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Mc lc

Chng 1: M u..........................................................................................................5
1.1 t vn ...................................................................................................................5
1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu...................................................................................................6
1.3 Ni dung nghin cu..................................................................................................6
1.4 i tng nghin cu.................................................................................................6
1.5 ngha ca ti.......................................................................................................6
Chng 2: Tng Quan.....................................................................................................7
2.1 Tng quan v ngnh sn xut ng........................................................................7
2.1.1 Trn th gii.............................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Nc ta.....................................................................................................................9
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ng......................................................................13
2.2.1 Nguyn liu ma u vo.......................................................................................13
2.2.1.1 Phn loi..............................................................................................................13
2.2.1.2 Thu hach v bo qun ma...............................................................................13
2.2.2 Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma quy m ln hin i .................13
2.2.2.1 S cng ngh..................................................................................................14
2.2.2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................15
2.2.2.2.1 Trch nc ma................................................................................................15
2.2.2.2.2 Lm sch nc ma..........................................................................................16
1

2.2.2.2.3 Lc bn.............................................................................................................19
2.2.2.2.4 Ty mu............................................................................................................19
2.2.2.2.5 Bc hi nc ma.............................................................................................20
2.2.2.2.6 Kt tinh ng.................................................................................................21
2.2.2.2.7 Phng php nu ng.................................................................................23
2.2.2.2.8 Ly tm..............................................................................................................25
2.2.2.2.9 Sy ng.........................................................................................................25
2.2.2.2.10 Vn chuyn v bo qun ng...................................................................26
2.2.3 Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma quy m nh truyn thng.........26
2.2.3.1 S cng ngh ................................................................................................26
2.2.3.1 Thuyt minh quy trnh.......................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.1 p ma..............................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.2 Tinh ch nc ma...........................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.3 Chng ct.........................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.4 Kt tinh ng.................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.5 Phn tch..........................................................................................................27
2.2.3.2.6 Chng ct.........................................................................................................28

Chng 3: Cc Vn Nhim Mi Trng Pht Sinh Trong Qu Trnh Sn


Xut.................................................................................................................................29
3.1 Qu trnh tht thot nguyn, vt liu trong khu vn chuyn,bo qun.............29
3.2 Nc thi...................................................................................................................29
3.2.1 Cc ngun pht sinh nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut...................................29
3.2.2 c trng ca nc thi nh my ng............................................................30
3.3 Kh thi......................................................................................................................32
3.4 Cht thi rn.............................................................................................................32
3.5 nhim mi.............................................................................................................33
Chng 4: Kim Sot Nhim Trong Ton B Quy Trnh Sn Xut Ma ng..34
4.1 Cc phng php x l nc thi..........................................................................34
4.1.1 Hn ch mt ng theo nc thi......................................................................34
4.1.2 Tn tr nc thi..................................................................................................34
4.1.3 Hi lu nc thi...................................................................................................34
4.1.4 Lc nc thi.........................................................................................................35
4.1.5 X l nc thi bng vi sinh.................................................................................35
4.2 p dng sn xut sch hn trong ton b quy trnh sn xut..............................35
4.3 Cc gii php khng tn chi ph v chi ph thp....................................................36
4.3.1 Tun hon nc lm mt......................................................................................36
4.3.2 Gim tiu th in.................................................................................................37

4.3.3 Gim tiu th than................................................................................................37


4.4 Cc gii php u t ln..........................................................................................37
4.5 K hoch gim st mi trng................................................................................39
Chng 5: Cng Ngh X L Nc Thi......................................................................40
5.1 Cng ngh x l nc thi quy m nh v trung bnh..........................................40
5.1.1 S cng ngh.....................................................................................................40
5.1.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh........................................................................40
5.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi quy m ln...................................................................42
5.2.1 S cng ngh.....................................................................................................42
5.2.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh........................................................................43
Chng 6: Kt Lun V Kin Ngh..............................................................................44
6.1. Kt lun....................................................................................................................44
6.2 Kin ngh...................................................................................................................44
Chng 7: Ti Liu Tham Kho...................................................................................45
Danh sch nhm 6..........................................................................................................46

CHNG 1: M U
1.1 t vn .
Ngnh cng nghip ma ng l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip chim v tr
quan trng trong nn kinh t nc ta.Trong nm 1998, c nc sn xut c
700.000 tn ng, p ng c nhu cu tiu dng trong nc.Trong nhng nm
gn y, do s u t cng ngh v thit b hin i, cc nh my ng khng
ngng nng cao cht lng sn phm.
Tuy nhin nc thi ca ngnh cng nghip ma ng lun cha mt lng ln
cc cht hu c bao gm cc hp cht ca cacbon, nit, photpho. Cac chat
nay de b phan huy bi cac vi sinh vat, gay mui thoi
lam o nhiem nguon nc tiep nhan.
Phan ln chat ran l lng co trong nc thai nganh
cong nghiep ma ng dang vo c. Khi thai ra moi
trng t nhien, cac chat nay co kha nang lang va tao
thanh mot lp day ay nguon nc, pha huy he sinh
vat lam thc an cho ca.Lp bun lang nay con cha
cac chat hu c co the lam can kiet oxy trong nc va
tao ra cac lai kh nh H2S, CO2, CH4. Ngoai ra, trong nc thai
con cha mot lng ng kha ln gay o nhiem nguon
nc.
hn ch nhim mi trng do cc nh my sn xut ng gy ra, nhm
xut mt s bin php nhm Kim sot nhim mi trng t hot ng sn
xut ma ngc th nh: ci tin dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut; thay th
nguyn, nhin liu gy nhim nng bng nhng nguyn, nhin liu sch hn; thc
hin sn xut sch hn v qun l ni vi nh my
1.2 Mc tiu nghin cu

Kim sot nhim pht sinh trong ton b quy trnh sn xut ma ng ca nh
my.

xut cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp.

a ra gii php khc phc, gim thiu nhim nhm nng cao li

ch kinh t v mi trng.
1.3 Ni dung nghin cu
Tng quan v ngnh cng nghip sn xut ma ng.
Hin trng nhim mi trng do nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn, mi, ting n,

. t qu trnh sn xut ng
p dng sn xut sch hn trong ton b quy trnh sn xut v kim sot cc dng
nhim pht sinh.
1.4 i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l cc loi cht thi pht sinh trong hot ng sn xut

ng saccharose t ma. Trong , nc thi l i tng c ch trng nghin


cu hn c. Bi y l mt trong nhng loi nc thi gy nhim nng n cho
mi trng do ti lng nhim hu c cao, nc thi c tnh acid, lng vi sinh
vt trong nc thi kh ln v c mu cao. Khi thi ra knh rch khng thng
qua qu trnh x l c th gy nguy hi cho h ng thc vt thy sinh, gy mi
hi thi do phn hy k kh.
Cc dng nhim khc nh: kh thi, cht thi rn, nhim mi v ting n.
1.5 ngha ca ti
xut gii php nng cao hiu qu kim sot nhim mi trng trong ton b
chu trnh sn xut ca nh my,gp phn gim thiu nguy c nhim mi trng t
nhin v nh hng n sc khe con ngi do cht thai phat sinh t hot ng sn
xut ma ng gy ra.

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN


2.1.

Tng quan v ngnh sn xut ng.

2.1.1

Trn th gii

Ngnh ma ng trn th gii pht trin kh lu i, vo khong th k 16, khi s


khai thc u tin c hnh thnh Puerto Rico, ri n Cuba, nguyn liu sn xut
ng ch yu lc ny l cy ma, v th sn lng ng thu c khng cao. Cho
n th k 19, khi chng ta bit tinh lc ra ng t cy c ci ng, m ra mt
ngnh cng nghip sn xut ng Chu u. T , sn xut ng t cnhiu
t ph: t khong 820,000 tn vo u nhng nm u cch mang cng nghip,n
18 triu tn trc chin tranh th gii I (1914 - 1918).
Hin nay, trn th gii, sn xut ng t khong 160 triu tn/nm. Cc nc
sn xut ng ln trn th gii l Brazil, n , Thi Lan, Trung Quc chim 50%
sn lng v 56% xut khu ca th gii. Theo bo co mi nht t Hip hi ma
ng th gii ISO, sau 2 nm nhu cu tiu th vt tng cung th gii ln n 15
triu tn, lng ng tn kho ang mc rt thp v phi cn t nht 2 nm phc
hi li mc tn kho trc y.
Trong v ma mi 2011-2012 bt u t thng 10 sp ti, lng ng thng d
c d bo ch t khong 779,000 tn ng, st gim mnh so vi d bo s
thng d khong 3 triu tn ng, nguyn nhn xut pht t s st gim sn lng
bt ng ti Brazil.
7

