Aromanian Zoonymica from Kleisoura (prefecture of Kastoria)

Nikolaos Dimokratous Siokis (Salonica)

The animal denominations of Kleisoura remained uninvestigated up till the present times and we should seek the causes of that in the difficult rendering from the Aromanian language that is spoken in the townlet even today. We should also seek causes in the weakness of many researchers, who do not know the language, to approach such a subject. Kleisoura (also Vlacho-Kleisoura) is located in the borders of Kastorias prefecture with those of Florinas and Kozanis and is situated at an altitude of 1275 metres on the mountain Mouriki. Today the population of Kleisoura is about three hundred. The many variations of Aromanian besides Dacoromanian, Meglenoromanian and Istroromanian one of the four neolatin idioms that came up from the Balkan Latin still hasnt been studied systematically so that we can conceptualize and draw through them inferences about neolatin idioms of the Balkans. Considerable linguistic studies about Aromanian language have been written by Capidan (1932, 1942), Pucariu (1926, 1974), Caragiu Marioeanu (1968), Caragiu Marioeanu et alii (1977), Saramandu (1972, 1979, 1984, 2003), Busbukis (see 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 9.79.10 in Kahl 2004), Katsanis (1990, 1994, 1998, 2001), Carageani (2002), Bara (see 6.1, 6.2, 9.29.6 in Kahl 2004), in which is also included considerable bibliography. However, all of them are concerned with the Aromanian in general, as only four linguistic studies refer to exactly localized Aromanian dialects and their specific characteristics, i.e. the dialect of Kruevo (Arom. Cruuva, F.Y.R. of Macedonia) by Gob (1984), of Samarina (Arom. Samarina, prefecture of Grevena) by Dinas (1986), of Metsovo (Arom. Aminciu, prefecture of Ioannina) by Beis (2000) and the dialect of Krania (Arom. Turia, prefecture of Grevena) by Bara, Kahl, Sobolev (2005). Today, despite the most favourable for less widely spoken languages and dialects in European space decisions of the European Union, in Greece little effort is being made towards their recording and study. Regrettable indeed are also the ascertainment (Koltsidas 19971998 and Dinas 2004, infrequently) for gradual shrinkage and subsidence of Aromanian language after the decade 1970. As a result, the list of open questions concerning the Aromanian dialects (Kahl 2005: 161) is quite long. The postwar urbanism, the intermarriages with non-Aromanians and the easy adaptation of Aromanians into the new conditions of life have contributed in the weakening or even the rural abandonment of the Aromanian centers. The urbanization acted as a catalyst in the disappearance of Aromanian language, while the federations, the cultural societies and the associations that represent Aromanians confine themselfs to dancing and other variform cultural events and have as an aim the study, preservation and protection of their maternal language as historical and cultural element (according to article 2.2. of memorandum of the Union of Vlachs Scientists, Salonica),

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being indifferent as to whether in a few years along with its extinction an important part of their culture will also be lost. The recording of animals denominations of Kleisoura was made possible during many of Kleisouras old song recordings, which have also been saved in the authors personal archive. The linguistic material of this contribution has been collected after personal contact with old and younger people from Kleisoura and mainly with stock1 breeders and local hunters . So from this point of view I feel obliged to mention Polyxeni Koutsou (b. Papagianni, 19031999), Ekaterini Styla (19082000), Nikolaos St. Siokis (19091998), Marika Gaganiara (b. Notta, 19101998), Evanthia Matsouka (b. Papagianni, 19102002), Ekaterini Kiora (b. Filli, 19121997), Symeon Galitsa (19132001), Ioannis Th. Nikolaou (19182003), Venerika Tataki (b. Totti, 19192002), Paraskevi Smixioti (b. Notta, 19201996), Anastasia Galitsa (b. Staga, 19222000) and to give thanks to Stefanos Dem. Siavvas (b. 1919), hayward Demetrios M. Giouris (b. 1925), Stefanos Ch. Patsikas (b. 1925), Evangelia Karagianni (b. Sternaka, 1928), Stergios N. Siokis (b. 1938), schoolteacher Georgios D. Galitsas (b. 1942), Demokratis N. Siokis (b. 1945) and priest Menelaos N. Siokis (b. 1954). The collection and study of animals denominations presents unique interest as much as the peculiarity of their origin is concerned, as also for the variform linguistic material that it offers. The existence of Latin words is characteristic, and it highlights the Latin origin of the Aromanian language. Also interesting is the adopting of words from the neighbouring languages (Greek, Slav, Turkish, and Albanian). Therefore, below are mentioned, following the Greek alphabet, the animals denominations and their origin:

