Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chng 1: M u..........................................................................................................5
1.1 t vn ...................................................................................................................5
1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu...................................................................................................6
1.3 Ni dung nghin cu..................................................................................................6
1.4 i tng nghin cu.................................................................................................6
1.5 ngha ca ti.......................................................................................................6
Chng 2: Tng Quan.....................................................................................................7
2.1 Tng quan v ngnh sn xut ng........................................................................7
2.1.1 Trn th gii.............................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Nc ta.....................................................................................................................9
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ng......................................................................13
2.2.1 Nguyn liu ma u vo.......................................................................................13
2.2.1.1 Phn loi..............................................................................................................13
2.2.1.2 Thu hach v bo qun ma...............................................................................13
2.2.2 Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma quy m ln hin i .................13
2.2.2.1 S cng ngh..................................................................................................14
2.2.2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................15
2.2.2.2.1 Trch nc ma................................................................................................15
2.2.2.2.2 Lm sch nc ma..........................................................................................16
1
2.2.2.2.3 Lc bn.............................................................................................................19
2.2.2.2.4 Ty mu............................................................................................................19
2.2.2.2.5 Bc hi nc ma.............................................................................................20
2.2.2.2.6 Kt tinh ng.................................................................................................21
2.2.2.2.7 Phng php nu ng.................................................................................23
2.2.2.2.8 Ly tm..............................................................................................................25
2.2.2.2.9 Sy ng.........................................................................................................25
2.2.2.2.10 Vn chuyn v bo qun ng...................................................................26
2.2.3 Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma quy m nh truyn thng.........26
2.2.3.1 S cng ngh ................................................................................................26
2.2.3.1 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.1 p ma..............................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.2 Tinh ch nc ma...........................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.3 Chng ct.........................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.4 Kt tinh ng.................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.5 Phn tch..........................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.6 Chng ct.........................................................................................................28
CHNG 1: M U
1.1 t vn .
Ngnh cng nghip ma ng l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip chim v tr
quan trng trong nn kinh t nc ta.Trong nm 1998, c nc sn xut c
700.000 tn ng, p ng c nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.Trong nhng nm
gn y, do s u t cng ngh v thit b hin i, cc nh my ng khng
ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm.
Tuy nhin nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng lun cha mt lng ln
cc cht hu c bao gm cc hp cht ca cacbon, nit, photpho. Cac chat
nay de b phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat, gay mui thoi
lam o nhiem nguon nc tiep nhan.
Phan ln chat ran l lng co trong nc thai nganh
cong nghiep ma ng dang vo c. Khi thai ra moi
trng t nhien, cac chat nay co kha nang lang va tao
thanh mot lp day ay nguon nc, pha huy he sinh
vat lam thc an cho ca.Lp bun lang nay con cha
cac chat hu c co the lam can kiet oxy trong nc va
tao ra cac lai kh nh H2S, CO2, CH4. Ngoai ra, trong nc thai
con cha mot lng ng kha ln gay o nhiem nguon
nc.
hn ch nhim mi trng do cc nh my sn xut ng gy ra, nhm
xut mt s bin php nhm Kim sot nhim mi trng t hot ng sn
xut ma ngc th nh: ci tin dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut; thay th
nguyn, nhin liu gy nhim nng bng nhng nguyn, nhin liu sch hn; thc
hin sn xut sch hn v qun l ni vi nh my
1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu
Kim sot nhim pht sinh trong ton b quy trnh sn xut ma ng ca nh
my.
a ra gii php khc phc, gim thiu nhim nhm nng cao li
ch kinh t v mi trng.
1.3 Ni dung nghin cu
Tng quan v ngnh cng nghip sn xut ma ng.
Hin trng nhim mi trng do nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn, mi, ting n,
. t qu trnh sn xut ng
p dng sn xut sch hn trong ton b quy trnh sn xut v kim sot cc dng
nhim pht sinh.
1.4 i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l cc loi cht thi pht sinh trong hot ng sn xut
2.1.1
Trn th gii
2.1.2
Nc ta
quanh mc 900.000 tn 1,1 triu tn/nm; trong khi nhu cu khong 1,4 1,5 triu
tn. Loi tr cc khon nhp khu lu qua bin gii, mi nm Vit Nam cn nhp
khu trong hn ngch khong 300.000 tn ng. Vit Nam phi nhp khu ng
gn 30% sn lng tiu th hng nm, trong khi s cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip
ni a cn thp, do vy gi ng trong nc b tc ng ln bi gi ng th gii.
Ngnh cng nghip ma ng trong nc lun trong tnh trng thiu ht nguyn
liu, nguyn nhn:
Vic trng ma l s tha thun gia hai bn: ngi trng ma v cc ch
doanh nghip sn xut ma. Chnh v yu t ny m din tch trng ma khng
c n nh v nng sut ma cha thc s cao. Cha ch ng c ngun
cung ma nguyn liu. Hu ht cc nh my u thu mua ma trong dn m
cha c cc vng trng ring. Do vy, cht lng ma v sn lng u cha
p ng c.
