0. And then showing that
< [df + (df ), dg + (dg)], dh + (dh) >= {f, {g, h}} + {g, {h, f }} + {h, {f, g}} + H((df ), (dg), (dh)) =
(Jac{, } + H)(df, dg, dh).
Denition 15. if [, ] = H then is called a twisted Poisson Structure. Suppose that is a twisted Poisson structure, then eB is not necessarily , in particular if is invertible (as a map T T ) and 1 = B then eB = T . However if B is small enough then eB = . To quantify this we note that eB : + () () + + B() which we want equal to + (). This happens if and only if = (1 + B) and also () = () = (1 + B). Thus = (1 + B)1 and so smallness just means that the map is invertible (i.e. what is written makes sense). Denition 16. The transformation from (1 + B)1 is called a gauge transform of . Problem. (Severa-Weinstein) Show that if is Poisson and d = 0 then is Poisson. Also show that H (M ), (i.e. one has a isomorphsm of Poisson cohomology. (Hint: eB : is an H (M ) = isomorphism of Lie Algebras).
26
8.2
Geometry of Lie Groups
Recall that for a Lie group G one has a natural action of G G on G, given by (g, h) x = gxh = Lg Rh x (here one has a left action and a right action). These actions commute in that (gx)h = g(xh). Now for g = Te G the lie algebra of G one has two identications of g Tg G namely a aL |g = (Lg ) a and a aR |g = (Rg ) a where aL , aR are left and right invariant vector elds respectively. We have by denition [aL , bL ]Lie = [a, b]L . Now if j : G G is given by x x1 , then jLg = Rg1 j so j (Lg ) = (Rg1 ) j . In particular since (j )e = Id, one has (j aL )g1 = j (Lg ) a = (Rg1 ) j a = (Rg1 ) a = aR |g1 . Thus j aL = aR . Thus [aR , bR ] = [j aL , j bL ] = j [aL , bL ] = j [a, b]L = [a, b]R . One also has [aL , bR ] = 0. To see this we note d that the map g C (T G) given by a aL |g = dt (g(t)) exponentiates to a right action R(t) similarly R L R a exponentiates to a left action and so [a , b ] = 0. We now dene Adg : g g by Adg (X) = (Rg1 ) (Lg ) . Equivalently aR |g = (Adg1 a)L |g . We dene adX = d(Adg )0 = [X, ]. Lemma 1. If k (G) is bi-invariant then d = 0 Proof. If is left invariant then k g and so d(X0 , . . . , Xk ) = (1)i Xi (X0 , . . . , Xi , . . . , Xk ) + (1)i+j ([Xi , Xj ], X0 , . . . , Xk )
i i,j
, where we have chosen X0 , . . . Xk be left invariant so the rst sum is zero . On the other hand right to invariance tells us that for all X, (X1 , . . . , [X, Xi ], . . . , Xk ) = 0. Problem. Show how the statement above implies that d = 0.
L We dene Cartan one-forms to be forms L , R 1 (G, g) by g (v) = (Lg1 ) v g. and R L L L g (v) = (Rg1 ) v g. So x (Lg1 ) = gx . Thus is left invariant as R is right invariant. For G = Gln , g = Mn one has L = g 1 dg and R = dgg 1 . Now if g = [gij ] that is gij are coordinates one gets matrix of oneforms [gij ]1 [dgij ]. Then (g)1 d(g) = g 1 1 dg = g 1 dg, and so it is left invariant (similarly one can check that the obvious denition is indeed right invariant). At 1 GLn one has g consisting of n n matrices {[aij ]} here we make think of [ai j] = i,j aij gij . so g 1 dg( i,j aij gij ) = ai j, so g 1 dg|e = Id : g g. This is also true for L and R .
Last time, we talked about the geometry of a connected lie group G. Specically, for any a in the corresponding Lie algebra g, one can dene aL |g = Lg a and choose L 1 (G, g) s.t. L (aL ) = a. For instance, for GLn , with coordinates g = [gij ], one has L = g 1 dg, and similarly R = dgg 1 .This implies that dg L + gdL = 0 = dL + L L = 0 = dL + 1 [L , L ] = 0, the latter of which is the 2 Maurer-Cartan equation. Problem. 1. Extend this proof so that it works in the general case.
2. Show j R = L . 3. Show dR 1 [R , R ] = 0. 2 4. Show R (aL )|g = Ad g aa g, g G.
27
9.1
Bilinar forms on groups
Let G be a connected real Lie group, B a symmetric nondegenerate bilinear form on g. This extends to a left-invariant metric on G, and B is invariant under right translation B([X, Y ], Z) + B(Y, [X, Z]) = 0X, Y, Z. If this is true, we obtain a bi-invariant (pseudo-Riemannian) metric on G. Remark. Geodesics through e are one-parameter subgroups B is bi-invariant. See Helgason for Riemannian geometry of Lie groups and homogeneous spaces. Example. Let B be the Killing form on a semisimple Lie group, i.e. B(a, b) = Trg (ada adb ) for s|m , s m, spm a constant multiple of Tr(X, Y ). Now, we can form the Cartan 3-form 1 1 (7) B(R , [R , R ]) B(L , [L , L ]) = 12 12 This H is bi-invariant, and thus closed. When G is simple, compact, and simply connected, the Killing form gives [H] as a generator for H 3 (G, Z) = Z. (See Brylinski.) For instance, given g = s|n , L = g 1 dg, one has H = Tr(L L L ) i.e. H = Tr(g 1 dg)3 . H= 9.1.1 Key calculation
Let m, p1 , p2 : G G G be the multiplication and projection maps respectively. Then m H = Tr((gh)1 d(gh))3 = Tr(h1 g 1 (gdh + dgh))3 = Tr(h1 gh)3 + Tr(g 1 dg)3 + Tr((dhh1 )2 g 1 dg) + Tr(dhh1 (g 1 dg)2 ) Now, dene = dhh1 , = g 1 dg, so d = and d = . Then dTr(dhh1 g 1 dg) = dTr( ) = Tr(d d) = Tr( + ) (9) (8)
So, m H p H p H = d , where = Tr(dhh1 g 1 dg) = B(p L , p R ) 2 (G G).

1 2 1 2 Now, recall that given a metric g : V V , we have a decomposition V V = C+ C for C = .
Moreover, any Dirac structure L V V can be written as the graph of A O(V, g) thought of as
A : C+ C . NOw, for X V , let X = X gX C . Then LA = {X + (AX) |X V } are the Dirac structures. Note that X + (AX) , X + (AX) = g(X, X) g(AX, AX) = 0 (10)
Let B be a bi-invariant metric on G. Then the map Ax = Lx1 Rx : Tx G Tx G, aL aR is orthogonal for B and ad(G)-invariant, since Tx G
adg Ax
Tx G Tgxg1 G

adg
Tgxg1 G where adg = Lg Rg1 . Thus, we nd that
(11)
Agxg1
adg Ax ad1 = Lg Rg1 Rx Lx1 Rg Lg1 = Lg1 x1 g Rgxg1 = Agxg1 g
(12)
Overall, L (A) are ad(G)-invariant almost Dirac structures in (T T )(G). Tx G is spanned by the aL , so L+ is spanned by (aL )+ + (aL ) = aL + B(aL ) + ar B(aR ) and L+ = aL + aR + B(aL aR ). Recall
that L (aL ) = a so aL + aR + B(aL aR ) = aL + aR + B(L R , a). Similarly,
L = aL aR + B(L + R , a).
28
Remark. Since aL aR generates the adjoint action, [aL aR , bL bR ] = [a, b]L [a, b]R . But [aL + aR , bL + bR ] = [a, b]L + [a, b]R is not integrable. L (A) is integrable, however, w.r.t. the Courant bracket twisted by H = B(L , [L , L ]).
10

LC = aL aR + B(aL + aR )|a g (13)
Last time, we dened an almost Dirac structure on any Lie group G with a bi-invariant metric B by
10.1
Integrability
Lemma 2. d(B(aL ))(xL , y L ) = xL B(aL , y L ) y L B(aL , xL ) B(aL , [xL , y L ]) = iaL H(xL , y L ), where
H(a, b, c) = B(aL , [bL , cL ]).
Problem. Show that B(L , [L , L ])(aL , bL , cL ) = 6B(aL , [bL , cL ]).
Note also that
dB(aR )(xR , y R ) = B(aR , [xR , y R ]) = iaR H(xR , y R ) Now, [aL aR + B(aL + aR ), bL bR + B(bL + bR )]0 = [a, b]L [a, b]R ibL bR dB(aL + aR ) + LaL aR B(bL + bR ) = [a, b]L [a, b]R + ibL bR iaL aR H + B([a, b]L + [a, b]R ) (15) Corollary 3. LC is involutive under [, ]H . Comments about the Cartan-Dirac structure: 1. aL aR generates the adjoint action so generalized, and LC = is a foliation by the conjugacy
classes.
2. T component is B(aL + aR ), which spans T whenever g Tg , a aL + aR is surjective (adg + 1 is invertible. This is true, in particular, for an open set containing e G.
(14)
In this region, Lc = for an H-twisted Poisson structure. 1. Determine explicitly the bivector when it is dened. 2. For G = SU (2) = S 3 , describe the conjugacy classes and the locus where adg + 1 is invertible, rank 2, rank 1, and rank 0. 3. Determine the Lie algebroid cohomology H (Lc ). Hint: g Lc , a aL aR + B(aL + aR ) is
bracket-preserving.
10.2
Dirac Maps
A linear map f : V W of vector spaces induces a map f : Dir(V ) Dir(W ) (the forward Dirac map) given by f LV = {f v + W W |v + f LV } and a map f : Dir(W ) Dir(V ) (the backward Dirac map) given by f LW = {v + f V V |f v + LW }.
29
Example. 2 V . Then f = {f v + |v + f = () + V } = {f f + | W } = {(f )() + } = f so f coincides with the usual pushforward. 2 L = L(E, ), f : E V, E . Then L is precisely f via the pushforward E E V V . 2 In general, L = L(F, ), F V , F is equivalent to specifying
2 2 2 F = (V /L V ) = (V /C)). Note that (f LV ) W = f (LV V ).
(C = Ann F = L V, Problem. f L(C, ) = L(f C, f ).
This proves that pushforward commutes properly with composition.
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10.3
Manifolds with Courant Structure
Let (M, HM ), (N, HN ) be manifolds equipped with H 3 )cl-structure.