Ti Braxin, quc gia sn xut ng ln nht th gii, sn lng ng nm ti


d kin s gim ln u tin trong vng 1 nm qua bi nhng nh hng ca cuc
khng hong tn dng i vi hot ng ti trng ma v s dng phn bn. Thm
vo , thi tit kh hn min Nam cc khu vc sn xut ng nhiu nht ca
quc gia - cng lm sn lng gim ng k.
n , nc sn xut ng ln th hai v tiu th ln nht th gii, c d bo
tng sn lng ln 24,5 triu trong nm nay v s c ln u tin trong vng 3 nm
ngun cung vt cu. n cng l nc sn xut ng ln duy nht c d bo
sn lng tng.
Trung Quc, sn lng ng nm 2011 d kin ch t 11 triu tn, trong khi
tiu th 14,62 triu tn. iu ny c ngha Trung Quc s phi i mt vi s thiu
ht ng hn na sau khi ngun d tr quc gia st gim mnh khin nc ny
phi tng nhp ti hn 60% trong nm nay. Tnh n thng 12/2010, d tr ng
ca chnh ph Trung Quc cn khong 1 triu tn, thp hn nhiu so vi mc d tr
c coi l an ton cho 3 thng nh thng l, tng ng 4 triu tn.
Ti Australia, tnh trng ma nhiu tip tc gy kh khn cho cng tc thu hoch
ma, sn lng ng nm nay d kin s gim khong 21% xung mc 3,58 triu
tn, mc thp nht trong vng 2 thp k qua. Australia y nhanh tin v ma
2011-2012. V ma p ma ti Australia c bt u v hin thu hoch c
25% tng sn lng ma, trong v ma nm nay sn lng ma ti Australia d bo
khong 30 triu tn, cao hn so vi mc 27.5 triu tn trong v ma nm trc.
Ti Philippin, sn lng ng nm ti d kin gim 5% xung khong 1,87 triu
tn do hin tng thi tit El Nino lm chm tin trnh trng ma. Hin nc ny
ang ln k hoch nhp ng nhm p ng nhu cu cho 5 thng u nm 2011.
Ti Innxia, nhu cu mnh t cc ngnh sn xut thc phm v ung khin
chnh ph nc ny ln k hoch nhp khu 2,425 triu tn ng th trong nm
2011, tng 5% so vi nm 2010.

Thi Lan, nc xut khu ng ln th hai th gii, lng ng dnh cho


xut khu trong nm nay d bo gim 5% xung 4,4 triu tn - mc thp nht k t
nm 2006.

2.1.2

Nc ta

Ngnh sn xut ng ti Vit Nam c t lu i, t khi ngi dn chng ta


bit lm nn mt ma t cy ma, nhng ngnh cng nghip ma ng ti Vit Nam
ch mi bt u pht trin vo u nhng nm 1990, vn cn rt non tr v kh lc
hu. Cho n giai on hin nay ngnh ma ng ti Vit Nam vn cha pht trin
mnh c th tr thnh ngnh cng nghip ch lc ca nn kinh t.Nc ta sn xut
3 loi ng chnh:
ng tinh luyn RE hay cn gi l ng ct trng
ng vng RS
ng xay (hay ng th)
c trng ca ngnh ma ng Vit Nam l c tnh thi v, thng ch yu thu
hoch, vn chuyn v sn xut trong thi gian khong 5 thng (thng 11 n thng 4
nm sau), sau tn kho thnh phm bn cho cc thng cn li trong nm. V vy
nn chi ph tn tr hng ha ny rt cao v gi thnh sn phm kh cao. Hin ti, sn
xut ng trong nc mi ch p ng c khong 70% nhu cu tiu th, phn cn
li ch yu nhp khu t Trung Quc v Thi Lan.
Nhn chung qua cc nm, tnh trng cnh tranh khng din ra d di do ngun
cung yu hn cu. Tuy nhin trong nm 2011, sn lng ng trong nc p
ng c nhu cu tiu th, B Cng Thng li cho nhp 250.000 tn ng gy
tnh trng d tha. Sn lng sn xut trong nc cc nm gn y ch dao ng
9

quanh mc 900.000 tn 1,1 triu tn/nm; trong khi nhu cu khong 1,4 1,5 triu
tn. Loi tr cc khon nhp khu lu qua bin gii, mi nm Vit Nam cn nhp
khu trong hn ngch khong 300.000 tn ng. Vit Nam phi nhp khu ng
gn 30% sn lng tiu th hng nm, trong khi s cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip
ni a cn thp, do vy gi ng trong nc b tc ng ln bi gi ng th gii.
Ngnh cng nghip ma ng trong nc lun trong tnh trng thiu ht nguyn
liu, nguyn nhn:
Vic trng ma l s tha thun gia hai bn: ngi trng ma v cc ch
doanh nghip sn xut ma. Chnh v yu t ny m din tch trng ma khng
c n nh v nng sut ma cha thc s cao. Cha ch ng c ngun
cung ma nguyn liu. Hu ht cc nh my u thu mua ma trong dn m
cha c cc vng trng ring. Do vy, cht lng ma v sn lng u cha
p ng c.

Vng nguyn liu ma lin tc b thu hp, ngi trng ma dn chuyn hng
chn cc cy cho gi tr kinh t cao khc do chi ph trng v thu hoch ma
kh cao, cng vi gi ma bin ng tht thng i khi khng b p
c tin cng thu hoch, to tm l bp bnh cho ngi trng ma . c
nhng v ma ngi trng ma ch bn nh l cho cc c s lm mt, ng
nh l th cng thay v bn cho nh my do gi ma qu r.

Din tch ma trc thi im kt thc chng trnh 1 triu tn ng (nm


2000) t nh 344.000 hc ta v sn lng ma trn 15 tn th n nm
2006 cng vn mc 288.000 hc ta v sn lng ma vn l 16,7 triu tn,
cho nn ch cn sn lng ma tng bnh qun 3,9%/nm l c ma
nguyn liu t c mc tiu 1,5 triu tn ng, do cng sut ca cc
nh my ng qu ln.
Tuy nhin, trong khi sn lng ma nm 2010 ch mi t xp x 16 triu tn,
cn sn lng ng nin v ny c nh gi l s t gn 1,1 triu tn,
tng 100.000 tn so vi d bo v cng ch tng khong 150.000-200.000 tn
10

so vi nin v trc cho thy. Nng sut ma thp. Nng sut ma trung bnh
trn th gii hin ~70 tn/ha, trong khi , nng sut trung bnh ca Vit Nam
ch t ~58,6 tn/ha (nin v 2010 ang ch t xp x 52 tn/ha) vi cht
lng cn km hn

Quy m sn xut nh, nng sut thp hn so vi th gii. Hin quy m sn

xut ngnh ma ng nc ta rt b, thp hn so kh nhiu so vi mc trung bnh


th gii. Do cng ngh lc hu phn ln cc nh my u s dng dy chuyn
cng ngh thit b c ca Trung Quc (ngoi tr mt s nh my lin doanh v c
vn u t nc ngoi) kh khn v nguyn liu.
Hin nay c nc c khong 40 nh my sn xut ma ng a s l nh my
quc doanh. Cc nh my ln nh l: nh my ng Ngh An Tatte & Lyle, nh
my ng Sn La, nh my ng Bin Ha, nh my ng Lam Sn, nh my
ng BourbonTy Ninh

Danh mc cc nh my sn xut ma ng nc ta (Ngun: Bo co thng nin ca


Hip hi ma ng Vit Nam nm 2011)

TN NH MY

CNG
SUT

TN NH MY

(tn ma/
ngy)

CNG
SUT
(tn ma/
ngy)

CAO BNG

700 K LK

1000

TUYN QUANG

700 NINH HA

1250

SN DNG

1000 DIN KHNH

THI NGUYN - I
LOAN

2000 CAM RANH

3000

1000 C TRNG

2500

SN LA

500 NINH THUN - N


11

400

2500

VIT TR

700 PHAN RANG

350

HO BNH

6000 NINH THUN

1000

THANH HO - I LOAN

6000 BNH PHC

2000

LAM SN

1500 LA NG

2000

NNG CNG

6000 TR AN

1000

NGH AN ANH

1250 BNH DNG

2000

350 NC TRONG

900

SNG CON
SNG LAM

1000 TY NINH - PHP

8000

LINH CM

1500 TH TY NINH

2500

QUNG BNH

2500 HIP HA

2000

THA THIN HU - N

1000 LONG AN - N

3500

4500 BN TRE

1000

1000 TR VINH - N

2500

1000 SC TRNG

1000

1000 PHNG HIP

1250

2800 V THANH

1000

QUNG NAM
QUNG NGI
NAM QUNG NGI
KON TUM
BNH NH
GIA LAI - PHP
NG XUN
TUY HA
SN HA

100 KIN GIANG


1250 THI BNH

1000
1000

3000 VN IM (ng luyn)

200

500 BIN HA (ng luyn)

300

KHNH HI (ng luyn)

EAKNP

12

180

Ngnh ng Vit Nam khng c tnh cnh tranh cao so vi cc nc trong khu
vc v trn th gii, do gi thnh sn xut cao, mt phn l do gi mua nguyn liu
ma cao hn cc nc trong khu vc khong 30%, ng thi dy chuyn sn xut ma
nc ta cha cao so vi cc nc trn th gii. y l mt trong nhng kh khn
ngnh ng phi i mt cnh tranh vi cc nc cng nghip ng pht trin
trong khu vc v trn th gii.

