Do An Topo

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nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM
MC LC
MC LC............................................................................................................. 1 THUT NG VIT TT..................................................................................... 4 LI NI U ...................................................................................................... 7 Chng I................................................................................................................ 9 GII THIU CHUNG V CNG NGH WDM ................................................ 9 1.1 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM ......................................................... 9 1.2 K thut WDM.......................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang WDM ........................ 10 1.2.2 Cu trc h thng WDM .................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Cc phn t c bn ca h thng WDM ............................................ 12 1.2.3.1 Si quang..................................................................................... 12 a. Si quang G.652.............................................................................. 12 b. Si quang G.653.............................................................................. 13 c. Si quang G.654.............................................................................. 13 d. Si quang G.655.............................................................................. 14 e. Si quang c tit din hiu dng ln............................................... 14 1.2.3.2 Phn pht ..................................................................................... 14 1.2.3.3 Phn thu....................................................................................... 17 a.Nguyn l lm vic chung ca PIN v APD .................................... 18 b. PIN-Photodiode............................................................................... 19 c. Diode quang thc APD.................................................................... 20 1.2.3.4 Trm lp ...................................................................................... 26 1.2.3.5 B tn sc .................................................................................... 26 1.2.3.6 Khuch i quang OA (EDFA) ................................................ 27 1.2.3.7 B lc quang ............................................................................... 28 1.2.3.8 B xen r quang OADM ............................................................. 30 a. Cu trc ca b ghp tch quang OADM ...................................... 32 1.2.3.9 B ni cho quang OXC ............................................................. 37 a. Phn tch v so snh kt cu OXC.................................................. 37 b. Kt cu OXC da trn chuyn mch khng gian............................ 38 c. Kt cu OXC da vo chuyn mch chia bc sng...................... 40 1.2.3.10 Chuyn mch khng gian.......................................................... 42 a. Cc chuyn mch c bn ................................................................ 42 1.3 Cu trc mng WDM ............................................................................... 46 1.3.1 Cu trc mng ring............................................................................. 46 1.3.2 Cu trc mng Mesh .......................................................................... 47 1.3.3 Cu trc hnh sao n......................................................................... 47 1.3.4 Cu trc hnh sao kp......................................................................... 48 1.4 Cc kin trc mng li in hnh .............................................................. 48 1.4.1 Kin trc ring OMS-SP hai lp.......................................................... 49 Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT 1
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1.4.2 Kin trc Mesh - Ring hai lp............................................................ 50 1.4.3 Kin trc Ring - Mesh hai lp........................................................... 50 1.5 Cc tham s c trng ca mng quang ................................................... 51 1.5.1 c trng ring ca mng quang ....................................................... 51 1.5.2 Cc tham s lin quan n topo mng ............................................... 52 1.5.3 Cc tham s lin quan ti nhng gii hn vt l ............................... 53 1.5.4 Cc tham s lin quan n nhu cu lu lng mng ......................... 54 1.5.5 Nhng tham s lin quan n kin trc ............................................. 55 1.5.6 Cc tham s lin quan n s gim st .............................................. 56 Chng II ............................................................................................................ 57 TNG QUAN V NH TUYN V GN BC SNG TRONG MNG QUANG WDM .............................................................................................. 57 2.1 Gii thiu chung........................................................................................ 57 2.1.1 Gii php WCA trong nh tuyn v gn bc sng......................... 59 2.2 Topo vt l ................................................................................................ 62 2.3 nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh ............................................................ 62 2.4 nh tuyn v gn bc sng vi b chuyn i bc sng.................... 65 2.5 nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng........................................................... 66 Chng III ........................................................................................................... 69 CC PHNG PHP NH TUYN V GN BC SNG TRONG MNG QUANG WDM................................................................................. 69 3.1 Phng php nh tuyn ........................................................................... 69 3.1.1 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng MESH..................................... 69 3.1.1.1 nh tuyn c nh ...................................................................... 69 3.1.1.2 nh tuyn lun phin c nh .................................................... 70 3.1.1.3 nh tuyn thch nghi.................................................................. 71 3.1.1.4 nh tuyn bo v ....................................................................... 72 3.1.1.5 Cc hm trng thch nghi cho thut ton nh tuyn ................. 72 3.1.2 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng cu trc RING WDM ............. 76 3.1.2.1 nh tuyn trong mng Ring n................................................ 77 3.1.2.1.1 Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u..................................... 77 3.1.2.1.2 Cc phng php nh tuyn Heuristic................................ 78 a. Cc phng php Heuristic khng thch nghi ............................ 78 b. Cc phng php Heuristic thch nghi....................................... 81 3.1.2.2 nh tuyn trong mng a Ring.................................................. 81 3.2 Phng php gn bc sng .................................................................... 83 3.2.1 Phng php gn bc sng tnh....................................................... 83 3.3.1.1 Thut ton gn bc sng t bc ln nht (LF Largest First Algorithm)...................................................................................................... 84 3.2.1.2 Phng php gn bc sng trong mng Ring........................... 86 a. Phng php t mu th............................................................ 86 b. Phng php Heuristic ................................................................... 88 3.2.2 Phng php gn bc sng ng ..................................................... 89 Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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3.2.2.1 Gn bc sng ngu nhin.............................................................. 89 3.2.2.2 Gn bc sng theo ph hp nht .................................................. 89 3.2.2.3 Gn bc sng theo chiu di lung quang di nht (LF Longest First) ............................................................................................................... 90 3.3.2.4 Gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht (LU- Least Used) .............................................................................................................. 90 3.3.2.5 Gn bc sng theo s bc sng s dng nhiu nht (MU- Most Used) .............................................................................................................. 91 3.3.2.6 Thut ton gn bc sng theo tch s nh nht (MP- minProduct) .......................................................................................................... 93 3.3.2.7 Gn bc sng a trn ti t nht (LL-Least Loaded) .............. 94 PH LC96 THUT TON DIJKSTRA ............................................................................. 966 KT LUN ......................................................................................................... 99 TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................. 100
Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

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THUT NG VIT TT
Vit tt ADM AG AN AOTF APD AWGM ATM ADP AW C DCA DEMUX DSF DXC DLE DWDM FBG EDFA FDM FFWF GMPLS GW IP ISDN LAN LC LCP LCG LF LEC LL LSP Ting Anh Add/drop multiplexer Auxiliary Graph Acces Node Acousto Optic Turnable Filter Avalanche Photodiode Arrayed - Wavelength Grating Multiplexer Asynchronous Transfer Mode Avalanche Photo Diode Available Wavelength Core Distinct Channel Assignment Demultiplexer Dispersion Shifted Fiber Digital Cross Connect Dynamic Lightpath Establishment Differential Wavelength Division Multiplexer Fibre Grating Erbium doped fiber amplifer Frequency Division Multiplexing First Fit Wavelength First Generalized Multiple Protocol Label Swithching Gateway Internet Protocol Integrated service digital network Local Area Network Logical Connection Least Congested Path Logical Connection Graph Largest First Least Converter First Least Loaded Label Swithched Path Ting Vit B ghp knh xen k Dng mt th ph Nt truy nhp B lc thanh quang c iu chnh it quang thc B ghp knh li quang dn sng kiu dn Phng thc truyn khng ng b it quang thc Bc sng kh dng ng trc Gn knh ring bit B gii ghp knh Si dch tn sc Ni cho s Thit lp lung quang Ghp knh chia bc sng vi sai Li si quang Khuch i si quang trn erbium Ghp knh phn chia tn s Thut ton gn bc sng theo th t bc sng Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut Cng Giao thc internet Mng s lin kt dch v Mng cc b Kt ni logic nh tuyn ng nghn t nht Hng kt ni logc biu Thut ton gn bc sng t bc ln nht Chuyn i bc sng theo th t cao nht Thut ton gn bc sng da trn ti t nht Lung chuyn mch nhn

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LSR LU M MESH MPLS NPNZ-DSF OADM OC O/E/O Och OLA OXC OTDM RWA SDH SGC SONET SNCP STM SWR SOS TAW TDM Thr TSI WADM WC WDM WGR WP WR WRS OSC DFK
Label Swithching Router
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn Least Used Gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht Max-Sum Thut ton gn bc sng da trn tng dung lng ln nht Mesh Dng li Multi Protocol Label Swithching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc Subset of class NP Tp hp con ca lp cc bi problem complete ton NP m n c xem l kh gii Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber Si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng Optical add/drop multiplexer B ghp knh xen/r quang Optical Circulator B u vng quang Optical/Electrical/ Optical Quang/ in/ Quang Optical Channel Knh quang Optical Line Amplifier Khuch i ng quang Optical Cross Connect Ni cho quang Optical Time Division Multiplex Ghp knh quang phn chia thi gian Routing and Wavelength Assignment nh tuyn v gn bc sng Phn cp s ng b Synchronous Digital Hierarchy T mu th tun t Sequential Graph Coloring Mng quang ng b Synchronous Optical Network Sub-Network Connection Protection Bo v kt ni mng con Modun truyn ti ng b Synchronous Transport Module B nh tuyn bc sng tnh Static Wavelength Routing Chuyn mch quang khng Space Optical Switch gian Tng bc sng ca cc Total wavelength and Available bc sng kh dng wavelength Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian Thr - Protecting Threshold Ngng bo v Time Slot Interchanger Trao i khe thi gian Wavelength Add- Drop Multiplexer B nhp tch bc sng Wavelegth Converter B chuyn i bc sng Wavelength Division Multiplex Ghp knh chia bc sng Waveguide Grating Router B nh tuyn li quang dn sng Wavelength Path ng bc sng Wavelength Router B nh tuyn bc sng Wavelength Router Switch Kho nh tuyn bc sng Optical Supervision Chanel Knh gim st quang Dispersion Shifted Fiber Si dch tn sc

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DFF SMF DCF CBFG OA OADM OXC OMS-DP OMS-SP OMS RWA SLE WCA RCL RCA Rsv WRN
Dispersion Flattened Fiber Si tn sc phng Single Mode Fiber Si n mode Dispersion Compensating Fiber Si b tn sc Chirper Bargg Fiber Grating Cch t Bargg Optical Amplifier Khuch i quang Optical Add Drop Multiplexer B xen tch quang Optical Cross Connect Kt ni cho quang Optical Multiplexer Section Bo v dng ring mc on Dedicated Protection ghp knh quang Optical Multiplexer Section Bo v dng chung mc on Shared Protection ghp knh quang Optical Multiplexer Section on ghp knh quang Routing and Wavelength Assignment nh tuyn gn bc sng Thit lp lung quang tnh Static Lightpath Establishment B chuyn i bc sng Wavelength conveter Awave Tn tht dung lng tng i Relative Capacity Loss nh tuyn v gn knh Routing and Channel Assignment Gn bc sng t trc Wavelength Reservation Wavelength Router Network Mng nh tuyn bc sng

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LI NI U
Trong h thng truyn ti, vi s ra i ca cng ngh mng quang WDM c bit l cng ngh DWDM c coi nh l mt cng ngh ti u thay th cho cng ngh TDM truyn thng. Vi s ra i ca cng ngh WDM cho php cc nh thit k mng la chn c phng n ti u nht tng dung lng ng truyn vi chi ph thp nht. Cho n nay hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang ng trc c dung lng cao u s dng cng ngh WDM. Ban u t nhng tuyn WDM im im n nay xut hin cc mng vi nhiu cu trc phc tp. Tuy nhin, do hin nay s lng bc sng s dng trong h thng WDM l rt hn ch, vn t ra l phi lm th no c th s dng ngun ti nguyn ny mt cch hiu qu nht. Gii quyt c vn ny tc l nng cao nng lc ca mng vi s ti a ti trn mt bc sng cho trc, y chnh l vai tr ca vic nh truyn cc bc sng trong mng. Vic nh truyn tt s cho php s dng ti u cc bc sng khi xy dng mt mng mi v lm gim chi ph cho thit b. Do , vai tr ca vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM l rt quan trng. Vic s dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM cho php nng cao ng k bng thng m vn duy tr hin trng hot ng ca mng, n cng c chng minh l mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph cho cc mng ng di. V l ti nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM s nghin cu vn ny mt cch c th hn trong ni dung ca n ny. n ny bao gm c 3 chng vi ni dung c tm tt c th nh sau : Chng I : Gii thiu chung v h thng ghp knh theo bc sng, cc k thut c bn, nguyn k hot ng ca cc phn t c bn ca h thng quang WDM. Gii thiu tng quan cu trc h thng, cc phn t mng WDM, cc kin trc ca mng li in hnh, cc tham s c trng ca mng nh tpo mng, gii hn vt l, nhu cu lu lng.... Chng II : Gii thiu mt cch tng quan v nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM. Cc gii php trong nh truyn v gn bc sng, nh tuyn gn bc sng tnh, nh truyn gn bc sng vi b chuyn i bc sng. nh tuyn gn bc sng ng. Chng III : a ra mt s phng php nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM Bao gm : Cc phng php nh tuyn trong mng Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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MESH, nh tuyn trong mng cu trc RING WDM. Gn bc sng tnh, gn bc sng ng. Mc d c nhiu c gng song do thi gian v trnh c hn nn n ny khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. Nhn y em xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio Ths. Cao Hng Sn to mi iu kin v tn tnh hng dn, gip em trong qu trnh thc hin n. Em cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa Vin thng I gip em trong thi gian qua. Xin gi li cm n chn thnh ti gia nh, bn b ngi thn- nhng ngi lun c v ng vin gip kp thi em trong sut thi gian qua. H Ni, ngy 20 thng 10 nm 2006 Sinh vin thc hin
Trn Ngc Quang

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Chng I GII THIU CHUNG V CNG NGH WDM

1.1 S pht trin ca cng ngh WDM
Cng ngh mng quang tr thnh nhn t quan trng trong s pht trin ca mng vin thng. Yu cu bng tn s dng ln l h qu tt yu ca nhu cu truyn thng d liu ngy nay. Trong hai thp k qua, cng ngh truyn ti quang WDM c s pht trin vt bc. S pht trin ny c c l nh cng ngh ch to linh kin quang. Nhng thnh tu ca cng ngh ny gp phn to nn h thng WDM dung lng ln nh ngy nay. Theo thi gian, xut pht t nhng nhu cu thc t, cc h thng WDM ngy cng tr nn phc tp. mt gc no, s phc tp trong h thng WDM l trong nhng chc nng ca thit b. Nh c chc nng ny m cu hnh h thng WDM chuyn t n gin nh cu hnh im- im sang cu hnh phc tp nh Ring v Mesh. Cc h thng WDM u tin xut hin t cui nhng nm 1980 s dng hai knh bc sng trong cc vng 1310nm v 1550nm v thng c gi l h thng WDM bng rng. u nhng nm 1990 xut hin cc h thng WDM th h hai s dng cc phn t WDM th ng, c gi l h thng WDM bng hp t 2 n 8 knh. Cc knh ny nm trong ca s 1550nm v vi khong cch knh 400GHz. n gia nhng nm 1990 c h thng WDM mt cao (DWDM) s dng t 16 n 40 knh vi khong cch knh t 100 n 200 GHz. Cc h thng ny tch hp cc chc nng xen r v qun l mng. Cc h thng WDM ban u s dng vi khong cch knh ln. Vic lp t h thng WDM chi phi bi nhng l do kinh t. Vic nng cp thit b u cui khai thc cc nng lc ca WDM c chi phi thp hn vic lp t cp si quang mi. S xut hin b khuch i quang EDFA chuyn hu ht cc h thng WDM sang ca s 1530 nm n 1565nm. Cc h thng WDM mi lp t gn y s dng cc knh quang c khong cch gia cc knh hp t 25 GHz n 50 GHz. Nhu cu v bng tn mng ang tng gn 100%/mt nm s tip tc gia tng t nht l trong vi chc nm tip theo. Vic gim gi thnh ca cc nh cung cp v trn ht l ng dng ph cp ca Internet i hi bng tn ln s c tip tc y mnh. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Cc gii php thc t i vi cc vn gii hn nh hng ca tn sc mode phn cc, hiu ng phi tuyn, s lm tng c s lng knh v tc bt ca h thng WDM. S lng cc knh tng i hi yu cu kht khe hn i vi n nh ca laser, chnh xc ca b lc v vn lin quan n qun l tn sc, hiu ng phi tuyn... Mng tin dn ti m hnh ton quang, do s xut hin cc h thng thit b quang mi c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng m cc thit b in t ang m nhn. Vic loi b cc yu cu khi phc v ti to lu lng qua thit b in t lm gim ng k tnh phc tp phn cng ca mng, nhng s lm tng cc hiu ng quang khc. Mc d trn kha cnh no cc k thut WDM mt cao s t ti gii hn ca n. S truyn dn ca vi trm knh trn mt si quang cng c kim chng. Nh c s pht trin ca cng ngh WDM, trong tng lai khng xa s xut hin cc dch v thng tin quang gi thnh thp tc cao.
1.2 K thut WDM

