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Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the basic principle of electrical resistivity.
Use of 2D Electrical Resistivity for Assessing Sinkholes in Viroqua, Wisconsin
 John Ong, University of Nebraska-LincolnCaroline Jaraula-Mateo, University of Illinois at Chicago Dan Ferdinand Fernandez, CGG Veritas Leny Galvez, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Kelvin Rodolfo, University of Illinois at Chicago
An electrical resistivity (ER) survey of sections of Viroqua, WI was commissioned by the projectentitled “Groundwater Vulnerability in the Kickapoo River Watershed” funded by the KickapooValley (Nuzum) Reforestation Fund. Observation of outcrops and measurement the electricalconductivity of surface and spring water were conducted on 2 July 2009 (Figures 1 and 2). SixER profiles were surveyed from 3-5 July 2009.
Methodology
The ER method, conceived almost a century ago, is now one of the most widely usedhydrogeophysical techniques (Binley and Keman, 2005). In the mid-1990s, two-dimensionalresistivity imaging techniques were developed by combining conventional one-dimensionalvertical electrical soundings and profiling procedures into a single process (Janik and Krummel,2006). 2D resistivity imaging has been applied in various ways, including the delineation of fresh and salt ground-water (Nassir et al., 2000; Goldman and Kafri, 2006), monitoring of groundwater contamination plumes (Cassiani et al, 2006; Webb et al., 2008), discriminatingwater-bearing fractured rock from its solid host rock (Seaton and Burbey, 2002), differentiatingsandy aquifers from clays (Baines et al., 2002), and locating sinkholes in karst terrain (Al-Zoubiet al., 2007).The resisitivity method injects electrical current into the ground through two electrodes andmeasures the potential difference between two additional electrodes to determine the apparentground resistivities (Figure 3). For a homogenous earth, the apparent resistivity,
 ρ
a
 
, is calculatedas , where
 K 
is the geometric factor (in meters),
V 
is the measured voltage, and
 I 
isthe injected current. The calculation of 
 K 
depends on the electrode configuration used for thesurvey (Telford et al., 1977). Wenner array was employed, with
 K = 2
π 
a
, where
a
is the
 
 2
 
Figure 2. Sites visited in Viroqua, Wisconsin on 3 July 2009.
 
 3electrode spacing. Increasing the spacing of the current electrodes increases the depth of penetration of the electrical current and measures apparent resistivities at greater depths.A 2D ER survey combines both conventional one-dimensional vertical electrical soundings andprofiling procedures into a single process (Janik and Krummel, 2006). We used a system of 48-electrode spaced 5m apart, giving a total spread of 235m (Figure 4). The first step in conductinga Wenner array, 2D ER survey is to make all possible measurements for the first “a” spacing of 5m. For the first station, electrode 1 is used for the first current electrode C1, electrode 2 for thefirst potential electrode P1, electrode 3 for the second potential electrode P2, and electrode 4 forour second current electrode C2. For station 2, electrodes 2, 3, 4, and 5 are used for C1, P1, P2,and C2, respectively. The sequence of readings is cycled to electrodes 45, 46, 47, and 48.After completing the first sequence of measurements spaced 5m apart, measurements for 2
a
spacing, equivalent to 10m, are made. The first electrodes for the 10-m spacing are electrodes 1,3, 5 and 7, which correspond to station 46. The succeeding measurement uses electrodes 2, 4, 6and 8. The process continues to cycle until electrodes 42, 44, 46, and 48 are used. The samesequence continues until the “a” spacing reaches 75m. After measuring the apparent resistivitiesfor all 360 stations, inverse methods are used to obtain the modeled resistivity values.
Figure 3. Arrangement of a 48-electrode 2D electrical resistivity survey and the sequence of measurement used forobtaining a 2D profile.
A single-channel resistivity unit, DZD-6A manufactured by Beijing Orangelamp Co., anda manual switch box were used for measuring apparent resistivity values (Figure 5). Each surveyhad 48 electrodes spaced five meters apart in a Wenner configuration. Apparent resistivitieswere read from two cycles, at 0.5s per cycle. Multiple readings to quantify errors were notfeasible with the use of a manual switch box. To ensure quality of data collection, apparentresistivities were plotted in the field after each survey. Unsatisfactory data points were identifiedand their apparent resistivities were re-measured. Relative elevation of each survey line wasmeasured using a total station, model NTS302R+ by Orangelamp, Co. Apparent resistivitieswere inverted using the ProfileR codes of A. Binley (version 2.5).
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