Greek word, asked in questionnaire ( )

English translation blood sucker

Aromanian answers (italic), etymology and further sources pivi < bulg. pijavica. A relative name, pihavits or piuvits, is also found among the Aromanians from Gramusti (Pap. 974, 987) vac < lat. vacca, -ae (Kou. 928, Pap. 1251, Kat. 123) arii < gr. (Pap. 121) aructui < gr. + lat. catta + -ui i aructu u < gr. + lat. catta + -uiu arupatc < gr. + bulg. patka aruprumbu < gr. + lat. palumbus. The same term is used for the bird (= wild dove).

cow wild animal wild cat bobcat (wild cat) teal rock dove

Instructor in this effort stood linguist Mr. Nikolaos Katsanis, whom I also deeply thank for the noble from his part provision of lists of all animals in Greek language.

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70 ( )

NIKOLAOS SIOKIS

eagle nightingale locust fox nag foal horse horse ill with asthma horse grizzle stud-horse

ciuligan (Pap. 449) birbi u < alb. bilbili (Pap. 274, Kat. 117) lcust < lat. locusta, -ae (Kou. 457, Pap. 727, Kat. 119) vulpi < lat. vulpes, -is (Kou. 963, Pap. 1281, Kat. 123) iotu < gr. , (Pap. 515) ioat < gr. , (Pap. 515) calu < lat. caballus (PAP. 306, Kat. 118) u ticnifedz < turk. teneffs (= inhalation) (Pap. 1175, 1177) psari < gr. (Pap. 1022) u ariat < lat. aries, -etis. It refers to either stallions or sheep used for breeding (Kou. 66, Pap. 195) arvani < turk. rahvan (Pap. 200) cara < turk. kara (= black) (Pap. 362) ba iu < lat. verb balare (= bleat) (Kou. 83, Pap. 255) muzg di calu < lat. musca, -ae / lat. cavallum, -i (Kou. 515) pangu < old slav. paqk (Pap. 943, Kat. 120121) urs < lat. ursa, -ae (Kou. 924, Pap. 1245, Kat. 123) ursopulu < lat. ursus, -i + gr. - (Kou. 924, Pap. 1246) noatinu < lat. annotinus (= one year of age) (Kou. 55, Cap. 104, Pap. 903904) elu < lat. agnellus (Kou. 40, Pap. 871 872, Kat. 120) u ciacal < turk. akal (= jackal) (Pap. 429, 433, Kat. 122) broasc di tu ap < gr. / lat. aqua, -ae. This expression is translated strictly as water turtle, since the turtle u is called broasc cu os (= turtle with bone) (Kou. 61, Pap. 284, Kat. 117118) vitu i < lat. vitula, -ae (Kou. 958, Cap. 105, Pap. 12691270) bou < lat. bos, -vis (Kou. 89, Pap. 282) buvli < lat. bucula, -ae or slav. buvolica (Kou. 91, Pap. 300) bivu iu < lat. buculus, -i or bulg. bivol (Kou. 91, Pap. 277)
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( )

riding-horse black horse white horse horse-fly spider bear baby bear lambkin lamb badger frog

( )

five months goat ox buffalo cow buffalo

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( )

female donkey young donkey donkey (ass) turkey

( )

cat male cat hawk tawny owl sow piglet pig wild boar slug slug carrion buzzard small pigeon woodpecker