1.2.1 Nguyn l c bn ca ghp bc sng quang WDM Nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng c th minh ho nh hnh 1.1. Gi s c cc ngun quang lm vic cc bc sng khc nhau 1, 2, 3, j, .n. Cc tn hiu quang vi cc bc sng khc nhau c ghp li pha pht nh b ghp knh; b ghp bc sng phi m bo c suy hao nh v tn hiu sau khi ghp s c truyn dc theo si n pha thu. B tch knh quang pha thu s tch cc lung tn hiu vi cc bc sng ring r.
Hnh 1.1 M t tuyn thng tin quang c ghp bc sng. C hai phng n thit lp h thng WDM nh hnh 1.2 . Phng n truyn dn ghp bc sng quang theo mt hng nh trong hnh 1.2(a), l kt hp cc tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau vo si quang ti mt u v thc hin Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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tch chng chuyn ti cc b tch sng quang u kia. Phng n truyn dn ghp bc sng quang theo hai hng nh trong hnh 1.2(b) th khng quy nh pht mt u v thu mt u; iu ny c ngha l c th pht thng tin theo mt hng ti bc sng 1 v cng ng thi truyn thng tin theo hng ngc li ti bc sng 2.
Hnh 1.2 H thng ghp bc sng (a) theo mt hng (b) theo hai hng Nh vy trn cng mt si c th truyn ng thi nhiu bc sng quang. Mi bc sng quang c gi l mt knh quang, mi knh quang s mang lu lng t cc lp trn nh SDH, ATM . Nh vy s dng cng ngh WDM dung lng truyn dn c nng cao m khng cn lp t thm cp. Khi kt hp cc thut ton nh tuyn thng minh, s phn b hp l ti nguyn cc bc sng s nng cao dung lng ti a ca mng WDM. 1.2.2 Cu trc h thng WDM Ghp knh theo bc sng l k thut s dng cc knh bc sng quang truyn ti lung d liu khc qua si quang trn mng vin thng. Trong trng hp mt tuyn WDM im- im, mt tp cc knh quang c kt hp li trong b ghp knh WDM, c truyn qua mt tuyn si quang v c tch ra qua b gii ghp knh WDM. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Trong hnh 1.3 ch ra mt cu trc h thng chung WDM. Trong v d ny c bn knh quang ti cc bc sng 1, 2, 3 v 4 c ghp vi nhau qua b ghp knh theo bc sng. B khuch i ng quang (OLA) khuch i cc tn hiu quang. B xen tch quang (OADM) tch bc sng 1 v xen mt khnh quang ti bc sng 5.
Hnh 1.3 Cu trc h thng WDM c bn Ti u thu, b gii ghp knh WDM tch bn knh quang ti cc bc sng 2, 3, 4 v 5. Do vy c mt knh t node 1 n node 2 bng 1, ba knh t node 1 n node 3 bng 2, 3 v 4, mt knh t node 2 sang node 3 bng 5. L do chnh ca vic s dng WDM l cho php truyn ti dung lng rt cao v cung cp kh nng mm do trong nh tuyn v bo v, thun li cho quy hoch v thit k mng. 1.2.3 Cc phn t c bn ca h thng WDM 1.2.3.1 Si quang Cc mng quang u s dng mi trng truyn dn l cc si quang. Si quang c c tnh l suy hao v tn sc thp v l mi trng phi dn. Si quang n mode chun cng nh si dch tn sc, hoc si tn sc phng c ITUT chun ho. a. Si quang G.652. y l loi si quang n mode c s dng ph bin trn mng li vin thng nhiu nc hin nay, n c th lm vic 2 ca s truyn dn 1310 nm v 1550 nm. Khi lm vic ca s 1310 nm, G.652 c tn sc nh nht (xp x 0 ps/nm.km) v suy hao tng i ln. Ngc li, khi lm vic ca s 1550 nm, Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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G.652 c suy hao truyn dn nh nht v h s tn sc tng i ln (xp x 20 ps/nm.km). b. Si quang G.653. Mun xy dng cc tuyn thng tin quang tc cao, c ly di th cn phi s dng mt loi si c c suy hao v tn sc ti u ti mt bc sng. Hin nay, bng cch thay i mt ct chit sut c th ch to c si tn sc dch chuyn, tc l si c tn sc v suy hao ti u cng mt bc sng. Loi si ny gi l si DSF hay si G.653. Hnh 1.4 m t ng cong tn sc ca si G.653.
Tn sc [ps/nm.km]
30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30
Tn sc vt liu
Tn sc tng ca si G.652
1000
1400
1600
1800
Tn sc dn sng
Bc sng [nm]
Tn sc tng ca si G.653
Hnh 1.4 Tn sc ca si G653 H s suy hao ca si DSF thng nh hn 0,50 dB/km ca s 1300 nm v nh hn 0,3 dB/km ca s 1550 nm. H s tn sc vng bc sng 1550 nm khong 20 ps/nm.km, cn vng bc sng 1300 nm nh hn 3,5 ps/nm.km. Bc sng ct thng nh hn 1270 nm. Xt v mt k thut, si G.653 cho php xy dng cc h thng thng tin quang vi suy hao ch bng khong mt na suy hao ca h thng lm vic bc sng 1300 nm. Nh vy, c ly trm lp ca h thng si tn sc dch chuyn s di gp i h thng s dng si G.652 bc sng 1300 nm. Cn i vi cc tuyn hot ng bc sng 1550 nm th do si G.653 c h s tn sc rt nh nn nu ch xt v tn sc th gn nh khng c s gii hn v tc truyn tn hiu trong cc h thng ny. Nh vy do gim s trm lp trn tuyn m gi thnh cao ca si G.653 phn no c dung ho. c. Si quang G.654. G.654 l si quang n mode ti hn thay i v tr bc sng ct. Loi si ny c c im: suy hao bc sng 1550 nm gim nhng tn sc vn tng Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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i ln; im tn sc bng khng vn bc sng 1310 nm; G.654 ch yu c s dng cc tuyn cp quang bin. d. Si quang G.655. S dng si quang no thch hp nht cho h thng WDM lun l vn c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm. Do tnh cht u vit ca si quang G.653 (DSF) bc sng 1550 nm m n tr thnh si quang c ch nht. Nhng nghin cu k ngi ta pht hin ra rng khi dng G.653 trong h thng WDM th khu vc bc sng c tn sc bng khng s b nh hng nghim trng bi hiu ng phi tuyn. y l nhc im chnh ca DSF. T xut hin mt loi si quang mi - si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZ-DSF), cn gi l si quang n mode G.655. im tn sc bng khng ca n khng nm 1550 nm m dch ti 1570nm hoc gn 1510 - 1520 nm. Gi tr tn sc trong phm vi 1548 - 1565 nm l 1 4 ps/nm.km m bo tn sc khng bng 0, trong khi vn duy tr c tn sc tng i nh. e. Si quang c tit din hiu dng ln. Loi si ny thch hp cho ng dng trong h thng WDM c dung lng v c ly truyn dn ln. Tit din hiu dng l 72 m2, im tn sc bng khng l 1510 nm, cho cng sut tng i ln. 1.2.3.2 Phn pht Phn pht quan trng nht l laser diode. Yu cu ngun quang trong h thng WDM l phi c rng ph hp, n nh tn s. Tuy nhin laser diode c khoang cng hng Fabry Perot c nhiu u im hn so vi LED nhng cha tht s l cc ngun n mode. Vn cn cc mode khc ngoi mode c bn trong ngun ny. Trong h thng WDM nht l h thng ghp bc sng c mt cao DWDM cn c nhng laser n mode to ra mt mode dc chnh, cn li cc mode bn cn c loi b. Laser n mode c nhiu loi, in hnh l laser hi tip phn tn (DFB )v laser phn x Bragg phn tn (DBR). Diode laser hi tip phn tn(DFB) Laser DFB gm c mt lp cch t nhiu x c cu trc chu k t cnh lp hot tnh to ra nh sng sut chiu di khoang cng hng vi mc ch nn cc mode bn trong v chn lc tn s nh hnh 1.5. Sng quang lan truyn song song vi cch t, do cch t c cu trc hon ton theo chu k to hin tng giao thoa gia hai sng ghp lan truyn ngc Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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nhau. hin tng giao thoa ny xy ra th sau mt chu k cch t pha thay i 2 m, trong m l s nguyn c gi l bc ca nhiu x Bragg tc l: 2 m = 2
2n
( 1.1)
Trong : n trit xut hiu dng ca mode, l chu k cch t, h s 2 sut hin trong biu thc v nh sng phn x hai ln cng pha vi sng ti. Nhng iu kin trn khng tho mn th nh sng tn x cch t s trit tiu nhau, kt qu l ch c c bc sng tho mn l B. Khi m = 1 th B c gi l bc sng bc mt v B = 2n.
Hnh 1.5 Cu trc diode laser hi tip phn tn Diode Laser phn x Bargg phn tn (DBR) Laser phn x Bargg phn tn (DBR) s dng nguyn l phn x Bargg ch to ra mt mode dc. Khc nhau gia DBR v DEB l trong DBR cc cch t chiu di ngn ng vai tr b phn x chn lc tn s. C cu trc cch t nm hai bn vng hot tnh c tc dng nh hai gng phn x vi cc bc sng tho mn iu kin phn x nh hnh 1.6. Nh vy c nhiu mode trong vng hot tnh nhng ch c mt bc sng c phn x tr li v c khuch i.
Hnh 1.6 Cu trc laser phn x phn tn Bargg DBR Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Hai loi laser ny c dng in ngng khong 20 mA, rng ph rt hp v nh hn c 0,5nm, do cc tuyn c ly xa yu cu tc cao thng s dng hai loi ny. Diode Laser iu chnh bc sng B pht quang n mode c th iu chnh c bc sng l linh kin quang then cht ca h thng WDM v mng chuyn mch quang. Ch tiu tnh nng ca n l iu chnh tc v iu chnh phm vi bc sng. Mc d ang cn nghin cu trong phng th nghim nhng vi s tin b khng ngng ca cng ngh bn dn, b pht quang bn dn c th iu chnh c bc sng cht lng cao s sm c s dng trong tng lai. Nh ta bit, bc sng u ra b pht quang kk (bc sng trong khng kh) quan h vi bc sng trong mi trng cht bn dn bd theo cng thc: (1.2) kk = bd n T cng thc (1.2): khi thay i n (chit sut ca vt liu bn dn) th kk s thay i, tc l c th thay i v iu khin c bc sng u ra ca b pht quang trong phm vi nht nh. Di y s gii thiu cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca mt s b pht quang bin i bc sng tin tin. - B pht quang c th iu chnh ngoi khoang Cu to Thc hin m trn mt ct pha sau ca khoang cng hng mt mng tng thu (AR), sau ngoi a vo b lc c th iu chnh to thnh b pht quang c th iu chnh ngoi khoang. Hnh 1.7 m t cu to b pht quang ny. Nguyn l hot ng Cc tia sng i qua mng tng thu, qua thu knh bin thnh chm tia sng song song p vo cch t. y cch t s ng vai tr gng phn x kim b lc bng hp. Nu ta quay cch t th c th iu chnh th bc sng quang u ra. Cn nu ta iu chnh cch t theo chiu dc th c th tinh chnh c bc sng quang u ra. u im, nhc im u im chnh ca loi pht quang ny l rng ph pht cc hp v c th iu chnh bc sng trong phm vi rng. Cn nhc im chnh l tc iu chnh thp, th tch tng i ln, n nh v c khng cao.

16
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5,25 cm
LD
u ra quang
Mng AR
Cch t iu chnh th (50 - 240 nm)
Thu knh Tng ch Chn bc sng
iu chnh nh (Ghz)
Hnh 1.7 B pht quang c iu chnh ngoi khoang - B pht quang DFB 2 cc B pht quang DFB 2 cc c cu to khc vi b pht quang DFB bnh thng ch n c 2 in cc iu khin cng sut ra v iu khin bc sng pht x. Hnh 1.8 m t cu to ca b pht quang loi ny. Tn hiu in c chia thnh 2 thnh phn: dng vo cc th nht l dng Ia t nh thin trn ngng, c tc dng chuyn tn hiu in u vo thnh tn hiu quang; dng vo th hai l dng Ib nh hn tr s ngng, c tc dng thay i chit sut iu chnh bc sng u ra b pht quang. Tn hiu in
Tng ch
Ia
iu chnh
Ib
Mng AR Cch t u ra quang
Hnh 1.8 B pht quang DFB 2 cc iu chnh bc sng 1.2.3.3 Phn thu B thu quang ca h thng WDM cng tng t nh b thu quang h thng n knh. Chng thc cht l cc photodiode (PD), thc hin chc nng c bn l bin i tn hiu quang thu c thnh tn hiu in. B thu quang phi m bo yu cu v tc ln, nhy thu cao v bc sng hot ng thch

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hp. Hai loi photodiode c s dng rng ri trong b thu quang l photodiode PIN v photodiode thc APD. a. Nguyn l lm vic chung ca PIN v APD Nguyn l lm vic chung ca PIN-photodiode v APD da trn nguyn l bc x nh sng ca lp tip gip P-N, c ch ra hnh 1.9. C hai loi photodiode u hot ng da vo tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. Khi nh sng c bc sng trong khng gian t do b hn bc sng ct: c (m) =
1,24(eV. m) E g (eV )
(1.3)
chiu vo Photodiode th bn dn hp th cc photon. cng thc (1.3), Eg l rng di cm ca tip gip p-n. V
nh sng ti E
p Engoi ETX
n a)
x Hnh 1.9 Diode tch quang p-n
b)
Khi mt photon c hp th trong vng ngho, n s kch thch mt in t trong di ho tr nhy ln di dn v li trong di ho tr mt l trng. Nh vy mi photon c hp th s to ra mt cp in t-l trng. in p phn cc ngc to ra mt in trng mnh trong vng ngho hnh 1.9 (b). Di tc dng ca in trng mnh, in t v l trng b qut rt nhanh ra khi vng ngho. L trng t vng ngho i vo lp p, in t t vng ngho i vo lp n to thnh dng khuych tn v chng tr thnh cc ht ti in a s trong cc vng ny. Khi in t i ti in cc bn phi hnh 1.9 (a), di tc dng ca ngun phn cc ngc buc n phi i qua mch ngoi to thnh dng tch quang. Cc in t qua mch ngoi v i ti in cc bn tri i vo vng p, ti hp vi l trng vng ny. Trong k thut thng tin quang, ngi ta thng s dng cc phn t bin i quan-in: PIN-Photodiode v Diode quang thc APD. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Di y ta s trnh by nguyn l bin i quang-in, cu to v tnh cht ca cc phn t ny. b. PIN-Photodiode Cu to Nguyn tc bin i quang-in ca PIN-Photodiode da vo nguyn l bin i quang-in ca lp tip gip p-n c phn cc ngc. Cu trc c bn v phn b in trng ca PIN-Photodiode c ch ra hnh 1.10. Cu to ca PIN-Photodiode bao gm: - Mt tip gip gm 2 bn dn tt l P+ v N+ lm nn, gia c mt lp mng bn dn yu loi N hay mt lp t dn I (Intrisic). - Trn b mt ca lp bn dn P+ l mt in cc vng ( gia cho nh sng thm nhp vo min I). - Trn lp bn dn P+ ph mt lp chng phn x. - in p phn cc ngc cho diode.
in cc vng in cc
nh sng ti Lp chng phn x
P+
N+
(a)
E (b)
Hnh 1.10 Cu to ca PIN-Photodiode (a) v s phn b in trng (b) Nguyn l hot ng: Khi cc photon i vo lp P+ c mc nng lng ln hn rng ca di cm, s sinh ra trong min P+, I, N+ ca PIN-Photodiode cc cp in t v l trng (ch yu lp I).

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Cc in t v l trng trong min I va c sinh ra b in trng mnh ht v hai pha (in t v pha N+ v c in p dng, l trng v min P+ v c in p m). Mt khc, cc in t mi sinh ra trong min P+ khuch tn sang min I nh gradien mt ti tip gip P+I, ri chy v pha N+ v c in p dng v l trng mi sinh ra trong min N+ khuch tn sang min I nh gradien mt ti tip gip N+I, ri chy v pha v min P+ v c in p m. Tt c cc phn t ny sinh ra mch ngoi ca PIN-Photodiode mt dng in v trn ti mt in p. C mt s in t v l trng khng tham gia vo qu trnh to ra dng in ngoi, v chng c sinh ra min P+ v N+ cch xa cc lp tip gip P+I v N+I khng c khuch tn vo min I (do khong cch xa hn di khuch tn ca ng t thiu s), nn chng li ti hp vi nhau ngay trong cc min P+ v N+. Trong trng hp l tng, mi photon chiu vo PIN-Photodiode s sinh ra mt cp in t v l trng v gi tr trung bnh ca dng in ra t l vi cng sut chiu vo. Nhng thc t khng phi nh vy, v mt phn nh sng b tn tht do phn x b mt. Kh nng thm nhp ca nh sng vo cc lp bn dn thay i theo bc sng. V vy, lp P+ khng c qu dy. Min I cng dy th hiu sut lng t cng ln, v xc sut to ra cc cp in t v l trng tng ln theo dy ca min ny v do cc photon c nhiu kh nng tip xc vi cc nguyn t hn. Tuy nhin, trong truyn dn s di ca xung nh sng a vo phi ln hn thi gian tri Td cn thit cc phn t mang in chy qua vng tri c rng d ca min I. Do , d khng c ln qu v nh th tc bit s b gim i. Khi bc sng nh sng tng th kh nng i qua bn dn cng tng ln, nh sng c th i qua bn dn m khng to ra cc cp in t v l trng. Do , vi cc vt liu phi c mt bc sng ti hn. c. Diode quang thc APD Cu to Cu trc c bn ca APD c ch ra hnh 1.11(a). Cu to ca APD c bn ging nh PIN-Photodiode. Ngoi ra trong APD cn c mt lp bn dn yu P c xen gia lp I v lp N+. Bn tri lp I b gii hn bi lp P+, cn bn phi lp I b gii hn bi tip gip PN+. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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in p phn cc ngc t vo APD rt ln, ti hng trm vn. in trng thay i theo cc lp c ch ra bi hnh 1.11(b). Trong vng I, in trng tng chm, nhng trong tip gip PN+ in trng tng rt nhanh. Lp tip gip PN+ l min thc, y xy ra qu trnh nhn in t. Nguyn l hot ng: Do APD c t mt in p phn cc ngc rt ln, ti hng trm vn, cho nn cng in trng min in tch khng gian tng ln rt cao. Do , khi cc in t trong min I di chuyn n min thc PN+ chng c tng tc, va chm vo cc nguyn t gii phng ra cc cp in t v l trng mi, gi l s ion ho do va chm. Cc phn t th cp ny n lt mnh li to ra s s ion ho do va chm thm na, gy ln hiu ng quang thc v lm cho dng in tng ln ng k. Thng qua hiu ng quang thc ny m vi cng mt s lng photon ti, APD gii phng ra cc in t nhiu hn rt nhiu ln so vi PIN-Photodiode.
in cc vng nh sng ti in cc
P+
P
P
N+
(a
Lp chng phn x
E (b)
Hnh 1.11 Cu to ca APD(a)v s phn b in trng theo cc lp (b) Dng ra ca cc photodiode Dng ra ca PIN - Photodiode PIN- Photodiode l photodiode khng c hiu ng quang thc, do dng ra ca n chnh l dng photo, tc l: iT-PIN = iP = HT PT Trong : Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
(1.4) 21
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HT =
PT:
e
hc
(1.5)
gi l h s bin i quang - in ca photodiode. l cng sut nh sng chiu vo photodiode S cp n t - L trng sinh ra S photon hp th l hiu sut lng t ho ca APD/PIN Photodiode. (1.6)
: bc sng ca nh sng. e: n tch ca in t (e = 1,602.10-19 As). h: hng s Plank (h = 6,62.10-34 Ws2). c: vn tc nh sng (c = 3.108 m/s). Dng ra ca APD i vi APD, do c hiu ng quang khc m dng ra ca APD c tng ln M ln, tc l: iT-APD = MiP = MHTPT , (1.7) Trong :
M =
iT = iP
1 U 1 U D
n
(1.8)
U: UD: n:
l h s khuych i ca APD, n p t vo APD. in p nh thng ca APD nhn cc gi tr t 1,5 6, tu thuc vo vt liu v cu trc ca APD.
Nhiu ca cc b thu quang Theo bn cht gy nn nhiu c: nhiu lng t tnh hiu, nhiu dng in ti, nhiu dng r, nhiu nhit v nhiu do hiu ng quang thc (trong APD). + Nhiu dng ti Nhiu dng ti l do dng in ti ca photodiode sinh ra. Dng in ti gm rt nhiu xung khng c quy lut. Ngi ta ch xc nh c tr hoc dng ca n, ph bin ca chng bng phng mi tn s. Theo [6], cng sut nhiu dng in ti pNT theo cng thc : Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM (1.9)
pNT = 2e F(M ) M 2 IT Be
Trong , IT l ga tr trung bnh ca dng in ti, gi tr trung bnh ny ph thuc cht liu bn dn, din tch b mt tip xc P-N v nhit v Be l bng tn hiu dng hay cn gi l bng tn in ca photodiode. + Nhiu dng r Nhiu dng r l do dng in r ca photodiode to ra. Dng in r l do cc tia sng pha trong v nh sng bn cnh to ra. Trn thc t ngi ta ch xc nh c gi tr trung bnh ca dng in r. Theo [6], cng sut nhiu dng r pr theo cng thc :
pNr = 2e F ( M ) M 2 I r Be
(1.10)
Trong , Ir l gi tr trung bnh ca dng in r. + Nhiu nhit Nhiu nhit ca Photodiode l nhiu xut hin trong in tr lp chn, in tr ti, do chuyn ng nhit ca cc in t trong in tr to ra. Theo [7], cng sut nhiu nhit pNN ca photodiode c xc nh theo cng thc :
p NN = 4 k T (G C + GT ) Be
Trong : GC = GT =
(1.11)
1 l in dn ca in tr lp chn RC, RC
1 l in dn ca in tr ti RT, RT
k: hng s Bolzomal, T: Nhit tuyt i. + Nhiu do hiu ng quang thc i vi APD, nhiu do hiu ng quang thc sinh ra ph thuc vo h s khuych i v t l vi t s gia h s ion ho l trng v h s ion ho in t trong vng khuych i quang thc. Nhiu do hiu ng quang thc c c trng qua h s tp m F(M) v n c xc nh gn ng theo cng thc:
F (M ) = 2
Trong :
1 1 + ki M 2 + M M
(1.12)

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M l h s khuych i ca APD,
ki
n p
(1.13)
n l h s ion ho in t trong vng quang thc, p l h s ion ho l trng trong vng quang thc. Trong thc t, ngi ta c th s dng gn ng F(M) bi: (1.14) F(M) = MX Trong , gi tr c trng ca x = 0,3 0,5 i vi Si APD, x = 0,7 i vi InGaAsP-APD v x=1 i vi Ge-APD + Nhiu lng t tn hiu Nhiu lng t tn hiu sinh ra trong qu trnh gii phng ra cc cp in t - l trng do cc photon chiu vo photodiode. Cc tp m dng ti, tp m dng r v tp m nhit tp m l nhng tp m khng ph thuc tn hiu ca APD v PIN-Photodiode. Cn tp m lng t tn hiu l tp m ph thuc tn hiu, cn phi c xem xt tn hiu truyn dn tng t hay s, tn hiu truyn dn bin i nhanh hay chm. Theo [6], cng sut nhiu lng t ca photodiode c xc nh theo cng thc:
pNL = 2e F (M ) M 2 HT P Be T
Trong :
PT :Gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut nh sng n photodiode
(1.15)
e:in tch ca in t Be:bng tn in ca photodiode F(M): h s tp m ph thm ca APD M:h s khuych i ca APD HT: h s bin i quang in ca photodiode + Nhiu tng ca photodiode Trong thc t, cc ngun nhiu ch ra m hnh ton hc ca photodiode l khng tng quan nhau. Do , cng sut nhiu tng ca photodiode c tnh theo cng thc:
pN = pNL + pNT + pNr + pNN

(1.16) 24
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Thay cc cng thc (1.9)-(1.12) v (1.15) vo (1.16), ta nhn c cng sut nhiu tng ca APD theo cng thc:
pN APD = 2eF(M )M 2 (HT P + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT(GC + GT ) Be T
(1.17)
Thay cng thc (1.14) vo cng thc (1.17) v thc hin bin i ton hc, ta nhn c cng sut nhiu tng ca APD di dng:
pN APD = 2eM 2+ x ( HT PT + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be
(1.18)
T cng thc (1.18) v thay M = 1 ta nhn c cng sut nhiu tng ca PIN-Photodiode theo cc cng thc:
pN PIN = 2e(HT P + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT(GC + GT ) Be T
(1.19)
T s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) T cng thc (1.7), (1.18), ta nhn c t s tn hiu/nhiu ca APD nh sau:
SNRAPD =
2 H T M 2 PT
2+ x 2eM (HT PT + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be
(1.20)
T cng thc (1.4), (1.19), ta nhn c t s tn hiu/nhiu ca PINphotodiode nh sau:
SNRPIN =
2 H T PT
2e(HT PT + IT + I r ) + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be
(1.21)
T s li bit (BER) BER l t s gia s bit b li v s bit c pht i (xc sut sai lm bit). L thuyt chng minh BER l mt hm ca SNR v c biu din theo cng thc sau:
BER = 1 SNR 1 erf 2 2
(1.22)
Trong , erfc(x) l hm li.

