Modul 3 Sistem Transmisi

TE-09-1313 2 sks Tim Bidang Studi Telekomunikasi Multimedia

(Achmad Ansori, Devy Kuswidiastuti, Gatot Kusrahardjo, M Aries Purnomo)

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The use of the decibel and of relative levels in speechband telecommunications

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In transmission engineering, most often it would be rather impractical to characterize the magnitude of signals directly by a numerical value in volts or watts. Instead, a logarithmic measure is used, expressed in "dB", to characterize the signal magnitude in relation to some chosen reference value. Designations commonly used are "power level difference", "voltage level difference", etc., all expressed in "dB". A level difference from a standard situation is described simply as "level".

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Fundamentals about dB Alexander Graham Bell The bel (symbol B) expresses the ratio of two powers by the decimal logarithm of this ratio. This unit is not often used, having been replaced by the decibel (symbol dB) which is one-tenth of a bel.

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Bel
Unit dari ukuran perubahan daya Bel = Log (P1/P2) P1 dan P2 dalam satuan yang sama ( Watt, mWat, kWatt )

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Daya, Tegangan dan Arus

Daya = Tegangan x Arus Satuan :
Daya : Watt , Tegangan : Volt , Arus : Ampere (Amp)

P=VxI V=IxR
dimana R : tahanan, Ohm (;)

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Bel dan Perubahan Tegangan

P = V x I = V/R , dimana V : tegangan (Volt),
I : arus (Amp), R : tahanan (Ohm, ;)

Bel = Log P1/P2 = Log (V1/R1) / (V2/R2) = Log (V1/V2).(R2/R1) = Log (V1/V2) + Log(R2/R1) = 2 Log(V1/V2) + Log(R2/R1) Bel = 2 Log (V1/V2), jika R1 = R2

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Bel dan Perubahan Arus

P = V/R = (I x R)/R = I/R Bel = Log P1/P2 = Log(I1/R1)/(I2/R2) = Log(I1/I2)(R1/R2) = Log(I1/I2) + Log(R1/R2) Bel = 2 Log I1/I2 + Log R1/R2 Bel = 2 Log I1/I2 , jika R1 = R2

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Ringkasan (1)
Bel = Log P1/P2 Bel = 2 Log V1/V2 , jika R1 = R2 Bel = 2 Log V1/V2 + Log R2/R1 , jika R1 { R2 Bel = 2 Log(V1R2)/V2R1) , jika R1 { R2

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Ringkasan (2)
Bel = 2 Log I1/I2 , jika R1 = R2 Bel = 2 Log I1/I2 + Log R1/R2 , jika R1 { R2 Bel = 2 Log (I1R1)/(I2R2) , jika R1 { R2

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DECIBEL (1)

Unit yang menyatakan ratio Bentuk logaritma dengan dasar 10 Decibel ( dB ) = 10 Log ( power ratio )

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Decibel (2)
Decibel ( dB) = 10 x Bel dB = 10 Log P1/P2 Jika R1 = R2 dB = 20 Log V1/V2 dB = 20 Log I1/I2

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Decibel (3)
Jika R1 { R2 dB = 20 Log V1/V2 + 10 Log R2/R1 dB = 20 Log I1/I2 + 10 Log R1/R2 dB = 20 Log (V1R2)/(V2R1) dB = 20 Log (I1R1)/(I2R2)