2.2.

Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ng t ma

2.2.1.

Nguyn liu ma u vo.

2.2.1.1.

Phn loi

Cy ma thuc h ho tho, ging sacarum, c chia lm 3 nhm chnh

Nhm Sacarum officinarum: l ging thng gp v bao gm phn ln cc

chng ang trng ph bin trn th gii.

Nhm Sacarum violaceum: L mu tm, cy ngn cng v khng tr c.

Nhm Sacarum simense: Cy nh cng, thn mu vng nu nht, trng t

lu Trung Quc.
Do ma l cy cng nghip v chn theo ma v nn cng ngh sn xut ng
saccharose t ma c chia lm hai nhnh l Sn xut ng th v Tinh luyn
ng.
Khi ma chn, cc nh my tp trung ch yu vo p ma, lc s b v kt tinh
thu c ng th. Ngoi cc v ma, cc nh my s ha tan ng th, tinh lc
sn xut ng tinh luyn.
2.2.1.2.

Thu hoch v bo qun ma

Du hiu ma chn, ma chn l lc hm lng ng saccharose trong ma t ti


a v lng ng kh cn li t nht.Thu hoch ma tt nht l khi ma t chn
k thut, c hm lng ng phn gc v phn ngn tng ng nhau.
13

Sau thu hoch ma hm lng ng saccharose gim nhanh, do ma cn c


vn chuyn v nh my v p cng sm cng tt.

Mt

gim suy thoi ma ngi ta nn n ma khi tri mt v cho ma ng v mt


ng
cyca hng n sau ph ln gc ca ma n trc th
pha sao choMa
ngn
khng b phi
Nc
nng. Khi chuyn ch ly l ma ph ln lp ma, nu tri nng gt th ti nc ln
siu nhit
X l c
ma.
Ra ng
hc
2.2.2. Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma (quy m ln - sn xut

2.2.2.1.

p ma
S cng ngh.

Kim ha

Ly tm

B
ma

Anion

Gia nhit
Lng

Ha ng

Ca(OH)

Trung ha
Lc bn

C c

Lng
C c
Ty mu

B
bn
Than hot
tnh

Lc
Trao i ION
Lc
Kt tinh

Kt tinh
Ly tm

Mt
r

Sy ng

Ly tm
Sy ng

14

ng
th

ng tinh
luyn

Mt
guyn

hin i)

2.2.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.2.2.1. Trch nc ma
Mc ch
Nhm ly kit lng ng trong cy ma.Ch tiu quan trng ca cng on ny
l nng sut trch v hiu sut trch (E)

Nng sut trch l s tn ma p c trong mt n v thi gian vi hiu sut nht


nh.
Tin hnh trch nc ma
C 2 phng php ly nc ma:
Phng php p( thc cht l p c kt hp vi thm thu nc).
Phng php khuch tn( thc cht l khuch tn kt hp p).

Phng php p

15

p kh: p ma khng cho nc vo (khng thm thu), sn phm thu c l


nc ma nguyn. Phng php ny hiu sut ly ng thp, t t 92 95%,
nhng thun li cho qu trnh bc hi. N ch p dng cc xe nc ma, l ma th
cng, hoc trong nh my nhng vo u v sn xut v nhng lc mun kim tra
my p.
p t: p ma c cho nc sch thm thu vo b. Gm 3 phng php nh :
p thm thu n: c cho nc thm thu vo b nhng khng cho nc ma
long hon lu v gin p.
p thm thu kp: c cho nc thm thu v c hon lu nc ma long v gin
p theo nguyn tc thm thu kp theo nguyn tc : nc ma long a v b cn t
ng, nc ma c hn a v b cn nhiu ng hn.
p thm thu kt hp : phng php ny p dng cc nh my c s b my p
t 5 b tr ln, dng cho cc nh my mun nng cng sut p. S dng thm thu
bng hai vng thm thu kp.

Phng php khuch tn


C hai h khuch tn ng ch yu l khuch tn ma v khu tn b.
Khuch tn ma : ma c x l s b, sau ton b lng ma i vo thit b
khuch tn.
Khuch tn b : ma sau khi x l c qua my p ly 60 70% ng trong
ma, phn cn li trong b i vo thit b khuch tn. Nh , thi gian khuch tn
c rt ngn, tng hiu sut trch v hn ch s chuyn ha ng saccharose.
2.2.2.2.2. Lm sch nc ma
Mc ch
Nc ma sau khi c trch ra khi cy ma c tnh acid vi pH = 4,0 5,5 v
cha nhiu tp cht khng ng khc. Cc tp cht trong nc ma hn hp c th
chia thnh ba nhm ( cc tp cht th khng ha tan tn ti dng huyn ph lm nc

16

ma c, cc cht mu nh carotene, antoxian, clorofillm sm mu nc ma v


cc cht khng ng ha tan).
Trung ha nc ma hn hp v loi b ti a cc cht khng ng nhm tng
thu hi ng saccharose v tng cht lng thnh phm.
Cc phng php lm sch nc ma

Phng php vi
Phng php vi s dng sn xut ng phn, ng ct vng. Sn phm thu

c qua lm sch nc ma di tc dng ca nhit v vi.


Phng php vi chia thnh 3 dng sau :
Vi ha lnh ( Vi Nhit)
Vi ha nng ( Nhit Vi)

Vi ha phn on
Vi ha lnh
Phng php ny cho sa vi vo nc ma, nng pH nc ma t (5,0 - 5,5) ln
(7,0 7,2) ri mi gia nhit ln 1050C nhm gim s chuyn ha ng. Lng vi
cho vo khong 0,5 0,9 kg cho mi tn ma.
Vi ha nng

Nc ma hn hp (pH = 5,0 - 5,5) gia nhit ln 1050C ri mi cho sa vi vo


nng pH ln (7,0 7,2) kt ta.
i vi phng php vi nhit ng saccharose t b chuyn ha do nc ma
c trung ha trc khi x l nhit, tuy nhin lng kt ta v keo t t. Ngc li,
phng php nhit vi, lng keo t, kt ta thu c nhiu nhng nc ma b
gia nhit trong iu kin pH thp nn ng saccharose b chuyn ha nhiu hn.
Vi ha phn on (vi nhit vi nhit)
Phng php ny, pH v nhit nc ma nng ln t t, xen k nhau.

17

Cng on gia vi 1 nng pH nc ma ln (6,0 6,5) nhm gim s chuyn ha


ng do pH thp trc cng on gia nhit 1. ng thi gia vi s b to nhiu ion
Ca2+.
Gia nhit 1: nng nhit dung dch ln 90 1000C tng tc phn ng keo
t, kt ta. Ngay sau , gia vi ln 2 nng pH dung dch ln 7,2 7,5; pH ny xy
ra hng lot phn ng keo t kt ta v keo t.
Gia nhit 2 : nng nhit dung dch ln 103 105 0C tip tc to kt ta v
gim nht dung dch, tng tc lng.
Phng php phn on tuy phc tp hn nhng c nhiu u im nh : tit kim
c lng vi s dng, gim c tn tht ng saccharose, tinh khit nc
ma cao, hiu sut lm sch tt.
Phng php sunfit ha
Phng php sunfit ha thng s dng SO2 xng vo nc ma kt hp vi vi
ha lm sch. C th chia lm 2 dng sau :
Phng php sunfit ha acid
Nc ma hn hp c gia vi s b n pH = (6,2 6,6) v nhit 50 600C.
Sau , SO2 c xng vo gim pH xung 3,4 4,0 i qua pH i din nn c
nhiu keo ngng kt. ng thi, SO2 phn ng vi Ca2+ to ra mui CaSO3.Thi gian
xng SO2 rt ngn, v ngay sau to kt ta sa vi c cho vo mt mt to thm
mui CaSO3, ng thi trung ha dch ng, trnh s chuyn ha ng trong iu
kin nhit cao v pH thp.
y l phng php ph bin sn xut ng knh trng, ng thu c c cht
lng cao. Tuy nhin, ng b chuyn ha nhiu do pH thp nn thu hi thp.
Sunfit ha kim nh
Nc ma hn hp c gia nhit ln 70 750C, v thm sa vi vo nng pH
dung dch ln 8 8,3 to nhiu nhn Ca2+. Sau tin hnh xng SO2 lm gim

