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90

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

CHAPTER 6
Exercise 6A (p.147)
1. (a) sin 105 = sin(60 + 45) = sin 60 cos 45 + cos 60 sin 45 3 2 1 2 = + 2 2 2 2 6+ 2 = 4 (b) tan 165 = tan(180 15) = tan 15 = tan( 45 30) tan 45 tan 30 = 1 + tan 45 tan 30 1 1 3 1 3 = = 1+ 1 3 +1
3

A + B = 45 or 225 (rejected)

sin( A + B) = 4.
y
5

2 2

A 3

cos A =
y

3 4 , sin A = 5 5

13

B O
5

12 x

= 32

(c) cos 285 = cos(360 75) = cos 75 = cos( 45 + 30) = cos 45 cos 30 sin 45 sin 30 2 3 2 1 = 2 2 2 2 6 2 = 4 2. (a) sin 3 A cos A cos 3 A sin A = sin(3 A A) = sin 2 A (b) sin 40 cos 20 + cos 40 sin 20 = sin( 40 + 20) = sin 60 3 = 2 (c) cos 2 A cos A + sin 2 A sin A = cos(2 A A) = cos A (d) cos B cos 45 sin B sin 45 = cos( B + 45) (e) cos( A + B) + cos( A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B + cos A cos B + sin A sin B = 2 cos A cos B (f) sin( + ) cos cos( + )sin = sin[( + ) ] = sin 3. tan( A + B) = + tan A + tan B = 2 1 31 = 1 1 tan A tan B 1 2 3
1 1

cos B =

5 12 , sin B = 13 13 sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B 4 5 3 12 = + 5 13 5 13 56 = 65 cos( A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 3 5 4 12 = + 5 13 5 13 63 = 65

5. cot A = 2 , cot B = 2 , cot C = 8 1 1 1 tan A = , tan B = , tan C = 2 5 8


1+1 1 tan B + tan C = 5 1 81 = 1 tan B tan C 1 5 8 3 tan( B + C ) > 0 , B + C is still acute

tan( B + C ) =

tan( A + B + C ) = + tan A + tan( B + C ) = 2 1 31 = 1 1 tan A tan( B + C ) 1 2 3


1 1

A + B + C = 45
sin A sin B + cos A cos B sin A cos B + cos A sin B = cos A cos B sin( A + B) = cos A cos B

6. tan A + tan B =

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

91

7. sin( x + y)sin( x y) = (sin x cos y + cos x sin y)(sin x cos y cos x sin y) = (sin x cos y)2 (cos x sin y)2 = sin 2 x (1 sin 2 y) (1 sin 2 x )sin 2 y = sin 2 x sin 2 y 8. sin x cos( x y) cos x sin( x y) = sin[ x ( x y)] = sin y 9.

13.

sin B + sin A cos( A + B) cos B sin A sin( A + B) sin[( A + B) A] + sin A cos( A + B) = cos[( A + B) A] sin A sin( A + B) = [sin( A + B) cos A cos( A + B)sin A + sin A cos( A + B)] [cos( A + B) cos A + sin( A + B)sin A sin A sin( A + B)] sin( A + B) cos A = cos( A + B) cos A = tan( A + B)
1 tan( A + B) 1 tan A tan B = tan A + tan B 1 cot A1cot B = 1 + 1 cot A cot B = =
cot A cot B 1 cot A cos B cot A + cos B cot A cot B

tan x + tan 3 x = 3 3 tan x tan 3 x tan x + tan 3 x = 3 (1 tan x tan 3 x ) tan x + tan 3 x = 3 1 tan x tan 3 x tan( x + 3 x ) = 3 tan 4 x = 3 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 4x = , , , , , , , 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 13 4 19 11 x= , , , , , , , 12 3 12 6 12 3 12 6 5 11 Q tan 3( ) and tan 3( ) are undefined. 6 6 7 13 4 19 , , , x= , , 12 3 12 12 3 12 + x )sin( x ) 4 4 sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x = 2(sin cos x + cos sin x ) 4 4 (sin cos x cos sin x ) 4 4 2 2 cos x cos 2 sin 2 x ) = 2(sin 4 4 1 1 2 2 = 2( cos x sin x ) 2 2 = cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x = 0 sin x (sin x + cos x ) = 0 sin x = 0 or tan x = 1 3 7 x = , x = 0, or 4 4 3 7 x = 0, , , 4 4

14. (sin x + cos x )2 = 2 sin(

10. cot( A + B) =

cot A cot B 1 cot A + cot B

11. cos 3 x cos x + sin 3 x sin x =

1 2 1 cos(3 x x ) = 2 1 cos 2 x = 2 5 7 11 2x = , , , 3 3 3 3 5 7 11 x= , , , 6 6 6 6

12.

(sin 2 x 1) cos x = cos 2 x sin x sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x sin x = cos x sin(2 x x ) = cos x sin x = cos x tan x = 1 5 x= , 4 4

15. AD = 3 DE , BD = 2 DE DE 1 DE 1 tan a = = , tan b = = AD 3 BD 2 1+1 tan a + tan b = 3 1 2 1 = 1; tan( a + b) = 1 tan a tan b 1 ( 3 )( 2 ) Q a and b are both acute. a + b = 45 DE tan c = = 1, c = 45 CD a + b + c = 90 16. (a) sin A = sin[180 ( B + C )] = sin( B + C ) = sin B cos C + cos B sin C (b) cos A = cos[180 ( B + C )] = cos( B + C ) = (cos B cos C sin B sin C ) = sin B sin C cos B cos C

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Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

17. (a) sin( + ) = k sin( ) sin cos + cos sin = k (sin cos cos sin ) cos sin + k cos sin = k sin cos sin cos ( k + 1) cos sin = ( k 1)sin cos k + 1 sin cos = k 1 cos sin tan = tan k +1 tan = tan k 1 (b) sin( + 2 ) = 3 sin( + ) = 3 sin( ) 3 3 3 3 +1 (by (a)) tan = tan 3 3 1 2 3 tan = tan = 4 3 2 = 0.713 7 or 3.855 3 (corr. to 4 d.p.)