Denition 17. A morphism : (M, HM ) (N, HN ) is a pair (, B) for : M N a smooth map and
B 2 (M ) s.t. HN HM = dB, i.e. B gives an isomorphism GN GM .
Now, suppose that LM T M T M, LN T N T N are Dirac structures.
Denition 18. is a Dirac morphism eB LM = LN .
If LM is transverse to T M , then a Dirac morphism to (N, HN , LN ) is called a Dirac brane for N : this
object is important because GN is trivial.
Example. Let N be a Dirac structure, and let M N be a leaf of = LN . Then
L 2 ) and so 2 (M ). Furthermore, integrability means that d = H|M , hence
LN = L(, (M, ) (N, H, L) is a Dirac brane. So any Dirac manifold is foliated by Dirac branes, and for G, is
foliated by conjugacy classes C and 2-forms 2 (C) called GHJW (Guruprasad-Huebschmann-Jerey-Weinstein) 2-forms. Theorem 7. (m, ) : (G G, p H + p H) (G, H) is a Dirac morphism from LC LC LC , i.e. 1 2 m e (LC LC ) = LC . Proof. Set (a) = aL aR , (a) = B(aL + aR ), so [(a), (b)] = ([a, b]), [(a), (b)] = ([a, b]), and d(a) = i(a) H. Then e (LC LC ) = ((a), (b)), ((a), (b)) + i(a),(b) (17)
We want to show that this object contains LC , so choose (X, ) LC |gh , X = (x), = (x). Want to nd a, b s.t. X = m ((a), (b)) and m (x) = ((a), (b)) + i(a),(b) . I m |(g,h)) = [Rh , Lg ] and (x)g m = Rh (x)h
Lg
(Lg Rg )x (Lh Rh )x
(18)
= (Rh (Lg Rg ) + Lg (Lh Rh ))x = (x)gh
30
II Want to show m (x)gh = ((a)g , (b)h ) + i(a)g ,(b)h . At gh, we have that m (x) Then ((x), (x)) and the rest follows. aR bL = (x)g (aR ) + (x)h (bL ) (20) aR bL = (x)(Rh aR + Lg bL ) = (x)(aR + bL ) = B(xL xR , aR + bL ) (19)
This leads to a fusion operation on Dirac morphisms: given 1 : M1 G, 2 : M2 G, composing the product with (m, ) gives 1 2 : M1 M2 G. Example. Given two copies of the map m : G G G, obtain m m : G4 G: more generally, get Dirac morphisms M h : G2h G. This is used by AMM to get a symplectic structure on the moduli space of at G-connections on a genus h Riemann surface.
By Freed-Hopkins, fusion on branes implies a form of fusion on KG (G).
11
11.1
Lecture 11(Notes: K. Venkatram)

Integrability and spinors
Given L T T maximal isotropic, we get a ltration 0 KL = F 0 F 1 F n = (M ) via k+1 F k = { : L = 0}. Furthermore, for KL , we have X1 X2 d = [[d, X1 ], X2 ] = [X1 , X2 ] for all X1 , X2 L (where d = dH ). Thus, in general, d F 3 , and L is involutive d F 1 . Now, assume d(F i ) F i+3 (and in F i+1 if L is integrable) i < k and F k . Then [X1 , X2 ] = [[d, X1 ], X2 ] = dX1 X2 + X1 dX2 X2 dX1 X2 X1 d X1 X2 d = dX1 X2 X1 dX2 + X2 dX1 + [X1 , X2 ] (22) (21)
Note that, in the latter expression, each of the parts on the RHS have degree (k 1) + 2 = k + 1, so
d F k+1 if L is integrable and F k+3 otherwise.
Next, suppose that the Courant algebroid E has a decomposition L L into transverse Dirac structures.
1. Linear algebra: L
L via , . = The ltration KL = F 0 F 1 F n of spinors becomes a Z-grading
k k KL (L KL ) ( L KL ) (det L KL ), i.e. ( L )KL . Remark. Note that L (det L KL ) = 0, so det L KL = det L KL = KL . n Thus, we have a Z grading S = k=0 Uk . If the Mukai pairing is nondegenerate on pure spinors, then KL KL = det T .
31
k k 2. Dierential structure: via the above grading, we have F k (L) = i=0 Ui , F k (L ) = i=0 Uni , so d(Uk ) = d(F k (L) F nk (L ). By parity, dUk Uk = 0, so a priori d = (k3 + k1 + k+1 + k+3 ) d = T + + + T Problem. Show that T : Uk Uk3 , T : Uk Uk+3 are given by the Cliord action of tensors 3 3 T L, T L . Remark. This splitting of d = dH can be used to understand the splitting of the Courant structure on L L . Specically, d2 = 0 = 4 2 0 2 4 T + T = 0 ( )2 + T + T + + T T + T T 2 + T + T T + T = 0 (23)
(24)
11.2
Lie Bialgebroids and deformations
We can express the whole Courant structure in terms of (L, L ). Assume for simplicity that L, L are both integrable, so T = T = 0. Then 1. Anchor a pair of anchors : L T, : L T . 2. An inner product a pairing L = L , X + , X + = (X). 3. A bracket a bracket [, ] on L, [, ] on L . Specically, for x, y L, U0 , [x, y] = [[d, x], y] = xyd = xy( + T ) = xyT = (ix iy T ) The induced action on S is dL = [, ], giving us an action of L on L as L [x, ] for x L, L . Expanding, we have [x, ] = [[, x], ] = x + x x (ix ) = (ix ) + x(dL ) (ix ) = (dL ix + ix dL ) = (Lx ) (26) (25)
If T = 0, then x Lx is an action (guaranteed by the Jacobi identity of the Courant algebroid). If L, L are integrable, Lx [, ] = L [x, [, ]] = L ([[x, ], ] + [, [x, ]]) Problem. This implies that d[, ] = [d, ] + [, d] . As a result of these computations, we nd that, for X, Y L, , L , [X + , Y + ] = [X, Y ] + [X, ]L + [, Y ]L + [, ] + [, Y ]L + [X, ]L = [X, Y ] + L Y i d X + [, ] + LX iY d (28) (27)
There are no H terms since we assumed T = T = 0. Overall, we have obtained a correspondence between transverse Dirac structures (L, L ) and Lie bialgebroids (L, L ) with actions and brackets L T, L T s.t. d is a derivation of [, ] .
32
2 Finally, we can deform the Dirac structure in pairs. Specically, for C ( L ) a small B-transform, e (L) = L , one can ask when L is integrable. We claim that this happens dL + 1 [, ] = 0. To see 2 this, note that [e x, e y], e z = [e x, e y]L , e z + [e x, e y]L , e z 1 = (dL )(x, y, z) + [, ] (x, y, z) 2 via an analogous computation to that of eB T and e T from before. (29)
12
12.1
Lecture 12-17(Notes: K. Venkatram)

Generalized Complex Structures and Topological Obstructions
Let E (T T , H) be an exact Courant algebroid. = Denition 19. A generalized complex structure (GCS) on E is an integrable orthogonal complex structure J : E E, i.e. a map s.t. JA, JB = A, B L = Ker (J i1) Note. 1. JA, B = J2 A, JB = A, JB, and thus J, is a symplectic struction on E compatible with , . 2. L is maximal isotropic and so is L, and thus E = L L = L L and we get a Lie bialgebroid. 3. V must be even dimensional: letting x V V be a null vector then Jx, x = 0 and Jx, Jx = 0, so we can always enlarge a null set by 2 vectors; thus the maximal null set is even. At the level of structure groups, (T T , , ), J corresponds to O(2n, 2n) U (n, n) = O(2n, 2n) GL(2n, C). Problem. Show that O(V V ) acts transitively by conjugation on a set of GCS O(2n, 2n) SJ = U (n, n) Example. 2. J = 1. J = 1 J J acting on V V . (30)
acting on V V .
3. Any conjugation AJA1 , A O(2n, 2n), e.g. eJe1 , 1 J 1 1 J 0 J 0 = = B 1 J B 1 B 1 J B J J B + BJ J 1 1 B 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 = = B 1 B 1 B 1 0 1 1 + B B B (31)
33
Lemma 3. O(n.n) O(n) O(n).
Proof. Let C+ V V be positive denite and C = C+ . THen O(n, n) acts transitively on the space of
O(n,n) all C+ , with stabilizer Stab(C+ ) = O(n) O(n). Question: what is O(n)O(n) ? C+ (see diagram below) is n n given by A : R R , ||Ax|| < ||x||x, i.e. ||A||op < 1. Thus, it is the unit ball under the operator norm.
Lemma 4. U (n, n) U (n) U (n)