Vng nguyn liu ma lin tc b thu hp, ngi trng ma dn chuyn hng
chn cc cy cho gi tr kinh t cao khc do chi ph trng v thu hoch ma
kh cao, cng vi gi ma bin ng tht thng i khi khng b p
c tin cng thu hoch, to tm l bp bnh cho ngi trng ma . c
nhng v ma ngi trng ma ch bn nh l cho cc c s lm mt, ng
nh l th cng thay v bn cho nh my do gi ma qu r.
so vi nin v trc cho thy. Nng sut ma thp. Nng sut ma trung bnh
trn th gii hin ~70 tn/ha, trong khi , nng sut trung bnh ca Vit Nam
ch t ~58,6 tn/ha (nin v 2010 ang ch t xp x 52 tn/ha) vi cht
lng cn km hn
TN NH MY
CNG
SUT
TN NH MY
(tn ma/
ngy)
CNG
SUT
(tn ma/
ngy)
CAO BNG
700 K LK
1000
TUYN QUANG
700 NINH HA
1250
SN DNG
THI NGUYN - I
LOAN
3000
1000 C TRNG
2500
SN LA
400
2500
VIT TR
350
HO BNH
1000
THANH HO - I LOAN
2000
LAM SN
1500 LA NG
2000
NNG CNG
6000 TR AN
1000
NGH AN ANH
2000
350 NC TRONG
900
SNG CON
SNG LAM
8000
LINH CM
1500 TH TY NINH
2500
QUNG BNH
2500 HIP HA
2000
THA THIN HU - N
1000 LONG AN - N
3500
4500 BN TRE
1000
1000 TR VINH - N
2500
1000 SC TRNG
1000
1250
2800 V THANH
1000
QUNG NAM
QUNG NGI
NAM QUNG NGI
KON TUM
BNH NH
GIA LAI - PHP
NG XUN
TUY HA
SN HA
1000
1000
200
300
EAKNP
12
180
Ngnh ng Vit Nam khng c tnh cnh tranh cao so vi cc nc trong khu
vc v trn th gii, do gi thnh sn xut cao, mt phn l do gi mua nguyn liu
ma cao hn cc nc trong khu vc khong 30%, ng thi dy chuyn sn xut ma
nc ta cha cao so vi cc nc trn th gii. y l mt trong nhng kh khn
ngnh ng phi i mt cnh tranh vi cc nc cng nghip ng pht trin
trong khu vc v trn th gii.
2.2.
2.2.1.
2.2.1.1.
Phn loi
lu Trung Quc.
Do ma l cy cng nghip v chn theo ma v nn cng ngh sn xut ng
saccharose t ma c chia lm hai nhnh l Sn xut ng th v Tinh luyn
ng.
Khi ma chn, cc nh my tp trung ch yu vo p ma, lc s b v kt tinh
thu c ng th. Ngoi cc v ma, cc nh my s ha tan ng th, tinh lc
sn xut ng tinh luyn.
2.2.1.2.
Mt
2.2.2.1.
p ma
S cng ngh.
Kim ha
Ly tm
B
ma
Anion
Gia nhit
Lng
Ha ng
Ca(OH)
Trung ha
Lc bn
C c
Lng
C c
Ty mu
B
bn
Than hot
tnh
Lc
Trao i ION
Lc
Kt tinh
Kt tinh
Ly tm
Mt
r
Sy ng
Ly tm
Sy ng
14
ng
th
ng tinh
luyn
Mt
guyn
hin i)
2.2.2.2.1. Trch nc ma
Mc ch
Nhm ly kit lng ng trong cy ma.Ch tiu quan trng ca cng on ny
l nng sut trch v hiu sut trch (E)
Phng php p
15
16
Phng php vi
Phng php vi s dng sn xut ng phn, ng ct vng. Sn phm thu
Vi ha phn on
Vi ha lnh
Phng php ny cho sa vi vo nc ma, nng pH nc ma t (5,0 - 5,5) ln
(7,0 7,2) ri mi gia nhit ln 1050C nhm gim s chuyn ha ng. Lng vi
cho vo khong 0,5 0,9 kg cho mi tn ma.
Vi ha nng
17
18
pH n 6,0 6,5. Trong iu kin nhit cao v nhn Ca2+ hnh thnh trc,
phn ng to kt ta CaSO3 xy ra nhanh v mnh m.
Nc ma sau khi xng SO2 s c trung ha bng sa vi, nhm to thm keo
ngng kt v thm kt ta CaSO3..