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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (1)

dB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 Gain Power Ratio Voltage Ratio 1.00 1.26 1.58 2.00 2.51 3.16 3.98 5.01 6.31 7.94 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00
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1.00 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.58 1.78 2.00 2.24 2.51 2.82 3.16 10.00 31.62 100.00
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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (2)

dB 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 Loss Power Ratio Voltage Ratio 1.0000 0.7943 0.6310 0.5012 0.3981 0.3162 0.2512 0.1995 0.1585 0.1259 0.1000 0.0100 0.0010 0.0001
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1.0000 0.8913 0.7943 0.7079 0.6310 0.5623 0.5012 0.4467 0.3981 0.3548 0.3162 0.1000 0.0316 0.0100
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Power Ratio & Voltage Ratio (3)

dB Ratio 1 2 4 8 10 16 32 64 100 128 256 512 1000 Power 0.00 3.01 6.02 9.03 10.00 12.04 15.05 18.06 20.00 21.07 24.08 27.09 30.00 Voltage 0.00 6.02 12.04 18.06 20.00 24.08 30.10 36.12 40.00 42.14 48.16 54.19 60.00

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Pengembangan Unit dB
dBm = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 mW dBm = 10 Log ( power / 1mW ) dBW = 10 Log ( power ratio ) dg ref. 1 W dBW = 10 Log ( power / 1W ) power output = 20 W = 10 Log (20W/1mW) = 10 Log (20.000mW/1mW) = 43 dBm

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dBm, dBW, Watt & milliWatt

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Voltage & Current Ratio

dB(Voltage) = 20 Log ( ratio voltage ) dB(Current) = 20 Log ( ratio current )

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dBmV
Digunakan pada transmisi video Tegangan ( Voltage ) referensi = 1 mVolt pada beban 75 Ohm dBmV = 20 Log ( tegangan/1 mVolt )

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dBmV

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dBV/m

Pengukuran kuat medan listrik Referensi 1V/m dBV/m = 20 Log (V/m)

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KONSEP SISTEM TRANSMISI Loss & Gain

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attenuation, loss : 1. A decrease between two points of an electric, electromagnetic or acoustic power. 2. The quantitative expression of a power decrease, by the ratio of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to power in a well-defined manner.
NOTE 1 : By extension, the words attenuation or loss may represent the ratio of powers in a given situation and in a reference condition; for example insertion loss. NOTE 2 : Although the term loss is not synonymous in English with attenuation in every context, it is used to express the ratio of two powers in certain specified conditions as for example in insertion loss and return loss equivalent in French to affaiblissement d'insertion and facteur d'adaptation. NOTE 3 : Attenuation is generally expressed in logarithmic units by a positive value. In some cases, attenuation could be used instead of gain, when the logarithmic unit value of a gain is negative.
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Gain : 1. An increase between two points of an electric, electromagnetic, or acoustic power. 2. The quantitative expression of a power increase, by the ratio of the values at two points of a power or of a quantity related to power in a well-defined manner.
NOTE 1 : By extension, the word gain may represent the ratio of powers in a given situation and in a reference condition; for example the gain of an antenna. NOTE 2 : Gain is generally expressed in logarithmic units by a positive or negative value. When a gain has a negative value in logarithmic units, attenuation may be used instead of gain.

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LOSS
1000 Watt 1 Watt

Kabel
Input Output

Loss (dB ) = 10 Log(power ratio) = = 10 Log(output/input) = = 10 Log ( 1 / 1.000 ) = = 10x(-3) = -30 dB

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LOSS
1000 Watt

Kabel
Input Output = ?
Loss = 10 dB = 10 x Power Output = Power Input : Loss = 1.000 Watt : 10 = 100 Watt Power Output = Power Input - Loss = 30 dBW - 10 = 20 dBW

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GAIN (PENGUATAN)
1 Watt 2 Watt

Amplifier
Input Output

Gain (dB ) = 10 Log(power ratio) = = 10 Log(output/input) = = 10 Log ( 2 / 1 ) = 10 x 0,3013 = 3,013 dB = 3 dB

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GAIN (PENGUATAN)
1 Watt

Amplifier
Input Gain = 6 dB = 4 x Power Output = Power Input x Gain Power Input = 1 Watt = 30 dBm Power Output = 1 Watt x 4 = 4 Watt Power Output = 30 + 6 = 36 dBm
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Output =?