Proof. We can enlarge C+ to C+ by adding V C+ and JV , and get complex decomposition
E = C+ C+ = C+ + C . U (n, n) acts transitively on these spaces with stabilizer Stab(C+ ) = U (n) U (n). As above, we obtain the unit ball in Cn . Thus, the existence of J is topologically equivalent to the reduction to U (n) U (n), i.e. complex structures J := J|C on C+ and C = C+ (since the bundle of positive-denite subspaces is contractible). Note. The projection : C T is an isomorphism, so we obtain almost complex structure J : T T . Thus M must be almost complex, and J has two sets of Chern classes c H 2i (M, Z) associated to J i (i.e. c = ci (c )) and c(T T , J) = c(C+ ) c(C ). i Remark. Topologically, E has structure group U (n, n) U (n) U (n), so the bundle is classied by : X B(U (n) U (n)) = BU (n) BU (n) = C + C with Chern classes C + , C . Now, spaces L T T correspond to canonical bundes KL (M ). Proposition 5. A generalized complex structure is equivalent to a complex Dirac structure of real index 0, i.e. to a Dirac structure L (T T ) C s.t. L L = {0}. Proof. : given L, set J = i|L + (i)|L , and obtain J( + ), J( + ) = i i, i i = , + , = + , + : given J, set L = Ker (J i1), so , = J, J = , = 0 (33) (32)
Therefore, (T T ) C = L L, and we obtain a transverse complex Dirac structure. This gives us a Z-grading on S C = (M, C) as (KL = Un ) Un1 Un+1 (Un = KL ) with conjugation exchanging Uk and Uk . Denition 20. KL = Un is the canonical line bundle of the generalized complex structure. Furthermore, the decomposition dH = + gives the general Dolbeault complex via : Uk Uk1 : . Problem. Use the Mukai pairing between KL and K L to show that 2c1 (KL ) = c + c . 1 1 (34)
34
12.1.1
Z-grading on spinors
Let J be a generalized complex structure: then J so(T T ). The transformtation eJ behaves like ei and thus denes an S 1 action on T T and thus, by the spin representation, on on (M ) (in fact, we can imagine this as cos 1 + J sin ). Just as (T T ) C decomposes as L L, we have J(x, ) = [J, x] + x J, where [J, x] is the so-action. Thus, for an eigenvector x L, Jx = ix, then Jx = xJ + i. That is, the action of L increases by i, while L decreases by i, givng us a diagram
L
KL = Un
L
Un+1
Un1
L
Un = KL
(35)
Since the eigenvalues are symmetric, they must be {ni, (n + 1)i, . . . , ni}, with Uk the ik-eigenspace of J. Now, via the decomposition dH = + , we can form another real dierential operator dJ = [d, J] = [ + , J]. Applying this to k gives [d, J]k = ik( + ) i(k + 1) i(k 1) = i( ) Thus, dJ = i( ), and (dJ )2 = 0 as desired. For each GCS, we obtain three complexes: (C ( L ), dL ) and the pair (U , ), (U , ). Proposition 6. (C ( L ), dL ) is elliptic. Recall that in general, this is not true. In particular, in the case of Poisson structures, the complex is innite dimensional. Proof. Since L is a Lie algebra, we obtain a symbol sequence
k1
(36)
L S
L S
k+1
(37)
where S () = for a given T real. If = 0, it can be decomposed as + L L with = 0. Moreover, for x L, we have ( )(x) = (x) = , x = + , x = , x so = is nonzero. Corollary 4. H (L), H (L) are nite dimensional on compact generalized complex manifolds. For the other complex, we have that dH (f ) = df + f dH = (dL f + dL f ) + f dH , so that (f ) = (dL f ) + f . k Problem. Using the right derived bracket, show that (dL x) = [, x] for x C ( L ). By the above, we have a symbol sequence U k1 S U k S U k+1 given by the anihilation operator S () = which is also an exact sequence. Doing a similar procedure for , and following the above logic (replacing the Cliord action with the wedge product), we obtain:
Corollary 5. H (M ), H (M ) are nite dimensional for compact generalized complex manifolds. Remark. One has a spectral sequence H, (M ) = HdH (M ). Moreover, this spectral sequence is trivial (i.e. HdH = H (M ) if the -lemma holds for M : if = 0 and = , then = for some . In other words,
(38)
Im Ker = Ker Im = Im 35
(39)
Finally, we obtain actions of H (L), H (L) on H (M ), H (M ) respectively via
(x ) = (dL x) + (1)x x , x Problem. Show the above statement.
(40)
This statement implies dL x = [, x], so dL x = 0, = 0 = (x ) = 0, making the action well-dened. 12.1.2 Complex Case Given an almost-complex structure J, we obtain a generalized complex structure JJ = claim that JJ is integrable w.r.t. [, ] J is integrable. To see this, decompose L = T0,1 elements x, y T0,1 , , T1,0 . One obtains [x, y] + Lx iy d = [x, y] + ix iy where [x, y] T0,1 J is integrable, and Lx = ix d = ix ( + ) = ix because does not survive ix . 2 J
T1,0 ,
J and choose (41)
. We
T0,1 and thus
Remark. Adding a term ix iy H to the above expression, where H = 0, we nd that ix iy H T1,0 x, y T0,1 H (0,3) = 0, i.e. the gerbe is homogeneous. This is similar to the fact that F (2,0) = 0 for (L, ) holomorphic. We have two dierent complexes: 1. First, the complex (C ( L ), dL ), where
k
L =
p p ( T1,0 ) ( T0,1 ) p+q=k
(42)
and the dierential map is given by the individual partials : C ( That is, each of the bundles H (L) =
k p
T1,0
p p+1 T0,1 ) C ( T1,0 T0,1 )
(43)
T1,0 has a operator and dL is their sum. This implies that

q
p+q=k
p k1 0 k 1 H ( T1,0 ) = H ( T1,0 ) H ( T1,0 ) H k ()
(44)
2. Second, we have the complex (U k , ) as dened above. Note rst that, being the canonical bundles, n we have that KL = U n = T1,0 = n,0 (similarly, KL = U n = n,0 . By the decomposition L = T0,1 + T1,0 , we nd that L acts on each k,l by either increasing k or decreasing l, giving us our sequence as the decomposed Hodge diamond 0,0 0,n1 n1,0 . n,0 0,n KL = (45) . = KL 1,n . n,1 n,n That is, U k = pq=k p,q , with the boundary maps given by the usual ones on and k k H (M ) = pq=k Hd (M ).
36
12.1.3
Symplectic Case 1 . Given an
Given a symplectic form , we obtain a generalized complex structure J = x i-eigenvector , we have (x) 1 () = ix + i = i = (x)
(46)
Thus, L = {x i(x) : x T C} = i , where i denotes the graph of i : T C T C, is a simple Dirac structure. Moreover, is integrable w.r.t. [, ]H dH = 0. In our case, we have d() = H (i), so d and H must be 0 (i.e. is symplectic). We again get two complexes 1. (C ( L )dL ) (C ( T C), d) is trivial, and H k (L) HdR (M ). However, one does have a = = k nontrivial Gerstenhaber structure (C ( L ), dL , [, ] ), and one has an equivalence between (L, L) and (T C, (i)1 ) (the Lie bialgebroid of a complex Poisson structure). 2. The ends of the complex (U k , ) can be simply exhibited as KL = ei , KL = ei . The next term can be computed via U n+1 = (X iX)ei = i(x) ei i(x) ei = ei 1 The higher terms are more complicated: given general invertible , the transformation e e T T sends T (i.e. 1 e ) and T (i.e. n e ). Thus, we nd that U k = ei e
1 2i 1 2
(47) on
nk
(48)
Letting L, denore the maps , = 1 , we obtain the expression U k = eiL e 2i nk . i 1 These maps arise via the decomposition of J as + . Setting 0 0 1 0 1 0 H = [L, ] = = (49) 0 1 0 0 0 1 we nd that [H, L] = 2L and [H, ] = 2. These are precisely the sl2 R commutator relations, giving us associated actions on the symplectic manifold. In particular, H acts as H = 1 tr(id) (id ) = sum(n k)k 2 (50)
where k : k is the projection. Via our decomposition of J, we nd that dJ = [d, L + ] = [d, ] = is a degree 1 operator with 2 = 0 (called the symplectic adjoint of d) and = d i : U k U k1 . Using an analogous d (or ) lemma for symplectic manifolds, we nd that any cohomology class HdR has a -closed representation (since = d and d( ) = 0, implying that ( d) = 0). Thus, setting = , we nd that [d, J]alpha = 0 [d, ] = 0 = d( ) = 0. These statements combine to give an action of (L, ) on cohomology, i.e. an sl2 R action on H (M ). Furthermore, Lnk : H k H 2nk is an isomorphism, implying an equivalence between the d-lemma and the Lefshetz properlty (see Cavalcanti thesis for ).
37
12.2
Intermediate Cases
JJ = J J , J = 1 (51)
We have studied
What about the intermediate cases? intermediate types and spinors

Poisson structure
Local form Examples of type jumping by deformation interpolation Given a complex bundle T E T , let J E with JT = T . Then T E is a complex subspace, and E/T = T obtains an almost complex structure J which is integrable. Furthermore, (J)(X) = J, X = , Jx = (Jx) = J (X) i.e. J|T = J . 12.2.1 Complex and Symplectic Decompositions (52)
Let S : T E be any splitting, i.e. s = id|T . Then we can produce a complex splitting by averaging 1 (S JsJ) = S 2 Note. (JsJ)(X) = (J(s(JX))) = J 2 X = X, so JxJ is a splitting. J Observe that, in splitting S : E T T , we obtain J = . J Problem. Write J is a non-complex splitting using S. Hint: what is the dierence between the splittings S and JSJ? Finally, assume that JT T = {0}. Then E = T JT and, in this splitting, 1 J= where (X, Y ) = JxX, xY . 12.2.2 General case (53)
(54)
In general, T + JT is a complex subspace of E, as is T J T T + JT E.