25
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Trm lp l b chuyn i tn s quang in c bn bao gm mt b thu quang v b pht quang. B thu quang chuyn i tn hiu quang u vo thnh tn hiu in v c khuch i, sa dng xung, nh thi li. Tn hiu ny sau c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang nh laser pht. Hu ht cc nh sn xut h thng WDM tin tng vo b lp transponder nh l giao din u vo ca h thng WDM. Ngy nay n c ch to vi tc bit ti gn 10 Gbit/s. nhy u vo bin i trong khong -5 dBm n -20 dBm tu theo tit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Cc transponder c th hot ng bc sng 1,3 m cng nh 1,5 m v cng sut ngun ra c 0 dBm. Cc trm lp m khng ti to li tn hiu u vo s lm vic vi bt k loi tc tn hiu s no v tn hiu lp trn c lp v dng tn hiu (SDH, ATM) v tc bt ( 155Mb/s, 622Mb/s, 2,5Gb/s, 10Gb/s). 1.2.3.5 B tn sc Bn cnh suy hao ca si l mt hiu ng tn sc m gii hn chnh ca khong cch cc trm lp trong tuyn thng tin quang. Tr nhm l mt hiu ng chnh gy ra bi tn sc. Trong truyn dn quang hiu ng tn sc tng tuyn tnh vi di v rng ph ngun quang v l nguyn nhn lm mo xung v nhiu gia cc k t. Si b tn sc Si b tn sc (DCF- Dispersion Sompensating Fiber) l loi si c bit m nh sng vng bc sng 1,5 m c h s tn sc khng m vi khong 80 ps/(nm.km). Do 1 km si DCF c th b tn sc cho 5 km si SMF, khi h s tn sc ca si SMF l 17 ps/(nm.km). H s tn sc ca si DCF cng thay i theo tn s nh si SMF, do khng th c kh nng b tn sc tt nu di tn s m rng. Suy hao ca si DCF c tr gi c 0,6 dBm/km v ln hn si SMF. Cch t Brarg S dng cch t Bragg (BFG) l mt la chn khc b tn sc. Thit b ny cho suy hao thp. Tuy nhin n hot ng mode phn x v do cn dng Circulator quang hoc coupler quang tch tn hiu u vo v u ra. Hin ti di bng tn b tn sc mi ch vi trm GHz vi mt BFG (hp hn so vi DCF). Bng thng c th rng hn nu s dng cc t di hoc cch t thay Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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th. Nhng vic phi thay thm Circulator quang hoc coupler quang l mt tr ngi. 1.2.3.6 Khuch i quang OA (EDFA) Khuch i quang si pha Erbium l cha kho xy dng nn h thng WDM. H thng ny c c tnh: tnh tng ch cao, bng tn rng, tp m thp. c tnh tng ch khng c quan h vi phn cc, trong sut vi tc s v khun dng. y l cc c tnh rt c li trong thng tin quang ni chung v WDM ni ring. Tng ch c tnh ton nh l t s cng sut ra trn cng sut vo b khuch i. Gi tr ny xc nh trc tip suy hao ti a cho php gia hai b EDFA lin tip. N ph thuc vo s knh v di ca tuyn. Trong cc tuyn thc t gi tr ny bin i t di 20 dB n 30dB. Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i khi u vo cng sut cao. Hin nay c thng mi ha cc b khuch i EDFA vi di u vo t 13 17 dB cho u ra cng sut ti 30 dBm. Hnh 1.12 m t cu to ca khuch i quang si EDFA.
Hnh 1.12 Cu to ca khuch i quang si EDFA C ch hot ng ca EDFA c minh ha trn hnh 1.13. Khi mt in t mt trng thi c bn (E1) c kch thch t mt ngun bc x c bc sng ph hp, n s hp th nng lng v s chuyn ti mc cao hn (E2). T mc ny n s phn r trc tip xung trng thi c bn theo cch bc x. T y, in t t pht c th pht x xung mc(E1) nh hnh 1.13 (a) hoc (E4) 1.13 (b). Nu thi gian sng ca ca mc (E3) di cc in t c ngun bm kch thch th c th xy ra nghch o tch ly. y l iu kin c mc in t siu bn E3 nhiu hn mc ti (E1 v E4). Mt photon c nng lng tng ng vi s chnh lch nng lng gia mc E3 v E1 (i vi ba mc) , hoc gia E3 v E4 (i vi bn mc) khi n va trm trn mi trng gy ra bc Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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x kch thch ca cc photon. Khi iu kin khng kch thch hu ht cc in t trng thi c bn E1. Si pha Erbium (Er3+) cho bc x 1,55 v 2,7 m . Khi cc photon tn hiu quang i vo si Erbium va chm vi cc in t ang trng thi kch thch s lm cc in t ny chuyn xung mc in t thp hn ng thi bc x mt photon c pha cng vi pha ca tn hiu. Do vy tn hiu khi i qua si EDF s c tng ch l c ch hot ng ca khuch quang EDFA.
Hnh 1.13 (a) c ch ba phat x, 1.2.3.7 B lc quang
(b) c ch bn pht x
Trong k thut WDM c nhiu loi b lc quang c s dng, nhng ph bin nht l b lc mng mng in mi (TFF). TFF lm vic theo nguyn tc phn x tn hiu mt di ph no v cho phn di ph cn li i qua. B lc ny thuc loi b lc bc sng c nh. Cu trc ca n gm mt khoang cng hng bng in mi trong sut, hai u khoang c cc gng phn x c cu to t nhiu lp mng mng in mi c chit sut cao (TiO2 c n = 2,2) v chit sut thp (MgF2 c n = 1,35 hoc SiO2 c n = 1,46) xen k nhau. Mi lp c b dy ne = 0/4 (i vi b lc bc 0) hoc ne = 30/4 (i vi b lc bc 1), vi 0 l bc sng trung tm. Hnh 1.14 m t cu to b lc mng mng in mi. Cc b lc ny hot ng da trn nguyn tc ca bung cng hng Fabry-Perot. y l b lc cng hng c tnh chn lc bc sng. Sng nh sng no c th to ra trong khoang cng hng mt sng ng (chiu di khoang cng hng bng bi s nguyn ln na bc sng) th s lt qua c b lc v c cng sut cc i ti u ra. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM Chit sut cao Chit sut thp
in mi trong sut
Gng phn x
Gng phn x
Hnh 1.14 Cu trc b lc mng mng in Trn c s ngi ta ch to b lc mng mng nhiu khoang cng hng vi cc c tnh ph khc nhau. B lc ny c th gm hai hoc nhiu khoang tch bit nhau bi cc lp mng mng in mi phn x. nh hng ca nhiu khoang n c tnh cng hng ca b lc c th hin trong hnh 1.15. S khoang cng nhiu th nh hm truyn t cng phng v sn cng dc. C hai c tnh ny ca b lc u rt cn thit. Tu theo c tnh ph ca b lc, ngi ta phn b lc thnh hai h: B lc thng di v b lc bng thng.
H s truyn dn b lc [dB]
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 0.096 0.098 1 1.002 1.004
0/
Hnh 1.15 H s truyn dn cc b lc mng mng

B lc thng di, bao gm b lc thng thp (SWPF) v b lc thng cao
(LWPF). Trong , SWPF s dng cu trc b lc bc 0 cn LWPF s dng cu trc b lc bc 1. B lc thng di c c trng bi bc sng ct c. Cc b lc ny c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b hai knh ghp (hoc tch) hai bc sng hon ton phn cch nh 850 nm v 1310nm hoc 1310nm v 1550nm. Cc thit b ny c s dng kh hiu qu cho c cc ngun quang c ph rng (v d: LED). Hnh 1.16(a) v 1.16(b) tng ng l p ng ph ca b lc thng thp v thng cao. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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B lc bng thng (BPF). B lc ny c to ra t nhiu b lc cng hng,
c c trng bi bc sng trung tm 0 v rng bng thng ca b lc. B lc ny s dng tt cho cc thit b WDM, rt ph hp vi cc ngun pht c ph hp. Hnh 1.16(c) l p ng ph ca b lc bng thng. T
< c
> c
< < 0 + 2 2
c a) c b)
0 c)
Hnh 1.16 c tnh ph truyn dn ca: a) B lc thng thp, b) B lc thng cao v c) B lc bng thng tch c nhiu bc sng ngi ta s dng nhiu b lc ni vi nhau theo cu trc tng nh hnh 1.17.
1, 2,, N 1, 2,, N 2 2,, N 4 1
B lc 4 B lc 3 B lc 2 B lc 1
1 3
Hnh 1.17 B lc quang tch bc sng 1.2.3.8 B xen r quang OADM Thit b ODAM thc hin chc nng thm vo v tch ra mt knh tn hiu t tn hiu WDM m khng gy ra nhiu vi nhng knh khc trong si. Theo thi gian cc chc nng xen/r knh quang ca OADM dn hon thin hn. C hai giai on chnh trong cu trc OADM, giai on th nht c trng trong cu trc l c cc b chuyn i quang - in; giai on sau cc OADM c nng lc cao hn nh khng phi chuyn i quang in. Thit b OADM th h th nht Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Trong thit b th h th nht tt c cc knh trn tn hiu WDM ti u c tch xung v a cho qua cc b bin i quang- in nh trn hnh 1.18. Cc knh xen vo tch ra c a n cng xen/r kt ni vi cc b bin i O/E/O c nh, cc knh chuyn qua cng a qua b bin i O/E/O c nh trc khi ra ti cng vo ra ca phn t tch/ghp (MUX/DEMUX). Cu hnh ny c quy nh bi nh sn xut, khng th thay i bc sng xen/r cng nh bc sng chuyn qua thit b.
Hnh 1.18 Thit b OADM th h th nht Thit b OADM th h hai Trong thit b th h ny, s dng nhng linh kin quang xen vo hoc tch ra bc sng mong mun. Cc linh kin quang hin ang c ng dng ch to OADM l cch t dn sng quang (AWG), circulator kt hp vi cch t Bragg si (FBG) hoc s dng tng giao thoa k March Zehnder. Hnh 1.19 m t mt OADM s dng Circulator v cch t Bargg si.
Hnh 1.19 Thit b OADM da trn circulator v FBG. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Trn hnh m t thit b OADM s dng cch t Bragg v circulator cho chc nng xen/r knh. Hot ng ca thit b ny nh sau. 1. Tn hiu i vo t tri c nh tuyn qua circulator ti FBG. 2. Cc bc sng khng b tch s c chuyn qua FBG ti circulator tip theo. 3. Nhng bc sng cu cn tch b phn x bi FBG hng ti cng tch ca circulator. 4. Cc bc sng xen vo c a vo cng xen. Bc sng ny di chuyn quanh Circulator n FBG v b phn x tr li. Ti y n c trn vi dng tn hiu chuyn qua thnh tn hiu ghp knh. OADM loi ny c suy hao thp, khong 3 dBm i vi tn hiu ghp knh. Loi OADM ny ph hp cho nhng ng dng trong mng ni ht. Ngoi loi OADM trn cn c cc loi khc nh dng giao thoa k March Zehnder. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cn s dng mt lot cc b ghp (coupler) cy trn nn planar to ra mt b giao thoa k March Zehnder. Hin nay pht trin thit b OADM c cc tnh nng nh tuyn bc sng ngy cng linh hot. Ngi ta phn ra lm hai loi OADM. Loi xen/ r bc sng c nh: Thc hin xen r cc bc sng c nh no . Cu hnh loi ny khng thay i trong qu trnh hot ng. Loi xen/r bc sng thay i: y l loi c th thay i cu hnh. Chc nng xen/r bc sng c th m bo vic thm hoc tch mt s knh (bc sng) ti cng xen/r ca thit b. iu ny cho php nh khai thc c th thay i cu hnh mng theo nhng yu cu lu lng trn mng bng cch cu hnh li (nh tuyn bc sng) thit b OADM ti cc node xen/r. a. Cu trc ca b ghp tch quang OADM Cu trc ca OADM bao gm tch knh, phn t lc c iu khin tch xen v phn t ghp knh. Trong phn t tch knh khng c ngha l tt c knh bc sng trn si n u phi tch knh, thng im nt OADM dng b tch knh tch ra bc sng cn thit ( a ), ng thi ghp bc sng ( a ) qua b ghp knh ln si quang truyn dn i. Khi dng cc phng n Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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khc nhau tch knh v ghp knh th n to ra cc kt cu OADM khc nhau. Hin nay c nhiu phng n OADM, nhng v tng qut chia lm hai loi : Kt cu trng lp Kt cu khng trng lp Kt cu trng lp ch yu dng linh kin khng ngun l b ghp tch knh v b lc c nh, im nt tch ghp mt v nhiu bc sng c nh, tc l nh tuyn ca im nt c xc nh, loi ny thiu linh hot, nhng tin cy cao v khng c tr. Kt cu khng trng lp dng kho quang, b lc c iu khin c th iu tit bc sng ng ng thoi tch nhp ca im nt OADM. Kt cu ny phc tp, c tr nhng c th phn phi ti nguyn bc sng ca mng hp l. Cc phng n c bn ca OADM c mt s hnh thc sau : B tch sng, phn t chuyn mch khng gian v b ghp sng Phn t phi ghp, phn t lc sng v b tch sng Da vo b lc c iu chnh thanh quang (AOTF). Da vo b nh tuyn li quang bc sng (WGM) B tch sng, phn t chuyn mch khng gian v b ghp sng Trong phng n ny b tch knh c th l loi dng cc b lc mng mng hoc loi cch t dy ng dn sng (AWG). Phn t chuyn mch khng gian s dng kho quang hoc ma trn kho quang, b ghp bc sng c th l b ghp knh hoc b phi ghp nh hnh 1.20.
Hnh 1.20 OADM da vo b tch knh v kho quang Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Do mc xuyn nhiu ca ton b OADM l do b tch knh quyt nh. Hin nay b tch knh c th lm cho cch li t ti 0,8nm/25dB tr ln, do tho mn yu cu ca h thng.
Hnh 1.21 OADM da vo b ghp knh v ma trn kho Phn t phi ghp, phn t lc sng v b ghp sng Kt cu OADM loi ny n gin, nhng linh kin s dng d tm. Trong kt cu ny phn t phi ghp thng l (Coupler) hoc b quay vng quang (Optical Circulator) phn t lc sng c li quang (FBG), cc b lc nh loi F-P b ghp sng l b ghp ph thng hoc b ghp knh. Tnh nng ca phng n ny ph thuc ch yu vo b lc. Linh kin hin nay c cch li ca li si quang cao hn 20dB/ 0,8nm, tnh nng cch li ca khoang F-P tt hn c th t 40dB/ 0,8nm. Hnh 1.22 l mt v d c th.
Hnh 1.22 OADM da trn li si quang v kho Phng n trong hnh 1.22 l kt cu OADM dng ph bin hin nay, tn hiu u vo WDM i qua kho nh tuyn, a vo li quang. Li quang ca mi ng chun ng vi mt bc sng, bc sng b li quang phn x Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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s i qua b quay vng tch ra, i vo mang ti ch, nhng tn hiu WDM khc qua li quang v b quay vng ghp sng vi tn hiu bc sng ca im nt ti ch, tip tc truyn dn ln pha trc.
Hnh 1.23 OADM dng b lc khoang F-P Phng n trong hnh 1.23 l kt cu OADM dng b lc khoang F-P. Tn hiu vo WDM sau khi i qua b lc khoang F-P, bc sng cn thit c tch ra i vo nt ni ht, cc bc sng khc b phn x ri tip tc truyn dn trn ng trc. Cc dch v t im nt ti ch n ng trc s s sng bc sng ghp vo ging bc sng tch ra. Trong phng n ny c u im ni bt l b lc khoang F-P c th iu chnh lin tc, nn c th cn c vo nhu cu nhp tch ra cc bc sng bt k nhng n li khng n nh v nhit. OADM da trn AOTF B lc c iu chnh thanh quang (AOTF) c c tnh tt, nhng phm vi iu chnh rng, tc iu chnh nhanh v cch li cao.., nhng n nhy cm vi hiu ng phn cc y chnh l mt hn ch ln
Hnh 1.24 OADM da vo AOTF Kt cu hnh 1.24 tn hiu bc sng quang nhp vo thng gc vi hng phn cc ca tn hiu quang cng bc sng vi tn hiu WDM vo, sau khi Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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chng i vo AOTF, tn hiu a vo WDM qua b tch chm phn cc (PBS) chia thnh mode TM v mode TE ri i vo phn t chuyn i mode (thng l tinh th LiNbO3) do on sng m thanh chn tn s f iu khin, tin hnh iu chnh chn tn s f tng ng vi cc bc sng cn tch ra. Nu bc sng 1 iu chnh chn tn s tng ng khi tn hiu WDM i qua phn t mode th mode TE v mode TM ca bc sng quang 1 pht sinh chuyn i, mode TE bin thnh mode TM v mode TM bin thnh mode TE. Qua mt 1 PBS pha sau ri t u dy tch ra a v s ti, nhng bc sng khc ca WDM khng pht sinh bin i mode, t u ra a ra si quang v bc sng nhp vo thng qua phn t chuyn i mode cng t u ra a ra si quang. Hin nay tc ca OADM da vo AOTF c th t n cp microgiy, bc sng 1550nm c th iu chnh bng tn nh tuyn ln nht t 25nm, cch li gia sng gn nhau t 35dB/ 0,8nm. Mc r bc sng i qua nh hn -30dB. Kt cu hnh 1.25 l bin th n gin ca phng n ny, bc sng ng thoi nhp tch l c nh, khng iu chnh c. cch li i vi bc sng ln cn (1550nm) l trn 22 dB/ 0,8nm, mc r tn hiu bc sng i qua nh hn -30dB.
Hnh 1.25 OADM da vo PBS v FBG OADM a trn b nh tuyn li quang bc sng (WGR) WGR l b nh tuyn bc sng hnh li quang, c hai chiu, mt chiu vo l tch knh, mt chiu vo l ghp knh. Kt cu hnh 1.26 ly WGR NxN, th t bc sng tch knh ra c u ra c quan h vi u vo. Tn hiu WDM gi s c N bc sng tng ng vi WGR, th t sp xp t u dy vo ra l 1~N, bc sng tch knh ca u dy ra 1~N l 1 N . Khi i vo u th 2 , bc sng tch knh c u dy ra 1~N l N , 1 N , do u vo WGR dng kho quang chn Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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u vo khc nhau cho tn hiu WDM, t quyt nh bc sng tch ra thc hin iu chnh OADM. Tn hiu ghp vo v i qua tin vo WGR B dng phng thc ghp knh hp bc sng thnh tn hiu WDM, qua kho chn i n u ra si quang.
Hnh 1.26 OADM da vo WGR 1.2.3.9 B ni cho quang OXC OXC c hai chc nng chnh : Chc nng ni cho ca knh quang Chc nng ghp tch ng ti ch Chc nng ny c th lm cho knh quang no tch ra vo mng a phng hay sau khi trc tip a vo DXC ca lp SDH thng qua bin i quang, do quang in trong DXC s x l. ng thi cho php knh quang a phng nhp vo v ghp knh truyn n u ra ca ng kt ni. Khi nh gi kt cu ca OXC cn xt n cc ch tiu sau: - Tr gip knh bc sng hay knh bc sng o - c tnh nghn - Tnh modun ca kt ni - Tnh modun ca bc sng - Kh nng pht qung b - Gi thnh a. Phn tch v so snh kt cu OXC Hai loi chuyn mch thng dng trong moun chuyn mch quang OXC Chuyn mch chia thi gian Chuyn mch chia bc sng Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Linh kin thc hin chuyn mch chia thi gian l cc loi kho quang, chng hon thnh chc nng chuyn mch t u vo n u ra trong min thi gian. Linh kin thc hin chuyn mch bc sng l cc b chuyn i bc sng, chng c th chuyn i tn hiu t bc sng ny sang bc sng khc, thc hin chuyn mch trn min bc sng. Ngoi ra trong moun chuyn mch cn s dng rng ri b chn bc sng (nh cc loi lc quang c th iu chnh v b tch knh). N hon thnh trn tn hiu WDM mt hoc nhiu tn hiu bc sng i qua v lc i nhng tn hiu c bc sng khc. Cc t hp khc nhau ca linh kin c th to thnh cc kt cu OXC khc nhau. Tu theo chc nng nh tuyn do linh kin no thc hin l chnh m c th chia lm hai loi ln : - OXC da trn chuyn mch chia khng gian - OXC da trn chuyn mch chia bc sng Hin nay c rt nhiu loi kt cu OXC, hn na do tnh thay i ln nhau ca linh kin chung cn c th bin ho thnh nhiu loi kt cu khc. b. Kt cu OXC da trn chuyn mch khng gian Da vo ma trn kho quang khng gian v b ghp / tch knh chia bc sng ca kt cu OXC C hai kt cu OXC hnh 1.27 da vo ma trn kho quang v b ghp tch knh chia bc sng. Chng dng b tch knh tch tn hiu WDM v khng gian, sau s dng ma trn kho quang chuyn mch khng gian. Sau khi hon thnh chuyn mch khng gian cc tn hiu bc sng c ghp knh ln ng kt ni ra, kt cu loi ny khng c kh nng pht qung b. Theo hnh 1.27 gi thit im nt c Nf ng kt ni vo ra. Mi ng kt ni ghp knh cng mt nhm M bc sng, dung lng chuyn mch ca ma trn kho quang khng gian l NxN ( N > Nr ). Mi ma trn kho quang c N- Nf u dy dng cho chc nng lung i /n ti ch v ni vi DXC Kt cu (a) c tnh moun bc sng nhng khng c tnh moun ng kt ni. Cn kt ni (b) khng c tnh mun bc sng v ng kt ni nhng n h tr knh bc sng o.