Sn phm lm sch bng phng php sunfit ha kim nh yu cu cht lng
nguyn liu cao hn so vi phng php acid. Tuy nhin, ng t b chuyn ha nn
thu hi cao.
Phng php carbonat ha
Mc ch
Tch loi cc cht kt ta v cc keo ngng t phn tn l lng sinh ra trong giai
on to ta.Cui qu trnh ny, khong 80 85 % nc ma trong c ly ra v 15
20 % nc bn c a vo thit b lc.
Nguyn tc
Da vo chnh lch khi lng ring ca cc ht kt ta phn lp.Vn tc
lng hay ni ca cc cht kt ta ph thuc vo nht, kch thc ca ta v
chnh lch khi lng ring gia ta v dung dch nc ma hn hp. Nc ma hn
hp c gia nhit vi s b nng pH ln (6,2 6,6) nhm gim chuyn ha ng
v to kt ta mt s keo hu c. Sau nc ma c gia nhit ln 1 nng nhit
ln 50 550C v b sung Ca(OH)2, CO2 nng pH ln pH i din 10,5 to kt ta.
Sau dung dch c trung ha bng P2O5. P2O5 ngoi tc dng trung ha nc
ma, n cn to kt ta Ca3(PO4)2 c kh nng ty mu rt mnh. Do , ng c
lm sch lm sch bng phng php carbonat ha rt trng.
Thit b
Bn lng : c cu to hnh hp ch nht, y nghing mt gc 300, c gia nhit
thng qua vch truyn nhit. Phng php hot ng ca bn lng nh sau : thi
khng kh vo ng ng dn dung dch ng n b lng, to p sut cao hn p
sut kh quyn. Khi ra khi ng ng, di tc dng ca p sut s to thnh cc bt
19
20
Nguyn l II
Gi nguyn nng , h dn nhit th cng xy ra s kt tinh (lm ngui hoc
kt tinh lnh hoc bi tinh ).
th mi.
22
Nu dung dch cha c sn tinh th th c th kch thch dung dch xut hin
tinh th. Mt s cch kch thch : tc ng c hc, h nhit t ngt, tc ng sng
siu m hoc cho vo dung dch mt t ht ng hoc bt k ht g lm nhn tinh
th.
Vng bin ng ( qu bo ho cao, 1,3 )
Tc kt tinh:
nh ngha: Tc kt tinh l s gam ng kt tinh ln 1m 2 b
23
B bt ng : C c u n vng n nh ri b vo y 1 lng bt
Mc ch
Qu trnh ly tm nhm tch tinh th ng ra khi mt bng lc ly tm.
Mc ch
Sy ng nhm tch lp nc trn b mt ht ng, tng thi gian bo quan v
2.2.3.
S cng ngh
2.2.3.2.
2.2.3.2.1.
p ma
Tinh ch nc ma
Chng ct
Kt tinh ng
Phn tch
Chng ct
29
3.1
vt liu.
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn ma ng t ng rung n nh my cn phi m
bo thun tin, nhanh nht v mt thi gian, nng cao lng ng trong ma bi
ma thu hoch sau 24 gi cha a vo nh my, ch ng trong ma s gim ng
k. Hin nay tn tht sau thu hoch cy ma t 10% n 20%-30%. Thi Lan,
Philippines, nh nc u tin vic chuyn nng sn ni chung, nht l cy ma v nh
my cng sm cng tt hn ch tht thot, lng ph ngun lc x hi. ng thi
cng xem xt c li vn chuyn, hn ch vic ri vi ma trn ng vn chuyn, v
nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan khc dn n vic tht thot nguyn liu.
ng sau khi sn sut thnh phm cn bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt, trnh
tip xp vi nh sng mnh nu khng ng s ht m, khng cn cht lng tt
khi lu thong trn th trng.
3.2
Nc thi
Nc thi loi 1:
Nc thi loi 2
khi c nhng d r nht nh, nc lam ngui my, thit b khi thi ra s b nhim
bn ( du m, ng ) gi tr BOD5 thng dao ng t 200-400mg/l.
Lu lng ca loi nc thi ny thng nh khong 0.25m3/ tn ma.
Nc thi loi 3:
NM ng th(mg/L)
20-30
30-40
2.900-11.000
-
NM tinh ch ng (mg/L)
4-21
730
750-1.200
15.000-18.000
Ch tiu
PH
SS
BOD
COD
N
P
n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Gi tr
7,5-8
1250
5000
7000
16,4
7,5
Tiu chun(lai B)
5,5 -9
100
50
100
60
6
Vic qun l tt quy trnh sn xut , bo dng thit b, chng r r hoc thay i
quy trnh cng ngh, s dng cc cng ngh sch l bin php tt nht gii quyt
cc cht nhim ngay trong khu sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn phi p dng quy trnh x
l nc thi, nhm lm gim vic thi cc cht nhim vo ngun nc hay vo h
thng thot nc chung ca thnh ph.