Denition 21. = (T + JT ) = JT .
Note that
Ann = (T + JT ) T = T JT T = T JT

(55)
is complex, and T +JT J has symplectic structure. Also, E/(T + JT ) = T / has a complex Ann = structure, with complex dimension k (called the type). 38
Theorem 8. M is generally foliated by symplectic leaves with transverse complex structure.

Lemma 5. JT is Dirac.
Proof. Observe rst that the +i eigenspace is closed, i.e.
z iJz = [x iJx, y iJy] = [x, y] [Jx, Jy] i([x, Jy] + [Jx, y]) [x, Jy] + [Jx, y] = J[x, y] J[Jx, Jy] [Jx, Jy] = [x, y] + J([x, Jy] + [Jx, y]) Thus, [J, J] = [, ] + J([, J] + [J, ]) = J (note that = 0 = T ). Problem. Show that NJ (x, y) = [Jx, Jy] J[x, Jy] J[Jx, y] [x, y] is tensorial and express it in terms of T, T . Problem. eJ T is Dirac . Hint: eJ T = ((cos 1) + (sin )J)(T ) = (1 + tan J)T , and (57) [ + tJ, + tJ] = t([, J] + [J, ]) + t2 J([, J] + [J, ]) = (1 + tJ)(t([, J] + [J, ])) 3 H. Lemma 6. For small , eJ T is a twisted Poisson structure in a splitting satisfying [, ] =
d Taking the derivative d (eJ T ) at = 0, we obtain a tangent vector to Dir(T T ) at T : this is a skew 2 d map T T , i.e. an element C ( T ) s.t. [, ] = 3 H = [, ] = 0. Thus, d (eJ T ) = , and : T J is a Poisson structure, and we can split A J= (58) A
(56)
The proof of the theorem follows from the following two observations: 1. = Im () is the image of a Poisson structure and thus a generalized distribution. 2. The symplectic structure on agrees with , i.e. for , , 1 (, ) = J, = (, ). 12.2.3 Weinstein Splitting
Now, assume that the foliation is of locally constant rank near p M . Theorem 9 (Weinstein Splitting). For any p (M, ) Poisson, there exist coordinates (q1 , . . . , qr , p1 , . . . , pr , y1 , . . . , y ) s.t. = with (0) = 0.
Note. When = 0, this is the Darboux theorem.
r + (y) qi pi i,j=1 yi yj i=1
(59)
When the rank at p is locally constant, = 0 in a neighborhood of p. (Lies Theorem) If the rank is locally constant, then J induces a complex structure J on y1 , , y2k which is integrable since (x, y) = (x, y). Moreover, it is independent of the {pi , qi }, as [Jdpi , Jdyj ] = J(d{pi , yj }) = 0 and similarly for q. This gives us a local coordinate system R2(nk) Ck . 39 (60)
12.2.4
Examples of type jumping J Given a complex structure JJ =
J
2
and spaces
2 2 T1,0 (T1,0 T0,1 ) T0,1
L = T0,1 T1,0 ,
L =
(61)
2 we can examine deformations L s.t. d + 1 [, ] = 0. 2 2 Example. For T1,0 , 2 3 1 T1,0 T0,1 T1,0 + [, ] = 0 = = 0, [, ] = 0 2 i.e. is a holomorphic Poisson structure. By construction, 1 1 L L = 1 + +
(62)
(63)
Letting P = + , we obtain a transformation JJ ep JeP , 1 P J 1 P 1 P J JP J = = 1 1 1 0 J 0 J
JP P J J
PJ
2Q J (64)
for Q = i( ). Thus, the type is given by n rkQ. 2 Example. On CP 2 , T1,0 = O(3), and H 0 (O(3)).
12.3
Spinorial Description
Recall that J determines as is determined by the +i-eigenbundle L. Set pi : L T C to be the map (L) = E T C. Since L = L(E, ), kL = e , i.e. kL is generated by products = eB+i 1 k when 1 , . . . , k = Ann E. Note. However, 1. Let T be real: then = + L L = J = i( + ) and () + () = 0 = (J) = i( ) = 2i() = 2i(). Therefore E E = C, with Ann = , and k is the type of J. 2. f is nondegenerate on , as , = 0 eB+i , eBi = 0 e2i , = 0 nk = 0. Problem. Show that 1 = | . Given coordinates (x1 , . . . , xnk , p1 , . . . , pnk , z1 , . . . , zk ) for R0 Ck , 0 = | , J has a general spinor B+i =e dz1 dzk around each regular point. Here, we are xing the splitting so that H = 0. Now, d = = (X + ) = d(B + i) : by degree considerations, iX = 0 and iX (B + i) + = 0, so d = 0 and d(B + i) = 0, giving us -integrability.
2(nk)
40
Theorem 10. = eB
+i0
with B closed, i.e. J is equivalent to R0
2(nk)
Ck .
Proof. The general strategy is to transfer to some eB+i and use the freedom available to make B closed. 2(nk) Ck , we have a decomposition d = df + + . Set A = B + i: then A Using the splitting on R0 breaks up into a triangle 200 A A110 A101 (65) 020 011 002 A A A which acts eectively via exponentiation on 0k0 . Note that, via averaging, we have i 0 = | = 2 (A200 A200 ). Our goal is to modify the triangle (A110 , A020 , A011 ) so that A101 , A002 enter only in the real part of A. To this end, let C 011 be any real form, and set A = A200 + (A101 + A101 ) + (A002 + A002 ) + C 011 1 200 1 200 ) + A101 + A101 + A002 + A002 + C 011 + (A200 + A200 ) = B + i = (A + A 0 2 2 The condition that dA = 0 gives four constraints on the Aijk : (a)df A200 = 0 (b)A200 + df A101 = 0 (c)A101 + df A002 0 (d)A002 = 0 The desire for B to be closed requires (dB )012 = (dB )111 = 0, which gives the following two constraints: A002 + C = 0 A101 + df C + A101 = 0 We obtain the desired C via the Dolbeault lemma. For the rst constraint, note that (d) = A002 = 001 . Thus (1) C + = 0 (C ) = 0 (C ) = 0 C = C = + + i for a real function. For the second constraint, note that (c) is true 0 = A101 + df A002 = (A101 df ) = A101 = df + 100 for a 100-form. This implies that (2) (df + ) + (df + ) + df ( + + i) = 0 ( ) = idf Moreover, (b) is true A200 + df A101 = 0 df = A200 . Thus, df ( ) = (A200 A200 ) = 0, so we can choose the desired . Corollary 6. A GCS on an exact Courant algebroid is locally equivalent, near a regular point, to 2(nk) R0 Ck . (70) (69) (68) (67)
(66)
41
12.3.1
More Examples of Type Jumping
Recall that we say type jumping via the operator e+ JJ e(+) . We can see this behavior more explicitly using forms. Recall that a complex structure on C2 a representation by a spinor = dz1 dz2 . Let 2 H 0 ( T ) be a holomorphic section, e.g. = z1 1 2 (obviously holomorphic). Then e = e+ = dz1 dz2 + iz1 1 2 dz1 dz2 = z1 + dz1 dz2 At z1 = 0, this gives the complex structure dz1 dz2 . Outside z1 = 0, we have z1 (1 + +dz where B + i = dz1z1 2 . 12.3.2 Interpolation
dz1 +dz2 ) z1
(71) eB+i ,
Suppose (g, I, J) is a Hyperk ahler structure, i.e. (I, g), (J, g) are K ahler and IJ = JI. Then (K = IJ, g)
is another integrable K ahler structure, and one obtains a family of complex structures
{aI + bJ + cK|a2 + b2 + c2 = 1} parameterized by S 2 , all of which are K ahler w.r.t. g.
Remark. This places a strong constraint on g (reduction of holonomy, Ricci-at metric, i.e. Einstein) but
does not imply that the Riemann curvature is 0. The only known compact examples known are
K3 surface Flat T 4 Hilbn (K3) Hilbn (T 4 ) Two examples in dimensions 12 and 20 (OGrady). Setting J I = gJ, K = gK, one obtains wJ I = gJI = gIJ = I gJ = I J Moreover, considering the GCSs I JI = , JJ = I J one obtains the relations JI JJ = I J
1 IJ
(72)
1 J
, JK =
1 k
(73)
J I
1 J I
= JJ JI (74)
Similarly, JI JK = JK JI and JJ JK = JK JJ , whereas JI JI = JI JI . Thus, (aJI + bJK + cJJ )2 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ), giving a 2-sphere of GCSs interpolating I J . Problem. Show that the intermediate structures are all B-eld transforms of symplectic forms. Note. On CP 2 , for the complex case JJ , K = n , so K = (3) and c1 (K) = 3. For J , on the other hand, K = ei and c1 (K) = 0. So we see that we can never interpolate complex to symmetric. In fact, for any even general complex structure, KJ
ev
T C =
(75)
0 there is a canonical projection s : KJ = C ( i.e. s C (KJ )) which vanishes when type jumps o of zero. Hence, we see that for a generic GCS in four dimensions, the type change locus is PD to c1 (K). 42