(c) Since , are obtuse and tan( + ) > 0 , ( + ) must lie on quadrant III.
+ 5 12 13

Therefore, sin( + ) , cos( + ) are both negative. 12 sin( + ) = 13 5 cos( + ) = 13 One required quadratic equation is 12 5 ( x + )( x + ) = 0 13 13 (13 x + 12)(13 x + 5) = 0
169 x 2 + 221x + 60 = 0

18. (a) Sum of the roots = tan A + tan B = 4 Product of the roots = tan A tan B = 2 (b) tan( A + B) = tan A + tan B 4 = = 4 1 tan A tan B 1 2

21. Sum of the roots = tan + tan = 3 Product of the roots = tan tan = 3 tan + tan 3 = tan( + ) = 1 tan tan 4 sin 2 ( + ) 3 sin( + ) cos( + )
3 cos 2 ( + ) = cos 2 ( + )[ sin 2 ( + ) cos 2 ( + ) sin( + ) 3 3] cos( + )

(c) cot A + cot B 1 1 tan A + tan B 4 = + = = =2 tan A tan B tan A tan B 2 19. tan tan = 1 4 tan + tan tan( + ) = =2 1 tan tan 1 3 tan + tan = 2(1 ) = 4 2 They are the roots of the equation 3 1 x2 x + = 0 2 4 2 i.e. 4 x 6 x + 1 = 0

tan 2 ( + ) 3 tan( + ) 3 1 + tan 2 ( + ) 1 3 3 = [( )2 3( ) 3] 3 4 1 + ( 4 )2 4 = 3 =

20. (a) Sum of the roots = tan + tan = 12 Product of the roots = tan tan = 6 Since their sum is negative and their product is positive, they must be both negative. Therefore , are both obtuse. (b) tan( + ) = tan + tan 1 tan tan 12 = 1 6 12 = 5

22. (a) A + B + C = 180 A B C = 90 ( + ) 2 2 2 A B C B C cot = cot[90 ( + )] = tan( + ) 2 2 2 2 2 (b) (i) cot A = tan( B + C ) (by (a)) 2 2 2 tan B + tan C 2 2 = 1 tan B tan C 2 2

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

93

(ii) cot

tan B + tan C A 2 2 = 2 1 tan B tan C 2 2


1

(a) when tan x > 0 sin x and cos x have the same sign.
sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x = 2( 1 2 4 )( )= 5 5 5

= cot

C 2 1 1 B 1C cot cot 2 2 cot B + cot C 2 2 cot B cot C 1 2 2 cot cot

B 2

A B C B C (cot cot 1) = cot + cot 2 2 2 2 2 A B C cot cot cot 2 2 2 A B C = cot + cot + cot 2 2 2
tan A + tan B 23. tan( A + B) = 1 tan A tan B sin + a sin a cos = a cos 1a sin sin 1 a cos 1 a cos sin (1 a cos ) + a sin ( a cos ) = ( a cos )(1 a cos ) a sin 2 sin a sin cos + a 2 sin a sin cos = a cos a 2 cos + a cos 2 a sin 2 sin 2 a sin cos + a 2 sin = cos a 2 cos + a cos 2 + a(1 sin 2 ) sin (1 2 a cos + a 2 ) = cos (1 2 a cos + a 2 ) = tan

(b) cos 2 x = cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 2 1 2 = ( ) ( ) 5 5 3 = 5 (c) sin 4x = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4 3 = 2( )( ) (by (a), (b)) 5 5 24 = 25 (d) cos 6 x = cos( 4 x + 2 x ) = cos 4 x cos 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x
= (cos 2 2 x sin 2 2 x ) cos 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x 3 4 3 24 4 = [( )2 ( )2 ]( ) ( )( ) 5 5 5 25 5 117 = 125

4.

Exercise 6B (p.152)
3 7 1. cos 2 x = 1 2 sin 2 x = 1 2( )2 = 5 25

1 4 1 2 2 cos 2 1 = 4 5 2 cos 2 = 8 5 3 sin 2 2 = 1 = 8 8 cos 4 =


(a) cos 4 sin 4
= (cos 2 + sin 2 )(cos 2 sin 2 ) = cos 2 5 = 8 10 = 4

2. cos x = sin x =

3 2

1 2 sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x 1 3 = 2( )( ) 2 2 3 = 2 tan x =

2 1

x O
3

(b) cos 4 + sin 4


= (cos 2 + sin 2 )2 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 = 1 sin 2 2 2 1 3 = 1 ( ) 2 8 13 = 16

3.