( ) ( )
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deer field dog roe deer hogget animal with horns animal without horns big black insect small black insect tit

troai prlicu u tar < turk. tavar (Pap. 1166) misirc < bulg. misirka. Egypt is called in Aromanian Misirii and is regarded as the place from where the turkey originates (Pap. 807, Kat. 120) ctui < lat. catta + ui (Kou. 110, Pap. 356, Kat. 118) ctuiu < lat. catta + uiu u sfurniel < lat. fringuilla, -ae (Kou. 320, Pap. 1079, Kat. 122) i u g on < alb. gjon (Pap. 611612) poarc < lat. porca, -ae (Kou. 635, Pap. 10021003) u purel < lat. porcellus, -i (Kou. 635, Pap. 1033) porcu < lat. porcus, -i (Kou. 635, Pap. 1005, Kat. 121) porcu aru < lat. porcus + gr. (Kou. 635, Kat. 121) aruzmelciu (< gr. + bulg. zmi) zmeu < bulg. zmi (Pap. 1302, Kat. 123) ori < gr. (Pap. 938) dudie < turk. dudu (= parrot, miss) (Pap. 503504) u cucot aru < slav. kokot + gr. . Translated as wild crower (Pap. 121, Kat. 118) erbu < lat. cervus, -i (Kou. 118, Pap. 1218, Kat. 122123) u zar < turk. zaar (= hunters dog) (Pap. 1290, Kat. 123) zrcai < gr. (Pap. 1292) zuri < gr. . Sheep two years of age curnutu < lat. cornutus (Kou. 181, Pap. 419) u iut < lat. exsutus (Pap. 1161) bubunar
u

bubulic (Pap. 288) iidoiu. Possibly taken after the characteristic song of the bird: tsi tsi don (Kat.

72

NIKOLAOS SIOKIS

caterpillar crayfish daw goldfinch

( )

goat white goat white goat white goat with black eyes old goat carroty goat black goat black goat goat with red feet goat with red and grey coat goat with black stains in mug coat belly-ache goat all white piebald goat goat colorful in the neck, belly and feet grey goat grey goat with red feet kiddling jay brooding hen

123) luidh Pap. 754) cridh < gr. gau < lat. gavia, -ae (Kou. 329, Pap. 579, Kat. 119) poal ali St-Mrii (< slav. pola + lat. Sancta Maria). Translated as Madonnas apron. Taken after the multicolor appearance of the bird (Pap. 1002, Kat. 118) capr < lat. capra, -ae (Kou. 103, Cap. 105, Pap. 314, Kat. 118) alb < lat. alba, -ae (Kou. 42) becia (Cap. 106, Pap. 268) i cale a (Cap. 106, Pap. 309) veac i < lat. veclus (Pap. 1260) rus < lat. russus (Kou. 762. Cap. 107, Pap. 1046) corb < lat. corbus (Pap. 381) laia < lat. Laius (proper noun?) (Kou. 435, cf. Pap. 722723) ges (Cap. 107, Pap. 609) cul < turk. kula (= grey, grey horse) (Pap. 398) bardz (Cap. 107, Pap. 256)

dlac < turk. dalak (= spleen) (Pap. 457) flor < lat. florus (Kou. 312, Cap. 107, Pap. 556557) ar (CAP. 107, Pap. 758) mucur < alb. mukuluer (Cap. 107, Pap. 840)

cnut < lat. canutus (Cap. 107, Pap. 337) gesucnut < ges + cnut (< lat. canutus) (Cap. 107, Pap. 609) edu < lat. haedus (Kou. 341, Cap. 105, Pap. 527, Kat. 119) kis < gr. (Pap. 717) cloia < bulg. klocke (Pap. 370, Kat. 118)
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( ) , ( ) ( ) ( )
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cockerel cock, crower nit (louses egg) raven bug (tick) hen blackbird cuckoo owl ferret mosquito sheep buck without horns sheep buck flocks forerunner sheep buck fire-fly