Example. In dimension 4, one has types {0, 1, 2}, so an odd GCS corresponds to a four-manifold foliated by 2-d symplectic leaves and transverse complex structure, e.g. J or a symplectec surface bundle over a complex Riemann surface. Example. In dimension 6, one has types {0, 1, 2, 3}, and one can construct an odd GCS by deforming the complex structure by a holomorphic Poisson structure (here, the Poisson condition is nontrivial). 0-2 structures? Problem. Construct an interesting even GCS on a compact 6-manifold. We now consider examples on Hyperk ahler manifolds. Recall that, for a K ahler manifold one has maps T J
g
(76)
s.t. J, are integrable, g = J, and g = g J = J. Thus, J 1 0 J 1 G = JJ J = = J J 0 1 1 g J = = = J JJ g J
(77)
is a generalized Riemannian metric. The integrability condition can be rephrased as I = 0 or = 0. As above, for a Hyperk ahler manifold, we have almost complex structures (I, J, K) which are K ahler w.r.t. g and satisfy quaternion relations, thereby giving us a 2-sphere of complex structures {aI + bJ + cK}. This gives us an integrable complex structure which is K ahler w.r.t. g for {(a, b, c) S 2 }. Now, the relations I = 0, J = 0, K = 0 reduce the holonomy of our manifold: the rst reduces it U (n), while the second reduces it to the quaternionic unitary group U (n)I U (n)J = Sp(n). This is modeled as follows: set (V, I) to be a complex vector space, with dual V and anti-complex space V R = with action i x = ix. Then, in the category of vector spaces with C-linear maps, one has a diagram V J
h
V Q
(78)
with Q a complex symplectic form and h = g + ig(J, ) the induced hermitian metric. Note that J is anti-linear, in the sense that Ji = iJ = JI iIJ. One thus nds that the holonomy reduction forces the Ricci ow to be trivial, though the whole Riemann tensor need not vanish. Finally, recall that the only known compact examples are the K3 and T 4 surfaces, the Hilbert schemes of both, and the two examples of OGrady in dimensions 12 and 20. Except for the T 4 and Hilbn (T 4 ), the metrics on these manifolds are not explicit, as they rely on Yaus existence theorem of Ricci at metrics on K ahler manifolds with holomorphic trivial canonical bundle (Q Q = 0). 12.3.3 Intermediate Types
As earlier, given a Hyperk ahler structure (g, I, J, K = IJ) and setting I = gI, J = gJ, K = gK, we have an S 2 -parameterized family of structures aJI + bJJ + cJK . Moreover, observe that JI JJ = JJ JI , so 1 aI bJ J = aJI + bJJ = (79) bJ aI 43
1 is generalized almost-complex for a2 + b2 = 1. It has Poisson structure bJ = 1 , so J could be a B-eld transform 1 1 1 1 B 1 = (80) B 1 B 1 + B 1 B B 1 1 of J 1 J . This holds if bJ B = aI, i.e. B = a wJ I = a K . b b b
Problem. Check that a 2 1 1 a2 1 J + bK J K = J = bJ b b b2 Thus, we nd that J = e b k J 1 J e b K is integrable. b In another direction, a small deformation of JI by a holomorphic Poisson structure is a B-symplectic structure, e.g. take = (J + iK )1 , = 0, [, ] = 0. Problem. Show that J + iK is a holomorphic, nondegenerate (2, 0)-form and therefore = (J + iK )1 is a holomorphic, Poisson, nowhere-vanishing bivector eld. Thus, the -transform is of symplectic type: determine it explicitly. 12.3.4 Generalized K ahler Geometry
a a
(81)
Starting with (I, I ) in a Hyperk ahler manifold, one can do an innitesimal deformation by a bivector 1 tJ (the real part of the holomorphic Poisson structure (J + iK )1 ). (...) Thus, the generalized K ahler structure (JA , JB ) induces a Z Z-grading on complex dieretial forms S C = U p,q (82) p + q = n mod 2 p+q n and that dH = + + + + + (83)
maps U p,q to U p+1,q+1 U p+1,q+1 U p+1,q1 U p1,q+1 U p1,q1 . Since dH = 1 (), we obtain the 4 Hodge decomposition HH (M, C) = Hp,q (84) Now, recall that the key observation leading to the K ahler identities was |U p,q = ip+q Example. Dene the twisted Betti numbers to be the values bev/od = dim HH (M ), where, if [H] = 0, bev = k b2k , bod = k b2k+1 . Consider the four-dimensional case as given before: then, if the generalized K ahler form is of type (ev, ev), one nds that bod must be even as well, since the action of complex conjugation is reected through U 0,0 . Opposingly, if the generalized K ahler form is of type (od, od), bev must be even. In particular, this implies that on CP 2 , there are no (od, od) generalized K ahler structures (since bev = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3). Now, recall that = (i)p+q satises the identity (()) = : in four dimensions, this implies that () = (1)43/2 = and () = is degrees 0, 1, 4, in degrees 2, 3. Applying this to the (ev, ev) case, we nd that U 0,0 = (0 + 4 )+ + 2 , while U 2,0 + U 0,2 + U 2,0 + U 0,2 = (0 + 4 ) + 2 . Opposingly, + in the (od, od) case, we nd that U 0,0 = (1,3 ) , while U 1,1 U 1,1 = 2 + (0 + 4 )+ and U 1,1 U 1,1 = 2 + (0 + 4 ) . + Finally, if [H] = 0, induces a splitting on H 2 = b2 + b2 . Thus, in the (ev, ev) case, b2 is odd and b1 = b3 + + is even, while in the (od, od) case, both b2 are odd, and just b1 is necessarily even. In particular, for the space CP 2 #CP 2 #CP 2 #CP 2 , one has twisted Betti numbers 1, 0, 4, 0, 1. 44
ev/od
12.4
Introduction to Hermitian Geometry
Let G = JA JB : decomposing E = C+ C into -denite spaces, ones nds that C = Ker (G 1), i.e. 2 P = 1G are the projection operators to C , so that P = P . Recall that, given X T , one has a 2 unique pair of lifts X to C . We previously obtained C = Gr(b g) in an isotropic splitting, so g(X, Y ) = X + , Y + = X , Y (85)
independent of the isotropy choice. Now, since G commutes with JA and JB , the C are complex sub-bundles, with JA = JB on C+ and JA = JB on C . Via the isomorphism : C T , any structure on C can be transported to T . In particular, the complex structure on C gives two almost complex structures J+ , J on T , both of which are g-orthogonal (since JA preserves on C ). That is, we obtain almost-Hermitian structures (g, J+ ), (g, J ) on T . Proposition 7. Choose the unique splitting for E where b = 0, i.e. E = (GT ) T = T T . Then (JA , JB ) can be reconstructed from (g, J+ , J ) as follows: JA is J+ on C+ , J on C JB is J on C+ , J+ on C That is, JA/B = |1 J+ P+ |1 J P C+ C 1 g 1 1 1 1 1 1 J+ 1 0 J 1 0 = g g 1 g g 2 2 1 1 1 J+ J+ g 1 J J g 1 = g g 2
1 Setting = gJ , w = J g 1 , one obtains 1 1 1 J J+ + JA/B = + J+ J 2 1 1 1 J+ J + = + J+ J 2
g 1 1
(86)
(87)
12.4.1
Condition on Types
1 1 1 The above expression implies that A/B = + are real Poisson structures and + = J+ g 1 , with types
1 dim R (Ker A = Ker (J+ J )) 2 1 type(JB ) = dim R (Ker B = Ker (J+ + J )) 2 type(JA ) = Note that ()[J+ , J ] = (J+ + J )(J+ J ) Thus, 1. (J+ J ), (J+ + J ) have linearly independent kernels. 45
(88)
(89)
2. = Ker (J+ J ) Ker (J+ + J ) Ker [J+ , J ] 3. If [J+ , J ]x = 0, then x= x + J+ J x x J + J x + 2 2 (90)
and (J+ + J )(x + J+ J x) = 0. Thus, Ker (J+ + J ) Ker (J+ J ) = Ker [J+ , J ], and type(JA ) + type(JB ) = 1 dim R Ker [J+ , J ]. 2 Corollary 7. type(A) + type(B) n on M 2n . It immediatly follows from this that, since type(A) + type(B) = n everywhere [J+ , J ] = 0, then the pair (type(A), type(B)) is constant on a connected manifold. 12.4.2 Integrability
As above, we have a map with structure actions JA C T J from our decomposed bundle to T . Note that the complexications of these bundles are given by C+ C = L+ L+ , C C = L L (91)
, where L+ = LA LB , L = LA LB . Now, LA , LB are integrable = L are Courant integrable 1,0 = (L ) = T are Lie integrable = J are integrable = (J , g) are both Hermitian. With the chosen splitting, we have
1,0 1,0 L+ = {X + gX : X T+ } = {X i+ X : X T+ }
(92)
L+ is closed under H-Courant