18

pH n 6,0 6,5. Trong iu kin nhit cao v nhn Ca2+ hnh thnh trc,
phn ng to kt ta CaSO3 xy ra nhanh v mnh m.
Nc ma sau khi xng SO2 s c trung ha bng sa vi, nhm to thm keo
ngng kt v thm kt ta CaSO3..
Sn phm lm sch bng phng php sunfit ha kim nh yu cu cht lng
nguyn liu cao hn so vi phng php acid. Tuy nhin, ng t b chuyn ha nn
thu hi cao.
Phng php carbonat ha

Mc ch
Tch loi cc cht kt ta v cc keo ngng t phn tn l lng sinh ra trong giai
on to ta.Cui qu trnh ny, khong 80 85 % nc ma trong c ly ra v 15
20 % nc bn c a vo thit b lc.
Nguyn tc
Da vo chnh lch khi lng ring ca cc ht kt ta phn lp.Vn tc
lng hay ni ca cc cht kt ta ph thuc vo nht, kch thc ca ta v
chnh lch khi lng ring gia ta v dung dch nc ma hn hp. Nc ma hn
hp c gia nhit vi s b nng pH ln (6,2 6,6) nhm gim chuyn ha ng
v to kt ta mt s keo hu c. Sau nc ma c gia nhit ln 1 nng nhit
ln 50 550C v b sung Ca(OH)2, CO2 nng pH ln pH i din 10,5 to kt ta.
Sau dung dch c trung ha bng P2O5. P2O5 ngoi tc dng trung ha nc
ma, n cn to kt ta Ca3(PO4)2 c kh nng ty mu rt mnh. Do , ng c
lm sch lm sch bng phng php carbonat ha rt trng.

Thit b
Bn lng : c cu to hnh hp ch nht, y nghing mt gc 300, c gia nhit

thng qua vch truyn nhit. Phng php hot ng ca bn lng nh sau : thi
khng kh vo ng ng dn dung dch ng n b lng, to p sut cao hn p
sut kh quyn. Khi ra khi ng ng, di tc dng ca p sut s to thnh cc bt
19

kh nh li ti phn tn u trong dung dch. Cc bt kh ny s hp ph trn b mt cc


kt ta v ko theo kt ta ni ln trn v c gt ra ngoi. Phn kt ta c trng
lng ring nng hn s chm xung y bn lng, sau c a qua my lc bn.
Cc thit bi lng u c dng thn hnh tr c nhiu ngn v y hnh nn.Nc
ma sau khi c kt ta v trung ha s c gia nhit v a n cc thit b lng.
Nc ma c cho vo t nh thit b theo ng trung tm phn phi vo cc ngn
lng. Nc ma trong thu hi, phn nc bn s c a qua thit b lc bn.
2.2.2.2.3. Lc bn
Nhm mc ch tn thu lng ng st trong bn. Thng thng ngi ta thng
s dng thit b lc khung bn hoc thit b lc chn khng thng quay.
2.2.2.2.4. Ty mu
Mc ch
Ty mu nhm mc ch hon thin, loi b cc cht mu trong dung dch, nhm
chun b dung dch nc ng c trong sut v qu trnh kt tinh din ra d
dng hn.
Phng php thc hin
Ty mu bng phng php ha l : nc ng c b sung than hot tnh.
Than s hp ph cc cht mu phn tn trong dung dch dng keo.
Ty mu bng phng php ha hc : da vo kh nng ony ha cc cht mu ca
kh SO2, ngi ta sc kh SO2 vo nc ma sau c c, cc gc mang mu s b oxy
ha lm cho nc ma mt mu.
2.2.2.2.5. Bc hi nc ma
Muc ch
Bc hi nc ma c nng t 13 150Bx n nng 60 650Bx nng
thch hp chun b cho qu trnh kt tinh ng.
Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

20

Nng dung dch tng do s bc hi nc, saccharose b caramel ha gy sm


mu nc ng.
nhit cao, saccharose d b chuyn ha thnh ng glucose v fructose.
Cc ng kh ny li b phn hy thnh cc cht mu v acid hu c.Qu trnh ny
din ra nhanh hn nu dung dch ng c tnh acid.
Mt s cht khng ng trong qu trnh c c b thy phn to thnh acid.
S to cn trong thit b do mt phn khong cha c loi b.
Phng php thc hin
Qu trnh c c c thc hin ngay sau qu trnh lng lc. Do nng ng
trc v sau qu trnh c c khc nhau nhiu nn gim bt s bin i ca ng
v tit kim nng lng, cn s dng thit b c c nhiu ni lin tip nhau. Hi th
(hi nc do nc ma bc ln) ca ni trc s c tn thu lm hi t ca ni
sau.
Trong qu trnh c c, nhit si ca dung dch ng thay i theo p sut,
nng ng saccharose v tinh ca nc ma hn hp. Ngoi ra, trong cc nh
my cng nghip, cn lu n tn tht p sut do p sut thy tnh gy ra bi chiu
cao ct nc. iu ny dn n s chnh lch v im si gia b mt v y ct
nc. Do , cn duy tr n nh chiu cao dung dch ng trong thit b. Tn tht
nhit do ng ng cng l mt vn cn lu khi tnh ton lng cho qu trnh c
c. Thng thng ly tn tht nhit ca ni trc qua ni sau l 1 1,50C.
iu kin cn thit truyn nhit cc hiu l c s chnh lch nhit gia hi
t v dung dch ng. Tc l c s chnh lch p sut gia hi t v hi th trong
cc hiu.Thng thng, cc nh my ng nc ta s dng thit b c c bn
hiu cng chiu bc hi. Thm na, m bo ni cui vn bc hi, trong cng
nghip ngi ta thng s dng h ni bc hi p lc chn khng. p sut trong
ni c c gim dn t hiu u c p sut cao n hiu cui c chn khng n
580 650 mmHg. Do d, nhit trong cc ni gim dn t 1200C xung 650C.
2.2.2.2.6. Kt tinh ng
21

Khi nim kt tinh


L qu trnh tch cht rn ho tan trong dung dch da trn s chuyn i trng
thi ca cht tan t ho tan sang qu bo ho.
Nguyn l kt tinh
Nguyn l I
Gi nguyn nhit , tng dn nng th xy ra s kt tinh s c c hoc l s
kt tinh nng nu ng).

Nguyn l II
Gi nguyn nng , h dn nhit th cng xy ra s kt tinh (lm ngui hoc
kt tinh lnh hoc bi tinh ).

Din bin qu trnh kt tinh ng: 2 giai on

Giai on 1: Hnh thnh nhn tinh th


Cc tinh th ng khuch tn trong dung dch s tp hp li v phn b ln mng

tinh th. Giai on 1 din ra nhanh.

Giai on 2 : Nhn tinh th pht trin


Cc phn t ng dng tan trong dung dch s khuch tn ln trn b mt ca
nhn tinh th lm cho nhn tinh th dn dn ln ln. Giai on 2 din ra chm, tc
kt tinh tnh theo giai on 2.
Trng thi qu bo ho ca ng Saccharose c th c th chia thnh 3 vng vi
nhng c tnh khc nhau:

Vng n nh ( qu bo ho thp = 1,10 1,15 )


Nu trong dung dch c sn tinh th th tinh th s ln ln ch khng xut hin tinh
th mi.

Vng trung gian ( qu bo ho trung bnh = 1,20 1,25 )


Nu dung dch c sn tinh th th tinh th s ln ln ng thi xut hin thm tinh

th mi.
22

Nu dung dch cha c sn tinh th th c th kch thch dung dch xut hin
tinh th. Mt s cch kch thch : tc ng c hc, h nhit t ngt, tc ng sng
siu m hoc cho vo dung dch mt t ht ng hoc bt k ht g lm nhn tinh
th.
Vng bin ng ( qu bo ho cao, 1,3 )

Ti vng ny tinh th t nhin xut hin lin tc ng thi ln ln nhng rt chm.


ng hc ca qu trnh kt tinh

Mt ht ng bao gi cng c mt lp phim mng bao quanh c b dy d - nng


c, bn ngoi lp phim l dung dch ng ang c c c nng qu bo ho
C > c. Trong qu trnh kt tinh th cc phn t ng s khuch tn ln b mt tinh
th c sn lm cho n ln ln khi no cn s chnh lch nng . S chnh lch nng
( C c ) gradient nng .