1 1 , then sin x = , 2 5 2 cos x = 5

x
2

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Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

5. (a)

sin 3 cos 3 sin cos sin 3 cos cos 3 sin = sin cos sin(3 ) = 1 sin 2 2 sin 2 = 1 sin 2 2 =2
cos3 cos 3 sin 3 + sin 3 + cos sin cos 3 sin 3 2 = cos + sin 2 + cos sin sin 3 cos 3 = 1+ sin cos = 1 + 2 (by (a)) =3

11. tan( 45 + x ) tan( 45 x ) 1 + tan x 1 tan x = 1 tan x 1 + tan x (1 + tan x )2 (1 tan x )2 = (1 + tan x )(1 tan x ) (1 + tan x 1 + tan x )(1 + tan x + 1 tan x ) = 1 tan 2 x 2(2 tan x ) = 1 tan 2 x = 2 tan 2 x 12. 3 4 cos 2 + cos 4

(b)

= 3 4 cos 2 + (2 cos 2 2 1) = 2 cos 2 2 4 cos 2 + 2 = 2(cos 2 1)2 = 2[(1 2 sin 2 ) 1)]2 = 2( 2 sin 2 )2 = 8 sin 4
13. tan cot = tan

2 6. 1 cos 2 x = 1 (1 2 sin x ) 2 1 + cos 2 x 1 + (2 cos x 1) 2 sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x = tan 2 x

7. sin 4 x + cos 4 = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 = 1 sin 2 2 x 2 8. 1 1 (1 + tan x ) (1 tan x ) = 1 tan x 1 + tan x (1 tan x )(1 + tan x ) 2 tan x = 1 tan 2 x = tan 2 x 14.

1 tan tan 2 1 = tan 1 tan 2 = 2 2 tan 1 = 2 tan 2 = 2 cot 2

9. 2 sin x + sin 2 x = 2 sin x + 2 sin x cos x = 2 sin x (1 + cos x ) (1 cos 2 x ) 1 cos x 2 sin 3 x = 1 cos x = 2 sin x 10.
sin x + sin 2 x sin x + 2 sin x cos x = 1 + cos x + cos 2 x 1 + cos x + (2 cos 2 x 1) sin x (1 + 2 cos x ) = cos x (1 + 2 cos x ) = tan x

1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 + sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1 + 2 sin x cos x (1 2 sin 2 x ) = 1 + 2 sin x cos x + (2 cos 2 x 1) 2 sin x (cos x + sin x ) = 2 cos x (sin x + cos x ) = tan x
3 cos 2 x + 5 sin x = 4 3(1 2 sin 2 x ) + 5 sin x = 4 6 sin 2 x 5 sin x + 1 = 0 (2 sin x 1)(3 sin x 1) = 0 1 1 or sin x = sin x = 3 2 x = 30, 150 or x = 19.5, 160.5 (corr. to 1 d.p.) x = 19.5, 30, 150, 160.5

15.

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

95

16. 3(1 sin x ) = 1 + cos 2 x

3 3 sin x = 1 + (1 2 sin x )
2

2 sin 2 x 3 sin x + 1 = 0 (2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) = 0 1 sin x = or sin x = 1 2 x = 30, 150 or x = 90 x = 30, 90, 150
17. 2 sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x = 2 2 sin 2 x + (2 sin x cos x )2 = 2 sin 2 x + 2 sin 2 x (1 sin 2 x ) = 1 2 sin 4 x 3 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 (2 sin 2 x 1)(sin 2 x 1) = 0 1 or sin 2 x = 1 sin 2 x = 2 1 or sin x = 1 sin x = 2 x = 45, 135, 225, 315 or x = 90, 270 18.
x = 45, 90, 135, 225, 270, 315

(cos 2 x sin 2 x )(cos x + sin x ) = cos x + sin x (cos x sin x )(cos 2 x 1) = 0 cos x + sin x = 0 or cos 2 x = 1 or 2 x = 0, 360 tan x = 1
x = 135, 315

or

x = 0, 180

21.

x = 0, 135, 180, 315

1 sin 2 x 2 1 (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x = sin 2 x 2 1 2 1 1 sin 2 x = sin 2 x 2 2 sin 2 2 x + sin 2 x 2 = 0 (sin 2 x 1)(sin 2 x + 2) = 0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x =
sin 2 x = 1

or

sin 2 x = 2 (rejected)

2 x = 90, 450 x = 45, 225 22.


2

cos 4 x + sin 2 x = 0 (2 cos 2 x 1) + sin 2 x = 0 (1 2 sin 2 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2 sin 2 2 x sin 2 x 1 = 0 (2 sin 2 x + 1)(sin 2 x 1) = 0 1 sin 2 x = or sin 2 x = 1 2 2 x = 210, 330, 570, 690 or 2 x = 90, 450
x = 45, 105, 165, 225, 285, 345

2 sin 2 x sin 2 x = 2 2(1 sin 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2 cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 0 2 cos x + 2 sin x cos x = 0 cos x (cos x + sin x ) = 0 cos x = 0 or tan x = 1 x = 90, 270 or x = 135, 315 x = 90, 135, 270, 315
2

23.

19.

sin x + cos x + sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 1 = 0 sin x + cos x + 2 sin x cos x + 2 cos 2 x = 0 sin x (1 + 2 cos x ) + cos x (1 + 2 cos x ) = 0 (sin x + cos x )(1 + 2 cos x ) = 0 sin x + cos x = 0 or 1 + 2 cos x = 0 1 or cos x = tan x = 1 2 x = 135, 315 or x = 120, 240

x = 120, 135, 240, 315

20. (1 tan x )(1 + sin 2 x ) = 1 + tan x sin x sin x (1 )(1 + 2 sin x cos x ) = 1 + cos x cos x cos x sin x cos x + sin x ( )(1 + 2 sin x cos x ) = cos x cos x (cos x sin x )(1 + 2 sin x cos x ) = cos x + sin x

1 + cos 2 x sin 2 x = 2 cos x 1 cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 + cos 2 x =0 2 cos x 1 cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x 2 sin x cos x =0 2 cos x 2 sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin x cos 2 x =0 cos x sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x (sin x 1) =0 cos x sin 2 x sin x = 1 for sin x 0 , cos x 0 x = 90

(cos x sin x )(cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x ) = cos x + sin x (cos x sin x )(cos x + sin x )2 = cos x + sin x

24. (a) y = sec 2 csc 2 2 1 = 2 2 sin cos 2 4 = 2 2 4 sin cos 2 4 = 2 sin 2 2

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Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

(b) y is minimum when sin 2 2 = 1 . The minimum value of y is 4 2= 42=2 1 25.