Model Sistem Komunikasi Listrik

PowerOutput : 1 mW = 0 dBm Pemancar Loss 10 dB Media Transmisi Power Input : - 10 dBm Penerima

Wire / Kawat / Kabel Wireless / Radio Fiber Optik

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Model Sistem Pemancar

Power Input 27 dBW

Power Output 1 kW = 30 dBW Pemancar

Gain = 10 dB

Loss = 3 dB
Antena

Wire / Kawat /Kabel / Kabel Koaxial

Effective Radiated Power (ERP) : 37 dBW

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effective radiated power (e.r.p.) (in a given direction ) The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half-wave dipole in a given direction. Note : The reference antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW, is considered to radiate an e.r.p. of 1 kW in any direction in the equatorial plane and produces a field strength of 222 mV/m at 1 km distance.

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equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) : The product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain). Note : The isotropic antenna, when fed with a power of 1 kW, is considered to provide an e.i.r.p. of 1 kW in all directions and to produce a field strength of 173 mV/m at 1 km distance.

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Model Sistem Pemancar & Penerima

ERP : 68 dBm Gain 10 dB Loss = 2 dB Pemancar Power Output 1 kW = 60 dBm Power Input = -25 dBm Loss = 100 dB -32 dBm Gain 10 dB Loss = 3 dB Penerima

Wireless / Radio

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Series Network

G 3 dB

L 5 dB

G 3 dB

S
10dBm

N1
13 dBm

N2
8 dBm

N3
11 dBm

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Noise Figure (1)

Spot noise factor, spot noise figure (of a linear two-port network) : Symbol: F( f ), NF The ratio of the exchangeable power spectral density of the noise appearing at a given frequency at the output of a given linear two-port electrical network, to the spectral density which would be present at the output if the only source of noise were the thermal noise due to a one-port electrical network connected to the input and which is assumed to have at all frequencies a noise temperature equal to the reference thermodynamic temperature fixed, by convention, around 290 K.
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Noise Figure (2)

Noise Figure ( NF ) = SNRin - SNRout (dB) NF = 1 ( 0 dB ) Noiseless

SNRin 40 dB

SNRout Network 30 dB

Noise Figure ( NF ) = 40 30 = 10 dB
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Noise Figure (3)

NF = NF1 + (NF2 1)/G1 + (NF3 -1)/G1G2 + . antena NF2=3dB Loss=3dB kabel NF3=16dB G3=60dB Penerima

NF2 = 3 dB = 2 ; Loss = 3 dB = 2 = G2 = 0,5 ; NF3 = 16 dB = 40 ; G3 = 60 dB = 1.000.000 NF = NF2 + (NF3-1)/G2 = 2 + (40-1)/0,5 = 80 = 19 dB Gain = -3 +60 = 57 dB
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Noise Figure (4)

antena NF1=6dB G1=20dB
preamp

NF2=3dB Loss=3dB
kabel

NF3=16dB G3=60dB
Penerima

NF1 = 6 dB = 4 ; G1 = 20 dB = 100 ; NF2 = 3 dB = 2 Loss = 3 dB = 2 = G2 = 0,5 ; NF3 = 16 dB = 40 ; G3 = 60 dB = 1.000.000 NF = 4 + (2-1)/100 + (40-1)/(100).0,5 = 4,79 = 6,8 dB Gain = 20 3 + 60 = 77 dB
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Noise Figure (5)

antena NF1=3dB Loss=3dB NF2=6dB G2=20dB NF3=16dB G3=60dB

preamp Penerima kabel NF1 = 3 dB = 2 ; Loss = 3 dB = 2 = G1 = 0,5 ; NF2 = 6 dB = 4 ; G2 = 20 dB = 100 ; NF3 = 16 dB = 40 ; G3 = 60 dB = 1.000.000 NF = 2 + (4-1)/0,5 + (40-1)/(100).0,5 = 8,78 = 9,4 dB Gain = -3 + 20 +60 = 77 dB
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