Have You Ever Seen This House Plan Before ?

Today you are going to learn Chapter 10

firstly, you are going to learn basic drawing

8 cm

7 cm

MATERIALS SHOULD BE USED

8 cm

7 cm

7 cm

8 cm

CHAPTER 10

Orthogonal Projection Plan Elevation

10. 1 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION

A. Identify orthogonal projections

The orthogonal projection of an object onto a plane is the image formed on the plane by normals from the object to the plane

A. Identify orthogonal projections

In the diagram 1, the outline of the cuboid as seen from above is projected onto the horizontal plane. Thus, the rectangle ABCD is the orthogonal projection of the cuboid onto the horizontal plane.
B A D

Object

Orthogonal projection

DIAGRAM 1

Horizontal plane

B. Drawing Orthogonal Projections

Step 1 : From the corners of the object, draw normals to the plane given Step 2 : Join up the feet of the normals on the plane to get the orthogonal projection of the object
Object

Orthogonal projection

Horizontal plane

EXAMPLE

Orthogonal projection of the object onto vertical plane

Vertical plane

EXAMPLE

Orthogonal projection of the object onto vertical plane as viewed from x

D C

E A B

EXAMPLE Orthogonal projection of the object onto the horizontal plane

Horizontal plane

EXAMPLE Orthogonal projection of the object onto the horizontal plane

Horizontal plane

C Determining the difference between an

object and its orthogonal projection

A D P S R C Q B The edges of an object and their orthogonal projections onto a plane are equal if the edges of the object are parallel to that plane. The edge, AB of the object is equal to the edge of the orthogonal projection of AB and, so on, since the edges, AB, BC, an AD are parallel to the horizontal plane.

A/P D/S

B/Q C/R

C Determining the difference between an object and its orthogonal projection

A D P S R C Q B

When viewed from above, the corner, P, is beneath the corner, A. Thus , the orthogonal projection of this corner is labelled as A/P. For similar reasons, the orthogonal projection of corner B is labelled as B/Q and so on. B/Q

A/P D/S

C/R

C Determining the difference between an object and its orthogonal projection

Edge AD of the object and the orthogonal projection of AD onto a plane are different in length, since edge AD is not parallel to the vertical plane.

A/E D C

Edge DE of the object and the orthogonal projection of DE onto B/F a plane are equal in length, since edge DE is parallel to the vertical plane.

E A B

A Drawing the plan of a solid object The orthogonal projection of an object onto the horizontal plane is called a plan

In drawing the plan of a solid object, the following lines are used:  solid lines are used to show the visible edges of the object  dashed lines are used to show the hidden edges of the object  thin light lines, called projection lines, are used to connect the plan and the elevations

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

Object

Image

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

EXAMPLE

PLAN

Drawing the front and side elevations of a solid object

The orthogonal projection of an object onto a the vertical plane is called an elevation. The orthogonal projection of an object, as seen from the front, onto the vertical plane, is called the front elevation whereas, the orthogonal projection of an object, as seen from the side, onto the vertical plane is called the side elevation.

In drawing the elevation of a solid object, the following lines are used:  solid lines are used to show the visible edges of the object  dashed lines are used to show the hidden edges of the object  thin light lines, called projection lines, are used to connect the plan and the elevations

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

EXAMPLE

ELEVATION

(a) Plan

K N R Q

M/N J F H L/R E/F G K/J

Q/P

H/G

(a) Plan

K N R Q J

P H

(a) Plan

K N R Q J

P H

(a) Plan

(b) Elevation viewed from C

(b) Elevation viewed from C

(b) Elevation viewed from C

(d) Elevation viewed from D

(d) Elevation viewed from D

(d) Elevation viewed from D

PLAN
K 4 cm J L I 4 cm H 2 cm G F E 8 cm D C 4 cm 5 cm B 4 cm J L I 4 cm H E 8 cm D C 4 cm K 5 cm B

2 cm G F

PLAN
K 4 cm J L I 4 cm H 2 cm G F E 8 cm D C 4 cm 5 cm B

K/L

B/A

J/I

C/D

H/G

E/F

ELEVATION-VIEWED FROM X
Q K 4 cm J 4 cm L I 4 cm H 2 cm E D A 4 cm M 5 cm P C N

B 6 cm

P/Q C/B E/D F/A

J/K H/I

G/L
X

ELEVATION-VIEWED FROM Y

Q K 4 cm J 4 cm L I 4 cm H 2 cm G F E Y D A 4 cm C 5 cm

PLAN

ELEVATION-VIEWED FROM G

PLAN
H

F J

M L K

P B

D Q C

ELEVATION-VIEWED FROM Y
G H

F J

M L

P B

D Q C

ELEVATION-VIEWED FROM X
G H

F J

M L

P B

D Q C

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Solid With Inclined Surfaces
Step 1: Relocate the width and depth measurements of the entire object. Draw surfaces M and N

M N

Step 2: Project the top view of the object onto the front view. Relocate the height measurement on the entire object. Then, draw surfaces P and R

R P N Q

Step 3: Project the top and front views on the object onto the right side view. Draw the height and depth of the entire object. Draw surfaces N and Q

Example 1

Example 2
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
Top view

Left side view

Front view

The three views when an object is projected onto the vertical, horizontal and additional vertical planes at third angle projections.

Example 3
Top view

Question: Construct a left side view of the object shown above.

STEP 1 Construct projection line from top view to left side view. STEP 2 Construct projection line from front view to left side view. STEP 3 Draw the left side view.
Left side view Front view