1,0 X, Y T+ , iX iY (H id+ ) = 0
(93)
Similarly,
1,0 1,0 L = {X gX : X T } = {X + i X : X T }
(94)
and L is closed under H-Courant

1,0 X, Y T , iX iY (H + id ) = 0
(95)
We can rewrite this as iX iY (H id ) = 0 iX iY (H i() ) = 0(since iX iY = 0) iX iY (H dc ) = 0 H d c = 0 That is, for a generalized K ahler manifold, we must have H = dc + = dc in order that J is + integrable. Theorem 11. An abstracted dened JA/B on T T , H denes a generalized K aher structure H = dc + = dc . That is, a generalized K ahler structure over a b-eld is a triple (g, J+ , J ) s.t. + dc + = dc . + 46 (96)
13
13.1

Generalized K ahler Geometry
Let (JA , JB ) be a generalized K ahler structure: then G = JA JB is a generalized metric, and taking the decomposition T T = C+ C , C = g gives JA |C+ = JB |C+ , JA |C = JB |C . Thus, we obtain two complex structures J+ , J on T by transport, i.e. J+ X = JA X + and J X = JA X . Since JA is compatible with G, this implies that (J+ , g), (J , g) are almost Hermitian. Further, given the splitting of the Courant algebroid, JA , JB can be reconstructed from (g, J+ , J ) by JA = J+ |C+ + J |C JB = J+ |C+ J |C thus giving the formula JA/B = 13.1.1 Integrability 1 2 J+ J +
1 1 (+ ) (J+ J )
(97)
(98)
As shown earlier, the integrability of (JA , JB ) is equivalent to the Courant involutivity of LA , LB . Specically, note that (T T ) C = LA LA = LB LB = (LA LB ) (LA LB ) (LA LB ) (LA LB ) = L+ L L L+ (99)
Thus, the complex structures on C , and thus on T , are described by the decompositions C+ C = L+ L+ , C C = L L , and the dimensions of the four spaces on the rhs are the same. + Finally, since T1,0 = +i for J+ = L+ (and similarly, T1,0 = L ), we have integrability LA , LB are involutive = L is involutive. The latter impliciation is in fact an i: Proposition 8. L involutive = L+ L , L+ L involutive. Proof. Using the fact that [a, b], c = [[[dH , a], b], c] = a b c dH (100)
for any pure, a, b, c L , we nd that [a, b], c dened a tensor in L . Let a L+ , b L be elements. Then, for any x L+ , [a, b], x = [x, a], b = 0. Similarly, for any x L , [a, b], x = [b, x], a = 0. Thus, [a, b] L+ L . However, as we saw last time,
1,0 1,0 L = {X gX|X T } = {X i X|X T }
(101)
1,0 1,0 and so L are integrable T are integrable and iX iY (H id ) = 0X, Y T . Using the 1,0 integrability of J , we can write the latter expression as iX iY (H i( + ) ) = 0X, Y T . Since is of type 1, 2, it is killed, and c d+ + + dc = 0 iX IY (H dc ) = 0 H dc = 0 (102) dc + = H +
Finally, we obtain the following result. 47
Theorem 12. Generalized K ahler structures on the exact Courant algebroid E M , modulo non-closed B-eld transforms (choice of splitting) are equivalent to bi-Hermitian structures (g, J+ , J ) s.t. dc + + dc = 0, ddc + = 0, and [dc + ] = [E] H 3 (M, R). + + + Remark. This geometry was rst described by Gates, Hull, Roek as the most general geomtry on the c target of a 2-dimensional sigma model constrained to have N = (2, 2) supersymmetry. Note that the special identities giving a (p, q) decomposition of HH (M, C) are a consequence of the special identities required by SUSY. However, they are only clear when viewed in terms of (JA , JB ) rather than J . We can use this theorem to construct several new examples of generalized K ahler and generalized complex structures. Example. Let G be an even-dimensional, compact, semisimple group, and choose an even-dimensional Cartan subalgebra h g C. The root system splits into re roots, giving a decomposition g C = which is closed onder the Lie bracket. Thus, by left or right translating, we get an integrable complex structure on G, and since the root spaces are killing-orthogonal, we have a bi-Hermitian structure (g, JL , JR ), with g the killing form. Now, recall the Cartan 3-form H(X, Y, Z) = g([X, Y ], Z) and notice that A = dc L (X, Y, Z) = dL (JL X, JL Y, JL Z) = L ([JL X, JL Y ], JL Z) + c.p. L = g(JL [JL X, Y ] + JL [X, JL Y ] + [X, Y ], Z) + c.p. = (2g([JL X, JL Y ], Z) + c.p.) 3H(X, Y, Z) = 2A 3H
(103)
Thus, dc L = H; since the right Lie algebra is anti-isomorphic to the left, dc R = H, and (G, g, JL , JR ) L R is a generalized K ahler structure unique w.r.t. Hcartan . Finally, we obtain the generalized complex structures JL JR (L 1 R 1 ) JA/B = (104) L R (JL JR ) on G.
What are their types? Since L = gJL , R = gJR ,
1 1 (L R ) = (JL JR )g 1 JL JR = Rg (Rg1 Lg J JRg1 Lg )Lg1
(105)
Thus, the rank of (JA , JB ) at g is simply (rk[J, Ad g ], rk{J, Ad g }). Problem. Describe the symplectic leaves of (JA , JB ) for G = SU (3). In the simplest case, Q = [J+ , J ]g 1 = 0, so that type A + type B = n = constant types. As earlier, + + since [J+ , J ] = 0, we have a decomposition T C = A B A B, with A = T1,0 T1,0 , B = T1,0 T0,1 . + Note that A, B are integrable since T1,0 , T1,0 are. Also, note that A A = Ker (J+ J ) = Im (J+ + J ) = Im A is integrable, as is B B.
+ Proposition 9. A, B are holomorphic subbundles of T1,0 .
Proof. Dene X 0,1 Z 1,0 = [X, Z]1,0 . For Z C (A), X = XA + XB , [X, Z]1,0 = [X, Z]A + [X, Z]B , with the latter term being zero since [XA , Z] is still in A A and [XB , Z] is in the integrable space A B. Thus, A (and similarly B) give J holomorphic splittings of T M .
48
14
14.1

Generalized K ahler Geometry
J J , J = 1 s.t.
Recall from earlier that a K ahler structure is a pair JJ = g 1 JJ J = J JJ = = G. g
Denition 22. A generalized K ahler structure is a pair (JA , JB ) of generalized complex structures s.t. JA JB = G is a generalized Riemannian metric. The usual example has type (0, n) for JA , JB . In fact, as we will show later type JA + type JB n and n mod 2. Example. 1. Can certainly apply B-eld (eB JA eB , eB JB eB ) and obtain the generalized metric B B e Ge . 2. Going back to hyperk ahler structures, recall that (J + iK )I = g(J + iK)I = gI(J + iK) = I (J + iK ) (106)
1 1 1 1 so 2 (J + ik ) = is a holomorphic (2, 0)-form with n = 0. Note that = 2 (J ik