32
3.3 Kh thi
Cht thi rn
Tro l hi: chim 1,2% lng bn ma. Thnh phn chnh ca tro l SiO 2 chim
71 - 72%. Ngoi ra cn c Fe2O3, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, CaO, MnO ... Cng vi
bn, tro c dng sn xut phn hu c.
33
Bn lc
26
51
3
4,5
5,6
10,6
0,5
Nc
Sp, cht bo
X
ng
Protein
tro
B ma
75
3,5
7,5
4
3
7
Nc
Zenlulo
Pentoza
Lignin
Sp, protein
tro
50
22,5
16
9
1,5
1
3.5 nhim mi
Mi ngy hng trm tn b thi c thi ra ngoi. y l ngun cht thi d ln
men, hi thi v d b khuch tn theo gi, tri theo ma nn vic khng thu gom ch
bin s gy nhim nng mi trng xung quanh
34
Lc nc thi
Sn xut sch hn l vic lin tc xc nh v thc hin cc bin php nhm tit
kim nguyn , nhin vt liu, lm tng hiu sut, ng thi lm gim tc ng ca
sn xut, sn phm v dch v ln mi trng v con ngi.
Phng php p dng sn xut sch hn bao gm cc bc nh s :
36
4.3.
Gii php:
Thu gom v tun hon nc gii nhit p my
S dng nc to chn khng gii nhit cho l t lu hunh thay cho
nc sch
37
Li ch mi trng:
Gim lng nc khai thc t song
Gim nc thi
Cc gii php c a ra :
Che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc,kim sot m
ca than khi nhp nhin liu,kim sot ng lu lng gi cp ng yu cu k
thut,kim sot kch thc than trc khi a vo l,mua than cht lng tt hn,ci
to li l c qu trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn,tng cng h thng bo n cc
h thng gia nhit
4.4.
Cc gii php u t ln
38
39
4.5.
Yu t mi trng
Khng kh
Nc
V tr
Ch tiu
2 a im: t ti ni hi Cc thng s: CO, NO,
pht in v t ti l hi
NO2, SO2, bi
sn xut cn.
3 a im:
Cc thng s :Nhit ,
vi sinh.
-Trc khi vo h thng
x l.
- Sau khi vo h thng x
l.
40
42
X L nh k
B iu ha
Ha cht
B trung gian
B UASB
B cha bn
Cp kh
B Aerotank
X l nh k
B lng
B lc p lc
B trung gian
43
nhm tng cng s xo trn cht bn v cung cp oxy cho vi sinh vt hiu kh, ng
thi gi cho bn trng thi l lng. Lng vi sinh vt hiu kh s c b sung
bng cch tun hon bn t b lng.
Nc thi sau khi c x l hiu kh t aerotank c dn vo b lng. Bn
hot tnh lng xung y b di tc dng ca trng lc, mt phn bn c tun
hon li b aerotank, phn cn li s c bm vo b cha bn v em i x l.Tip
theo, nc trong t mng thu nc aerotank c bm qua b lc p lc ri kh
trng v lc p lc trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.
Kt lun.
Kin ngh.
Vic kim sot nhim theo chu trnh khp kn trong doanh nghip to ra
nhng li ch to ln v kinh t cng nh x hi. Tuy nhin, vic p dng m hnh ny
nc ta hin nay cha c ph bin, do nhng vn khch quan cng nh ch
45
quan nh: c cu t chc cha cht ch, ngun vn u t cn hn hp, quy trnh
cng ngh sn xut lc hu, thiu i ng k thut vin c kinh nghim,.
V vy, nhm a ra mt s kin ngh ci thin hin trng trn nh sau:
Gim st nh k vic thc hin kim sot nhim trong doanh nghip
Ci tin cng ngh sn xut, u t trang thit b hin i nhm tng hiu
th v cng nghip - tnh ton thit k cng trnh, CEFINEA Vin Mi trng v
Ti nguyn, 2002.
4. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/duong
5. http://giongmia.wordpress.com/
6. http://tailieu.vn/tag/tai-lieu/sanxuatduong.html
7. www.itdg.org/docs/technical.../sugar_production_from_cane.pdf
8. www.sugarcaneindia.com/
46
9. http://www.dost-bentre.gov.vn/index.php?
Itemid=147&id=1091&option=com_content&task=view
10. http://www.dostbinhdinh.org.vn/KyYeu/GiaiDoan1991-2000/Kyyeu_50.htm
11. http://www.nea.gov.vn/thongtinmt/noidung/home_24_3_03.htm
12. http://www.vietnamchemtech.com.vn
13. htpp://yeumoitruong.com
14. cng x l nc thi ma ng-Thc s: L Ngc Th
0822293
Bi Nguyn Thun
0822259
0822053
Ng Vn Dng
0822063
47
0822242
48