Tc kt tinh:
nh ngha: Tc kt tinh l s gam ng kt tinh ln 1m 2 b

mt tinh th trong thi gian 1 pht.


2.2.2.2.7. Phng php nu ng

Phng php nu gin on ( nu tng m )


Gm 4 giai on :
Giai on 1: C c u

Cho nguyn liu siro hoc mt vo thit b kt tinh ri c c ln n nng qu


bo ho mong mun.
Ch :
Nguyn liu cn long nn phi tn dng kh nng ca thit b mau chng a
dung dch ln qu bo ho.

23

Khng c rt ht nguyn liu trong thng cha v lp y c cn v c th rt


khng kh vo ni lm siro trong ni bng ln dn n hin tng chy ng ra thp
ngng t, bc git ln cho ngn git.
Giai on 2: Khi tinh ( Bt u to ra nhn tinh th )
C 3 phng php khi tinh:
Phng php t nhin
C c u sir n qu bo ho cao (vng bin ng ) tinh th xut hin hng
lot. Rt mu xem thy s ht th c nh s ht li bng cch cho thm nc
nng vo h qu bo ho a dung dch v vng n nh.
Phng php kch thch
C c u n vng trung gian = 1,20 1,25) ri kch thch dung dch sinh ht
bng cch
H nhit t ngt bng cch cho nc lnh vo dung dch ng ang si.
Cho mt t ng ht th hng lot tinh th s xut hin v rt mu ra xem nu
s lng ht th tin hnh c nh tinh th bng cch a vo vng n nh. Nu
khng s sinh ra cc tinh th c kch thc b hn (ngu tinh, ht di, bi ng ).
Phng php tinh chng:
C 3 cch tin hnh

B bt ng : C c u n vng n nh ri b vo y 1 lng bt

ng nh sn, ri nui ht ng ln ln. S ht ng sau cng chnh l s ht


bt ng ban u, nu gi vng qu bo ho ca dung dch.

Phn ct : Nu hn mt m ng non c ht nh ri ct ra hai hoc ba

phn nu ln 2 n 3 m ng non mi c ht ln hn.

ng h ( Magma ) : l ng ct trn vi sir ( mt ) c nng 92 0Bx.

Dng Magma ca ng cp thp nu thnh ng non cp cao hn.


Giai on 3 : Nui tinh
24

Dng nguyn liu nui tinh th ln ln, va m hi c c dung dch ng


non, va cho nguyn liu vo. Ch gi vng qu bo ho trnh s tan ht.
Nu qu bo ho gim nhanh dn n s tan ht hoc nu qu bo ho tng
nhanh qu s sinh ra ngu tinh.
Giai on 4

Sau khi tinh th ln kch thc, t yu cu ngi ta tin hnh c c cui,


ngng cho nguyn liu nhng vn tip tc m hi c c qu bo ho tng dn
t t v gim hi t t trnh qu bo ho tng t ngt sinh ngu tinh. C c
ln 90- 980Bx th kt thc qu trnh kt tinh bng cch ng hn hi li.
Ch : Khng qu bo ho tng t ngt, c th cho thm mt t nc vo
ra lp phim mt.

Phng php nu lin tc


Thc cht l cc giai on nu ng c tin hnh cng lc trong thit b nu
lin tc thng l ni ng nm ngang c chia ra lm nhiu ngn, nhiu bung.
Thng thng mt ni nu ng lin tc gm 5 bung v 13 ngn.Nguyn liu
vo lin tc, sn phm ra lin tc thng khi tinh bng phng php b bt ng
hoc ng h.
2.2.2.2.8. Ly tm

Mc ch
Qu trnh ly tm nhm tch tinh th ng ra khi mt bng lc ly tm.

Phng php thc hin


My ly tm sinh lc ly tm lm cho mt vng ra qua li ly tm bn thnh my,
cn ng ct ht to khng lt qua li nm li. Kh nng tch mt ph thut vo
loi ng non v tnh nng my ly tm.
Qu trnh ly tm c chia thnh hai giai on. Giai oan u, khi ng non
c phn phi u trong thng th tng dn tc my ln cc i. Nh lc ly
tm phn ln mt c tch ra gi l mt nguyn. Thi gian tch mt ph thuc vo
25

b dy lp ng non v nht ca ng non. giai on 2, khi thy mt r


thot ra ngoi qu t v thy ng non, cn dnh nhiu mt, cn dng nc hay
hi ra ng. Lng nc c tch ra lc ny gi l mt long. Sauk hi ra
xong ng van hi li, hm my v x ng. Thit b ly tm c hai loi thng dng
l dng gin tip v dng lin tc.
2.2.2.2.9. Sy ng

Mc ch
Sy ng nhm tch lp nc trn b mt ht ng, tng thi gian bo quan v

to bng sng cho thnh phm.

Thit b v thng s cng ngh


ng ct sau khi ly tm, nu c ra nc th m khong 1,7 2.0 %. Trng
hp dng hi nng ra th m khong 0.7 1%. Cn phi c qu trnh sy
gim m ca ng. C 3 dng my sy ng thng c s dng l my sy
dng thng quay, sy tng si, v thp sy mm. m cui ca ng thnh phm
l 0.1 0.2%.Nhit sy ng cng thp th cht lng ng cng cao nhng
thi gian sy cng di.Ty nh my m nhit c th bin i t 70-1000C.
Sau khi sy, ng s c lm ngui, ry v bao gi thnh ng thnh phm.
2.2.2.2.10. Vn chuyn v bo qun ng
Sau khi sy v lm ngui, ng sau khi t cc ch tiu cm quan, ha l(TCVNDo y ban khoa hc v k thut nh nc ban hnh theo quyt nh s 43/ Q ngy
11-02-1987) s c vn chuyn bng h thng bng ti sang cc sng phn loi ri
n cc phu cha ng. Sau ng bao 50 kg trn my ng bao, hay cng c
th c ng gi vo cc bch 0.5 kg, 1 kg..sn phm sau ng gi s c
ch vo kho trc khi cung cp ra th trng. Cng nh cc loi thc phm bo qun
dng bao b,cc bao ng c xp thnh tng dy trong kho, c th xp cao 45mt.Kho kh ro m khng kh 60% th tt.Tng v nn kho lt nguyn liu
cch m, c k xp bao ng.
26

2.2.3.

Cng ngh sn xut ng saccharose t ma (quy m nh - sn

xut truyn thng)


2.2.3.1.

S cng ngh

2.2.3.2.

Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.2.3.2.1.

p ma

Ngay khi ma c em i p, ngi ta ct chng thnh tng ming nh


thun tin cho vc thu nhn nc ma chu trnh p sau . Thng thng c 3
hay nhiu b nghin 3 trc c s dng p nc ma ra khi cy ma. Cc
cht b cn li c tn dng lm nhin liu cho l hi
2.2.3.2.2.

Tinh ch nc ma

Mc ch l nhm loi b ti a cc cht b c trong nc ma theo kh nng c


th. Qu trnh lc c thc hin nh a SO2 vo, sau a vi vo v tin hnh
gia nhit. pH t c l 8 - 8,5. Nc ma p x l ha cht s li mt cht
27

kt ta trong bnh, cht kt ta ny s c lc qua b lc chn khng. Nc ma


sch thu t bnh v nc ma thu t b lc chn khng c trn chung vi nhau.
2.2.3.2.3.

Chng ct

Nc ma c c c trong thit b chng ct chn khng nhiu tng t c


lng ng saccarozo l 55 - 65%. Hi nc s dng c cung cp t l hi s
dng b mi lm cht t.
2.2.3.2.4.

Kt tinh ng

Nc p c c hay xi r c em cho tip tc chng ct n khi bo ha thnh


ng. Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong mt ni chn khng. Khi nc mt tr
nn bo ha s hnh thnh cc tinh th ng. Khi nc bay hi, mt ng c
a thm vo ni ng tip tc kt tinh. Phn mt v tinh th ng cui cng
c gi l massecuite .
2.2.3.2.5.