cucuticiu < slav. kokot + - (Pap. 394) u cucot < slav. kokot (Pap. 392, Kat. 118) lindin < lat. lens, -ndis (Kou. 445, Pap. 741) corbu < lat. corvus (Pap. 381, Kat. 118) tartabicu < turk. tahta (= wood) + bit (= louse) (Pap. 1166, Kat. 122) g in < lat. gallina, -ae (Kou. 328, Pap. 585, Kat. 119) nirl < lat. merula, -ae (Kou. 490, Pap. 924, 927, Kat. 120) u cuc . The word derives from the sound that the bird makes (Pap. 392, Kat. 118) cucuveau < gr. (Pap. 394, Kat. 118) cnavi < gr. (Pap. 408) dzivai < lat. tabonem. The term is used for the swarm of mosquitos. u iut < lat. exsutus (Pap. 1161) birbec < lat. vervex, -cis (Kou. 944, Cap. 104, Pap. 273, Kat. 117) gesemi lcuriciu < alb. lakuriq. Papahagi refers u to the verbs licuredz and licuriescu, that mean shimer (Pap. 735736) opuru < lat. lepus, -oris (Kou. 446, Pap. 759760, Kat. 119) u aslan < turk. aslan (= lion) (Pap. 227, Kat. 117) lupoai < lat. lupus, -i (Kou. 463, Pap. 755) lupu < lat. lupus, -i (Kou. 463, Pap. 755, Kat. 120) u stup < lat. stupus. For the swarm of bees the plural form stuk is used (Pap. 1127) u stup < lat. stupus (Pap. 1127) iluu < lat. vitellus + -uiu (Kou. 956) ilu < lat. vitellus, -i (Kou. 956, Pap. 625, Kat. 119) mulets mul < lat. mulus, -i (Kou. 512, Pap. 828829) u buf < ital. bufo (Pap. 291)
u

hare lion female wolf wolf bee beehive baby-calf bull-calf mite of a mule mule eagle owl

74 fly

NIKOLAOS SIOKIS

ant water snake

horse-fly weasel bat vulture quail adder (viper) duck easter fly

( , ) ( ) ( )

stork stork

partridge pigeon white butterfly mouse hen colt bird (in general) little bird (broodhens bird) barren ewe sheep

muzg < lat. musca, -ae. Characteristic is the curse s-ti ascuki muzg aia laia (= to bite you black fly) (Kou. 515, Pap. 845, Kat. 120) furnig < lat. formica, -ae (Kou. 316, Pap. 574575, Kat. 119) i arpi di tu ap (< lat. serpens + lat. aqua). Translated as water snake (Kou. 61, 798) u davan < lat. tabonem (Pap. 463, Kat. 118) nivistu i < bulg. nevestulka (Pap. 901, Kat. 120) nihtiridh < gr. (Pap. 890) oru < gr. (Pap. 938) pripilits < bulg. prepelica (Pap. 1014) nprtic < alb. nprk (Pap. 854, Kat. 120) patc < serb. patka (Pap. 951, Kat. 121) muzg al Pati < lat. musca, -ae + Paschaae. Translated as easter fly (Kat. 515, 582) strcu < bulg. strk (Pap. 1118, Kat. 122) lelecu. The word is found in all Balkan languages. In gr. , turk. lelek, alb. lejleku and bulg. lelek (Pap. 734) pitruicli < lat. petru + -rnix + -ula (peturnicula) (Pap. 986, Kat. 121) prumbu < lat. palumbus, -i (Kou. 574, Pap. 1033, Kat. 121122) flitur (Pap. 556) oaricu < lat. sorex, -cis (Kou. 817, Pap. 1154, Kat. 122) pu u and pu c < lat. pullus, -i (Kou. 696, Pap. 10271028, Kat. 121) mingu < ital. manzo (= baby calf) (Pap. 800, 813) pu u < lat. pullus, -i (Kou. 696, Pap. 10271028, Kat. 121) pu u di clotsi (< lat. pullus, -i + bulg. klocke). Translated as broodhens bird (Kou. 696) stearp < lat. exstirps, -rpis (Kou. 289, CAP. 104, Pap. 1114) oai < lat. ovis, -is (Kou. 569, Pap. 929)
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mad sheep

( ) ( )

white sheep with red color in eyes black sheep with white frontlet sheep with black stains in mug sheep with black head sheep with black maw totally black sheep kestrel yellow devil darting snake snail centipede

vrlu < slav. and bulg. vrl. Specific sickness of the sheep which forces it to make constant turns towards one direction (Cap. 108, Pap. 1272) mat < gr. (Cap. 106, Pap. 773)

