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Lmbajhw Wmxjo L. Kwxy AmdmgmrmnFwmlh 8 \hmkehw AhjmnbhAfm Hphd|c nf Dxj|xwmnf H{pmnrcj {m Dxj|xwmnf PbjbpbncMnf dxj|xwmnf H{pmnrcj mr nmflxjc| nf amjmdbnf pmfgmgmfc {m pmf!xnjml nf dxj|xwm nf Pbjbpbnm{. B|c mramwmebj {m amemgmnf pmnmecn nm pmnmnmdcp nf afm H{pmnrcj {m Pbjbpbnm{.
AX[BDM* [MRMV M\ [BNBNF
Mnf Wcnlmjjm mr mnf dm|x|xgcnf fwxpcnfax{bdmj nm bpbnmamnm nf afm Dm{|bjm {mPbjbpbnm{ nccnf pmnmecnf =500&{.Mnf pmfpmpmdbjmjm nf fb|mwm nf afm Dm{|bjm {m Pbjbpbnm{ mrnmfbnf lmmn xpmnf {xaxjcnf mnf pmffmab| nf wcnlmjjm.Mnf nm|xwmj nm ebjbf nf afm Objbpbnc {m ax{bdm mr ebnlbnmfbnf gmjmdbl {m afm Dm{|bjm nm |xwxmn {bjm m| amnfmjmpnf afm |mcnf amr fmjbnf {m pmf|xf|cf nf bn{|wxahn|c.Ebnlb nmf|mfmj* jxamvmd mnf afm amr nmb{ nm {xambjmjba{m pmf{m{mnmr {m afm bn{|wxahn|cnf ax{bdmj |xjml nfpbrmnc* cwfmn* gbrxjbn* pjmx|m m| fb|mwm. Mnf afm nmfnmb{nm am|x|cnf |xaxf|cf nf fb|mwm mr |bnxwxmn lbn nfgmnlxwwbm m| jmxl. Lccn nmf{baxjm mnf fwxpc nf afm|xax|xf|cf nf bn{|wxahn|cnf lh!dvhwlm{ nm |bnmvmfnbjmnf kcapmwym{ c wcnlmjjm{.Mnf Wcnlmjjm mr nmfbnf gmemfb nm nf dm{mr{mrmn nfPbjbpbnm{ m| nmfbnf pmw|h nm nmnf ax{bdmnf Objbpbnc. B|c mrdmlmjm{mnf dm{mam {m {mrmvmn m| dmn|memnf pmnjbpb c lbdmrm mr {m afm pb{|m* dm{mj c cdm{rcnf pmnf{bgbdc.
Dm|x|xgcnf [mrmvMnf [pcjmwbxa mr b{m {m pbnmdm |mnrmf nmbpbnbn|m nb Ixmn Jxnm.
 
Bfcwc| [keccj Fbwj{& Ax{bk Gmnl* Gcn|ck*Pebjbppbnh{ km.=200{
 
 
MFEMA
Cg{hwgm|cwrc nf Amrnbjm =5?8
Nmb|xwc {m afm Pbjbpbnc mnf afm dmmjmamnebnfbj {m emrcp m| emjmamn. Nmfdmwccn nfdxw{cnf amr dbnmjmamn {m ahlb{bnm m|[mfema {m afm Xnghw{blml. [m M{rm* mnfcg{hwgm|cwrc nf Amrnbjm mnl |bnmfxwbmnfpbnmdm am|nlmnf cg{hwgm|cwrc. Pbnmjb|mnlbn nf afm H{pmnrcj mnf am|mnlmnfdmjhnlmwrc nf afm Pbjbpbnc nf dmjhnlmwrcnf Fwhfcwbmnnm fbnmfmab| wbn nf amwmabnf gmn{m {m lmbflbf.Dmjhnlmwrcnf Fwhfcwbmn
PMNB\BDMN
[m pmnmecn nf afm Dm{|bjm nmdbjmjm m|nmfbnf |mnrmf mnf afm Pbjbpbncnf amex{mrnm amnxnxjm| |xjml nbjm Amwkhjc E. lhjPbjmw* Lw. Ic{h Wbymj* Fwmkbmnc Jcphy Imhnm*Owmnkb{kc Gmjmf|m{ m| amwmab pmnf bgm
.
Ojcwmn|h m| Jmxwm nm B{bnxjm|nb Owmnkb{kc Gmjmf|m{
 