Phn tch

Massecuite c phn tch trong thit b quay li tm kiu gi. Cc tinh th


ng tip tc li trong gi, trong khi ch lng (mt r) c loi qua cc l
hng trn gi bng lc li tm. ng ny gi l ng th, c tip tc x l
tr thnh ng tinh luyn.
Mt ng cha ng saccarozo c th kt tinh c tip tc trn vi mt r v
a tr v ni chn khng. Hn hp massecuit mi ny c phn tch v mt
c a tr v ni chn khng mt ln na x l. Sau khi vic x l tch
ng thc hin 3 ln, ng cht lng cao loi "A" v "B" c em i ng
gi sau khi sy kh v loi "C" (hm lng ng thp) c em tr v ni
chn khng nh mt nguyn lu sn xut ng "A" v "B".
Mt r vi ng saccarozo thp, vc tch ng saccarozo khng kinh t,
c s dng nh ng th dng ln men ru cho sn xut cn .
2.2.3.2.6.

Chng ct

Cn c sn xut vi men t trong my chng ct cho nng cn 95 - 96 % v


12 - 13 lt vinasse mi lt cn sn xut c. Vinasse rt giu cc cht hu c v do
28

n c BOD (biochemical oxygien demand-nhu cu xy sinh ho) cao nn n


khng c thi ra sng. Vinasse c th c s dng lm phn bn cung cp
Nit, Kali, Pht pho cho t

CHNG 3: CC VN NHIM MI TRNG PHT


SINH TRONG QU TRNH SN XUT

29

3.1

Qu trnh tht thot nguyn, vt liu trong khu vn chuyn, bo qun

vt liu.
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn ma ng t ng rung n nh my cn phi m
bo thun tin, nhanh nht v mt thi gian, nng cao lng ng trong ma bi
ma thu hoch sau 24 gi cha a vo nh my, ch ng trong ma s gim ng
k. Hin nay tn tht sau thu hoch cy ma t 10% n 20%-30%. Thi Lan,
Philippines, nh nc u tin vic chuyn nng sn ni chung, nht l cy ma v nh
my cng sm cng tt hn ch tht thot, lng ph ngun lc x hi. ng thi
cng xem xt c li vn chuyn, hn ch vic ri vi ma trn ng vn chuyn, v
nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan khc dn n vic tht thot nguyn liu.
ng sau khi sn sut thnh phm cn bo qun ni kh ro, thong mt, trnh
tip xp vi nh sng mnh nu khng ng s ht m, khng cn cht lng tt
khi lu thong trn th trng.
3.2

Nc thi

3.2.1 Cc ngun pht sinh nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut

Trong qu trnh sn xut nh my ma ng dng rt nhiu nc c th gp 12


15 ln nguyn liu ,do lng nc thi pht sinh ra rt nhiu ,c phn loi nh
sau:

Nc thi loi 1:

L nc thi t cc ct ngng t to chn khng ca cc thit b ( bc hi, nu


ng... ). y l loi nc thi b nhim rt nh, thng c tr s BOD5 thp ( 2025mg/l ), SS = 30-50 mg/l, COD = 50-60 mg/l ...Lu lng nc thi loi ny
thng t 0,97-1,2m3/ tn ma

Nc thi loi 2

L nc thi t cc ngun nc lm ngui my, thit b trong dy chuyn sn xut


ca nh my.Theo ngun nhim bn, nc thi loi 2 bao gm nc lm ngui du
( nhim bn du nht ), nc lm ngui ng ( nhim bn ng ) do khng trnh
30

khi c nhng d r nht nh, nc lam ngui my, thit b khi thi ra s b nhim
bn ( du m, ng ) gi tr BOD5 thng dao ng t 200-400mg/l.
Lu lng ca loi nc thi ny thng nh khong 0.25m3/ tn ma.

Nc thi loi 3:

Gm tt c cc ngun nc thi cn li nh nc ra v sinh cc khu vc trong


nh my: nc x y ni hi, nc thi phng TN, nc r r ng ng, nc thi
lc vi, v sinh my mc thit b... Nc thi loi 3 c nhim rt cao, BOD5 =
1200-1700mg/l, COD thng thng khong 2200mg/l, PH < 5,0, SS=780-900, ngoi
ra cn c du m, mu, mi.
Lu lng nc thi loi 3 thng bng 50% tng lng nc thi trong nh my
v dao ng trong khong t 0,99-1,3m3/ tn ma.
3.2.2 c trng ca nc thi nh my ng
Lng nc s dng trong qa trnh sn xut ln. Do , lng nc thi sinh ra
cng kh ln. c trng ln nht ca nc thi nh my ng l c gi tr BOD cao
v dao ng ln.

Bng BOD5 trong nc thi ngnh cng nghip ng


(Ngun: Cng ty mi trng Ngc Ln)
Cc loi nc thi
Nc ra ma cy
Nc ngng t
Nc bn lc
Cht thi than
Nc ra xe cc loi

NM ng th(mg/L)
20-30
30-40
2.900-11.000
-

NM tinh ch ng (mg/L)
4-21
730
750-1.200
15.000-18.000

Phn ln cht rn l lng l cht v c. Nc ra ma cy ch yu cha cc hp


cht v c. Trong iu kin cng ngh bnh thng, nc lm ngui, ra than v
nc thi t cc quy trnh khc c tng cht rn l lng khng ng k. Ch c mt
phn than hot tnh b tht thot theo nc, mt t bt tr lc, vi lc do mc nt to
31

thnh cc si nh l lng trong nc. Nhng trong iu kin cc thit b lc hu, b


r r th hm lng cc cht rn huyn ph trong nc thi c th tng cao.
Cc cht thi ca nh my ng lm cho nc thi c tnh axit. Trong trng hp
ngoi l, pH c th tng cao do c trn ln CaCO3 hoc nc x ra ct resin.
Ngoi cc cht ni trn, trong nc thi nh my ng cn tht thot lng
ng kh ln, gy thit hi ng k cho nh my. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht mu
anion v cation(cht mu ca cc axit hu c, mui kim loi to thnh) do vic x
ra lin tc cc ct ty mu resin v cc cht khng ng dng hu c(cc axit hu
c), dng v c(Na2O, SiO2, P2O5, Ca, Mg v K2O). Trong nc thi x ra cc ct
resin thng c nhiu ion H+, OH-.
Da vo c tnh ca nc thi, v yu cu mc x l t ra : nc thi phi
t tiu chun x thi loi B(TCVN 5945-1995) trong quy nh gii hn x thi
ca cc cht nh sau:

Bng tng kt cht lng nc thi nh my ng


(Ngun: Cng ty mi trng Ngc Ln)
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ch tiu
PH
SS
BOD
COD
N
P

n v
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l

Gi tr
7,5-8
1250
5000
7000
16,4
7,5

Tiu chun(lai B)
5,5 -9
100
50
100
60
6

Vic qun l tt quy trnh sn xut , bo dng thit b, chng r r hoc thay i
quy trnh cng ngh, s dng cc cng ngh sch l bin php tt nht gii quyt
cc cht nhim ngay trong khu sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn phi p dng quy trnh x
l nc thi, nhm lm gim vic thi cc cht nhim vo ngun nc hay vo h
thng thot nc chung ca thnh ph.
32

3.3 Kh thi

Cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh ca qu trnh sn xut ng khng


ln. Kh thi pht sinh ch yu t l hi dng b ma lm nhin liu, t qu trnh
x l nc ma bng CO2 v SO2 ca cng on bo xung.

Khi ca l t b ma v than. y l ngun nhim chnh m bt k nh my


sn xut cng nghip no cng cn lu x l. Khi t l to ra CO2, tro v kh
than. Trong ma khng c cc kim loi nng v cht c hi, ch yu l lng kh
than thi vo khng kh.

Hi ca l t lu hunh khi gp s c c th thot 1 phn ra ngoi. Kh SO2 rt


c cho ngi, hp th hi nc to thnh axit H2SO4 gy n mn cc b mt kim
loi.

S ta hi ca nc ma c cha mt lng ng nh pht tn vo khng kh v


bi ng cc cng on sng, ng bao
3.4

Cht thi rn

R ng: sn phm ph ca sn xut ng. Lng mt thng chim 5% lng


ma p, mt r s dng sn xut cn, sn xut m chnh, nm men ...
B ma: chim 26,8% - 32% lng ma p, vi lng m khang 50%. Phn cht
kh khong 46% Zenluloza v 24,6% Hemizenluloze
Cc nh my ng s dng b ma lm nhin liu t l hi v chy my pht
in. B ma cn c s dng lm nhin liu sn xut giy, vn p ...
Bn lc: l cn thi ca cng on lm trong nc ma th. Bn c m 75 77% chim 3,82 - 5,07% lng ma p

Tro l hi: chim 1,2% lng bn ma. Thnh phn chnh ca tro l SiO 2 chim
71 - 72%. Ngoi ra cn c Fe2O3, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, CaO, MnO ... Cng vi
bn, tro c dng sn xut phn hu c.