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Hnh 1.27 Kt cu OXC da trn ma trn kho quang v b tch/ghp knh chia bc sng Kt cu OXC da trn ma trn kho khng gian v b lc c iu chnh C hai kt cu chung s dng b phi ghp v b lc c iu chnh hon thnh chc nng phn tch v mt khng gian tn hiu WDM a vo. Qua ma trn kho quang khng gian v b bin i bc sng v b phi ghp knh ghp hai sng li.
Hnh 1.28 (a) Kt cu OXC c ma trn kho khng gian v b lc c iu chnh Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Hnh 1.28 (b) Kt cu OXC c ma trn kho khng gian v b lc c iu chnh c. Kt cu OXC da vo chuyn mch chia bc sng Kt cu OXC chuyn mch bc sng nhiu cp da vo b ghp cch t ng n sng AWGM (Arayed Waveguide Grating Multiplexer). Mt cu trc AWGM do ng Wen De Zhang xut nm 1996 nh hnh 1.29. Kt cu ny li dng c tnh ca b ghp knh AWGM, kt ni cc cp ca b bin i bc sng nhiu cp khc nhau, thc hin chuyn mch knh quang hon ton trn min bc sng. Mt b ghp knh AWGM c th ng thi thc hin chc nng ghp knh chia bc sng v tch knh, ghp nhiu bc sng c bi s nguyn trong khong ph t do n u ra. Trong hnh v b bin i bc sng 1x1 do mt b tch knh, M b bin i bc sng v mt b phi ghp to thnh, hon thnh bin i M bc sng u vo thnh mt bc sng no trong R bc sng ni b. Khi R [(2M-1)/N]*N th kt cu ny c th thc hin u ni cho knh o thnh nhiu kiu tuyt i khng nghn, ([x] biu th ln hn hoc bng s nguyn nh nht ca x).

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Hnh 1.29 Kt cu OXC da vo 3 cp bin i bc sng ca b ghp knh AWGM Kt cu ny c tnh mun bc sng, khng c tnh mun ng kt ni v khng c kh nng pht qung b. Kt cu OXC hon da trn chuyn mch bc sng Nm 1996 R. Sabella v E. Lannene sut mt kiu kt cu tr gip knh bc sng o nh hnh 1.30. Trong kt cu ny c tn hiu WDM trong ng kt ni vo u tin n c b bin i bc sng chuyn ho thnh MN bc sng ni b khc nhau. Sau a n MN ng nhnh thng qua mt b phi ghp ln, qua b lc c iu chnh chn ra mt bc sng cn thit, b bin i bc sng chuyn thnh bc sng bn ngoi cn thit ghp knh cng vi bc sng khc a ln ng kt ni ra.
Hnh 1.30 Kt cu OXC hon ton da vo chuyn mch bc sng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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1.2.3.10 Chuyn mch khng gian Cc ma trn chuyn mch khng gian c s dng trong cc thit b OADM v OXC. Cc thit b ny da vo hot ng c hc bao gm motor, in t tnh hoc p in lm lch cc vi gng cho chuyn mch cc tn hiu quang. Do yu cu chuyn ng c hc ca phn t chuyn mch thi gian t c di kh rng t 30ms n 500ms. Thit b dn sng to tc dng ca nhit nng hoc hiu ng quang- in l c thi gian chuyn mch tng i nhanh, bng 1.1 bao gm cc c tnh ca cc ma trn chuyn mch khc nhau. Cng ngh S kch thch Kch c Suy hao xen Thi gian chuyn mch (ms) S cch ly cc knh (dB) Motor 64x64 2 500 60 C hc Mirror Electrostatic 8x8 2 30 60 16x16 4 40 60 Nhit Polyme 8x8 27x27 8 2 50 8 2 40 8 <2 30 Thermal 8x8 8x8 C-quang
100x100 64x64
Bng 1.1 Tnh cht ca thit b ma trn chuyn mch quang a. Cc chuyn mch c bn Chuyn mch quang phn chia theo khng gian Kho quang khng gian (SOS Space Optical Switch) l kho c bn nht trong chuyn mch quang. N c th trc tip to thnh phn t chuyn mch thi gian v phn t chuyn mch bc sng. Kho quang khng gian c th chia lm hai loi: si quang v loi khng gian. Loi kho quang c bn l loi si quang, u vo v u ra c hai si quang, c th hnh thnh hai trng thi kt ni l kt ni song song v kt ni cho nhau. Kho quang 2x2 trong hnh 1.31 (a) v (b) l loi kho quang kiu ng dn sng, nh iu khin bn ngoi thay i chit sut ca si chn u ra. Tin hnh iu khin hiu sut khc x do in p bn ngoi a vo hnh thnh Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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in trng (kho quang kiu in quang), hoc thng qua si t nng (kho quang kiu nhit quang). Loi kho quang ny khi chuyn mch tn hiu, ngoi tn hao ca bn thn n chuyn mch, tt c cng sut tn hiu n si quang u ra s lng ph i mt na nng lng, t dn n tn hao ph, m s ng chuyn mch cng nhiu th tn hao cng ln. Dng b khuch i quang lm kho quang kiu giao din c th gii quyt vn ny. Nhng khi qu nhiu kho khng gian ni vi nhau thnh b chuyn mch ln, th b khuch i quang gy ra hin tng bc x v lm bng thng hp li. Loi kho hnh 1.31 (c) c kh nng truyn qung b, iu ny rt c li khi cung cp dch v qung b. Ngoi ra c loi kho quang c kh thng dng, c u im l tn hao nh, cch ly cao lm vic n nh tin cy nhng tc kho tng i chm
Giao din quang a) Kho quang 2 x 2 kt ni song song b) Kho quang 1 x 2 kt ni cho c) Kho quang khng gian
Hnh 1.31 Phong n thc hin kho quang khng gian Chuyn mch quang phn chia theo thi gian Chuyn mch quang chia thi gian l phn phi thi gian ti u ra cho cc tn hiu vo khc nhau. Th d phn phi thi gian tj ti u ra cho tn hiu vo ti thi gian tj. Gi nh tn hiu quang ghp knh thi gian mi khung ghp T khe thi gian, rng cc khe bng nhau v cng trn mt knh. Chuyn mch quang chia thi gian phi c b chuyn mch khe thi gian TSI (Time Slot Interchanger) chuyn mch bt k mt khe thi gian ti u vo n mt khe thi gian ti u ra. Chuyn mch khe thi gian cn phi c b tr quang. B kch quang c th dng lm b tr quang nhng ch tr theo v tr m li mc phi vn v tc v dung lng chuyn mch. Dy tr si quang rt thch hp gy tr ca chuyn mch thi gian. N ly rng ca khe thi gian lm n v, tn hiu quang cn tr bao nhiu khe thi gian th n i qua by nhiu n v chiu di Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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si quang. Cho nn b chuyn mch khe thi gian hin nay do kho quang khng gian v nhm si dy tr to thnh nh hnh 1.32.
(a)
(b)
(c) Chuyn mch quang phn chia theo bc sng.
(d)
Hnh 1.32 Bn loi chuyn mch khe thi gian Ghp knh bc sng dy c l xu th trong thng tin quang. N li dng bng thng rng ca si quang, trong ca s bc sng 1550nm c tn hao thp ghp knh nhiu tn hiu quang v nng dung lng thng tin si quang ln rt cao. Chuyn mch bc sng trong thng tin quang l bc sng i bt k trong tn hiu ghp bc sng c bin i thnh bc sng j khc. Chuyn mch bc sng quang cn b bin i bc sng (Wavelegth Converter ) b tch bc sng chia ct knh tn hiu v khng gian, tin hnh chuyn i bc sng i vi mi mt knh, ri ghp li v a ra nh trn hnh 1.33. Hin nay c ba phng php chuyn i bc sng : S dng b bin i bc sng O/E/O chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, ri dng tn hiu in iu ch Laser, iu chnh bc sng ra Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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ca Laser chuyn i bc sng, phng n ny c th sa xung, khuch i nhng mt tnh trong sut ca min quang. Li dng c tnh bo ho v hp th ca b khuch i bn dn, li dng hiu ng iu ch tng ch xen k nhau ca b khuch i bn dn hoc hiu ng iu ch pha xen k nhau thc hin bin i bc sng. Li dng hiu ng trn tn bn bc sng trong b khuch i quang bn dn v cc u im tc cao, bng tn rng v tnh trong sut tt trong min quang.
B chuyn i bc sng Hnh 1.33 Chuyn mch quang phn chia theo bc sng Chuyn mch quang phc hp. Chuyn mch quang phc hp l s kt hp cc phng thc chuyn mch khng, thi gian, bc sng. Trn hnh 1.34 l cu trc ca hai loi chuyn mch quang kt cu kiu TST v STS, hnh 1.35 l cu trc ca chuyn mch quang khng gian ghp bc sng.
a) Kt cu TST b) Kt cu STS Hnh 1.34 Hai loi phn t chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Hnh 1.35 Modun chuyn mch quang khng gian ghp knh bc sng
1.3 Cu trc mng WDM

Khi ra i h thng WDM ch n gin l cu trc im- im. Hin nay cc mng WDM c cu trc mng phc tp hn rt nhiu. N bao gm cc mng con c kt ni trc tip vi nhau. C hai loi cc trc mng con nh sau: Cu trc Ring, v cu trc Mesh, cu trc hnh sao n cu trc hnh sao kp. 1.3.1 Cu trc mng ring Mt node ch lin kt vt l trc tip vi hai node lin k to thnh vng ring khp kn. V kt ni logic, mt node c th c kt ni n tt c cc node bng cch nh tuyn qua cc node trung gian. Kt ni ny thun li cho vic bo v vi hiu nng cao, gi thnh thp v s dng cc phn t mng hiu qu. Mi node ring c cc b ghp knh xen/r quang OADM r /xen cc bc sng. Hnh 1.36 miu t kt ni ring 5 node.
Hnh 1.36 Mt cu trc ring 5 node Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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1.3.2 Cu trc mng Mesh Mt node c th kt ni vt l n tt c cc node khc hoc l c kt ni n mt node bt k. N cung cp nhiu kh nng nh tuyn. Lu lng trn cp trong mng Mesh c th m rng, v dung lng yu cu trn tuyn c th d dng d bo c. Cu trc ny c tin cy cao, nhng kt cu phc tp, vic iu khin v qun l i hi phc tp hn. N thng c s dng trong cc mng trc yu cu tin cy cao. Hnh 1.37 m t mt mng Mesh c cu trc 6 node.
Hnh 1.37 Cu trc dng Mesh. 1.3.3 Cu trc hnh sao n T node trung tm tn hiu c truyn thng n cc node khc nh trn hnh 1.38. Cu trc ny n gin, cho php truyn c dung lng knh ln, thit b mng khng phc tp, thun li cho khai thc v bo dng. Tuy nhin cu trc ny c nhc im l s dng nhiu si quang do khng tn dng c hiu qu bng tn. Mt nhc im gia node trung tm phi c kh nng dung lng cao, m khi node ny c s c th h thng khng lm vic c.
Hnh 1.38 Cu trc hnh sao n. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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1.3.4 Cu trc hnh sao kp i vi cu trc hnh sao kp, ngoi node trung tm cn c cc thit b u xa. T node trung tm ti cc thit b u xa, cng nh t cc thit b u xa ti node con u c cu trc hnh sao, nh vy to thnh cu trc hnh sao kp nh trn hnh 1.39. Cu trc kp cho php s dng hiu qu v mi nhnh c th c nhiu node con. Tuy nhin cu trc ny c nhc im l do c s dng thit b u xa nn chi ph lp t cao hn, cu hnh phc tp hn s lm gim tin cy, kh pht trin cho cc dch v bng rng. Cng ging nh c im chung ca cu trc hnh sao, cu hnh ny i hi nng lc qun l ca node trung tm phi mnh, c th lu thot thng tin gia cc node trung tm ti cc node con, v gia cc node con vi nhau.
Hnh 1.39 Cu trc hnh sao kp
1.4 Cc kin trc mng li in hnh

Cc mng phn cp s to iu kin d dng trong nh tuyn v qun l. V thc nghim mng li c chia ra cc cp t quan im nh tuyn lu lng. Kin trc ny c th chuyn i mt cch t nhin sang min topo lin kt ni thch hp, kt qu c cc topo mng phc hp. Trong phn sau chng ta nghin cu nhng loi kin trc quang phn cp m bao gm nhng kin trc con c bn sau Cc Ring OMS-SP Mesh quang da trn OXC Nhng l do cho s la chn nhng kin trc ring ny l:

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- OMS-OP l mt kin trc hon ton quang rt tin li, c nh tuyn v bo v u thc hin bng quang. Do mong mun rng OMS-OP ring s mang n nhng vn c bit m phi tnh n trong quy hoch mng quang. - Mesh quang da trn OXC c nhn nhn l mt kin trc quang tin tin, n a ra nh tuyn quang v s phc hi c th gp phn lm n gin ha s phc tp ca thit b in trong nhng mng Mesh dung lng cao. Nhng cu hnh mng phn cp c la chn nhn nhn l c kh nng tt trong vic chia nh cc mng thc t vi kh nng qun l tt hn. Trong qu trnh pht trin t mng c sang mng mi da trn nn tng nhng cu hnh mng quang mi, nhng cu hnh ny c mong i l hu ch trong nhiu mng khc nhau v s c kh nng trin khai nhiu giai on khc nhau. Cc nghin cu gii hn ch kin trc hai lp bi v nhng kin trc ny c th c quan tm l mt gii php hin thc cho nhng mng li. Nhng cc trc mng quang phc hp bao gm nhng mng vng ny s c hiu nng ph thuc vo nhng kiu bo v v chin lc nh tuyn li c p dng cho nhng mng con ring bit. Ch nhng kin trc lin kt ni nhng node kp l c la chn v nhng mng li ln dung lng cao vic tch ra cc phng php nh tuyn l yu cu cn thit. 1.4.1 Kin trc ring OMS-SP hai lp
Hnh 1.40 Kin trc OMS-OP hai lp Thun li chnh ca cu trc ny l kh nng kt ni quang gia cc ring. Trong cc hub tnh mm do ca OCH quang ph thuc vo kh nng kt ni cho ca cc OADM. Cc OADM th h 1 ch xen/tch c nh. Trong trng hp ny bin i bc sng c th cn thit cho cc lin kt ni. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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1.4.2 Kin trc Mesh - Ring hai lp Cu trc ny l cu trc ha hn trong tng lai nh trn hnh 1.41. Lu lng trong cc ring dung lng thp c la chn v truyn ti bi lp trn c dung lng rt cao, nh trong mng SDH truyn thng. Trong trng hp mng ln, cc OXC c th phi s dng bin i bc sng thit lp c s tuyn ln hn. Cn nghin cu su hn pht trin c ch bo v v phc hi h cho loi cu trc ny. Cng nh cu trc mng SDH, c ch bo v lin kt ni cc mng quang con (PSNCP) (1 + 1 bo v tuyn) l mt c cho yu cu ny.
Hnh 1.41 Kin trc hai lp Optical Mesh-Optical Ring 1.4.3 Kin trc Ring - Mesh hai lp Trong mt s trng hp cu trc ny c th l mt gii php ph hp. l trng hp mt mng Ring quang dung lng rt cao cn thit phi lin kt cc mng con cu trc Mesh lp thp nh trn hnh 1.42. C ch bo v phc hi tng t nh c trc Mesh Ring.
Hnh 1.42 Kin trc hai lp Optical Ring-Optical Mesh Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Nh vy ghp knh theo bc sng l mt cng ngh cha kha cho gii php tng dung lng truyn dn. Cng ngh ny cho php tng dung lng truyn dn ca si quang ln rt nhiu ln m khng cn ci t thm tuyn mi. Cng ngh WDM ang c s pht trin nhanh chng, v ngy cng hon thin. Cc d n hin i ho mng quang nc ta u tha nhn WDM l mt trong nhng cng ngh ct li cho mng truyn ti th h sau.
1.5 Cc tham s c trng ca mng quang