2 tan x = tan 2 x = tan 45 = 1 1 tan 2 x 2 tan x = 1 tan 2 x

(2) sin , =1 (1) cos tan = 1, = ( is an acute angle) 4 2 2 (1) + (2) ,


r 2 cos 2 + r 2 sin 2 = 1 1 + 4 4 1 r 2 (cos 2 + sin 2 ) = 2 1 r= 2 1 1 = or (rejected) 2 2
y= 1 1 + sin(2 x ) 2 2 1 2 = + sin(2 x ) 2 2 4

tan 2 x + 2 tan x 1 = 0

tan x =

2 2 2 4 1 ( 1) 2 1 2 8 = 2 = 1 2

tan 22.5 = 2 1 (Q positive)

26. (a) Let y = cos cos 2 cos 4 y sin = sin cos cos 2 cos 4 1 = sin 2 cos 2 cos 4 2 1 = ( )2 sin 4 cos 4 2 1 = ( )3 sin 8 2 1 y = sin 8 csc 8 (b) Let = 20 , 1 y = sin 160 csc 20 8 1 sin(180 20) = 8 sin 20 1 sin 20 = 8 sin 20 1 = 8 27. (a) y = sin 2 x + sin x cos x 1 1 = (1 cos 2 x ) + sin 2 x 2 2 1 = (1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x ) 2 1 1 1 = + sin 2 x cos 2 x 2 2 2 p + r sin(2 x ) = p + r sin 2 x cos r sin cos 2 x 1 p= 2 r cos = 1 ..................(1) 2 1 r sin = ..............(2) 2

(b) y is maximum when sin(2x ) is maximum. y is minimum when sin(2x ) is minimum.


1 sin(2 x ) 1 The maximum value of y

1 2 1+ 2 + (1) = 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 + ( 1) = 2 2 2

The minimum value of y =

Exercise 6C (p.156)
1. 12 cos + 5 sin 12 5 = 13( cos + sin ) 13 13 = 13(cos cos + sin sin ) 5 . = 13 cos( ) where tan = 12 Since 1 cos( ) 1
13 12

13 13 cos( ) 13
The minimum value is 13 .

The maximum value is 13 .

2. 15 sin 8 cos 15 8 = 17( sin cos ) 17 17 = 17(cos sin sin cos ) 8 = 17sin( ) where tan = . 15

17 15

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

97

Since 1 sin( ) 1

6.

17 17 sin( ) 17

The maximum value is 17 . The minimum value is 17 . 3. 5 cos + 3 cos( + 60) = 5 cos + 3 cos cos 60 3 sin sin 60 3 3 3 sin = 5 cos + cos 2 2 13 3 3 sin = cos 2 2 14 14 13 3 3 ( cos sin ) = 2 14 14 14 (sin cos cos sin ) = 3 2 13 . = 7sin( ) where tan = 3 3 Since 1 sin( ) 1

cos x + sin x = 2 1 1 2( cos x + sin x ) = 2 2 2 2 (cos 45 cos x + sin 45 sin x ) = 2 cos( x 45) = 1 x 45 = 0 x = 45

2 45 1

13

7. 4 cos x + 6 sin x = 5 4 6 52 52 ( cos x + sin x ) = 5 52 52 52 (cos cos x + sin sin x ) = 5 4 5 6 3 cos( x ) = where tan = = . 4 2 52 x 56.31 = 46.102, 46.102 = 10.21, 102.4 (corr.to 4 sig. fig.) 8. 2(sin x + cos x ) = 3 + 1 1 1 2 2( sin x + cos x ) 2 2 = 3 +1

7 7 sin( ) 7

The maximum value is 7 . The minimum value is 7 . 4. (2 cos + 3 sin )2 2 3 cos + sin )]2 = [ 13 ( 13 13 = [ 13 (sin cos + cos sin )]2

2 45 1

13 3

= [ 13 sin( + )]2

= 13 sin 2 ( + ) where tan =


Since 0 sin 2 ( + ) 1

2 . 3

2 2 (cos 45 sin x + sin 45 cos x ) = 3 + 1 3 +1 sin( x + 45) = 2 2 x + 45 = 75, 105 x = 30, 60 9. sin x 3 cos x = 2 1 3 cos x ) = 2 2( sin x 2 2 2(cos 60 sin x sin 60 cos x ) = 2 2 sin( x 60) = 2 2 sin( x 60) = 2 x 60 = 45, 135 x = 105, 195 10. cos x = 3 (1 sin x ) cos x + 3 cos x = 3 1 3 2( cos x + sin x ) = 3 2 2 2(cos 60 cos x + sin 60 sin x ) = 3 3 cos( x 60) = 2 x 60 = 30, 30 x = 30, 90

0 13 sin ( + ) 13
2

The maximum value is 13 . The minimum value is 0 . 5. sin 2 cos 1 2 = 5( sin cos ) 5 5 = 5 (cos sin sin cos )

2 60 1

5 1

= 5 sin( ) where tan = 2 . 1 1 = 2 2 5 sin ( ) (sin 2 cos )


Since 0 sin ( ) 1
2 2

2 60 1

0 5 sin ( ) 5 1 1 2 5 sin ( ) 5 The minimum value of


1 1 = . 2 5 (sin 2 cos )

98

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

11.