33

Bng thnh phn ha hc cht thi rn t sn xut ma ng ( phn trm khi


lng ) (Ngun: Cng ty mi trng Ngc Ln)
Mt r
Nc
ng
Cht kh
Hp cht Nito
Axit hu c
Tro
Cht mu

Bn lc
26
51
3
4,5
5,6
10,6
0,5

Nc
Sp, cht bo
X
ng
Protein
tro

B ma
75
3,5
7,5
4
3
7

Nc
Zenlulo
Pentoza
Lignin
Sp, protein
tro

50
22,5
16
9
1,5
1

3.5 nhim mi
Mi ngy hng trm tn b thi c thi ra ngoi. y l ngun cht thi d ln
men, hi thi v d b khuch tn theo gi, tri theo ma nn vic khng thu gom ch
bin s gy nhim nng mi trng xung quanh

CHNG 4: KIM SOT NHIM TRONG TON B QUY


TRNH SN XUT MA NG
4.1. Cc phng php x l nc thi

34

4.1.1. Hn ch mt ng theo nc thi


Gi tr BOD ca ng sacaroza l 0,49 mg O2/mg ng . ng l ngun quan
trng ca BOD trong nc thi ca nh my ng . Hn ch mt ng theo nc
thi khng nhng lm gim tn tht ng m cn lm tng tng thu hi trong sn
xut lm gim nhim ca nc thi. Phng php hn ch lm mt ng trong
nc thi l mt phng php x nc thi m cc nh my ng no cng p
dng bi v n i i vi vic lm tng tng thu hi ca nh my.
4.1.2. Tn tr nc thi
Bng cch gi li ton b nc thi ca nh my v cha trong nhng h ln
nc thi c thi gian t phn hy t 70-150 ngy BOD ca nc thi t 190-1015
ppm s gim xung t 10-15 ppm. y l phng php x l n gin tuy nhin i
hi tn nhiu thi gian v c din tch t rng, do ch ph hp vi nh my
ng t xa khu dn c, hoang vng, t rng, ngi tha.
4.1.3. Hi lu nc thi
Nc thi loi 1 (t cc ct ngng t to chn khng thng quay: gin bc hi, ni
nu ng, my lc chn khng thng quay, c BOD=<30 ppm) c cho quay tr
li nh my ti s dng, tun hon cho cc qu trnh cng ngh khc. i khi p
dng phng php hi lu ti s dng nc thi loi 2 (nc lm ngui my). Tuy
nhin c nhc im l cc cht bn trong nc thi do khng c x l nn s lm
nh hng n s truyn nhit ca my mc thit b. Phng php ny khng th p
dng cho nc thi loi 3 (nc v sinh, nc thi sinh hot, nc x y l hi).
Phng php ny thch hp cho cc nh my ng gp phi kh khn v ngun
nc cp.
4.1.4.

Lc nc thi

x l trit nc thi, mt s nh my s dng phng php lc nc thi.


Nc thi c th lc bng ct hoc lc bng t Diatonic. nc ta, mt s nh my
ng c h thng x l nc thi vi cc cng ngh khc nhau: Bng b UASB
(Nh my ng Bnh Dng, Cam Ranh ); kt hp ym - hiu kh ( Vit Tr, Ninh
35

Ha ); UASB - hiu kh - lc sinh hc (Nng Cng); h sinh hc (Lam Sn, An Kh,


Kontum...); x l hiu kh (Nh my ng Bnh nh). Ngoi ra vn ting n
cng cn phi c quan tm: ting n do my mc hot ng v do xe c i li gy
nh hng trc tip ti sc khe cng nhn v dn c xung quanh, gy tm l kh
chu lm gim nng xut lao ng. Cn phi bi trn my mc, lp m chng n,
phn khu ting n v trang b bo h, chng n cho cng nhn. Thit b khng c
php gy ting n vt tr s 90 dB trong khu vc sn xut cng nghip theo TCVN.
Trng cy xanh, thm c ven ng, va h hp th ting n, bi, kh CO2, SO2,
to bng mt v ngun cung cp O2.
X l nc thi bng vi sinh.
Phng php ny tn dng kh nng sng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy
cc cht bn hu c(v v c) c trong nc thi, c th c thc hin trong iu
kin hiu kh (vi s c mt ca oxy hoc trong iu kin ym kh khng c oxy). X
l nc thi bng vi sinh l mt phng php kh kinh t bi n gim c mt
lng BOD kh nhiu ca nc thi (hiu qu cao m khng tn km nng lng
nhiu), ch cn bm v khng yu cu phi c t rng, do y l mt phng
php rt thng dng.
4.2.

p dng sn xut sch hn trong ton b quy trnh sn xut.

Sn xut sch hn l vic lin tc xc nh v thc hin cc bin php nhm tit
kim nguyn , nhin vt liu, lm tng hiu sut, ng thi lm gim tc ng ca
sn xut, sn phm v dch v ln mi trng v con ngi.
Phng php p dng sn xut sch hn bao gm cc bc nh s :

36

4.3.

Cc gii php khng tn chi ph v chi ph thp.

4.3.1 Tun hon nc lm mt


+

Nguyn nhn: Lng nc s dng ln

Gii php:
Thu gom v tun hon nc gii nhit p my
S dng nc to chn khng gii nhit cho l t lu hunh thay cho
nc sch
37

Lp van t ng ti b cha nc lnh khu ch luyn d trnh chy trn


+

Li ch mi trng:
Gim lng nc khai thc t song
Gim nc thi

4.3.2 Gim tiu th in


+

Cc nguyn nhn lm cho s dng in tng


thc s dng ca cng nhn cha cao,dng cc thit b in trong khi sn
xut v sau khi ht ca ra v hay khng tt cc thit b dng in
S dng n si t,s dng qut c.

Cc gii php c a ra :

Ra quy nh tit kim in,thay th cc loi n si t,dy tc,n tup bng cc


loi n tit kim in,thay th qut c bng qut cng nghip cng sut ph hp
4.3.3 Gim tiu th than
+

Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht than cao


Than c m cao ,lng gi d trong l cao
Kch thc ca than khng ng u
Cht lng than thp do cha nhiu tp cht
H thng bo n km

Cc gii php khc phc:

Che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc,kim sot m
ca than khi nhp nhin liu,kim sot ng lu lng gi cp ng yu cu k
thut,kim sot kch thc than trc khi a vo l,mua than cht lng tt hn,ci
to li l c qu trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn,tng cng h thng bo n cc
h thng gia nhit
4.4.

Cc gii php u t ln

38

Gii php 1 : xy dng xng sn xut phn vi sinh


Trong cc nh my sn xut ng th lng b thi thi ra rt ln v vy chng ta
nn u t mt xng sn xut phn vi sinh,tn dng trit cc nguyn liu sn c
v di do. Ngoi ra gii php ny cng gip doanh nghip x l trit vn cht
thi rn, nhim mi ti khu vc sn xut v mi trng xung quanh.
Gii php 2: Gii php xy dng h thng x l khi bi l hi nu cn
Trong dy truyn sn xut cn th c l hi, nguyn liu chnh cho l hi ny l
than cm hoc b ma tha. Do l hi hot ng p sut thp nn khi l c cha
cc loi bi than v b,nh hng khng tt n mi trng xung quanh, c bit
trong iu kin v kh cc nh my st cc khi dn c. V vy phi u t h thng
thu gom v x l khi bi l hi,lng bi thu c c th b sung vo qu trnh lm
phn vi sinh. Tuy y l gii php khng c li v kinh t nhng li c li ch v mi
trng, gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi trng khng kh, hn ch nhng nh
hng tiu cc ti mi trng lao ng v khu vc xung quanh nh my.
Gii php 3: Gii php x l nc hm thi sn xut cn
Trong nh my sn xut ng c lng nc thi rt ln, cha nhiu cc hp
cht hu c, cc cht kh, cc axit hu c, cc cht keo v cht khong, nng
vt qu tiu chun cho php.V th phi xy dng h thng x l nc thi, c th
x l nc hm thi bng phng php bioga. Tuy y l gii php cui ng ng
nn khng mang li li ch kinh t nhng gip doanh nghip x l nc thi t
tiu chun cho php, tun th php lut,ci thin hnh nh cng ty...
Nhm to thun li cho qu trnh sn xut sch hn th chng ta phi ch trng
vo cc vn sau:
-

Lp k hoch sn xut c th cho tng phn xng,giao trch nhim r rng


cho ph trch cc b phn t chc sn xut tt nht

Thc hin tiu chun ha cc nh mc chi ph sn xut.Lun gim st cht ch


c chi ph sn xut phi nm trong nh mc cho php.