Vic quy hoch nh c mng, trong c nh tuyn khng th khng tnh n cc tham s c trng ca mng, c nhng vn cng ngh hin ti cha vt qua, c nhng rng buc v vt l, rng buc v topo i vi vic p dng vo mng quang. Hay nh vic la chn kin trc hai lp hay ba lp. Mc ch ca phn ny l a ra tho lun cc tham s khc nhau tnh ton cho php nh tuyn trong tng lai v nh c mng quang. Sau y l cc tham s c trng ca mng quang trong cc gii hn yu cu trong nh tuyn ni ring v quy hoch thit k mng ni chung. 1.5.1 c trng ring ca mng quang 1. Dung lng cao : Mng li phi s dng vi nhiu ng dng v dch v c d tnh trong tng lai, vi rng bng tn khc nhau. Do mng phi c dung lng ln v c kh nng kim sot tn hiu ca knh quang. 2. S trong sut : Vi chc nng quang hc v gim bt s phc tp ca thit b, tn hiu phi hon ton trong sut trong min quang. C mt vi dch v c th xc nh nh l khun dng tn hiu, tc bit, mode truyn ti dch v. S trong sut thng khng tn ti, trong khi cc rng buc vt l lun lun gy ra gii hn ca s trong sut. 3. Tnh linh hot: Tham chiu ti kh nng ca mng iu tit thay i trong nhng mu lu lng. iu ny c th d dng trong mng quang khi tnh ht ca tn hiu c kim sot. 4. Tnh kt ni c: l kh nng thit lp kt ni mt cch c lp vi trng thi thc trng ca mng. Kh nng kt ni y c ngha l bt k kt ni no gia hai node bt k ca mng c th thit lp bt k mi thi im. Trong mng quang l cc bc sng c th dng c, kha OXC hoc gii hn s bc sng ca OADM l gii hn chnh ca s hn ch kh nng kt ni quang ton in. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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5. Tnh pht trin: L kh nng cung cp dung lng hoc chc nng ca mng bng cch thm thit b mi ng nht. Trong mng quang vic tng dn cc bc sng c th s dng c m khng thay i ton b thit b WDM l mt th hin tnh pht trin. 1.5.2 Cc tham s lin quan n topo mng S nh ngha ca mng thit k nhng quy tc cho mng quang WDM, gi tr ca nhng thut gii ti u v topo mng v cc cng c quy hoch mng phi c s dng nhng m phng s. Tuy nhin, s minh ha ca cc kt qu chung c th t c trong vi trng hp, m cung cp cc quy tc thit k n gin c th s dng cho cc nguyn tc quy hoch mng. Mt s tham s mng quan trng l: S cc node (N), mt node l ngun ca lu lng (knh quang) hoc l node trung gian thun ty. kt ni node (D), c nh ngha nh l s trung bnh ca cc node trc tip (khng qua bt k transit no) c kt ni ti mt node qua mt hoc nhiu si. di tuyn (LF) c chun ha cho khong cch node. S si trn mt tuyn (F) Dng hnh th ca mng. Mt mng. T nhng tham s ny, n c chng minh bi s c lng gn ng W, s bc sng c yu cu ph hp vi nhu cu lu lng (T l s knh trn kt ni) c tnh bi cng thc sau. W
N 3 / 2 .T 2 DFLF 21 N 1
(1.23)
Tuy nhin, nhng tham s ny cha th y hon ton cho vic m t mt mng, t topo c tnh cn c ch . Mt mng c dnh ngha bi cng thc : d =
D N 1
Tham s ny phn nh su ca li trong mng, a ra node mng c nh trong mng, nhng gi tr cc i t c vi mng Mesh y (d = 1) v Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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2 ). Hnh 1.43 m t nhiu trng thi khc nhau ca cc topo mng n 1
vi mt tuyn cho.
Full Mesh
Mesh
Ring
Mesh
D = 4, N = 5 d=1
D = 3, N = 6 d = 0.6
D = 2, N = 6 d = 0,4
D= 2,5, N = 8 d = 0.357
Hnh 1.43 Cc th d v cc mu mt khc nhau 1.5.3 Cc tham s lin quan ti nhng gii hn vt l Cht lng ca tn hiu qua mng p t nhng quy tc k thut cho quy hoch mng. Trong mt mng hon ton quang, d liu cn truyn nguyn l tn hiu quang trn tt c cc tuyn trn lp quang. Tuy nhin, mi tuyn khng th n gin nh tuyn WDM im im, bi v cc tn hiu trn cc tuyn khc nhau c th i qua mt s thit b khc, s cc bc sng c trng cho tn hiu trn cc si c th khc nhau vi cc tuyn khc nhau. Nhng gii hn vt l dn n gim cht lng ca tn hiu qua xuyn m, mo tn hiu v nhiu tch ly. Thit k ca cc kt ni cho v nh ngha kin trc ca cc node c th bo m node thc hin cc chc nng cn thit. Tuy nhin c mt vn l bao nhin node c th c xp tng dc theo tuyn quang trong khi phi gi cht lng tn hiu mc chp nhn c. V s ti to tn hiu phi thc hin c, do vy gii hn ca di tuyn quang cn c quan tm v n c gii hn nht nh. Mt s vn lin quan n gii hn s bc sng trn mi si v vn xuyn m v gii hn bng tn khuch i. Kh khn c th khc phc bng cch ti s dng bc sng. Nhng iu ny li lm kh khn cho vic phn phi bc sng v vn nh tuyn. Nhng tham s sau y cn quan tm n lin quan n cht lng ca tn hiu. Gi tr trung bnh v ln nht ca di on ni trong mng S node quang ln nht m c th i qua m khng cn ti to di tuyn quang ln nht m khng cn ti to S ln bin i bc sng trn tuyn Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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S bc sng, knh quang c s dng trn ni si Gim cp BER v bng thng ca h thng S tch hp cc knh quang ring (mc cng sut pht quang, n nh bc sng ) Thi gian cu hnh li (nh truyn li v chuyn mch thi gian) 1.5.4 Cc tham s lin quan n nhu cu lu lng mng Ma trn nhu cu l rt quan trng trong qu trnh quy hoch, bi v n c th lm nh hng n s la chn cu hnh, phng n chun b v nh truyn, c trng truyn ti ca lp V nguyn tc, ma trn nhu cu cho lp quang phi c biu din qua cc bc sng , nhng thng n c biu din bi n v thng thng ca lp client (SDH, ATM..) m iu cho php quy hoch thit k lp quang, mt mc t do cao hn trong thit k lp quang. Phn phi lu lng Phn phi lu lng trong cc node quang l mt c im quan trng ca mng. Nhng cch phn phi khc nhau c th dn nh quy hoch hng v kin trc mng quang khc nhau v cho php v cho php s dng nhng phng php gii thut khc nhau trong qu trnh quy hoch. Cu trc khung ca knh quang Thit k ca cc mng truyn ti hin ti l da trn lu lng tnh, cc i tng cn c tnh ton ti u. Thng thng, cc u vo cho c Mbit/s. Cu trc khung hoc dung lng knh, nh ngha s tng ng gia ma trn nhu cu trong lp quang v cc ma trn bc sng. S la chn cu trc khung c th hin bng la chn cng ngh. Hu ht cc h thng a bc sng hin c s dng cu trc khung STM-16, nhng nghin cu ch ra c th s dng n STM-64 cho php trn nhiu cu trc khung ca knh quang trn cng mt si. Dung lng trn mi on ni Cc gii hn vt l dn n gii hn ca s knh quang trn si. Ngun pht i vi mi bc sng phi ln cung cp tn hiu trn tp m ti u thu. Tuy nhin n khng th tng mi cng sut ca ngun quang c v b khuch i quang c th bo ha v c hiu ng phi tuyn nh trng hp trn bn bc sng s lm gim hiu nng truyn dn tn hiu. Do c s cn bng Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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dung lng trn mi on ni, khong cch b khuch i v s tng khuch i trn ton tuyn. D bo nhu cu p ng Ty thuc vo cc yu cu dch v mng, nhiu loi nhu cu lu lng khc nhau c mang trn tng quang: Tn hiu video, data, thu knh ring Tc bit cho mi loi ny c th khc nhau. Qu trnh quy hoch bao gm d bo v p ng cho nhng cho nhng loi tn hiu ny vo lp quang. S chun b c th da vo phn phi nhu cu quang, nhng yu cu ca chng. Vi mc ch , vic chun b tt nht c th tnh n tc ng ca lp quang, nhm cc nhu cu lu lng lp client nh SDH, thnh cc lung quang nh tuyn sao cho ti u nht v vic s sng ti nguyn, trnh lu lng trn mt tuyn ni qu cao trong khi lu lng trn tuyn khc li qu thp, lng ph ti nguyn. Hnh sau miu t qu trnh nhm cc lu lng lp SDH thnh lu lng gia cc node quang. 1.5.5 Nhng tham s lin quan n kin trc Mng mt cp v mng c kin trc Mng c th c cu trc theo hai cch: Phng (mt cp) v mng c kin trc. Mng mt cp khng c s bt buc no v nh tuyn lu lng trong khi mt mng c kin trc l c, v nguyn tc vic giao tip gia hai node ng kin trc s qua mt hoc nhiu node cp cao hn. Thng thng lu lng trn mng vin thng ln thng c chia thnh kin trc nhiu lp xp chng. Thng thng l 2 hoc 3 lp, trong mt vi trng hp c bit kin trc mng c thit k l 4 lp. Thun li chnh ca kin trc phn cp l quy tc nh tuyn v qun l d dng. Trong tng lai gn, mng hon ton quang kin trc hai lp s l ph bin cho cc ng dng mng li. S mng con trong mi phn cp C hai mng mt cp v mng c kin trc c th chia ra nhiu mng con. Ni chung mng con c xc nh bi s kt ni cc node v s c lp ca n trong c ch gim st. Thng thng trong mng c cu trc lin kt ni ca cc mng con trong cng mt mng c cho php cho qua mt cp cao hn k trn. S mng con trong mt cp l khng gii hn, v ch ph thuc vo kch c mng thc. Nhng loi mng con Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Mt mng con c th c nhiu kiu phn chia, nhng thng mt vi topo c bn, nh Ring hoc Mesh con. Nhng ng c vin cho cc mng con l mng WDM quang dng Ring v Mesh quang. S node trung gian trn mi mng con Tr khi s phn phi nhu cu khng cn nhiu qua hn mt mng con, mi mng con phi c t nht mt mode c bit ni m truyn lu lng i ra. Nhng node ny (thng c gi l node trung tm) c nhng chc nng c bit cho lin kt ni gia nhng mng con khc nhau. 1.5.6 Cc tham s lin quan n s gim st C ch bo v hoc phc hi c p dng chung trn mng lm tng yu cu gim st chng li li xy ra. C ch phc hi thng thm vo nhng rng buc mi n hot ng quy hoch mng nh thi gian phc hi, di ca cc tuyn, ti nguyn d phng, s nh tuyn

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Chng II TNG QUAN V NH TUYN V GN BC SNG TRONG MNG QUANG WDM

2.1 Gii thiu chung
Cng ngh truyn dn WDM i vo giai on ng dng v thng mi ho theo xu hng ngy cng hon thin ca cng ngh. Trong lnh vc thng tin quang, vn quan trng l li dng c mng quang hin c v tng lai s xy dng to thnh mng WDM tc cao, dung lng ln a dch v. Trong khi thc hin mng vn then cht quyt nh hiu sut s dng ti nguyn mng l quy hoch hp l ti nguyn bc sng v n lin quan trc tip ti vn nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng. Vn tm cc tuyn v gn bc sng cho lung quang c gi l bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng (RWA- Routing and Wavelength Assignment). Cc yu cu kt ni c hai dng: dng tnh v dng ng. K thut WDM trong cc mng quang c pht trin nhanh chng, n p ng cc yu cu v bng tn ca ngi s dng mng. Trong mng nh tuyn cc nt truy nhp thng tin vi nhau qua cc knh ton quang, cc knh ny c xem nh cc lung quang. Mt lung quang c s dng h tr mt kt ni trong mng nh tuyn bc sng WDM v n c th lin kt cc si quang. Trong trng hp khng s dng b chuyn i bc sng, mt lung quang chim cng bc sng trn tt c cc lin kt si m n i qua. c tnh ny gi l iu kin rng buc bc sng lin tc. Hnh 2.1 minh ho mt mng nh tuyn bc sng ni cc lung quang c thit lp gia cc cp nt truy nhp trn cc bc sng khc nhau. Trong bi ton RWA, vi lu lng tnh th ton b tp cc kt ni c bit trc v khi phi thit lp lung quang cho cc kt ni ny trong khi cc ti nguyn mng phi ti thiu ho s bc sng hoc s cc si trong mng. Vi la chn nh vy, c th thit lp nhiu kt ni cho s cc bc sng c nh a ra. Bi ton RWA cho lu lng tnh gi l bi ton thit lp lung quang tnh (SLE Static Lightpath Establishment). Trong trng hp lu lng ng, mt lung quang c thit lp cho mi yu cu kt ni n v lung quang c gii phng sau mt thi gian qui nh. i tng trong trng hp lu lng ng l thit lp lung quang v gn bc sng theo cch ti thiu tng s kt ni b nghn hoc ti a s cc kt ni c thit lp trong mng ti Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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bt c thi im no. Bi ton ny gi l bi ton thit lp lung quang ng (DLE- Dynamic Lightpath Establishment). Bi ton SLE c th c gii nh l qui hoch tuyn tnh nguyn, n l bi ton NP-y . gii bi ton d dng hn, bi ton SLE c th chia thnh 2 bi ton nh (1) nh tuyn, (2) gn bc sng mi bi ton ny gii theo nhng cch khc nhau. Mt s thut ton trong a ra cc thut ton gn ng gii bi ton SLE cho cc mng ln v cc thut ton t mu th c dng gn cc bc sng ti cc lung quang mt khi cc lung quang c nh tuyn ng. Vic gii cc bi ton thit lp lung quang ng l kh hn, cc phng php heuristic thng c dng. Phng php heuristic thc hin cho c hai bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng.
Hnh 2.1 Mng chuyn mch knh quang vi cc kt ni lung quang Vi bi ton nh tuyn c 3 cch tip cn. nh tuyn c nh, nh tuyn thay th c nh v nh tuyn thch nghi. Trong s cc cch tip cn ny nh tuyn c nh l n gin nht nhng nh tuyn thch nghi mang li c tnh tt nht. nh tuyn thay th em li s tho hip gia s phc tp v c tnh mng. Vi bi ton gn bc sng bao gm bi ton gn bc sng tnh (t mu th tun t,...) v bi ton gn bc sng ng (bao gm mt s cc phng php heuristic in hnh) i vi mng thng tin quang, RWA l vn rt quang trng. Gii php nhn bit b chuyn i bc sng WC l mt trong nhng cng c quan trng c s dng trong nh tuyn v gn bc sng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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2.1.1 Gii php WCA trong nh tuyn v gn bc sng Mt s gi thit Gii php WCA xy dng trn mt s gi thit sau y: Gi thit rng tc n ca cc yu cu kt ni tun theo lut phn b Poisson v thi gian chim gi ng truyn tun theo lut phn b hm s m. Mi node mng c mt s hu hn cc b chuyn i bc sng v s chuyn i l hon ton sng (bt k mt u vo c th no n bt k mt u ra c th no). Vic nh tuyn gn bc sng c thc hin phn tn (nh tuyn gn bc sng ti mi nt mt cch c lp) M hnh h thng M hnh ha mng WDM bng th G (N,L), trong N l tp cc nt (node) v L l tp cc tuyn (link). Thit lp cc tham s lin quan bao gm: Tng s bc sng s dng ti nt v trn tuyn, tng s b chuyn i bc sng, s bc sng cho php ti nt, s bc sng cho php ti u vo ca nt, s lng lung nhnh cho php ca mt cnh trn lung nhnh t ngun n ch khng cn n b chuyn i bc sng v s lng lung nhnh trn mi cnh t ngun n ch cn phi s dng b chuyn i bc sng. Gii php tng th - Chuyn th nhm mc ch nh tuyn. - Xc nh ng i ngn nht. - Chuyn th nhm mc ch gn bc sng. - Thc hin gii php gn bc sng. Sau y l mt s bc thc hin c th: Thc hin nh tuyn ngun n ch Chuyn mng gc thnh th b tr, bng cch dng hai nt gi ngu nhin S v D kt ni trc tip vi hai nt ngun ch trong mng gc vi chi ph kt ni l 0. Sau thc hin chuyn i tuyn trong mng gc thnh nh v Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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cnh trong th b tr. S v D ng vai tr nh cc nt trung gian, khng tham gia qu trnh chuyn i ny.
Hnh 2.2 (a) th mng gc trong gii php WCA
Hnh 2.2 (b) th b tr trong gii php WCA Trong mng WDM, ng quang ng c th khng thit lp qua mt nt (node) c gn bc sng u vo u ra cho php, khi ti u khng c b chuyn i bc sng ph hp vi cc bc sng vo ra cn c th s dng. Do khi thit lp hm tnh ton tham s ti trng ca cnh trn th b tr, cn phi da vo tham s trng thi ca ng tuyn nh s bc sng u vo u ra cho php, s lng cng nh gii chuyn i cng nh di chuyn i ca cc b chuyn i bc sng ti nt. Ti trng ca mt cnh trn th b tr c xc nh bng xc sut ca cc lung nhnh cho php i qua cnh . Gii thut tm ng Dijkstra c p dng tm ng i ngn nht trong th b tr (ti trng ca lung nhnh l thp nht), tng ng vi ng Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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i t ngun n ch trong mng gc. Trong th b tr ny, khng quan tm n cc knh trn mt tuyn gia hai nt, m ch quan tm n ti trng ca chng. Gn bc sng Cc ng i ti u c p t trong biu b tr to ra th b tr ca bc sng tip theo trong gii php tng th. Ti thi im ny ch quan tm n cc lung nhnh ti u tm c theo gii php trn v xt th b tr trn tp cc lung nhnh ny. Cc thut ton c p dng - Thut ton FFWF(First Fit Wavelength First) Node ngun s thc hin v gn bc sng cha dng u tin n tm thy trn ng i ti u t ngun ti ch xc nh theo gii thut nh tuyn. Khi vic gn bc sng thc hin trn mt tuyn, yu cu kt ni s c gi ti mt node k cn, v qu trnh tip tc. Ti node thut ton lung u tin s dng b chuyn i bc sng nu cho php. Bn tin t chi yu cu tr v trong hai trng hp, hoc khng th gn c trn ton b tuyn, hoc cho php mt bc sng trn ng quang ng c xc nh. - Thut ton LEC (Least Converter First ) Gii thut LEC c coi vn gn bc sng nh vn nh tuyn v gii thut Dijkstra tm gii php. L do a ra l s b chuyn i bc sng ti node c th rt nh s bc sng cho php s dng ti node , n c th a tham s ny vo xem xt trong vn gn bc sng. Mt biu b tr cng c lp ra tng t, nhng trong gii thut ny, ch quan tm ng i ti u tm c trong gii thut nh truyn. Ti trng LEC xc nh theo cch tng t, tc l mt knh c ti trng hu hn nu n cha s dng, v n c ti trng l v hn nu n ang s dng. Ti trng ca mt cnh chuyn i bng g v ln hn tng ca bt k ng no cha dng m c b chuyn i bc sng ti node t bng 0. LEC s thit lp mt ng quang cho mt yu cu kt ni vi ti thiu ha cc b chuyn i c s dng. Nu khng c ng quang no c thit lp yu cu kt ni b t chi. - Thut ton LCC (Least Converter Cost First) LCC tng t nh LEC nhng hm ti trng xy dng khng tuyn tnh. N t ra gi thit rng vic s dng cc b chuyn i bc sng ti cc node c hiu sut s dng chuyn i bc sng cao s phi tr vi chi ph cao. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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2.2 Topo vt l
c im ca topo vt l ng vai tr ch yu l hot ng kt ni si thit b u cui l hiu sut ch yu ca mng. Chng nh hng nhiu n cht lng tn hiu quang, hiu sut quang, lu lng a vo ln nht v kh nng tn ti ca mng. Biu ng knh D a ra khong cch gia hai node mng (bc nhy quang). Bi v ng dn quang cng di th cht lng tn hiu cng xu, mng s nghn. Nh vy topo tt c th thc hin vi dy c, trong hng ny s c bc cao (s ca node), v ng knh nh. Gii hn ln nht ca biu Moore a ra NMoore (, D) ln ca mt biu v ng knh D. NMoore(,D) = 1+ (-1)i =
i =0 D 1
( 1) D 2 , 2
>2
(2.1)
Biu ny t c gii hn nhn bit qua biu Moore. C mt s v hn ca ng knh 1 ca biu Moore. Ngoi ra biu Moore ca 2 v tn ti ca mi ng knh . Tuy nhin biu Moore ng knh nh t ti im rt him tng thm.Vi D=2 ch c 1 biu Moore ca 3. Biu Moore ca dng knh 2 v 3 khng th tn ti mt vi khc c loi tr ra mt cch hp l =57
Hnh 2.3 Biu 38 nh Mc ch ca topo vt l l phc ha biu din c lng n l bn tin xa b tu vi cng vic v topo ny vi i xng cao.
2.3 nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh

Trong phn ny m t bi ton thit lp lung quang tnh SLE. Trong bi ton SLE, cc yu cu lung quang c bit trc v vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng thc hin ngoi tuyn (off-line). i tng ca hm mc tiu l ti Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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thiu s bc sng cn thit thit lp mt tp cc bc sng no cho mt cu hnh vt l a ra. Bi ton thay th bi ton ti thiu s bc sng trong mng l bi ton vi mc tiu l cc i s cc kt ni c th c thit lp (ti thiu tc nghn) cho mt s cc bc sng v cc yu cu kt ni a ra. Vi bi ton SLE vi iu kin rng buc bc sng lin tc c th c p dng nh quy hoch tuyn tnh nguyn (ILP Integer Linear Program) trong hm mc tiu l ti thiu lu lng trn mi lin kt, ln lt n tng ng vi ti thiu s cc lung quang qua tng lin kt ring bit. By gi xy dng bi ton SLE. - t sdw biu din lu lng (s cc yu cu kt ni) t ngun s n ch d trn bt k bc sng w no. Ta gi s rng hai hoc nhiu hn cc lung quang c th c thit lp gia cp cng ngun- ch nu cn, nhng mi chng phi dng mt bc sng ring bit; do sdw 1. - t Fijsdw biu din lu lng (s cc yu cu kt ni) t ngun s n ch d trn lin kt ij v bc sng w. Fijsdw 1 khi mt bc sng trn mt lin kt c th c gn ch cho mt tuyn. Da vo cu hnh mng vt l, mt tp cc lung quang v ma trn lu lng trong sd biu din s cc kt ni cn thit gia ngun s v ch d, bi ton c xy dng nh sa MinimizeFmax Ngha l: F max
s,d ,w
(2.2)
sdw ij
i, j
(2.3)
F
i
sdw ij
F
k
sdw jk
sdw = sdw 0
s= j d= j
(2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7)
sdw
= sd
Fijsdw = 0, 1
sdw ij
Cch tip cn nh trn cng c th s dng t c ti thiu s bc sng yu cu cho mt tp cc yu cu kt ni bng cch thc hin mt thut tm kim t c s ti thiu cc bc sng trong mng. Vi mt s bc sng bit, c th p dng bi ton quy hoch ILP bit nu c mt li gii. Nu Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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li gii khng tm ra th khi s cc bc sng ln hn c th. Quy trnh ny c lp i lp li cho n khi t c s cc bc sng nh nht. Vi bi ton cc i s cc kt ni c thit lp cho s cc bc sng c nh v tp cc yu cu kt ni a ra cng c th c xy dng nh bi ton quy hoch ILP: Cc tham s c xy dng nh sau: Nsd: S cc cp ngun-ch L: S cc lin kt W: S cc bc sng trn mt lin kt m = { mi }, i = 1, 2,.....Nsd: S cc kt ni thit lp cho cp ngun - ch th i. : Ti yu cu (tng s cc yu cu kt ni c nh tuyn) q: = { qi }, i = 1, 2,.....Nsd: Phn chia ca ti n cho cp ngun ch i (nh vy qi = s cc kt ni c thit lp cho cp ngun-ch i). P: Tp cc lung trn mt kt ni no c th c nh tuyn A= (aij): ma trn P Nsd trong aij = 1 nu lung quang i gia cp ngun-ch j, v khc i aij=0. B= (bij): ma trn P L, trong bij = 1 nu lin kt j l trn lung i, khc i bij = 0. C= (Cij): ma trn nh tuyn v gn bc sng P W, nh vy cij = 1 nu bc sng j c gn ti lung i, trng hp khc cij = 0. Hm mc tiu ca bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng xy dng y l cc i s cc kt ni thit lp, C0(, q). Cng thc quy hoch ILP c xy dng nh sau: Maximize C0 (, q) = mi
i =1 N sd
(2.8)
iu kin rng buc mi 0 nguyn, i = 1,2,...., Nsd cij {0,1} CTB 1W L m 1W CTA mi qi , i = 1,2,...., Nsd i= 1,2,.....,P, j=1,2,.....,W (2.9) (2.10) (2.11) (2.12) (2.13) 64
Phng trnh (2.7) a ra tng s cc kt ni thit lp trong mng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Phng trnh (2.10) c trng cho mt bc sng c th c s dng nhiu nht mt ln trn mt lin kt a ra, trong 1W L l ma trn W L m cc phn t l n v. Phng trnh (2.11) v (2.12) m bo rng s cc kt ni thit lp nh hn s cc kt ni yu cu trong 1w l ma trn 1 W trong cc phn t l n v.
2.4 nh tuyn v gn bc sng vi b chuyn i bc sng

Trong mng nh tuyn ghp bc sng WDM, iu kin rng buc bc sng lin tc c th c loi ra nu c th s dng b chuyn i bc sng (Wavelength Converter WC) chuyn i s liu n trn mt bc sng mt lin kt thnh bc sng khc ti mt nt trung gian trc khi truyn n ti lin kt tip theo. Cc mng nh tuyn bc sng vi kh nng ny c gi l cc mng hon i bc sng. Nu mt b chuyn i bc sng cung cp kh nng chuyn i bt c bc sng no thnh bt c bc sng khc gi l c di chuyn i y , v nu c mt b chuyn i bc sng cho mi lin kt si quang trong mi nt ca mng, khi mng c gi l c kh nng chuyn i bc sng y . Mt mng hon i bc sng vi kh nng chuyn i bc sng y ti mi nt l tng tng vi mt mng in thoi chuyn mch knh; nh vy khi ch cn tnh bi ton nh tuyn. Ch rng mt lung quang n trong mt mng hon i bc sng c th s dng mt bc sng khc dc theo mi kin kt trong cc lung ca n. Nh vy vic chuyn i bc sng c th ci thin hiu sut trong mng do n gii quyt c cc xung t cc lung quang. Thng thng vi mt k hoch nh tuyn, vic chuyn i bc sng cung cp mt gii hn xc sut nghn c th t c thp cho bi ton gn bc sng. Sau y xy dng bi ton RWA c s dng chuyn i bc sng: t sd l lu lng t bt k ngun s no n bt k ch d no (s cc yu cu kt ni). t Fijsd l lu lng t ngun s n ch d trn lin kt ij. Cng thc tnh cho bi ton RWA c chuyn i bc sng ngha l khng c iu kin rng buc bc sng c xy dng l: Minimize Fmax Ngha l Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Fmax Fijsd
s ,d

ij sd = sd 0 s= j d= j
(2.14)
F
i
sd ij
F
k
sd jk
(2.15)
Trong nhiu trng hp, chuyn i bc sng y trong mng khng th thc hin v thc t cng khng cn thit do chi ph cao. N c th hoc l mt tp con cc nt cho php chuyn i bc sng (mt b chuyn i bc sng c dng chung trn nhiu lin kt si) hoc l nt dng cc b chuyn i m n ch c th chuyn i mt di gii hn cc bc sng. Cc b chuyn i bc sng c th s dng trong mng theo 3 hnh thc sau: 1. Cc b chuyn i bc sng t ri rc trong mng: Khi cc b chuyn i bc sng cn t, v mt kinh t n khng th trang b tt c cc nt trong mng WDM. Do c th t b chuyn i ri rc (ch c mt s nt chuyn mch trong mng c th chuyn i). 2. Dng chung cc b chuyn i: Ngay c trong s cc chuyn mch c kh nng chuyn i bc sng, n khng th chi ph hiu qu thit lp tt c cc cng li ra ca mt chuyn mch vi kh nng ny. Vic thit k kin trc nt chuyn mch c a ra n cho php dng chung cc b chuyn i bc sng theo cc tn hiu khc nhau ti mt chuyn mch. 3. Chuyn i bc sng gii hn: Cc b chuyn i bc sng ton quang da trn trn 4 sng ch cung cp mt di gii hn kh nng chuyn i bc sng. Nu di c gii hn ti k, th mt u vo bc sng 1 ch c th c chuyn i t bc sng max(1k ), w n max(1+ k ),w trong w l s cc bc sng trong h thng.
2.5 nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng

Trong cc mng nh tuyn quang WDM trong mi trng lu lng ng, k thut gn bc sng yu cu thit lp v gii phng cc kt ni quang. Khi c mt yu cu kt ni, k thut gn bc sng phi c kh nng la chn mt tuyn, gn mt bc sng cho kt ni v t cu hnh cc chuyn mch quang thch hp trong mng. gim thiu xc sut nghn, c th trang b cho cc nt mng vi cc b chuyn i bc sng (Wavelength Converter) gii quyt xung t bc Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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sng. c bit, khi truyn tin gp xung t bc sng trn mt chng, c th s dng mt b WC chuyn i bc sng ca n sang mt bc sng khc. Trong mng WDM phi chu thm nhng rng buc trong vic gn bc sng, nu mt nt nh tuyn c trang b mt b chuyn i bc sng, th sau s rng buc bc sng lin tip mt i v bi ton nh tuyn ging vi nhng mng chuyn mch knh thng thng ch c mt h s gii hn l s knh truyn kh thi trong mi lin kt. Tuy nhin, nu mt lung quang lm vic cng mt bc sng truy nhp tt c cc tuyn si m n truyn, nh tuyn v gn bc sng (RWA) phi p ng c iu kin rng buc lin tc bc sng. S rng buc ny dn ti vic s dng khng hiu qu cc knh quang v dn n lm tng xc sut nghn. V d, mt yu cu c th phi loi b mc d mt tuyn c nhng vi bc sng li khng kh thi trong tt c cc lin kt dc theo ng ca n. Bi vy, bi ton RWA tr nn cp bch trong cc mng nh tuyn WDM mc tiu l lm ti a s lng d liu a vo bng vic ti u ha cc lung quang v cc bc sng c phn b a ra mt m hnh lu lng. Cc thut ton RWA ng c c trng bi mt s tham s v thc o in hnh ph hp vi mi trng lu lng ng. Trong cc yu cu kt ni n v i khi mng xut hin tng yu cu mt, theo mt cch ngu nhin. Thc o c tnh c s dng thng ri v mt trong 3 loi sau y: + S bc sng yu cu; + Xc sut tc nghn kt ni (s lng lu lng a vo) c tnh bng t s gia nhng kt ni b tc nghn mt trn tng s cc kt ni n hoc i; + S lng cc ti nguyn si quang c nm gi ti cc nt nh tuyn (chi ph si quang). Trong trng hp lu lng ng, mc tiu l thit lp cc lung quang v gn cc bc sng theo cch ti thiu tc nghn kt ni, hoc lm cho s kt ni c thit lp trong mng l ln nht ti mi thi im. y l bi ton thit lp lung quang ng (DLE - Dynamic Lightpath Establishment). Mt s phng php heuristic in hnh c xut cho bi ton ny l: Thut ton gn bc sng ngu nhin (Random), thut ton gn bc sng theo th t bc sng (FF - First Fit), thut ton gn bc sng theo chiu di lung quang cn li u tin di nht (LF - Longest First), thut ton gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht (LU - Least used), thut ton gn bc sng theo s Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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bc sng s dng nhiu nht (MU - Most Used), thut ton gn bc sng theo tch s nh nht (MP - Min-Product), thut ton gn bc sng da trn ti t nht (LL - Least Loaded), thut ton gn bc sng da trn tng dung lng ln nht (M - Max-Sum), thut ton gn bc sng da trn tn tht dung lng tng i (RCL - Relative Capacity Loss), gn bc sng t trc (Rsv- Wavelength Reservation), gn bc sng da trn ngng bo v (Thr Protecting Threshold).

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Chng III CC PHNG PHP NH TUYN V GN BC SNG TRONG MNG QUANG WDM
3.1 Phng php nh tuyn
Phng php nh tuyn ni chung c th phn lm 2 loi c nh v thch nghi c s dng thng tin trng thi mng li di dng ton cc hoc cc b. Sau y s gii thiu mt s tip cn in hnh gii bi ton nh tuyn trong mng WDM v k thut tnh hm trng thch nghi c s dng trong cc thut ton nh tuyn. 3.1.1 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng MESH 3.1.1.1 nh tuyn c nh Cch tip cn n gin nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun la chn mt tuyn c nh nh nhau cho mt cp ngun ch. Mt v d in hnh ca cch tip cn ny l nh tuyn ng ngn nht c nh. ng ngn nht tnh cho mi cp ngun ch c tnh trc (ofline) s dng thut ton ng ngn chun nh Dijkstra hoc Bell-Ford. Do nt mng khng cn thit lu gi ton b trng thi mng. Bt k kt ni no gia cc cp nt ring c thit lp s dng tuyn c xc nh trc. Trong hnh 3.1 ng ngn nht c nh minh ho t nt 0 n nt 2. 1 0 5 4 2 3
Hnh 3.1 ng ngn nht c nh Cch tip cn thit lp cc kt ni ny rt n gin, tuy nhin s bt li ca cch tip cn ny l nu ti nguyn (bc sng) dc theo cc ng b nghn, c th c kh nng dn n xc xut nghn cao trong trng hp lu Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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lng ng hoc dn n cn mt s lng ln cc bc sng s dng trong trng hp lu lng tnh. nh tuyn c nh cng khng th iu khin cc tnh hung c s c trong mt hay nhiu tuyn si no trong mng. iu khin cc s c tuyn si, vic t chc nh tuyn li hay phi xem xt cc ng la chn ti ch hoc phi c kh nng tm thy mt tuyn ng. Trong hnh3.1 mt yu cu kt ni t nt 0 n nt 2 s b kho nu mt bc sng chung khng th s dng trn c hai tuyn si trong tuyn c nh. 3.1.1.2 nh tuyn lun phin c nh Mt cch tip cn xem xt nh tuyn a ng l nh tuyn lun phin c nh. Trong nh tuyn lun phin c nh, mi nt trong mng c yu cu duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cha danh sch ch th ca mt s cc tuyn c nh ti mi nt ch. V d: nhng nt ny c th bao gm tuyn u tin ngn nht, tuyn th hai ngn nht, tuyn th ba ngn nhtMt tuyn chnh gia mt nt ngun s v mt nt ch d c nh ra l tuyn u tin trong danh sch cc tuyn ti nt d trong bng nh tuyn ti nt s. Mt tuyn thay th gia nt s v nt d l bt k tuyn no m khng dng chung bt k tuyn si no vi tuyn u tin trong bng nh tuyn s. Thut ng tuyn thay th cng thc hin m t tt c cc tuyn (bao gm c tuyn chnh) t mt nt ngun ti mt nt ch. Hnh 3.2 m t tuyn kt ni nt chnh (ng lin ) t nt 0 n nt 2 v tuyn thay th (ng chm) t nt 0 n nt 2. 1 0 5 4 2 3
Hnh 3.2 Tuyn chnh (nt lin) v tuyn thay th (nt chm) t nt 0 n nt 2 Khi mt kt ni yu cu n, nt ngun th thit lp kt ni lin tip trn mi tuyn t bng nh tuyn n khi c mt tuyn vi bc sng gn hp l. Nu khng c tuyn no c th dng c t danh sch cc tuyn thay th th yu cu kt ni b nghn hoc b hu. Trong hu ht cc trng hp cc bng nh tuyn ti mi nt c ch th bng s cc chng ti ch. Nh vy ng ngn nht ti ch Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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l ng u tin trong bng nh tuyn. Khi c cc rng buc v khong cch gia cc tuyn khc nhau, mt tuyn c th c la chn ngu nhin. nh tuyn thay th c nh cung cp iu khin d dng cho thit lp v gii phng cc lung quang v n cng c th c s dng trnh s c mng. 3.1.1.3 nh tuyn thch nghi Trong nh tuyn thch nghi, mt tuyn t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch d c la chn ng ph thuc vo trng thi mng. Trng thi mng c xc nh bi tp tt c cc kt ni hin ti. Mt loi nh tuyn thch nghi l nh tuyn ng chi ph t nht, n l cch nh tuyn tt cho mng c s dng chuyn i bc sng.Vi cch tip cn ny mi tuyn si khng s dng trong mng c chi ph bng 1 n v, mi tuyn si c s dng c chi ph bng v mi tuyn si s dng chuyn i bc sng s c chi ph l c n v. Nu chuyn i bc sng khng c th c = . Khi mt kt ni n, ng chi ph thp nht gia nt ngun v nt ch s c xc nh. Nu c nhiu tuyn c cng chi ph, mt trong chng s c la chn ngu nhin. Bng cch la chn chi ph chuyn i bc sng c thch hp, chng ta c th m bo rng cc tuyn c chuyn i bc sng ch c la chn khi khng m bo rng cc ng bc sng lin tc. nh tuyn thch nghi yu cu h tr m rng cc giao thc iu khin v qun l cp nht lin tc cc bng nh tuyn ti cc nt. u im ca nh tuyn thch nghi l c kt qu tc nghn thp hn nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay th c nh. Vi mng trong hnh3.3 nu cc tuyn si (1,2) v (4,2) trong mng bn th thut ton nh tuyn thch nghi c th thit lp qua mt kt ni gia nt 0 v nt 2. Trong khi c hai nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay th c nh vi cc tuyn nh hnh 3.2 s b nghn.
1 1 0 1 1 5
2 1 4 1 3
Hnh 3.3 nh tuyn thch nghi t nt 0 n nt 2

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Mt dng khc ca nh tuyn thch nghi l nh tuyn trn lung c nghn t nht (LCP Least Congested Path). Ging nh nh tuyn thay th, vi mi cp ngun - ch, mt danh sch cc tuyn c la chn trc. Khi c yu cu kt ni n, lung nghn t nht trong s cc tuyn xc nh trc c la chn. Nghn trn mt tuyn si c o bng s bc sng c th s dng. 3.1.1.4 nh tuyn bo v Khi thit lp cc kt ni trong mt mng nh tuyn ghp bc sng quang WDM yu cu cung cp mt s mc bo v tuyn si v nt trnh sai hng trong mng bng cch d tr mt s lng dung lng d phng. Mt cch tip cn ph bin bo v l thit lp 2 tuyn lung quang phn tp mc lung. Mt lung gi l lung quang chnh cho s dng cn mt lung kia c gi l lung quang d phng phc hi cho lung quang chnh b hng. Cch tip cn ny c th c s dng bo v cc tuyn si hng n trong mng. bo v nt sai hng, cc ng chnh v ng thay th cng c th phn tp v nt. nh tuyn thay th c nh cung cp mt cch tip cn thc hin iu khin bo v. Bng cch la chn cc ng thay th phn tp vi tuyn chnh, c th bo v kt ni vi bt c cc sai hng tuyn si n no bng cch phn b mt trong cc ng thay th l mt ng hi phc. Trong nh tuyn thch nghi cc ng hi phc no thit lp ngay sau khi ng chnh c thit lp. Giao thc nh tuyn c th s dng xc nh ng hi phc, vi vic loi tr mt bng cch thit lp c = n ang c s dng trn ng trc chnh. Vic s dng tuyn thay th phc hi c xc nh ng sau khi sai hng xy ra. S phc hi s ch thnh cng nu cc ti nguyn s dng trong mng. Ch rng, khi mt sai hng xy ra vic tm kim v thit lp ng ca ng phc hi di cch tip cn hi phc c th mt thi gian ng k so vi chuyn mch trn cc ng hi phc thit lp trc theo cch tip cn bo v. 3.1.1.5 Cc hm trng thch nghi cho thut ton nh tuyn Mi tuyn si trong mng c gn vi mt trng s v d nh tr truyn nh sng trong tuyn si. Mc tiu ca phn ny l gn thng tin c trng ca WDM kt hp cht ch cc hm trng ci thin hiu sut trong nh tuyn. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Thut ton nh tuyn: cu hnh mng c biu din nh mt th G (V,E), V biu th tp cc nh (cc nt mng) v E l tp cc cnh (cc si tuyn). Mi tuyn si (i,j) E c kt hp vi mt hm trng ij trong biu din chi ph s dng tuyn si. Cui cng bng vic tnh ton ng ngn nht nh thut ton Dijkstra, mi b nh tuyn c mt bng nh tuyn vi thng tin ng y ti mi trm ch. Trong mng WDM, thng tin trng thi tuyn si cng bao gm cc trng thi c trng ca WDM nh l s cc bc sng v tng cc bc sng c th s dng. Thm vo cc cc tuyn si trn tt c cc bc sng no hu dng lc ny c th c nh u l cha s dng cho n khi cp nht bng nh tuyn tip theo. Cc hm trng xem xt cho cc h s ny c m t nh sau: Cc hm trng cho mng WDM: trong phn ny m t cc hm trng cho mt lin kt (i,j) E, dij biu th khong cch vt l hoc tr truyn sng tng ng, X ija biu th s cc bc sng c th s dng khi thng tin trng thi
T tuyn tp hp v X ij biu th tng s cc bc sng trn lin kt.
Hm da trn s chng (Hop-based-HW): Hm ny biu din trng hp c s, ij =1, (i,j) E. S dng hm ny, cc lung c la chn duy nht trn s cc chng nh nht. Bng trc gic, cch t chc ny em li xc xut tc nghn thp hn khi s cc cc chng nh hn s tng kh nng tm thy mt bc sng trn tt c cc lin kt trung gian. Hm da trn khong cch (Distance-DW ): y ij = dij , (i,j) E. Vi
dij l khong cch vt l biu din bng ms. Hm ny s cho cc ng khong
cch ngn nht vi tr truyn thp nht. Hm da trn cc bc sng kh dng (Available Wavelength -AW): y ij c c trng nh sau: -log 1

1 ija
ij >1, (i,j) E
ij =
(3.1) 1
ij =1, (i,j) E

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1
ija
- phm vi tr khng mt lin kt a ra cho thit lp mt phin. S cc