2 sin x 1 2 = 1 + 4 cos x 3 6 sin x 3 = 2 + 8 cos x 6 sin x 8 cos x = 5 6 8 10( sin x cos x ) = 5 10 10 10(cos sin x sin cos x ) = 5

10 6

sin( x ) =

1 8 4 where tan = = . 2 6 3 x 53.10 = 30, 150 x = 83.13, 203.1 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.)

12. (a) r cos( ) = r (cos cos + sin sin ) = r cos cos + r sin sin As 5 cos + 12 sin = r cos( )
r cos = 5 , r sin = 12

tan B = tan[( A + B) A] tan( A + B) tan A = 1 + tan( A + B) tan A 24 3 = 7 24 4 3 1+ 7 4 96 21 = 28 + 72 75 = 100 3 = 4 = tan A A and B are both acute and tan A = tan B , A=B
3. A + B + C = 90 A + B = 90 C tan( A + B) = tan(90 C ) 1 tan A + tan B = 1 tan A tan B tan C tan C(tan A + tan B) = 1 tan A tan B tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1 4. No solution is provided for the H.K.C.E.E. question because of the copyright reasons. 5. sec 2 x = 2 cos x sin x for 1 sin x 0 1 sin x 1 2 cos x sin x = 2 1 sin x cos x 1 2 cos x sin x = (1 sin x )(1 + sin x ) 1 sin x

r = 52 + 12 2 = 13 12 tan = , = 1.176 (corr. to 4 sig. fig.) 5 5 cos + 12 sin = 13 cos( 1.176)

(b) f () = (5 cos + 12 sin )2 + 10 cos + 24 sin + 1 = (5 cos + 12 sin )2 + 2(5 cos + 12 sin ) + 1 = [(5 cos + 12 sin ) + 1]2 = [13 cos( 1.176) + 1]
2

Since [13 cos( 1.176) + 1]2 0 The minimum value of f () = 0 f () is maximum when cos( 1.176) = 1 i.e. The maximum value of f ()
= [13(1) + 1] = 14 = 196
2 2

(1 + sin x )(2 cos x sin x ) = 1 cos x sin x + sin x cos x + sin 2 x = 1 cos x sin x + sin x cos x + (1 cos 2 x ) = 1 cos x (1 cos x ) sin x (1 cos x ) = 0 (cos x sin x )(1 cos x ) = 0 cos x sin x = 0 or 1 cos x = 0 or cos x = 1 tan x = 1 or x = 45, 225 x = 0
x = 0, 45, 225

Revision Exercise 6 (p.157)


1. tan( A + B) = =1 1 1 1 2 3 A + B = 45 tan C = 1 , C = 45
A + B + C = 90 cos( A + B + C ) = 0
1 2

+1 3

6. Let P(n) be the proposition cos 2 cos 2 2 L cos 2 n = When n = 1, L.H.S. = cos 2

2. Since sin A = tan A = 3 4

3 and A is acute, 5

sin 2 n +1 . 2 n sin 2

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

99

R.H.S. =

sin 21+1 2 sin 2 sin 4 = 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 cos 2 = 2 sin 2 = cos 2

The maximum value of f ( x ) = 1. 1 The minimum value of f ( x ) = . 4 8. (a) L.H.S. = cot + tan 1 = + tan tan 1 + tan 2 = tan sec 2 = tan 1 cos = 2 cos sin 1 = sin cos 2 = 2 sin cos 2 = sin 2 = 2 csc 2 = R.H.S. (b) (cot + tan )2 = 4 (2 csc 2)2 = 4 (by (a)) csc 2 2 = 1 (csc 2 2 1) = 0 (csc 2 + 1)(csc 2 1) = 0
csc 2 = 1 or or sin 2 = 1 2 = 270 or or = 135 = 45, 135 csc 2 = 1 sin 2 = 1 2 = 90 = 45

= L.H.S. P(1) is true. Assume P(k) is true for any positive integer k.
sin 2 k +1 2 k sin 2 2 k k +1 Then cos 2 cos 2 L cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 k +1 = k cos 2 k +1 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 k +1 cos 2 k +1 = 2 k +1 sin 2 sin 2(2 k +1 ) = k +1 2 sin 2 sin 2 k + 2 = k +1 2 sin 2 sin 2 ( k +1) +1 = k +1 2 sin 2 Thus assuming P(k) is true for any positive integer k, P( k + 1) is also true. By the principle of mathematical induction, P(n) is true for all positive integers n.

i.e. cos 2 cos 2 2 L cos 2 k =

7. f ( x ) = sin 6 x + cos 6 x

= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x ) (sin 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x ) = sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos x 3 sin x cos x
4 2 2

1+ 1 5 3 = tan( + ) = = 9. (a) tan 12 4 6 1 1 1


3

3 +1 3 1

= (cos 2 x + sin 2 x )2 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 3 = 1 sin 2 2 x 4 3 = 1 (1 cos 4 x ) 8 5 3 = + cos 4 x 8 8


Since 1 cos 4 x 1 3 3 3 cos 4 x 8 8 8 3 5 3 5 5 3 + + cos 4 x + 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 5 3 + cos 4 x 1 4 8 8

(b)

3(cos + sin ) + (cos sin ) = R sin( + )

( 3 1)sin + ( 3 + 1) cos = R(sin cos + cos sin ) = ( R cos )sin + ( R sin ) cos
R cos = 3 1 R sin = 3 + 1

R 2 = ( 3 1)2 + ( 3 + 1)2 = 8

R=2 2
3 +1 , 3 1

tan =

5 (by (a)) 12

100

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

10. (a) cos x 3 sin x r cos( x + )