39

Lun cp nht cc chi ph phc v sn xut : nguyn liu,ha cht,in ,nc,


Xc nh cc chi ph bt thng tm ra nguyn nhn gy tn tht v khc
phc ngay.

4.5.

K hoch gim st mi trng

Yu t mi trng
Khng kh

Nc

V tr
Ch tiu
2 a im: t ti ni hi Cc thng s: CO, NO,
pht in v t ti l hi

NO2, SO2, bi

sn xut cn.
3 a im:

Cc thng s :Nhit ,

-Nc ti khu vc phn

PH, BOD5, SS, COD.

vi sinh.
-Trc khi vo h thng
x l.
- Sau khi vo h thng x
l.

Sn xut sch hn khng ch mang li li ch t vic tit kim nng lng s


dng,gim pht thi,gim lng nc tiu th, m cn gip doanh nghip pht trin
sn xut, nng cao cht lng sn phm, khng nh uy tn.

40

CHNG 5: CNG NGH X L NC THI


5.1

cng ngh x l nc thi quy m nh v trung bnh

5.1.1. S cng ngh

5.1.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh


41

Nc thi sn xut c dn theo ng thot nc ring ra h thng x l nc


thi.Dng thi sau khi qua song chn rc (SCR) u mi cng thu chy qua b lng
ct c t m su di t, y s gi li ct v cc cht rn l lng c kch
thc ln . Phn rc thi thu c c th dng sn xut giy, phn bn
Nc thi sau khi lng ct s t chy qua hm tip nhn. Tip theo,Nc thi c
bm qua b iu ha, trc khi qua b iu ha nc thi c bm qua trng lc,
lu lng nc thi ra s c iu ha n nh. Ti y nc thi c thi kh
lm thong s b v phn b cht bn ng u khp b.
Sau tip tc bm nc thi qua b lng 1 loi b 1 phn BOD5 , COD v
SS.Tip tc, nc thi t chy qua b k kh kiu m bn chy ngc UASB x
l s b nh p lc thy tnh , v nc thi ma ng c c trng l COD u vo
rt ln 7000 mg/l . Sau khi x l ym kh , u ra b UASB l kh sinh hc c thu
gi li lm biogas , phn nc c gim bt ti lng cht hu c t chy qua
aerotank x l hiu kh . Ti y xy ra qu trnh x l sinh hc , kh c thi vo
b bng cc a phn phi kh nhm tng cng s xo trn cht bn v oxi trong
khng kh ng thi gi cho bn trng thi l lng .
Sau thi gian lu, nc t aerotank t chy qua b lng 2 lng bn .Tip theo,
nc trong t mng thu nc aerotank t chy qua b tip xc , kh trng bng Clo
vi d lng l 0,5 mg/l , sau 30 pht chy ra cng thu nc v chy vo mng li
thot nc chung ca thnh ph .
Bn t b lng c a vo b cha bn sau khi n nh bn c bm tun
hon 1 phn vo b aerotank, phn cn li bm qua b nn bn trng lc sau bm
qua my p bn bng ti, bn sau khi ra khi my p bn bng ti to thnh bnh bn
c bn rung, trng cy hoc chn lp hp v sinh.

42

5.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi quy m ln


5.2.1. S cng ngh
Nc Thi
B Lng ct
Sn Phi ct
Hm tip nhn

X L nh k

B iu ha

Ha cht

B trung gian

B UASB
B cha bn
Cp kh

B Aerotank
X l nh k
B lng

B lc p lc

B trung gian

43

5.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh


Nc thi sn xut c dn theo ng thot nc ring ra h thng x l nc
thi. Dng thi sau khi qua song chn rc (SCR) u mi cng thu chy qua b lng
ct c t m su di t, y s gi li ct v cc cht rn l lng c kch
thc ln m bo s hot ng n nh ca cc cng trnh x l tip theo. Phn
rc thi thu c c th dng sn xut giy, phn bn
Nc thi sau khi lng ct s t chy qua hm tip nhn. Tip theo, nc thi
c bm qua b iu ha. Ti y, lu lng v nng nc thi ra s c iu
ha n nh. Trong b, h thng my khuy s trn u nhm n nh nng cc
hp cht trong nc thi, gi tr pH s c iu chnh n thng s ti u qu
trnh x l sinh hc hot ng tt.
Nc thi c bm t b iu ha vo b UASB, cc hp cht hu c s c
phn hy bng bn vi sinh k kh. Kh sinh hc c thu gom u ra ca b UASB
gi li lm biogas , phn nc c gim bt ti lng cht hu c t chy qua
aerotank x l hiu kh . Ti y, kh c thi vo b bng cc a phn phi kh
44

nhm tng cng s xo trn cht bn v cung cp oxy cho vi sinh vt hiu kh, ng
thi gi cho bn trng thi l lng. Lng vi sinh vt hiu kh s c b sung
bng cch tun hon bn t b lng.
Nc thi sau khi c x l hiu kh t aerotank c dn vo b lng. Bn
hot tnh lng xung y b di tc dng ca trng lc, mt phn bn c tun
hon li b aerotank, phn cn li s c bm vo b cha bn v em i x l.Tip
theo, nc trong t mng thu nc aerotank c bm qua b lc p lc ri kh
trng v lc p lc trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn.

CHNG 6: KT LUN V KIN NGH


6.1

Kt lun.

Kim sot nhim trong nh my sn xut ma ng l mt quy trnh khp kn.


T khu nhp nguyn vt liu u vo n cc cng on sn xut, cng nh qun l,
x l cht thi u ra t tiu chun cht lng mi trng. ng thi gim thiu
nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng sng v sc khe cng ng.
Bn cnh , vic kim sot nhim cn nhm tit kim chi ph cho vic x l
cht nhim, gim lng nc thi pht sinh, tn dng ngun nguyn liu, to ra
nhng sn phm ph c gi tr kinh t cao. T , h gi thnh sn phm, nng cao
li ch kinh t cho doanh nghip.
6.2

Kin ngh.

Vic kim sot nhim theo chu trnh khp kn trong doanh nghip to ra
nhng li ch to ln v kinh t cng nh x hi. Tuy nhin, vic p dng m hnh ny
nc ta hin nay cha c ph bin, do nhng vn khch quan cng nh ch

45

quan nh: c cu t chc cha cht ch, ngun vn u t cn hn hp, quy trnh
cng ngh sn xut lc hu, thiu i ng k thut vin c kinh nghim,.
V vy, nhm a ra mt s kin ngh ci thin hin trng trn nh sau:

o to i ng k thut vin c chuyn mn, giu kinh nghim

Gim st nh k vic thc hin kim sot nhim trong doanh nghip

C bin php ch ti, x pht cc doanh nghip gy nhim mi trng

Thc hin bo tr thit b thng xuyn, trnh r r, tht thot nguyn vt

liu, gim tui th ca my mc

Ci tin cng ngh sn xut, u t trang thit b hin i nhm tng hiu

qu kim sot nhim

CHNG 7: TI LIU THAM KHO


1. TS Lm Minh Trit, X l nc thi cng nghip _ Tnh ton thit k cng trnh,

Vin ti nguyn mi trng, 2001


2. Nguyn Hoi Linh_ n mn hc x l cht thi
3. TS. Lm Minh Trit - Nguyn Thanh Hng - Nguyn Phc Dn, X l nc thi

th v cng nghip - tnh ton thit k cng trnh, CEFINEA Vin Mi trng v
Ti nguyn, 2002.
4. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/duong
5. http://giongmia.wordpress.com/
6. http://tailieu.vn/tag/tai-lieu/sanxuatduong.html
7. www.itdg.org/docs/technical.../sugar_production_from_cane.pdf
8. www.sugarcaneindia.com/

46

9. http://www.dost-bentre.gov.vn/index.php?

Itemid=147&id=1091&option=com_content&task=view
10. http://www.dostbinhdinh.org.vn/KyYeu/GiaiDoan1991-2000/Kyyeu_50.htm
11. http://www.nea.gov.vn/thongtinmt/noidung/home_24_3_03.htm
12. http://www.vietnamchemtech.com.vn

13. htpp://yeumoitruong.com
14. cng x l nc thi ma ng-Thc s: L Ngc Th

Danh sch nhm: 6


Nguyn Trng

0822293

Bi Nguyn Thun

0822259

Phm Th Kim Dung

0822053

Ng Vn Dng

0822063

47

Hong Tin Thnh

0822242

48

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