1
tuyn si c th s dng nhiu hn s c mc cn tr t hn do (1-
ija
cho php o mc thun li ca mt tuyn si chp nhn mt phin yu cu. Mc ch l cc i php o ny. Do thut ton Dijkstra s dng hm (-log) ca biu thc ny nh mt hm trng v thc hin cc tiu gi tr ny. Nh vy hm ny l hm trng ng thay i cng trng thi ca mng. Tng bc sng ca cc bc sng kh dng (Total wavelength and Available wavelength TAW): y ij = log 1 1

ija T ij
(i,j) E
Xem xt mt lin kt vi ija v ijT nh s cc bc sng ti cng mt thi im. Khi xc xut m tt c cc bc sng s c s dng ti mt s thi im trong tng lai c th c vit thnh p , p l xc xut m mt bc sng s c s dng. T trng thi hin ti, c th nh gi xc sut ny l:
p = (1
a ij
ija ) . Khi xc xut m ti mt bc sng t nht c th s dng trn T ij

a ij a ij
tuyn trong tng lai c a ra bi (1 p ) . Do , khi mt tuyn ng bao gm nhiu si, cc i gi tr (1 p ) ca tt c cc tuyn si hp thnh nn ng . S dng -log (1 p ) nh mt hm trng tng ng v thc hin ti thiu gi tr ny. y l mt hm trng ng do cc bc sng c th s dng lun thay i. V d: vic la chn hm trng thc hin mt sai khc quan trng trong vic tnh ton ng ngn nht. Thc hin v d ch ra hnh3.3, c th thy vic la chn cc hm trng m t trn s em li kt qu khc nhau nh th no. Trong v d ny cc cnh c gn nhn vi 3 gi tr ( dij , ija , ijT ), khong cch vt l gia cc nt,cc bc sng kh dng v tng cc bc sng. Gi s chng ta mun xc nh mt ng ngn nht gia nt ngun A v nt ch D. Bng 1 lit k cc ng c th t nt A ti nt D v chi ph tng ng kt hp vi cc ng ny c tnh ton s dng cc hm trng khc nhau. T bng 1 chng ta c th thy hm trng HW c th la chn bt k ng 2 chng t A-E-D, A-F-D v A-G- D.
a ij

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(10,4,10) B (20,2,4) A
(10,4,10) C
(10,4,10) (20,2,4) (20,4,8 (20,4,10 D
(20,4,8 F (20,4,10) G
Chi ch : ( dij , ija , ijT ) Hnh 3.4 V d s dng cc hm trng khc nhau trong thut ton Dijkstra Hm trng DW s la chn ng A-B-C-D vi khong cch nh nht l 30 d y l ng 3 chng n c kh nng tc nghn cao hn. AW c th la chn bt k ng no t A-F-D v A-G-D. C hai ng ny c s bc sng c th s dng ln (v d l 4). TWA s chn A-F-D mc d cc ng A-E-D v A-F-D c cc si tuyn vi h s hiu dng nh nht (v d l 50%) tuy nhin ng A-F-D c tng cc bc sng ln hn v do n c TWA la chn. TWA khng la chn ng A-G-D d n c tng bc sng ln hn. iu ny do bi thc t m hiu sut ca lin kt trong ng ny l 60% v hiu sut ca lin kt cao hn kh nng ca phin yu cu to ra tc nghn trn lin kt trong tng lai ln hn. Bng 3.1 Tc ng ca cc hm trng ng HW A-B-C-D A-E-D A-F-D A-G-D 3 2 2 2 Chi ph kt hp vi hm trng lng DW 30 40 40 40 AW 0.375 0.602 0.250 0.250 TAW 0.181 0.250 0.056 0.121

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3.1.2 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng cu trc RING WDM Tng t nh cu trc Ring SDH, khi xt v tnh hiu qu s dng bng tn quang, hin nay cc cu trc Ring ton quang c th chia thnh hai loi ch yu: Ring bo v dng chung SPRing (OMS-SPRing-Optical Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring), tng ng vi cng ngh SDH c MS- SPRing hay Ring hai hng (BSHR- Bidirect Shelf Healing Ring). Ring bo v dnh ring DPRing (OCH/OMS DPRing-Dedicated Protection Ring hoc OCH-SNCP Ring Sub-Network Conection Protection Ring) tng ng vi cng ngh SDH l loi SNCP Ring hay Ring n hng USHR. Trong loi Ring bo v dnh ring DPRing (1+1) ti lp quang, lung tn hiu quang c gi i theo c hai hng ca vng Ring bo v. Nguyn tc n gin phn b bc sng l: mi lung quang im - im s s dng mt bc sng ring trn ton Ring. Mc phc tp trong thit k mng vi cu trc DPRing s khng nm phn quang m ch yu nm phn giao din quang v VC-4. V d, xc nh sp xp logic cc nt tt nht (cu hnh SDH) hoc cch ghp cc VC-4 vo bc sng cn thit. i vi Ring bo v dng chung SPRing, yu cu nh c phc tp hn. Nh thit k phi quyt nh hng tuyn thun/ ngc chiu kim ng h cho mi lu lng v s dng bc sng nht nh no . Do c ch bo v dng chung cho php s dng li bc sng trn cc lung quang khng chng cho nhau, nn s khng c nguyn tc thit k n gin no. Hn na nhim v phn b cc VC-4 vo tng bc sng s lm cho bi ton phc tp hn trong vng Ring c bo v dng chung. Phn ny s tp chung vo nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho SPRing p ng yu cu lu lng lung quang xc ng m khng cp n vn nhm. i vi cu hnh Ring, mc d c s khc nhau gia hai qu trnh trn nhng cch nh c c thc hin tng t nhau. Bi v cc bi ton con hai hnh trn khi p dng cho mng cu hnh Ring tr ln rt n gin nh cu trc bo v vn c ca mng Ring. Chng hn vn phn b ti nguyn d phng ni chung l rt kh. Nhng trong trng hp cu hnh Ring th vi loi DPRing mi knh OCH lm vic s yu cu knh bo v theo hng i din v vi cu trc loi SPRing th mt na phn bc sng trn mi chng c s dng cho knh bo v v na kia s dng cho knh d phng.V nguyn tc khi c s c xy ra phn bc sng lm vic b s c s chuyn sang phn bo v Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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hng ngc li, do cn c chuyn i bc sng. Tuy nhin c th trnh s dng chuyn i bc sng nh b tr hai phn bc sng dnh cho lm vic v d phng ca hai si b nhau. Ngoi ra vn nh c cho mng DPRing hon ton gii c thng qua phng php tnh n gin, bi v mi lu lng quang s yu cu s dng mt bc sng trn mi chng ca Ring (cho knh bo v v lm vic). V vy d dng nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho DPRing trong trng hp ma trn lu lng quang c bo v hon ton. Tuy nhin, DPRing c th ti cc lu lng quang khng c bo v, nhng lu lng ny s lm cho phc tp hn khi nh c cc DPRing. i vi trng ny bi ton quay v gii bi ton SPRing.Do vy trong phn ny ch cn tp trung v nh c SPRing. 3.1.2.1 nh tuyn trong mng Ring n Trong phn ny s gii thiu mt s thut ton c th c p dng trong giai on nh tuyn. Vic p dng tng thut ton c th ph thuc vo mc ch ca cng vic cn gii quyt. Nhim v ca bc ny cn xc nh tuyn lu lng thun hoc ngc chiu kim ng h vi gi nh c b chuyn i bc sng. Bc ny c th gii cho kt qu gn hoc ti bng thut ton di truyn (Genetic), Heuristic hoc s dng thut ton ti u xc nh hng tuyn ca mi lung lu lng. C hai phng php ph bin c s dng nh tuyn lu lng cho SPRing l : + Cc phng php ti u + Cc phng php Heuristic - Heuristic thch nghi - Heuristic khng thch nghi 3.1.2.1.1 Cc phng php nh tuyn ti u Rt nhiu nh nghin cu trc xut vi phng php nh tuyn ti u cho mng SPRing. tng c bn ca phong php ny l ti thiu chi ph Ring bng cch ti thiu ti trng trn chng c ti cao nht, trong ti l tng cc lu lng nh tuyn qua chng . Hu ht cc thut ton u gii vn nh tuyn vn cn bng ti trng, l cc lung quang c sp xp trn Ring sao cho s chnh lch v ti gia cc chng cng nh cng tt. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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3.1.2.1.2 Cc phng php nh tuyn Heuristic Mc d bi ton nh tuyn trn SPRing hon ton c th bng mt trong cc thut ton ti u trn, tuy nhin mt s thut ton Heuristic cng c s dng. Ti sao nhng nh lp k hoch li thch dng thut ton Heuristic thay cho cch tip cn ti u nh c SPRing ? l v : + Nhng thut ton ny n gin hn loi ti u m vn cho kt qu ti u hoc gn nh ti u trong hu ht cc trng hp. + Cc thut ton ny d dng hn cho vic duy tr lin tc gia cc qu trnh lp qui hoch v thit lp lung khai thc. Cc phng php Heuristic c th c a vo hai nhm, thch nghi v khng thch nghi. a. Cc phng php Heuristic khng thch nghi Cc thut ton loi ny tun theo nhng qui tc n gin v c nh khi quyt nh hng nh tuyn theo tng lu lng mt. Chng c gi l khng thch nghi l v cc qui tc nh tuyn khng thay i trong ton b qu trnh nh tuyn. C 3 kiu qui tc nh tuyn c bn sau : + Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c khong cch nh nht. + Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c s chng t nht. + Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c ti t nht
Hnh 3.5 Nguyn tc inh tuyn theo s chng nh nht Hai nguyn tc u tng t nhau: mi lu lng quang hai hng gia hai nt ca Ring c nh tuyn theo hng hoc l ngn nht hoc l c s chng t nht (hnh 3.5). u im chnh ca cc nguyn tc ny l tnh n gin. Ngoi ra chng cng c kt qu tt, trong trng hp ma trn lu lng quang Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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i xng u bi v trong trng hp ny chng cho php c c s cn bng ti ti u trn Ring. Trong trng hp Ring c s nt l th c th xy ra s chng gia hai nt l nh nhau, do vy nguyn tc s chng t nht khng th quyt nh c hng tuyn cho cc nt ny. Trong trng hp ny hng nh tuyn c th c ngu nhin hoc theo hng nh trc hoc l nh tuyn theo hng c cc chng c ti t hn. Mt cch khc na l nh tuyn lu lng theo mt hng nh hnh 3.5 i vi cp nt B v D. Cch ny lm gim yu cu v ti nguyn khi so vi thut ton trc, bi v n c xu hng tng s cn bng ti trn vng Ring. Mc d nguyn tc ti thiu khong cch/ chng rt ph hp i vi ma trn lu lng quang c dng li hon ton, nhng chng li khng ph hp trong trng hp tng qut. S phn b lu lng loi ny th hin s mt cn bng ti ln trn Ring v khi cn thm cc tuyn ph
B A D C
Hnh 3.6 Nguyn tc nh tuyn chng nh nht c sa i Nguyn tc ti ti thiu: + Mi lu lng lung c nh tuyn theo hng c ti nh nht (tc l trn hng c cc chng ti nh hn). + Lu lng hai hng c nh tuyn trn cng mt pha ca Ring (trn hai si khc nhau). + Khi m c hai pha ca Ring c cng ti th hng c s chng ngn nht c chn Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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B A E D C
Hnh 3.7 Nguyn tc ti ti thiu vi cc lu lng theo th t A-C, E-D, B-C. Hnh 3.7 ch ra nh tuyn lu lng quang theo nguyn tc ti ti thiu. Nguyn tc ny lun lun c gng gi cn bng ti trn Ring. V d, nu nh tuyn theo nguyn tc ti ti thiu vi 3 lu lng quang theo th t A-C, E-D v B-C th kt qu nh trong hnh3.7 nu th t ny thay i l B-C, A-C, E-D th c ch nh tuyn mi s nh hnh 3.8.
B A E D C
Hnh 3.8 Nguyn tc ti thiu : c ch nh tuyn vi th t lu lng c thay i Nguyn tc ny rt nhy cm vi th t chn lung inh tuyn v yu cu ti nguyn cao hn nhiu so vi kt qu ti u khi m c cc cm lu lng quang gia cng cp nt nh tuyn theo cc cm khc. Thc ra cc lu lng quang c th c nh tuyn theo cc hng lun phin (tc l, ban u l thun chiu kim ng h, tip ngc, thun, ngc ) v c xu hng l cng yu cu v ti nguyn nh DPRing. Vn xc nh th t nh tuyn ti u cc Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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lu lng c xem nh l NP- y . Gii php c l n gi, hiu qu theo Heuristic gii quyt bi ton ny l ngn khng cho xut hin cc cm lu lng quang bng cch trn cc th t cc lu lng trc khi nh tuyn. Theo cch ny c th nhn c : + Tit kim ti nguyn mng so vi DPRing cho cc mu lu lng quang ni chung. + S tit kim ny c th cao hn nu s dng cc k thut trn thng minh th t cc lung c xt trong nh tuyn. K thut trn thng minh trc ht phi trnh cc cm lu lng quang v c hng u tin nh tuyn cc lung quang di nht (tc l lu lng gia cc cp nt c khong cch chng cao hn). b. Cc phng php Heuristic thch nghi Cc thut ton ny tun theo nguyn tc n gin c nh nh hng nh tuyn tng lung quang mt, tr khi c s kin thiu ti nguyn. S kin ny cho php thay ii chnh sch nh tuyn. Cc thut ton loi ny c gi l thch nghi bi v nguyn tc nh tuyn ca chng thay i trong qu trnh nh tuyn. Nguyn tc nh tuyn thch nghi in hnh l chn tuyn c hng chng ti thiu, ngoi tr khi chng gp phi thiu ti nguyn trn Ring. iu ny c ngha l thng tin v cc bc sng cn cho php s dng trn mi chng ca mi Ring cn xc nh trc khi thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn ca lung quang. V thng tin ny ch c th c sau qu trnh phn b bc sng, do chng ta phi ghp hai chc nng nh tuyn v gn bc sng. Thut ton thch nghi c xut c bn cht k tha tnh cht ph thuc vo th t lu lng c nh tuyn nh thut ton ti ti thiu khng thch nghi. 3.1.2.2 nh tuyn trong mng a Ring Khi thit k mng c cu trc a Ring nh v d hnh3.9. V tr ca cc Ring v cch kt ni ca chng c nh hng rt ln n s dng bc sng v si trong mng. y l bi ton phc tp, trong thc t vic t cc Ring trong mng u l do v tr a l, topo, cc mu lu lng v yu cu qun l. Cch kt ni v c ch nh tuyn gia cc Ring ph thuc vo chi ph v phn cp ca mng.

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Ngoi vic xc nh nh tuyn v phn b bc sng lu lng trn tng Ring chng ta s i mt vi vn nh tuyn lu lng gia cc Ring trong mng quang c cu trc a Ring. i vi cu trc ny cn xc nh : + Mng cu trc a Ring c phn cp khng ? Trong mng a Ring c phn cp th lp trn cng s c 1 hay nhiu cc Ring v cu hi t ra l nh tuyn s c thc hin nh th no gia cc Ring lp trn ny? + Tiu chun nh tuyn no p dng gia cc Ring v d lu lng t Ring A n Ring D thng qua B hay C hay thng qua E ? + C chuyn i bc sng, trm lp 3R sp xp li lung lp in gia cc Ring hay khng ? + Cc Ring kt ni vi nhau c cng hay khc cu trc (DPRing hay SPRing).? + Cc Ring c kt ni vi nhau thng qua , mt hay nhiu nt ? Trong trng hp kt ni nhiu nt th c ch bo v no cho php cc lu lng oc nh tuyn thng qua cc nt kt ni (Gateway) khc khi c s c
Hnh 3.9 Mng cu trc a Ring Mt s cng c c pht trin ti u v tr ca Ring SDH trong mng nhng do bi ton phc tp v phi xt n mt tp ln cc c tr v kh nng kt ni Ring cho nn cc cng c ny cng khng th a ra kt qu ti u v nhanh i vi cc mng ln. Cc cng c ny cng ph hp vi thit k mng Ring quang v ch cn b xung, sa i cho ph hp vi cc c trng ca cng ngh quang.

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3.2 Phng php gn bc sng

3.2.1 Phng php gn bc sng tnh Vi bi ton gn bc sng tnh, cc lung quang v cc tuyn ca n bit trc v chng ta cn gn bc sng cho cc lung quang sao cho mi lung quang trong cc tuyn si a ra mt bc sng khc nhau. Gn bc sng l mt trong nhng c trng ring ca WDM v c xem l kh. Ta c mt s cch gii sau: + Tm kim vt cn tt c cc trng hp c th: cch ny nhanh chng vt qua kh nng ca my tnh hin nay do cch ny khng thc t. + Tip cn th - li ngu nhin: Theo cch ny s la chn cc lu lng theo trt t ngu nhin v c gn bc sng cho cc lu lng ny. + Thut ton Heuristic, theo c gng in bc sng theo cch tt nht c th. + Chuyn v bi ton t mu th. y l bi ton kinh in v cng c mt s thut ton gii kh hu hiu. Bi ton gn bc sng tnh cng c th c rt gn thnh mt bi ton t mu th tun t (SGC Sequential Graph Coloring), y l bi ton NPy . a ra mt tp cc lung quang v cc tuyn ca chng, xy ng mt th G (V,E) chng hn nh mi lung quang c tng trng bi mt nt trong th G. Nu hai lung quang cng i qua mt tuyn si vt l chung th v mt cnh gin tip gia hai nt. Nh vy cc nt mu ca th phi tho mn hai nt ln cn bt k khng c cng mu. Bng cch gii quyt bi ton theo cch ny chng ta c th gim bt s bc sng cn s dng. Vi lp lun trn bi ton t mu th c xy ng nh sau: 1. Dng mt th ph (AG- Auxiliary Graph) G(V,E) nh vy mi lung quang trong h thng c biu din bng mt nt trong th G, c mt cnh khng hng gia hai nt trong th G nu cc lung quang tng ng qua mt tuyn si vt l chung . 2. T mu cc nut ca th G sao cho khng c hai nt k nhau c cng mt mu. y l bi ton NP- y v s mu nh nht cn t mu cho mt th G (c gi l s mu khc nhau (G) ca th) l kh xc nh. Tuy nhin thut ton t mu th tun t c kh nng ti u s mu c s dng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Trong cch tip cn t mu th tun t, cc nh c thm vo tun t ti v tr ca th t mu v cc mu mi c xc gn vo cc nh mi ra nhp. Ti mi bc tng s mu cn thit c gi mt gi tr nh nht. D dng thc hin mt s t mu nh tun t ring bit sinh ra mt (G). hiu iu ny t Ti l cc nh t mu i bng mt (G) ca G. Sau cho bt c bc no ca cc nh V(G) c tt c cc thnh phn Ti trc bt c thnh phn ca Ti vi 1 i j (G), t mu tun t s tng ng l mt (G). (4) (1) (2) (7) (3) (5) (8) (6) Hnh 3.10 Mng c 8 lung quang nh tuyn
1
2 2
3 1
7
1
4 6
0
Hnh 3.11 th ph thuc G(V,E) cho cc lung quang C hai cch tip cn s dng phng php t mu th tun t l t LF v t SL. Tuy nhin kt qu thc t hay s dng thut ton t LF. 3.2.1.1 Thut ton gn bc sng t bc ln nht (LF Largest First Algorithm) Trong cch tip cn thut ton LF, gi G l mt th vi cc nh V(G) = v1, v2,,vn,, gi bc deg(vi) l mc kt ni ca vi, ta c deg(vi) deg(vi+1) Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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trong , i = 1, 2, 3,, n-1, trong n l s nt trong th G. Khi max1 i nmin {i, 1+deg(vi)}.
(G)
Ti mi bc sng, cc nt vi bc cao nht s c gn mt mu v cc tuyn si tng ng c xo i, bi vy m gim c bc ca cc nt ln cn. Do ti mi bc, bc ca mt s nt c gim. iu ny bo m rng ti thiu s cc mu c s dng t mu ho. By gi chng ta s m t cch thut ton LF lm viec nhu th no : Gi s c cc lung quang trong mng (5-4):
Hnh 3.12 Mng vi cc yu cu lung quang
Gn bc sng t bc ln nht
< 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 > < 0, 1, 1, 2, o > Hnh 3.13 G(V,E) cho cc lung quang trong mng vi thut ton gn bc sng t bc ln nht (Largest First)
Gn nhn cc nt vi 1, 2,, n. Phn bc cho mi nt. p dng phn bc theo nh u tin ln nht cho th trn v s dng ch s nt nht cc tuyn si, chng ta nhn c theo bc <>. y nt 1 c bc cao nht v nt n c bc thp nht.