) satises 1 1 1,0 = 2 (1 iI) = P1,0 , i.e. it is the projection to the (1, 0)-form |T1,0 = |T .
Recall that, for a holomorphic (2, 0)-bivector eld s.t. [, ] = 0, e+ JI e is a generalized complex structure. Thus, we have 1 1 1 1 1 1 I tj I I 1 tJ 1 tJ 1 tJ I tIJ tJ I = = I 1 1 1 0 I I 1 I 2tKg 1 I 2tK = = I I (107) Now, note that 1 1 tJ 1 I
1 I
1 1 tJ 1
= = =
1 tJ I I 1 tJ I I
1 I
1 1 tJ 1
(108)
tK I
1 1 1 I t2 J I J 1 tI J 1 (1 + t2 )I tK I
1 t2 J 1
1t2
+ tJK tK I
1 (1 + t2 )I tK
By a previous calculation, this is integrable, and JA = generalized K ahler structure of type (0, 0).
1 2tK I
is a
, JB =
Problem. Let (J, ) be a K ahler structure, a holomorphic Poisson structure. For Q = + , when is etQ J etQ integrable for small t?
49
What is the analog of the Hodge decomposition H k (M, C) = p+q=k H p,q (M ) for generalized K ahler manifolds. The key element of this decomposition in the case of ordinary K ahler structures is to show that d = = , where d = dd + d d = (d + d )2 , and d is the adjoint of d in an appropriate metric dene on forms. The equality of the above decomposition then follows from Hodge theory (that every cohomology class has a unique harmonic representative).
14.2
Hodge Theory on Generalized K ahler Manifolds
Recall the Born-Infeld volume: letting (ai ) be an orthonormal basis for C+ in Pin(T T ), we have an associated element G O(n, n); letting = (()) denote the generalized Hodge star and , det T the symmetric volume form, the Born-Infeld inner product on S C = (M, C) is (, ) = , (109)
M
This is a Hermitian inner product. Recall also that, if we split T T and G =
g 1
, then
g , = = (, )volg via the usual Hodge inner product. What is the adjoint of dH ? Lemma 7. d, = (1)dim
M
, .
1
Proof. First, note that ((k) ) = (1) 2 k(k1) (k) . then d( ()) = d () + (1)k d() d(( p )) = (1) 2 p(p1) d p = (1) 2 p(p1)+ 2 p(p+1) (d p ) = (d p ) Thus, d( ()) = d, + (1)n , d. Lemma 8. We have the same for H . Corollary 8. On an even-dimensional manifold, Now h(dH , ) = dH , = dH , (ast) = , dH () = , dH () (111)
M
1 1 1
(110)
dH , =
, dH .
so d = dH 1 . As in the classical case, dH + dH is elliptic, as is D2 = dH . By Hodge theory, every H twisted deRham cohomology class has a unique harmonic representative. To perform Hodge decomposition on generalized K ahler manifolds, note that we have two commuting actions on spinors. For JA , we have the maps A : Uk Uk+1 and A : Uk Uk1 , with the associated dierential dH = A + A . Each Uk must decompose as eigenspaces for JB , i.e. we can obtain a set of spaces Ur,s which has the pair of eigenvalues (ir, is) for (JA , JB ). Between these spaces, we have horizontal maps given by LA , LA and vertical maps given by LB , LB , with the associated decompositions
(T T ) C = LA LB LA LB LA LB LA LB dH = + + + + + .
Proposition 10. + = + and = .
(112)
50
Proof. The identity JA JB = G corresponds to the spin decomposition e 2 JA e 2 JB = . Thus, for U p,q , = e 2 JA e 2 JB = ip+q and
+ = (dH 1 ) = (ip+q2 + ipq ) = +
(113)
The other identity follows similarly. Corollary 9. If U p,q is closed (i.e. dH = 0) then it is closed as well. By our above decomposition of dH and the implied decomposition of d , we nd that H 1 1 1 2 (dH + dH ) = + and 2 (dH dH ) = + + + , so that 4 dH = = + . This nally gives us our desired decomposition p,q HH (M, C) = H d (114) H
|p+q|n,p+qn mod 2
15
15.1

Generalized Complex Branes (of rank 1)
In complex geometry, we have special submanifolds, i.e. complex submanifolds : S M s.t. J(T S) T S, i.e. T S T M is a complex subspace (for examplex, points in a manifold, or algebraic subvarieties). In symplectic geometry, there are several kinds of special submanifolds: isotropic (T S T S ), coisotropic (T S T S), and Lagrangian (T S = T S = 0). Example. 1. If f : (M, ) (M, ) is a dieomorphism with f = (i.e. a symplectomorphism), then : f M M satises (1 2 ) = 0, i.e. f is Lagrangian. 2. For any manfold M , T M is symplectic, with = dpi dxi , for {xi } a coordinate chart on M and {pi } coordinates for the 1-form. Then the bers (xi = 0) are Lagrangian, as are the zero sections (pi = 0). Aimilarly, the graph of any 1-form = i dxi 1 (M ) is Lagrangian f = di dxi = 0 d = 0. Lagrangians and complex submanifolds are important in physics since they are the D-branes in A- and B-models. However, for a generalized complex manifold, we dont yet have such a good notion of subobject. Now, associated to any submanifold S M , we can form 0 TS TM NS 0 and hence 0 N S T M T S 0 (116) (115)
where N S = { T M |(T S) = 0} is the conormal bundle. Therefore, we have a natural maximal isotropic subbundle T S N S T M T M . If there is ambient ux, i.e. (M, H), then as we dened before, (f : S M, F 2 (S)) gives us a topological brane when f H = dF . In this case, we similarly have S,F = f F T M T M s.t. f F = {f v + T S T M |v + f F } This gives us an exact sequence 0 N S S,F T S 0 , and we call it a generalized complex brane when JS,F S,F . 51 (118) (117)
15.1.1
General Properties of Generalized Complex Branes
(f : S (M, H), F 2 (S)) has generalized pullback map eF f : (M ) eF f (S) s.t. deF f = dF eF f + eF f d = eF f (d + H ) = eF f dH
Thus, we obtain a map on cohomology HH (M, R) HH (S, R).
Let be the pure spinor line in T M |
dening M,S Then = eF det (N ) and J S implies that
(119)
0 = (Jx) = [J, x] = J(x ) + x J

x Thus, J = (ik): since is real, k = 0, and U 0 .
(120)
Gerbe interpretation: for G = (Lij , mij , ijk ) a gerbe, (ij , Bi ) a connection, if we can nd (Li , i )
on S s.t. F (i ) F (j ) = F (ij ), then F (i ) Bi = F is the gloabl 2-form on S we described.
Action by B-elds: eB T T , (S, F + B). Example. Examples of generalized complex branes: 1. Complex Case: f : (S, F ) (M, J)(H = 0). Then S,F = {v + T S T M |iV F = f } JS,F = S,F J(T S) T S and J F v = F Jv S is a complex submanifold and F has type (1, 1) (121) Thus, we interpret F = F () as the curvature of a unitary connection on a holomorphic line bundle
L, giving us the complex brane (S, L, ).
2. Symplectic Case: For H = 0, F = 0, we have 1 TS TS J = = (T S) = N S and 1 (N S) = T S T S T S and T S T S N S N S (122) i.e. i S is Lagrangian. For F = 0, things are more interesting. Choose locally an extension of F to
2 (M ). Then J xes S,F eF J eF xed S,0
1 F 1 TS TS = (123) + F 1 F F 1 N S N S That is, we must have 1 N S T S, i.e. S is coisotropic F (T S ) N S, i.e. F vanishes on the characteristic foliation C, i.e. locally
F = {, : S S/C.
1 F T S s.t. ( + F 1 F )T S N S), i.e. on T S/T S , (1 + 1 F 1 F ) = 0, i.e.
( 1 F )2 = 1. Thus, T S/T S inherits a complex structure.
Note that F + i denes a form of type (2, 0) on T S/T S w.r.t. I = 1 F since I (F + i) = F 1 (F + i) = + iF = i(F + i) = (F + i)I (124)
and F + i is closed. Thus, F + i denes a holomorphic symplectic structure on SC, which therefore
must be 4k-dimensional. This is precisely the geometry discovered by Kapustin and Orlov as the
most general rank 1 A-brane in a symplectic manifold.
52
Example. Let (g, I, J) be a hyper-K ahler manifold, and consider the complex structure I . Example. If S = M , then the conditions are ( 1 F )2 = 1, i.e. F + i is a holomorphic symplectic 1 structure. For example, (M, g, I, J) hyperk ahler with = k , F = J , 1 F = J k = (gJ)1 gk = I. This is an example of a space-lling rank 1 A-brane used by Kapustin-Witten in their study of the geometric Langlands program. 15.1.2 Branes for Other Generalized Complex Manifolds Consider a complex structure I, deformed by a holomorphic bivector : Q = + , J = generalized complex strucutre, e.g. CP 2 . 0-Branes: Before deformation, all the points were branes. Now, only the points on = 0 are. 2-Branes: Branes must be complex curves where = 0 or ( + i)-Langrangian where = 0. That is, = 0 is a brane, as is any curve on which + i = 1 vanishes. In particular, any previous complex curve is still a brane.
2 Problem. Are there 2-branes in CP which are not complex curves in CP 2 ? What are the space-lling 2 branes on CP ?
Q I
is a
16
16.1
Lecture 21-23 (Notes: K. Venkatram)