12. (a)

cos x 3 sin x r ( cos x cos sin x sin )


cos x 3 sin x r cos x cos r sin x sin

r cos = 1 , r sin = 3

r 2 = 12 + ( 3 )2 = 4

tan = 3
(b) r = 2 or 2 (rejected)

tan = 3 , = 60
cos x 3 sin x = 1 2 cos( x + 60) = 1 1 cos( x + 60) = 2 x + 60 = 60 , 60 x = 0, 120
1 (c) = 2 (cos x 3 sin x ) [2 cos( x + 60)]2 1 = 2 4 cos ( x + 60)
1 is minimum (cos x 3 sin x )2 when cos 2 ( x + 60) = 1. The least value of
1 . 4

A + B + C = 180 A + B = 180 C tan( A + B) = tan(180 C ) tan A + tan B = tan C 1 tan A tan B tan A + tan B = tan C + tan A tan B tan C tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C (b) Let tan A = k , tan B = 2 k , tan C = 6k , then k + 2 k 6k = ( k )(2 k )( 6k ) (by (a)) 3k = 12 k 3 12 k 3 3k = 0 3k ( 4 k 2 1) = 0 4k 2 1 = 0 1 k2 = 4 1 2 1 1 When k = , tan A = , tan B = 1, tan C = 3 , 2 2 A = 26.6 , B = 45 , C = 108.4 k= 1 , A, B are both obtuse, 2 which is impossible for any triangle. When k =

1 (cos x 3 sin x )2

is

11. (a) 6 cos x + 8 sin x = r cos( x ) = r cos x cos + r sin x sin r cos = 6 r sin = 8

13. (a) sin x + cos x 1 1 = 2 ( cos x + sin x ) 2 2 = 2 cos( x ) 4 (b) Let y = f ( x ) = sin x + cos x = 2 cos( x ) 4
y

2 4 1

r 2 = 6 2 + 82 = 100 r = 10 or r = 10 (rejected) 8 4 tan = = 6 3 = 53.13 (corr. to 2 d.p.) (b) By (a),


6 cos x + 8 sin x + 13 = 10 cos( x 53.13) + 13 1 cos( x 53.13) 1 10 10 cos( x 53.13) 10 10 + 13 10 cos( x 53.13) + 13 10 + 13 3 6 cos x + 8 sin x + 13 23 1 1 1 23 6 cos x + 8 sin x + 13 3

y = sin x + cos x
2 1

3 4

x
2

1 2

1 1 y 23 3

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

101

(c)

sin x + cos x = 1 1 cos( x ) = 4 2


cos( x 1 )= 4 2

16. (a) A + B + C = A = ( B + C)
1 )= 4 2

or or

cos( x

= , 4 4 4 x = 0, , 2 x 14.

3 = 4 4

sin A = sin[ ( B + C )] = sin( B + C ) cos( B C ) (b) (i) tan B = sin A sin( B C ) cos( B C ) = sin( B + C ) sin( B C ) = cos B cos C + sin B sin C [(sin B cos C + sin C cos B) (sin B cos C sin C cos B)]
sin B cos B cos C + sin B sin C = cos B 2 cos B sin C

4(cos sin ) + k sin = 5 4 cos + ( k 4)sin = 5 k4 4 r ( cos + sin ) = 5 r r r (cos cos + sin sin ) = 5 r cos( ) = 5 5 cos( ) = r 5 2 cos ( ) = ( )2 r It has no solution, the condition is 5 ( )2 > 1 r 52 > r 2

r
4

k4

cos 2 B cos C sin B cos B sin C = 0 cos B(cos B cos C sin B sin C ) = 0 cos B cos( B + C ) = 0
(ii) As cos B cos( B + C ) = 0
cos B = 0 or cos( B + C ) = 0

( k 4 ) 2 + 4 2 < 52 16 + k 2 8k + 16 < 25 k 2 8k + 7 < 0 ( k 1)( k 7) < 0 1< k < 7


15.

A s cos B 0 ( o t h e r w i s e tan B i s undefined), cos( B + C ) = 0 . Also, 0 < B + C < , B + C = 2 A = ( B + C) = 2 17. (a) cos( + ) = p cos cos sin sin = p.....................(1) sin( + ) = q sin cos + sin cos = q ......................(2) (1) cos , cos cos cos sin sin cos = p cos .............................(3) (2) sin , sin sin cos + sin sin cos = q sin .............................(4) (3) + (4), cos cos cos + sin sin cos = p cos + q sin cos (cos cos + sin sin ) = p cos + q sin p cos + q sin cos = cos( ) (1) sin , sin cos cos sin sin sin = p sin .............................(5) (2) cos , cos sin cos + cos sin cos = q cos ............................(6) (6) (5), cos sin cos + sin sin sin = q cos p sin sin (cos cos + sin sin ) = q cos p sin q cos p sin sin = cos( )

tan + tan 1 tan tan tan + tan 1= 1 tan tan 1 tan tan = tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1 tan 1 tan tan = 1 + tan (1 + tan )(1 + tan ) = 1 + tan + tan + tan tan = 1 + tan + (1 tan ) =2 Let = = , 8 2 (1 + tan ) = 2 8 1 + tan = 2 (since 1 + tan > 0 ) 8 8 tan = 2 1 8 tan( + ) =

102

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

(b) sin 2 + cos 2 = 1

(b)
y

(q cos p sin )2 + ( p cos + q sin )2 = cos 2 ( ) q 2 cos 2 2 pq sin cos + p 2 sin 2 + p 2 cos 2 + 2 pq sin cos + q 2 sin 2 = cos ( ) p 2 + q 2 + 2 pq(sin cos cos sin )
2
2 1

(ii) y = cos

= cos ( )
2

x
3 2 2 (i) y = sin

p 2 + q 2 + 2 pq sin( ) = cos 2 ( )

