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Chapter 1 Software Engineering Principles and Java Classes

IAS1223 DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS

Chapter Objectives
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Learn about software engineering principles Discover what an algorithm is and explore problemsolving techniques Become aware of structured design and objectoriented design programming methodologies Learn about user-defined classes Learn about private, protected, and public members of a class

Data Structures Using Java

Chapter Objectives
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Explore how classes are implemented Become aware of Unified Modeling Language (UML) notation Examine constructors and destructors Learn about the abstract data type (ADT) Explore how classes are used to implement ADT

Data Structures Using Java

Software Life Cycle

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Life cycle: the many phases a program goes through from the time it is conceived until the time it is retired Three fundamental stages of a program
Development Use Maintenance

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Software Development Phase

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Analysis
Understand

problem Requirements analysis Data analysis Divide problem into subproblems and perform analysis

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Software Development Phase

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Design
Algorithm Structured


design design

Divide problem into subproblems and analyze each subproblem

Object-oriented


Identify components (objects) which form the basis of solution  Determine how these objects interact with one another

Data Structures Using Java

Software Development Phase

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Three basic principles of object-oriented design (OOD)

Encapsulation:

ability to combine data and operations

in a single unit Inheritance: ability to create new data types from existing data types Polymorphism: ability to use the same expression to denote different operations

Data Structures Using Java

Software Development Phase

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Implementation
Write

and compile programming code to implement classes and functions discovered in design phase Precondition: a statement specifying that condition(s) that must be true before the method is called. Postcondition: a statement specifying what is true after the method call is completed.

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Software Development Phase

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Testing and Debugging

Test

the correctness of the program to make sure it does what it is supposed to do Find and fix errors Run program through series of specific tests, test cases

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Software Development Phase

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Testing and Debugging

Black-box

testing: test based on inputs and outputs not the internal working of the algorithm or function White-box testing: relies on the internal structure and implementation of a function or algorithm; ensures that every part of the function or algorithm executes at least once

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Classes
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class: reserved word; collection of a fixed number of components Components: member of a class Members accessed by name Class categories/modifiers
Private Protected public

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Classes
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private: members of class not accessible outside class public: members of class accessible outside class Class members: can be methods or variables Variable members declared like any other variables

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Syntax
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General syntax for defining a class:

modifier(s) class ClassIdentifier modifier(s) { classMembers }

General syntax for using the operator new:

new className() or new className(argument1, argument2, ..., argumentN)

Data Structures Using Java

Classes
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Syntax to access data member of class object or method:

referenceVariableName.memberName

Shallow copying: two or more reference variables of the same type point to the same object Deep copying: each reference variable refers to its own object. Use method makeCopy()

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Constructors
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Guarantee that data members are initialized when object is declared Automatically execute when class object created Name of constructor is name of class More than one constructor can be present in one class Default constructor: constructor without parameters

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The Copy Constructor

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Executes when an object is instantiated Initialized using an existing object Syntax public ClassName(ClassName otherObject)

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UML Diagram
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Data Structures Using Java

UML Diagram
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Top box: Name of class Middle box: data members and their data types Bottom box: member methods names, parameter list, return type of method + means public method - means private method # means protected method

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Example: class Clock

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myClock = new Clock(); yourClock = new Clock(9,35,15);

Data Structures Using Java

Example: class Clock

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Data Structures Using Java

Example: class Clock

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Data Structures Using Java

The Method toString

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Public value-returning method Takes no parameters Returns address of String object Output using print and println methods Default definition creates String with name of objects class name followed by hash code of object

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The Modifier Static

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In method heading, specifies that method can be invoked by using name of class If used to declare data member, data member invoked by using class name Static data members of class exist even when no object of class type instantiated Static variables are initialized to their default values

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static Data Members of a Class

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Illustrate illusObject1 = new Illustrate(3); Illustrate illusObject2 = new Illustrate(5);

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Finalizers
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Automatically execute when class object goes out of scope Have no parameters Only one finalizer per class Name of finalizer: finalize

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Creating Packages
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Can create packages using reserved word package

Define

the class to be public (If class not public it can only be used within package) Choose name for package. Organize package (create subdirectories)

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The Reference this

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Refers to instance variables and methods of a class Used to implement cascaded method calls

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Inner Classes
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Defined within other classes Can be either a complete class definition or anonymous inner class definition Used to handle events

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Abstract Data Types

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Definition: A data type that specifies the logical properties without the implementation details

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Object-Oriented Design
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Simplified methodology
1. Write down detailed description of problem 2. Identify all (relevant) nouns and verbs 3. From list of nouns, select objects 4. Identify data components of each object 5. From list of verbs, select operations

Data Structures Using Java

Chapter Summary
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Software Life Cycle

Development,

Use, Maintenance

Algorithm Analysis: The Big-O Notation Classes UML Diagram Constructors, Destructors Abstract Data Types

Data Structures Using Java

Chapter Summary
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Software Development Phase

Analysis Design

Structured design  Object-oriented design  Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism



Implementation Testing

and Debugging

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