Linear Algebra
We dene a category H whose objects are pairs (E, g) (sometimes denoted E for brevity), where E is a nite dimensional vector space /R and g is a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form on E with signature 0, and whose morphisms are maximal isotropies L E F . Here, E E = (E, g) is the natural involution, and E F = (E F, gE + gF ) is the natural product structure. Composition is done by composition of relations, i.e. E L F M G, M L = {(e, g) E G|f F s.t.(e, f ) L, (f, g) M }. Proposition 11. M L is a morphism in H. Proof. L : L M E F F G = W is maximally isotropic. C = E F G, where F = {(f, f )|f F }, is coisotropic, i.e. C = F C. Thus, we get an induced bilinear form on C /C = E G. C L + C is maximaly isotropic in W , so (C L + C ) = (C + L ) C = C + L C Thus, C L + C /C = M L C/C = E G is maximally isotropic. Remark. This cateogory is the symmetric version of the Weinsteins symplectic category where Ob() = (E, ) and morphisms are given by Lagrangians. Thus, is the the odd version or parity reversal of . A particular case of a morphism E F is the graph of an orthogonal morphism. Problem. Show that L : E F is epi F (L) = F , mono E (L) = E, and iso L is orthogonal iso E F. So for dim E = 2n, O(n, n) Hom(E, E) are isos. But Hom(E, E) O(2n) as a space since we can choose = a positive denite C+ and then any L O(2n). This implies that Hom(E, E) is a monoid compactifying the group O(E). 53 (125)
16.1.1
Doubling Functor
Now, there is a nature Double functor D : Vect H which maps V V V and {f : V M } {Df = {(v + F , f v + ) V V W W |v V, W }}. Note that Df DV DW and dim Df = dim V + dim W . (v + f , f v + ), (v + f , f v + ) = f (v) + (f v) = 0 Problem. Prove that D is a functor, i.e. D(f g) = Df Dg. Note that H has a duality functor L Hom(E, F ) = L Hom(F, E), where L = {(f, e)|(e, f ) L}. Problem. Show that D(f ) = (Df ) . Problem. Prove that D preserves epis and monos. 16.1.2 Maps Induced by Morphisms (126)
A morphism L Hom(E, F ) induces maps L : Hom(X, E) Hom(X, F ) : L . A special case is X = {0}, in which Hom(0, E) = Dir(E), so L Hom(E, F ) induces maps L : Dir(E) Dir(F ) : L . If L is mono or epi, so is L . This recovers the pushforward and pullback of Dirac structures: for f : V W a linear map, Df : DV DW a morphism we obtain maps Df : Dir(V ) Dir(W ) : Df . As observed 2 earlier, any Dirac L V V with V (L) = M V can be written as L(M, B), B M , i.e. L = j B B for j : M V the embedding and a unique B. That is, L = j e M . Example. Given f : V W a linear map, Df DV DW = D(V W ). and Df = ((v, f ), (f v, ) ), hence V W Df = V W is onto. Therefore, Df = eB (V W ), and in fact 2 B =f VW (V W ) . 16.1.3 Factorization of Morphisms L : DV D(W )
Let L Hom(DV, DW ), L DV DW D(V W ). Then L = j eF M , for M = V W L V W . Let = : M V, : M W be the natural projections. Theorem 13. L = D eF D . Proof. (Exercise) Corollary 10. L is an isomorphism , are surjective and F determines a nondegenerate pairing Ker Ker R. 2 Therefore, an orthogonal map V V W W can be viewed as a subspace M V W, F M .
16.2
T -duality
The basic idea of T -duality is as follows: let S 1 P B be a principal S 1 bundle, i.e. a spacetime with 1 geometry, with an invariant 3-form ux H 3 (P )S and an integral [H] H 3 (P, Z), i.e. coming from a cl gerbe with connection. Then we are going to produce a new dual spacetime with isomorphic quantized eld theory (in this case, a sigma model). Specically, let P be a new S 1 -bundle over B so that ) = (H) H 2 (B, Z), and choose H H 3 (P , Z) s.t. H = c1 (P ). More specically, choose a c1 (P 1 connection (P ) (i.e. L = 0, i = 1/2) so d = F 2 (B) is integral and [F ] = c1 (P ). Then H = F + h for some F 2 (B) integral and H 3 (B). Now, [F ] H 2 (B, Z) denes a new principal 1 . Choose a connection on P so that d = F . Then dene H = F + h, so tat H = F and S -bundle P H = F. 54
Example. Let S 1 S 2 S 2 be the trivial S 1 -bundle, with H = v1 v2 . Then v2 = S 1 H = c1 (S 3 S 2 ), so the T -dual is the pair S 3 , 0. Our original space has trivial topology and nontrivial ux, while the new space has nontrivial topology and trivial ux. Remark. In physics, T -dual spaces have the same quantum physics, hence the same D-branes and twisted K-theory.
Theorem 14 (BHM). We have an isomorphism KH (P ) KH (P ). = +1
Next, let P B P = {(p, p)|(p) = ()} P P be the correspondence space, , the two projections. p Then H H = F F = d( ). Denition 23. A T -duality between S 1 -bundles (P, H) and (P , H) over B is a 2-form 2 )S 1 S 1 s.t. H H = dF and F deterines a nondegenerate pairing F (P B P Ker Ker R. In fact, T -duality can be expressed, therefore, as an orthogonal isomorphism
(Tp Tp , H)/S 1 L(P B P ,F ) (TP TP , H )/S 1
(127)
though of as bundles over B (or just S 1 -invariant sections on P, P ). This map sends H-twisted bracket to H -twisted bracket, via 1 1 (P )S () = eF = eF (P )S (128)
S1
Since d(eF ) = eF (d + (H H )), we nd that dH (eF ) = eF dH and (dH ) = dH () as desired. Overall, a T -duality F : (P, H) (P , H ) implies an isomorphism (Tp Tp , H)/S 1 L(P B P ,F ) (TP TP , H )/S 1 as Courant algebroid, and thus any S 1 -invariant generalized structure may be transported from (P, H) to (P , H). Example.
1. TP (Tp Tp , H) is a Dirac structure = T -dual is
( + ) = = T B + = Ann for =
+1 2. The induced map on twisted cohomology HH (P ) HH (P ) is an isomorphism.
(129)
3. Where does take the subspace C+ = g+b T T ? In T P = T B 1, decompose

g = g0 + g1 + g2 , b = b1 + b2 for gi , bi basic. Then
C+ = g+b = x + f + (ix g2 + f g1 + ix b2 f b1 ) + (g1 (x) + f g0 + b1 (x)) which is mapped via to g+ = x + (g1 (x) + f g0 + b1 (x)) + (ix g1 + f g1 + ix b2 f b1 ) + f b where g= = b
1 b1 g0 g0 + g2 g1 g1 b1 g0 + b2 + g 0
(130)
(131)
1 g0 (b1
b1 g1 g1 )
(132)
These are called Buscher rules. 4. Elliptic Curves:
55

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18.

969: Topics in Geometry

4 Lecture 4 (Notes: J. Pascale ) 11

6 Lecture 6 (Notes: Y. Lekili) 19

9 Lecture 9 (Notes: K. Venkatram) 27

13 Lecture 18 (Notes: K. Venkatram) 47

Lecture 1 (Notes: K. Venkatram)

, where Flt Di(M ) is the ow of the vector X

Denition 1. The exterior derivative is the mapping k k+1 d:C T C T p (X0 , . . . , Xk )

Since [, ] satises the Jacobi identity, d2 = 0, i.e. k1 k k+1 d d C T C T C T

[P, Q R] = [P, Q] R + (1)(deg

Denition 5. An symplectic structure on M is a closed, non-degenerate two-form : T

Lecture 2 (Notes: A. Rita)

Lecture 3 (Notes: J. Bernstein)

Forms on a Complex Manifold

Problem. Find explicitly the E operator on E = T1,0

Lecture 4 (Notes: J. Pascale )

The condition that Q + Q = 0 means now Q = D B A = Q,

Linear Dirac structures

A subspace L V V is called isotropic if

Lecture 5 (Notes: C. Kottke)

We have a natural action of V V on

Then (X + )2 = iX (iX + ) + (iX + ) = (iX ) iX + iX = X + , X +

(e1 e1 ) (en en )(e1 + e1 ) (en + en ). 0 V acted

The Spin Group

The spin group Spin(V V ) CL(V V ) is dened by

so that, as a GL+ (V ) representation, S V (detV )1/2 . =

A Bilinear Pairing on Spinors

V and consider the reversal map : V V where

What is the signature of (, ) when symmetric?

Let dim V = 4, and = 0 + 2 + 4 = 0. Show that is pure i 20 4 = 2 2 .

Lecture 6 (Notes: Y. Lekili)

Generalized Hodge star

Spinors for T M T M and the Courant algebroid

On a manifold M , T = T M , T = T M . T T is a bundle with , structure O(n, n). S = T .

[a, b], b = [X,Y ] + Y (LX Y d) = LX Y = 1 LX b, b = ab, b 2

Usually written : ab, c = [a, b], c + b, [a, c].

Lecture 7 (Notes: N. Rosenblyum)

Recall that a Courant algebroid is given by the diagram of bundles E

1. The inclusion T E is automatically isotropic because for , T , , = ( ) = 0

Severas Classication of Exact Courant Algebroids

We can choose an isotropic splitting 0 T

Lecture 8 (Notes: J. Bernstein)

So far we understand the exact Courant Algebroids

Geometry of Lie Groups

Lecture 9 (Notes: K. Venkatram)

2. Show j R = L . 3. Show dR 1 [R , R ] = 0. 2 4. Show R (aL )|g = Ad g aa g, g G.

Bilinar forms on groups

So, m H p H p H = d , where = Tr(dhh1 g 1 dg) = B(p L , p R ) 2 (G G).

Tgxg1 G where adg = Lg Rg1 . Thus, we nd that

adg Ax ad1 = Lg Rg1 Rx Lx1 Rg Lg1 = Lg1 x1 g Rgxg1 = Agxg1 g

Lecture 10 (Notes: K. Venkatram)

Manifolds with Courant Structure

Let (M, HM ), (N, HN ) be manifolds equipped with H 3 )cl-structure.

= (Rh (Lg Rg ) + Lg (Lh Rh ))x = (x)gh

Lecture 11(Notes: K. Venkatram)

Lie Bialgebroids and deformations

Lecture 12-17(Notes: K. Venkatram)

3. Any conjugation AJA1 , A O(2n, 2n), e.g. eJe1 , 1 J 1 1 J 0 J 0 = = B 1 J B 1 B 1 J B J J B + BJ J 1 1 B 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 = = B 1 B 1 B 1 0 1 1 + B B B (31)

Lemma 3. O(n.n) O(n) O(n).

Lemma 4. U (n, n) U (n) U (n)

Finally, we obtain actions of H (L), H (L) on H (M ), H (M ) respectively via

(x ) = (dL x) + (1)x x , x Problem. Show the above statement.

J and choose (41)