ba ia < lat. verb balare (= bleat) (Kou. 81, Cap. 106, Pap. 255) coain < lat. coccinus (Kou. 134, Cap. 106, Pap. 375) oacrn < lat. obaquilus (Cap. 107, Pap. 929) baur < lat. verb basiare (= kiss) (Kou. 83. Cap. 107, Pap. 257) caramuz < turk. kara (= black) + slav. muzga (= mud) (Cap. 106, Pap. 315) u kirkinez < turk. kerkenes (Pap. 715) strimdia u < lat. strictus (Kou. 832) sit < gr. (Pap. 1055, Kat. 122) zmelciu < bulg. zmi (Pap. 1302, Kat. 123) aia cu patrudz di cicioari < lat. quattuor-decem + pedicula. Translated as the one with forty legs (Kou. 584, Pap. 952, 434) guteri < bulg. and serb. guterica (Pap. 606) u ciupilar (Pap. 452, Kat. 123) (comp. and the rom. oprl) guteri veardi (< bulg. and serb. guterica + lat. viridis). Translated as green lizard (Kou. 954) u crap < alb. shkrap (Pap. 1070, 1146) ariciu < lat. ericius (= starfish) (Pap. 198, Kat. 117) ververitsa < serb. veverica (Pap. 1268, Kat. 123) cupi (Pap. 411) cliu ermu < lat. vermis, -is (Kou. 940, Pap. 620, Kat. 119) cau and cau < lat. catella, -ae (Kou. 110, Pap. 356, Kat. 118)

( )

lizard mite of a black lizard big green lizard

beetle with claws hedgehog squirrel moth scorpion worm she-dog

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76 doggie dog wagtail sparrow asp bull cicada billy-goat

NIKOLAOS SIOKIS

uncastrated billy-goat turtle dove jackal hoopoe tick mole

cl < lat. catellus, -i (Kou. 110, Pap. 356, Kat. 118) cni < lat. canis, -is (Kou. 100. Pap. 360. Kat. 118) i coadbu u < lat. cauda alba (= white tail) + uiu (Kou. 42, 110, Pap. 374, Kat. 118) andzic u strit < gr. (Pap. 1124) bicu < bulg. bik (Pap. 270) u dzidzinar . The word comes from the sound that the insect makes (Pap. 523) u tsap < illyr. zapp (Cap. 105, Pap. 1214, Kat. 122) prciu < bulg. pr (Cap. 105, Pap. 991) turtur < lat. turtur, -ris (Kou. 914, Pap. 12071208, Kat. 123) u ciacal < turk. akal (= jackal) pupz < lat. upupa, -ae (Kou. 923, Pap. 1029) cpui < alb. kpush (Pap. 342) i ma arou < lat. mus, -ris + araneus (= web like) (Kou. 62, 515, Pap. 785, 842, Kat. 120) i arpi < lat. serpens, -ntis (Kou. 798, Pap. 1148, Kat. 122) iap < lat. equa, -ae (Kou. 263, Pap. 671, Kat. 119) arndur < lat. hirundo, -inis (Kou. 348, Kat. 119) u broasc cu os (= turtle with bone) < gr. / lat. ossum (Pap. 284, 938) gsc < bulg. gska (Pap. 589) coadfoartic < lat. cauda + forfex, -icis. Translated as tail like scissors (Kou. 110, 315, Kat. 118) tsirou < gr. (Pap. 1223, Kat. 123) pescu < lat. piscis, -is (Kou. 623, Pap. 969. Kat. 121) piduc i < lat. pediculus, -i (Kou. 589, Pap. 973, Kat. 121) mrou mrou < alb. mace (Pap. 773, 783) puricu < lat. pulex, -cis (Kou. 696, Pap. 1031, Kat. 121)
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serpent snake mare swallow tortoise goose bristletail

( )

alevin (roach) fish louse (mite of a louse) moggie flea

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About provenance of words, from 179 words, that we have recorded, 93 have Latin origin, 28 Slav origin, 24 Greek origin, 14 Turkish origin, 9 Albanian origin and 19 unknown origin.