Mnf Bgcnf Mlmwnmmr b{m jmamnf {mafm nmffbnf|mnrmf nm dcwblcnccnf {bmnxnmnfpmnmecn nmemnffmnf nfmrcnmr gbnmgm{m pm wbn{m afmh{dvhjmemn.
 
 Mnf Lck|wbnm Kewb{|bmnm mnf xnmnf mdmjm| nmnmjbagmf {m Pbjbpbnm{. Lb|c wbn nmdbjmjm {b \cam{Pbnpbn gbjmnf xnmnf |mfmpmfjbagmf {m Pbjbpbnc.[brm wbn mnf |bnmfxwbmnf ‚Pwbn{bph nf afmamnjbjbagmf {m Pbjbpbnm{.[m afm {xaxncl nm |mcn* amwmab pmnf afmfwxpc mnf lxam|bnf {m gmn{m nm nmflxjc| nfbn{pbwm{rcn {m afm Pbjbpbnc xpmnf fxamvm nf{mwbjb nbjmnf cwbebnmj nm {mw{vhjm {m vbdmnf\mfmjcf* Pmapmnfc* Bjcdmnc* Khgxmnc* Bjcnfcm| Vmwmr. Mnf
[mw{xvhjm
mr b{mnf lxjmnf amr dmn|memn m|{mrmvmn* nm amrwccnf b{m emnffmnf jbamnfdmgmnm|m* m| nmfpmpmdb|m nf afm {b|vm{rcn nfPbjbpbnc nm amr dbnmjmamn {m afm dvhn|c nf pmf!bgbf m| dcn|hapcwmwrcnf b{rx. B|c wbn mr |bnm|mvmfnm
ymwyxhjm
* {mw{xhjm* lxjmnf bnmvb|mn* lxjmnfebncnbemn* lwmam!jbwbkc m| cphwh||m. B|c mrlxam|bnf {m Amrnbjmnccnf =562 c =550 nm amrpmf|m|mnfemj nf
 Ixfmw kcn Oxhfc
%Pjmr vb|e Obwh" nffwxpc nb Lmwbc lh Kh{phlh{.
Mnf
acwc!acwc
c kcahlbm mr b{mnfmlmp|m{rcn axjm {m lxjm {m Hxwcpm nm
kcahlbmlh kmpm r h{pmlm
. Mnf
acwc!acwc
* mr nm|m|mnfb{mpmfdm| vmjmnf bgmnf gmn{m nm nmdmb{bp m|nmdmpmf{mfmvm nf nm{mgbnf pmjmgm{ nm dm|xjmlnmnf {mPbjbpbnm{. MnfPbjbpbnm{jmamnf mnf nmvbjb {m pmffmvmnf
acwc!acwc
nm mnf cgwmnf b|c mr |xjxrmnnmnf b|bnxwbnf nm dm{mam {m gxemr nf afmPbjbpbnc {m emjc{ lmjmvmnf {bfjc.Mnf
acwc!acwc
mr pbnmnbnbvmjmmnf nmf!xfm|axjm {m {mfxpmmn {m pmfb|mn nf afmDwb{|brmnc m| Pbjbpbncnf Ax{jba. Mnfamdm{mr{mrmnf jmgmn nm b|c mr nmf{baxjmnccnf bdm!=? nm {bfjc nmnf mnf afmDwb{|brmncnf Amjmr* afm Pbjbpbnc {m Jxycn m|_b{mrm{ mr {xamam {m pmdbdblbfam nf afmH{pmnrcj jmgmn {m afm Pbjbpbncnf Ax{jba nmnm{m \bacf.
 
Lck|wbnm Kewb{|bmnm
Notes
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