1 2

18. (a) (sin x + cos x + 1)(sin x + cos x 1)


= sin x + 2 sin x cos x + cos x 1 = 2 sin x cos x
2 2

(iii) f () = sin + cos

(c) (i)

(b) (i)

f ( x) = sec x + csc x + sec x csc x 1 1 1 = + + cos x sin x cos x sin x sin x + cos x + 1 = cos x sin x = [(sin x + cos x + 1) (sin x + cos x 1)] [cos x sin x (sin x + cos x 1)] 2 sin x cos x = cos x sin x (sin x + cos x 1) 2 = sin x + cos x 1 2 (ii) f ( x ) = sin x + cos x 1 2 = 2 sin( x + ) 1 4 When 0 < x < , 1 2 sin( x + ) 2 2 4 f ( x ) is minimum when x = . 4 2 The minimum value of f ( x ) = 2 1

y = 4 sin + 4 cos 3 = 4(sin + cos ) 3 = 4 2 cos( ) 3 4 Q cos( ) 1 4 4 2 cos( ) 4 2 4 4 2 cos( ) 3 4 2 3 4 The maximum value of y is 4 2 3 .

(ii) When y attains its maximum, cos( ) = 1 4 =0 4 = 4

Enrichment 6 (p.160)
1. (a) cos( A + B + C ) = cos[ A + ( B + C )] = cos A cos( B + C ) sin A sin( B + C ) = cos A(cos B cos C sin B sin C ) sin A(sin B cos C + sin C cos B) = cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B cos C sin A cos B sin C cos A sin B sin C (b) If A + B + C = 90 , cos 90 = cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B cos C sin A cos B sin C cos A sin B sin C 0 = cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B cos C sin A cos B sin C cos A sin B sin C cos A cos B cos C = sin A sin B cos C + sin A cos B sin C + cos A sin B sin C

19. No solution is provided for the H.K.C.E.E. question because of the copyright reasons. 20. (a) f () = sin + cos 1 1 sin + cos ) = 2( 2 2 = 2 (sin sin + cos cos ) 4 4 = 2 cos( ) 4

2 4 1

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

103

2. (a) tan + cot =

sin cos + cos sin sin 2 + cos 2 = sin cos 2 = 2 sin cos 2 = sin 2 (b) Let x1 and x2 be the roots of the equation.

(e) From (d), 1 + sin 18 1 + 2 sin 18 1 + sin 18 2 1 2 sin 18 = 1 + 2 sin 18 cos 36 = Let s = sin18 ,

(1 2 s 2 )(1 + 2 s) = 1 + s 1 + 2s 2s 2 4s3 = 1 + s s 2s 2 4s3 = 0 4 s 2 + 2 s 1 = 0 (Q s 0 )

4 sin 2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0

x1 + x2 = tan + cot x1 x2 = 1
1 2+ 3 = =2+ 3 43 2 3

As 2 3 is a root, let x1 = 2 3 .

x2 =

(f) From (e),


4s 2 + 2s 1 = 0

x1 + x2 = 4 = tan + cot 2 = sin 2 1 sin 2 = 2 2 1 cos 4 = 1 2 sin 2 2 = 1 = 4 2

s=

2 (2)2 4 4( 1) 2( 4 ) 1 5 = 4
5 1 5 1 or (rejected) 4 4

sin18 =

3. (a) AB = BE (given) BAE = BEA (base s, isos ) 1 = (180 36) 2 = 72 (given) AC = AE ACE = BEA (base s, isos ) = 72 ABC + BAC = ACE (ext. of )

4. (a) (i) OM = OP cos = 10 cos

ON = OP cos(
(ii) OM + ON

) = 10 cos( ) 3 3
) 3

= 10 cos + 10 cos( = 10[cos + cos(

BAC = 72 36 = 36
(b) BD = = = = = BC + CD = BC + AC cos 72 AC + AC cos 72 AC(1 + cos 72) AE[1 + cos(90 72)] y(1 + sin 18)

(c) BC = AC = AE = y CE = 2 DE = 2 y cos 72 = 2 y sin 18 AB = BE = BC + CE = y + 2 y sin 18 = y(1 + 2 sin 18) BD (d) In ABD, cos 36 = AB y(1 + sin 18) = y(1 + 2 sin 18) 1 + sin 18 = 1 + 2 sin 18

)] 3 = 10(cos + cos cos + sin sin ) 3 3 1 3 = 10(cos + cos + sin ) 2 2 3 3 = 10( cos + sin ) 2 2 3 3 Let r sin = , r cos = 2 2 3 2 3 2 r2 = ( ) + ( ) 2 2 9 3 = + 4 4 12 = 4 =3 r= 3 3 3 r sin = 3 sin = , sin = 2 2

104

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

r cos = 3 cos =
=

3 1 , cos = 2 2

3 OM + ON = 10 3 (sin cos + cos sin ) = 10 3 sin( + ) = 10 3 sin( + ) 3

(b) tan 75 = tan( 45 + 30) tan 45 + tan 30 = 1 tan 45 tan 30 1+ 1 3 = 1 (1)( 1 )


3

= =

3 +1 3 3 1 3

3 sin( + ) 1 , 3 3 2 OM + ON is maximum when sin( + ) = 1 . 3 i.e. = 6 Maximum of (OM + ON ) = 10 3


As 0 (b) (i)

3 +1 3 1 ( 3 + 1)2 = 2 =2+ 3 (c) cos 105 = cos(60 + 45) = cos 60 cos 45 sin 60 sin 45 1 2 3 2 = ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 2 2 2 2 6 = 4 2. (a) sin 2 A cos A cos 2 A sin A = sin(2 A A) = sin A sin A sin B cos A cos B (b) = (cos A cos B sin A sin B) = cos( A + B)
3 2