Sources
Bara, Maria; Thede Kahl; Andrej Sobolev (2005): Die sdaromunische Mundart von Turia. Materialien zum Balkansprachatlas IV. Mnchen. Beis, Stamatis (2000): Le parler aroumain de Metsovo. Description dune langue en voie de disparition. Unpublished PhD. Paris. Cap. = Capidan, Theodor (1926): Romnii nomazi. Studiu din viaa Romnilor din sudul Peninsulei Balcanice [Romanian Nomads. Study on the Life of the Romanians the Southern Balkan Peninsula]. Cluj. Capidan, Theodor (1932): Aromnii. Dialectul Aromn. Studiu lingvistic [The Aromanians. The Aromanian Dialect. Linguistic Study]. Studii i Cercetri XX. Bucureti. Capidan, Theodor (1942): Macedoromnii. Etnografie, istorie, limb [The Macedo-Romanians. Ethnography, History, Language]. Bucureti. Carageani, Gheorghe (2002): Studi linguistici sull aromeno. Cluj-Napoca. Caragiu Marioeanu, Matilda (1968): Fono-morfologie aromn. Studiu de dialectologie structural [Aromanian Phonomorphology. Study of Structural Dialectology]. Bucureti. Caragiu Marioeanu, Matilda et alii (1977): Dialectologie Romn [Romanian Dialectology]. Bucureti. Caragiu Marioeanu, Matilda (1997): Dicionar aromn (Macedo-Vlah), AD [Aromanian (Macedo-Vlach) Dictionary, AD]. Bucureti. Dinas, Konstantinos [ , ] (1986): . [The Idiom of Samarina. Phonologic Analysis]. PhD. . Dinas, Konstantinos [ , ] (2004): : . [Vlach Speakers in the Prefecture of Florina: A Step Before Disappearance. A Sociolinguistic Approach]. , 19122002, , , [Proceedings of the Scientific Symposium Florina 19122002, History and Culture. Pedagogical School of Florina, Department of Balkan Studies]. . 355381. Gob, Zbigniew (1984): The Arumanian Dialect of Kruevo in S.R. Macedonia, S.F.R. Yugoslavia. Skopje. Kahl, Thede (2004): Aromunen und meglenitische Vlachen: Wachsendes Interesse in Sdosteuropa. Kommentierte Bibliographie 19902004. Balkan-Archiv 28/29, Neue Folge 2004. 11117. Kahl, Thede (2005): Offene Fragen in der Erforschung des Aromunischen und seiner Dialekte. In: Sobolev, A. N.; A. Ju. Rusakov (ed.): Jazyki i dialekty malyh etnieskih grupp na Balkanah. Sankt-Peterburg Mnchen. 155166. Kat. = Katsanis, Nikolaos [ , ] (1990): ( ). [Onomastic of Nymfeo (Neveska). Historical Introduction, Idiom, Anthroponomastic, Toponomastic, Fytonomastic, Zoonomastic]. 72. .

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Katsanis, Nikolaos [ , ] (1994): [The Latin and Latin-Originated Loans in the Dialects and the Idioms of Modern Greek]. 1. 194202. Katsanis, Nikolaos [ , ] (1998): [The Vlachs. The Cutsovlach Language]. 5 (19961998). 3782. Katsanis, Nikolaos [ , ] (2001): ( ) [The Vlachs of Paiko (in the Byzantine Province of Moglena)]. 2. . Koltsidas, Antonios [ , ] (1998): ( , , ) [The Current Situation of Cutsovlach Language in Greece (Historical, Ethnological, Social and Linguistic Dimension)]. 31 (19971998). 185 212. Kou. = Koumanoudis, Stefanos [ , ] (1854): - [Latin-Greek Dictionary, Drawn up for First Time by Enrikos Ulerihos]. . Pap. = Papahagi, Tache (1974): Dicionarul dialectului Aromn. General i etimologic [Dictionary of the Aromanian Dialect. General and Etymological]. Bucureti. Pucariu, Sextil (1926): Studii istroromne [Istroromanian Studies], Vol. II. Bucureti. Pucariu, Sextil (1974): Sextil Pucariu. Cercetri i Studii [Researches and Studies]. Ed. by Il. Dan. Bucureti. Saramandu, Nicolae (1972): Cercetri asupra aromnei vorbite n Dobrogea [Researches on Aromanian Spoken in Dobrogea]. Bucureti. Saramandu, Nicolae (1979): Le parler aroumain de Kruevo (R.S. de Macdoine). Revue des tudes Sud-Est Europennes XVII. 153162. Saramandu, Nicolae (1984): Aromna [Aromanian]. Tratat de dialectologie romneasc. Craiova. 423476. Saramandu, Nicolae (2003): Studii aromne i meglenoromne [Aromanian and Meglenoromanian Studies]. Constana.

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