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By gi nt c bc cao nht c gn vi bc sng L1. Ri khi nt ny t th v gn bc li cc nt v lp li qu trnh gn bc sng n khi tt c cc nt u c gn mt bc sng. 3.2.1.2 Phng php gn bc sng trong mng Ring a. Phng php t mu th Bi ton gn bc sng cho mng WDM c th c chuyn v bi ton t mu cc nt ca th tng ng, bng cch chuyn cc lung lu lng thnh cc nt ca th t mu. Khi cc lung c chung chng th th mu cc nt tng ng c kt ni vi nhau nh hnh 3-14. Khi , nhim v ca bi ton t mu cc nt l gim thiu s mu c t cho cc nt sao cho cc nt cnh nhau (c ng kt ni ) phi s dng cc mu khc nhau. Bi ton ny thuc loi bi ton NP- y . Tuy nhin i vi mng Ring c mt s thut ton kh hiu qu da trn li gii ti u ca bi ton t mu th ca cc on tng ng vi cu hnh chui v c m rng sang bi ton t mu th cc cung tng ng mng Ring nh
Mng SPRing v lung
th mu nt tng ng
Hnh 3.14 S minh ho mi lin h vi bi ton t mu nt th Trc ht ta xt th cc on nm dc trn mt ng nh hnh 3.15 (b),bi ton gn bc sng (mu) cho cc lung (on) ny c th s dng thut ton n gin m vn cho kt qu ti u nh sau : nh s cc bc sng theo th t tng dn 1, 2, 3 Xut pht t pha tri ca th dch chuyn sang pha phi, khi gp bt c on no th gn n cho bc sng c th cn trng gi tr th t nh nht cho n khi tt c cc lung c gn bc sng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Ta nhn thy, s bc sng ca th cc on s bng s cc on chng nhau ln nht khi i dc theo th, do vy thut ton cho kt qu ti u bng vi ti ln nht ca th ca cc on. Bi ton gn bc sng cho SPRing vi nh tuyn d bit s gii bng cch : Xc nh nt c lung lu lng quang i qua nh nht (khng tnh cc lung quang xut pht v kt thc xen/r ti nt ny); Tch Ring thnh mt th cc on ti nt m c s lung quang i qua nh nht;(hnh 3.15 b). Thc hin gn bc sng cho cc lung quang i qua nt c tch. S dng thut ton trn gn bc sng cho cc lung cn li theo cch gn th ca cc on (hnh 3.15 c, d). Ch vic thc hin gn bc sng cho th ca cc on nn thc hin t hai u mt hoc thc hin gn bc sng cho cc lung ca th on k c cc lung b tch lm hai, sau ghp th on thnh Ring th c gng gn bc sng cho cc lung b tch. Chng hn nh hnh 3.15, nu ch thc hin tch Ring thnh th cc on (hnh 3.15 b) v thc hin gn bc sng ring cho cc lung i qua nt tch, thc hin gn bc sng cho th theo 1 chiu (hnh 3.15 c), th s bc sng yu cu l 3. Trong khi nu thc hin gn bc sng theo 2 chiu hoc ghp c lung b tch th s bc sng ti u l 2 (hinh 3.15 d).
Hnh 3.15 Gn bc sng cho Ring s dng th on Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Trong trng hp ti nt c tch khng c lung no i qua th s bc sng ca bi ton th ca cc on chnh l kt qu ti u ca bi ton gn bc sng cho Ring. Cn trn ca bi ton gn bc sng cho Ring chnh l ti ln nht trn cc cnh ca Ring (ti ca ring) cng vi s ti thiu (lung quang i qua cc nt). Trong trng hp xu nht, th s ti thu ca lung quang i qua nt bng ti ca Ring tr i, do s bc sng ti a s l (2 nhn vi ti ca Ring tr 1). Tuy nhin trng hp ny rt t khi xy ra trong thc t. b. Phng php Heuristic Mt cch tip cn khc gii bi ton gn bc sng l s dng cc thut ton loi Heuristic. Thc t chng minh rng cc thut ton tt cn kt hp cc phn t ngu nhin vi tiu chun Heuristic. Ta nhn thy khi thc hin gn bc sng cho mt lung, cng nhiu bc sng cn trng (c th s dng c)m lung c th chn th cng gy nhiu ri ro cho kt qu cui cng. Tc l gim cc kh nng la chn bc sng cho mt lung cn xc nh th t cc lung thc hin gn bc sng. Nu thc hin gn bc sng cho nhng lung m c nhiu nh hng nht n cc lung khc s lm gim bt cc kh nng la chn bc sng cho cc lung pha sau, tc l lm gim ri ro cho kt qu cui cng. Sau y s gii thiu mt s thut ton: + nh s th t ca cc bc sng. + Sp xp cc lung quang theo th t mc nh hng n cc lung quang gim dn. Mc nh hng c xt theo cc tiu ch sau: Lung c mc nh hng ln khi n c s giao nhau vi nhiu lung khc nht trn cc chng m lung c nh tuyn. Nu cc lung m c cng giao nhau th trc tin chn lung c s giao nhau nhiu hn vi cc lung c mc nh hng cao hn. Trong trng hp n gin nht l chn theo tiu ch lung c s chng i qua ln nht v c th thm iu kin cc chng ny c nhiu ti nht hoc nh s ngu nhin cho cc lung c mc nh hng nh nhau. + Thc hin tun t gn bc sng c s th t nh nht c th cho cc lung lu lng theo danh sch trn. Khi c mt s lung c mc nh hng nh nhau th la chn mt cch ngu nhin. Trong trng hp kt qu khng ti u th lp li th tc ti cc im b qua. + Ngoi ra, c th ci thin kt qu trn hn na bng cch lp li qu trnh chn v gn ngu nhin mt lung vi mt bc sng khc trong s bc sng c th s dng. Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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3.2.2 Phng php gn bc sng ng Sau y s gii thiu mt s thut ton gn bc sng ng Heuristic in hnh trn th gii, mi phng php c u nhc im ring v phc tp, ti uv ph hp cho ng dng n si, a si hay c kh nng tnh ton tp trung hay phn tn. 3.2.2.1 Gn bc sng ngu nhin Xc nh cc bc sng c th s dng cho tuyn yu cu. Trong s nhng bc sng ny chn ngu nhin mt bc sng. 3.2.2.2 Gn bc sng theo ph hp nht nh s th t tt c cc bc sng s dng c. Khi tm kim cho cc bc sng c th s dng, mt bc sng c s th t nh hn s c xem xt trc mt bc sng c s th t ln hn. Gi s trng hp khi c 3 bc sng kh thi cho vic phn b: 1, 2 , 3 cho php 4 tuyn si gia 5 nt c ch ra nh sau : Yu cu kt ni (t nt ti nt) [ {1, 3}, {1, 2}, {4, 5}, {3, 5 }, {2, 4}, {3, 4} ] a 3 2 3 1 b a 2 f 3 4 b c d e d c 5 e f
Hnh 3.16 Thut ton gn bc sng theo First - Fit Ngay sau khi mt yu cu kt ni ti, thut ton kim tra nu n l bc sng c s th t nh nht (tc l 1 c th c s dng). Trong trng hp u tin, n c th c s dng, bi vy lung quang 1-3 s s dng 1.. Vi yu cu tip theo, thut ton s kim tra xem nu 1c th c s dng hay khng. V lung quang trc (1-3) s dng nn (1-2) s s dng 2.

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3.2.2.3 Gn bc sng theo chiu di lung quang di nht (LF Longest First) y cc yu cu lung quang c sp xp theo th t chiu di gim dn trong s lung quang cha gn v sau gn bc sng cho cc lung quang theo th t ny [ { 1, 3 }, { 1, 2 }, { 4, 5 }, {3, 5 }, {2, 4 }, {3, 4} ] a b c d e f f
a 1 2 3
d 4 5
Hnh 3.17 Gn bc sng theo chiu di lung quang u tin di nht 3.2.2.4 Gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht (LU- Least Used) Phng php LU l phng php la chn mt bc sng c s dng t nht trong mng bng cch th cn bng ti gia tt c cc bc sng V d: trng thi s dng hin ti ca h thng c ch ra trong hnh 3.18 (ng nt lin biu th bc sng trn tuyn si ang c s dng bi mt kt ni, cc vng khng k biu th bc sng c th s dng trn cc tuyn si ny). 3 2 1 12.34..5..6 Hnh 3.18 Trng thi ban u ca mng Bc sng 1 c s dng trong 3 tuyn, 2 c s dng trong 1 tuyn v bc sng 3 c s dng trong 2 tuyn. By gi, gi s rng cc yu cu Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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kt ni n nh trong hnh 3.18. Sau y l qu trnh gn bc sng cho mi yu cu s dng thut ton LU (ng nt chm biu th cc bc sng mi c gn cho cc tuyn si tng ng ) [{1,3}], {3,5}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {4,5}, {3,4} ]
3 2
1
1.2..345.6 Hnh 3.19 Gn bc sng theo LU i vi cc yu cu t 1-3, ch c mt bc sng kh thi l 2 bi vy 2 c gn. i vi yu cu tip theo t 3-5 c 1 v 3 u kh thi, trong 3 c gn bi v n c ti nh hn 1 . i vi yu cu t 1-2 ch c 3 l ri nn n c gn. i vi yu cu gia 2 v 4 khng c bc sng no ri bi vy n s khng c gn vi bt c mt bc sng no. i vi yu cu tip theo 4-5 c 1 v 2 u kh thi v c hai u c ti bng nhau do bc sng c s th t nh hn c chn 1 . i vi yu cu cui cng 1 c gn v ch duy nht bc sng ny c th dng c. 3.2.2.5 Gn bc sng theo s bc sng s dng nhiu nht (MU- Most Used) Trong mt s mt MU lm tt hn LU. N la chn bc sng s dng nhiu nht trong mng c gn cho ln gn tip theo. V th phng php MU sp xp cc kt ni n vi s cc bc sng t hn v duy tr dung lng d tr. Gi s c v d cho trong Hnh 3.20, cc kt ni ang s dng l cc ng lin nt nh sau : Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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[ {1,3}, {3,5}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {4,5}, {3,4} ]

3
2
1.2..34.5...6 Hnh 3.20 Trng thi trc khi gn bc sng ca mng i vi cc yu cu t 1-3, ch c mt bc sng kh thi l 2 . Bi vy
2 c gn.
i vi yu cu tip theo t 3-5, c 1 v 3 u kh thi, nhng 1 c gn bi v n c ti ln hn 3 . i vi yu cu t 1-2 ch c 3 l ri bi vy n c gn. i vi yu cu 2-4 khng c bc sng no ri bi vy n khng c gn vi bt c bc sng no. i vi yu cu tip theo 4-5 c 2 v 3 u kh thi nhng 3 c ti ln hn nn n c chn. i vi yu cu cui cng 3 c gn bi v ch duy nht n c th dng c. Di y l cch kt ni mi c gn (ng nt lin):
3
2
1
12.3.45 Hnh 3.21 Trng thi gn bc sng cho kt ni mi ca mng

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3.2.2.6 Thut ton gn bc sng theo tch s nh nht (MP- min-Product) Thut ton ny c s dng trong mng a si, trong mng n si MP tr thnh FF. Mc ch ca MP l tp hp cc bc sng thnh cc si, sau ti thiu s si trong mng. Hot ng ca thut ton nh sau: V d: Cn gn mt bc sng cho mt yu cu kt ni ring bit n. Thut ton MP s xem xt mi bc sng (trong s nhng bc sng kh thi) v tnh s si quang ang mang bc sng mi tuyn si trong lung quang Dij. S cc si quang trn mi tuyn si mang bc sng c nhn tt c vi nhau thu c gi tr Dij. Qu trnh ny c lp i lp li cho tt c cc bc sng. Chng ta phn b bc sng vi mt kt ni m c gi tr Dij nh nht. Xt v d sau : Gi s trng thi ban u ca mng vi cc tuyn si t 15 v s cc si quang mang bc sng tng ng cho trong hnh 3-20. 1
1 = 2
2 = 3
2
1 = 3
2 = 2
3
1 = 1
2 = 4
4
1 = 3
2 = 1
5
1 = 5
2 = 2
3 = 1
3 = 2
3 = 1
3 = 2
3 = 1
Bng 3.2 Trng thi ban u ca mng i vi mi bc sng 1 , 2 , 3 chng ta i tnh gi tr Dij i vi 1 : Ta c : 2*3*1*3*5 = 90 i vi 2 Ta c : 3*2*4*1*2 = 48 i vi 3 Ta c : 1*2*1*2*1 = 4 Bi vy r rng t vic tnh ton trn ln gn bc sng tip theo s s dng bc sng 3

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3.2.2.7 Gn bc sng a trn ti t nht (LL-Least Loaded) Phng php ny cng c thit k cho nhng mng c nhiu si quang. Phng php ny la chn bc sng no c dung lng d ln nht cho cc ni kt ti dc theo tuyn p. Thut ton LL la chn bc sng c ch s bc sng j nh nht trong tp cc bc sng c th s dng, Sp, bi vy s c :
max jS p min l( p ) ( M l Dlj )
Trong : Ml : l s si/tuyn si lj : s si quang mang bc sng j/tuyn si Xem xt mt v d : Trong bng cng ch ra (phn trong ngoc n) dung lng d tng ng ca mi bc sng trong tng kt ni. Gi s rng s si/tuyn ln nht l ging nhau mi tuyn si v u bng 7. Gi s xt n cch thit lp mt kt ni cho mt tuyn bao gm tuyn si 1 v tuyn si 2. Tuyn si 1 2 3 4 5 Bc sng 1 2(5) 3(4) 1(6) 3(4) 5(2) Bc sng 2 3(4) 2(5) 4(3) 1(6) 2(5) Bc sng 3 1(6) 2(5) 1(6) 2(5) 1(6)
Bng 3.3 Bng trng thi i vi bc sng 1
Dung lng d dc theo tuyn si 1 + tuyn si 2 l 5, 4. Chn gi tr nh nht trong (5, 4) tc l 4, nu bc sng 1 c chn : min(M1- D12) = 4
i vi bc sng 2
Dung lng d dc theo tuyn si 1 + tuyn si 2 l 4, 5. Chn gi tr nh nht trong (4, 5) tc l 4, nu bc sng 2 c chn : min(M1- D13) = 4 Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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i vi bc sng 3
Dung lng d dc theo tuyn si 1 + tuyn si 2 l 6, 5. Chn gi tr nh nht trong (6, 5) tc l 4, nu bc sng 3 c chn : min(M1- D13) = 5 Trong s nhng kt qu nhn c chn bc sng m c gi tr min(M1- D1j) ln nht trong trng hp ny l bc sng 3.

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PH LC
THUT TON DIJKSTRA
thc hin c thut ton Dijkstra phi biu din mng di dng th c trng s. Trng s chnh l tiu chun la chn ng i ngn nht. N c th l khong cch, rng bng tn, tr, Bng cch thay i trng s cc cung th, thut ton Dijkstra s tnh ton con ng ngn nht theo tiu chun trn gia hai nt c chn la bt k. Thut ton Dijkstra s tng bc xy dng mt cy ng ngn nht c nt gc ti nt ngun cho ti khi nt xa nht trong mng c a vo. Ti bc th k cc con ng ngn nht ti k nt gn nht s c tnh v b xung vo cy ng. Gi l(i,j) gi ca ng kt ni trc tip t nt i ti nt j l(i,j) = (nu khng c lin kt no t i ti j) l(i,j) = 0 nu i = j Gi Nk l tp hp to thnh bi k+1 phn t: 1 nt ngun v k nt gn ngun nht sau khi thc hin k bc gii thut. Dk(n) l gi t nt ngun ti nt n theo con ng ngn nht bao hm trong tp Nk. Gi s nt l l nt ngun th cc bc tm ng i ngn nht t nt l ti tt c cc nt cn li nh sau : Bc 0( khi to ) : N0 ={ 1 } : Tp N ban u gm 1 nt ngun. Bc k : Tnh v cp nht Nk = Nk-1 U {w} Trong w tho mn biu thc : Dk-1(w) = min Dk-1(v), v khng thuc Nk-1. Do(v) = min [Dk-1(v), Dk-1(w) + l(w,v)], v khng thuc Nk. Thut ton dng li khi tt c cc nt nm trong tp N V d m t thut ton Dijkstra vi th v hng c trng s Gi s ta mun tm con ng ngn nht t nt A ti nt D. Bt u nh du t A (biu din hnh trn m, hnh ). Bc lp th nht : tp v bao gm nt B va nt G, c gn nhn B(A, 2), G(A,6). Nt B gn nt A hn nn nt B c chn vo tp N (hnh ). Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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Bc lp th 2: bt u bng nt B xt cc nt gn b bao gm E v C, c gn nhn E(B, 4), C(B,9). Lc ny, w chnh l nt E c b xung vo tp N v E c gi nh nht trong s tp v gm G(A,6), E(B,4), C(B,9) (hnh ). Tng t nh vy, nt G (hnh 3.22), nt F (hnh 3.22), nt H (hnh 3.22), nt C (hnh 3.22), nt D (hnh 3.22) ln lt c b xung vo tp N. Nh vy, ng i ngn nht t nt A ti nt D c gi tr l 10 v i theo ng AB EFHD.

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M t thut ton Dijkstra Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT
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KT LUN
Nh vy, sau mt thi gian tm hiu, nghin cu em hon thnh n nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM. n trnh by c cc ni dung sau: Chng I: a ra mt cch tng quan v h thng ghp knh theo bc sng, cc k thut c bn, nguyn k hot ng ca cc phn t c bn ca h thng quang WDM. Gii thiu tng quan cu trc h thng, cc phn t mng WDM, cc kin trc ca mng li in hnh, cc tham s c trng ca mng nh tpo mng, gii hn vt l, nhu cu lu lng.... Chng II: Trnh by cc gii php WCA trong nh tuyn gn bc sng, cc thut ton c p dng nh FFWF, LEC, LCC. nh tuyn gn bc sng ng, nh tuyn gn bc sng tnh. nh truyn gn bc sng vi b chuyn i bc sng bao gm: Dng chung cc b chuyn i, chuyn i bc sng gii hn. Chng III: Trnh by hai ni dung chnh l cc phng php nh tuyn, cc phng php gn bc sng. +Phng php nh tuyn: nh tuyn trong mng MESH bao gm: nh tuyn lun phin c nh, nh tuyn thch nghi, nh truyn bo v. a ra cc hm trng thch nghi cho thut ton nh tuyn nh tuyn trong mng cu trc RING WDM, phng php nh tuyn trong mng a Ring, nh tuyn trong mng Ring n bao gm: Phng php nh tuyn ti u, phng php Heuristic, thich nghi, khng thch nghi. + Phng php gn bc sng: Gn bc sng tnh bao gm: Phng php gn bc sng t bc ln nht, phng php gn bc sng trong mng Ring, phng php t mu th, phng php Heuristic Gn bc sng ng bao gm: Gn bc sng ngu nhin, gn bc sng theo cch ph hp nht, gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht, thut ton gn bc sng theo tch s nh nht, gn bc sng da trn ti t nht. Xin chn thnh cm n

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS. V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang nguyn l c bn c bn k thut tin tin. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut 1997. 2. TS. V Vn San, H thng thng tin quang s dng k thut WDM, tp ch bu chnh vin thng s 9-1999 3. Dng c Tu Mng thng tin ton quang- Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng.NXB Bu in, H ni 4-2001 4. P.T.S Hong ng Huyn- K thut thng tin quang- Tng cc bu in,H ni-1993 5. Cao Mnh Hng- Cng ngh truyn dn quang- Tng cc bu in, H ni-1997 6. Biswanath Mukherjee Optical Communication Networks, June 1997 7. Dng c Tu H thng ghp knh theo bc sng quang- Hoc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng, NXB Bu in, H Ni 5-2001 8. Cng ngh truyn dn quang- Tng cc Bu in, NXB Khoa hoc k thut 9. Kt Qu Nghin Cu Khoa Hoc v Cng Ngh- Vin Khoa Hoc K Thut Bu in, S 21 10. Multiwavelength Optiacal Network A layered Approach. Thomas E Stern Krishna Bala 11. Ths. Bi Tin Dng Gii php WCA trong nh truyn v gn bc sng , tp ch bu chnh vin thng s 3-2005

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n tt nghip

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Label Swithching Router

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Trn Ngc Quang

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Chng I GII THIU CHUNG V CNG NGH WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

1.2 K thut WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Cch t iu chnh th (50 - 240 nm)

Thu knh Tng ch Chn bc sng

Mng AR Cch t u ra quang

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

x Hnh 1.9 Diode tch quang p-n

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh sng ti Lp chng phn x

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM (1.9)

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

pN = pNL + pNT + pNr + pNN

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

pN APD = 2eF(M )M 2 (HT P + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT(GC + GT ) Be T

pN APD = 2eM 2+ x ( HT PT + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be

pN PIN = 2e(HT P + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT(GC + GT ) Be T

2+ x 2eM (HT PT + IT ) + 2eIr + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be

T cng thc (1.4), (1.19), ta nhn c t s tn hiu/nhiu ca PINphotodiode nh sau:

2e(HT PT + IT + I r ) + 4kT (GC + GT ) Be

Trong , erfc(x) l hm li.

Sinh vin thc hin:Trn Ngc Quang Lp D2002 VT

n tt nghip 1.2.3.4 Trm lp

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

Hnh 1.13 (a) c ch ba phat x, 1.2.3.7 B lc quang

Hnh 1.15 H s truyn dn cc b lc mng mng

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM

B lc bng thng (BPF). B lc ny c to ra t nhiu b lc cng hng,

nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong mng quang WDM