) 3 PM = 10 sin PN = 10 sin(

(ii) PN + PM = 10 sin( ) + 10 sin 3 = 10(sin cos sin cos ) + 10 sin 3 3 3 1 = 10( cos sin ) + 10 sin 2 2 3 1 1 = 10( cos + sin ) 2 2 3 = 10 sin( + ) 1 3 2 As 0 , 3 PN + PM is maximum when sin( + ) = 1 . 3 i.e. = 6 Maximum of ( PN + PM ) = 10

(c) sin( ) cos + cos( )sin = sin[( ) + ] = sin (d)

cos 2 A sin 2 A cos 3 A cos A + sin 3 A sin A cos 2 A sin 2 A = cos(3 A A) cos 2 A sin 2 A = cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A =1
5 12 5 , cos = , tan = (0<< ) 13 13 12 2
y

Classwork 1 (p.145)
1. (a) cos 15 = cos( 45 30) = cos 45 cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 2 3 2 1 =( )( ) + ( )( ) 2 2 2 2 6+ 2 = 4 3. sin =

13

12

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

105

sin =

4 3 , cos = , 5 5 4 tan = ( < < ) 3 2


y

3. sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin =

1 2 1 sin(2 + ) = 2 1 sin 3 = 2 3 = 30, 150, 390, 510

= 10, 50, 130, 170


O x

(a) cos =

12 4 , sin = 13 5

Classwork 3 (p.152)
1. tan x =
2 2 7 3 = , cos x = , 7 2 7 3 21 sin x = = 7 7
y

(b) cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin 12 3 5 4 = ( )( ) + ( )( ) 13 5 13 5 16 = 65 (c) tan( ) tan tan = 1 + tan tan 5 ( 4 ) = 12 5 3 4 1 + ( 12 )( 3 ) 63 = 16

7 3

x O
2

(a) cos x =

2 7 7

Classwork 2 (p.147)
1. sin(30 + x ) + cos(60 + x ) cos x = sin 30 cos x + sin x cos 30 + cos 60 cos x sin 60 sin x cos x 1 3 1 sin x + cos x = cos x + 2 2 2 3 sin x cos x 2 =0 2. cos 2 ( A B) cos 2 ( A + B) = [cos( A B) cos( A + B)] [cos( A B) + cos( A + B)] = [(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) (cos A cos B sin A sin B)] [(cos A cos B + sin A sin B) + (cos A cos B sin A sin B)] = (2 sin A sin B)(2 cos A cos B) = 4 sin A sin B cos A cos B = (2 sin A cos A)(2 sin B cos B) = sin 2 A sin 2 B

(b) cos 2 x = cos 2 x sin 2 x 2 7 2 21 2 =( ) ( ) 7 7 7 = 49 1 = 7


2( 23 ) 2 tan x = =4 3 (c) tan 2 x = 1 tan 2 x 1 ( 3 )2 2

(d) tan 3 x = tan(2 x + x ) tan 2 x + tan x = 1 tan 2 x tan x

4 3 +( 1 (4 9 3 10

3 ) 2 3 3 )( 2 )

2. (a)

sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A = 1 cos 2 A 1 (1 2 sin 2 A) 2 sin A cos A = 2 sin 2 A cos A = sin A = cot A

106

Chapter 6 Trigonometric Functions of Compound Angles

(b) tan 2 A 2 tan A 2 tan A = 2 tan A 1 tan 2 A 2 tan A 2 tan A(1 tan 2 A) = 1 tan 2 A 2 tan A tan 2 A = 1 tan 2 A 2 tan A = tan 2 A 1 tan 2 A 2 = tan A tan 2 A 3. sin x cos x = 3 0 x < 360 4 1 3 sin 2 x = 2 4 3 sin 2 x = 2 2 x = 60, 120, 420, 480 x = 30, 60, 210, 240

3. Consider a right-angled triangle


r2 = 1 + 3 r=2
1 ) 3
r
3 1

and = tan 1 (

= 30 2 sin 30 = 1 2 cos 30 = 3 The equation becomes 2 cos 30 cos 2 sin 30 sin = 1 2 cos(30 + ) = 1 1 cos(30 + ) = 2 30 + = 60, 300
= 30, 270

4. (a) r > 0 , 0 <

Classwork 4 (p.155)
1. r sin( + ) = r (sin cos + cos sin ) = r sin cos + r cos sin = 2 sin + 4 cos Let r cos = 2 , r sin = 4 .
r=2 5 r = 22 + 42 =2 5 2 4 tan = = 2 2 = 63.43 (corr. to 2 d.p.)
4

2 r sin( ) = r (sin cos sin cos ) = r sin cos r sin cos As 3 sin cos = r sin( )
r cos = 3 , r sin = 1

r = 3 +1 = 2 1 tan = 3 = 6

3 sin cos = 2 sin(

) 6
) 6

(b) Let y = 3 sin cos = 2 sin( Since 1 sin(

2 sin + 4 cos = 2 5 sin( + 63.43)

2. Let r > 0 and 0 < 90 .


r cos( ) = r (cos cos + sin sin ) = r cos cos + r sin sin As 5 sin + 12 cos = r cos( )

) 1 6 2 2 sin( ) 2 6 The maximum value of y is 2 . The minimum value of y is 2 . (c) 3 sin cos = 1 2 sin( ) = 1 6 1 sin( ) = 6 2 5 = , 6 6 6 = , 3

r sin = 5 , r cos = 12
r = 52 + 12 2 = 13

tan =

5 12 = 22.62 (corr. to 2 d.p.)

5 sin + 12 cos = 13 cos( 22.62)

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