Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carlo Magno
De La Salle University-Manila
Creative Mind 2
Abstract
Creativity is explained in the different perspectives of psychology as a mental and social process.
The different dimensions of creativity from available theories were based on influences,
description of the task, ability, and characteristics of individuals who experience it. In the present
article, creativity is explained in five major themes: (1) attributes of creativity, (2) forms and
outlets, (3) factors that stimulate it, (4) situations where it is facilitated, and (5) situations that
hinder it. There is a connection on how one conceptualizes creativity and the process involved in
stimulating and facilitating it. The connection is explained on some common clusters that come
out for each major theme. Creativity is generally explained to have multiple attributes. Creativity
is stimulated and facilitated based on one’s belief. The self and social factors can hinder
creativity.
Creative Mind 3
and intrinsic response in which humans value an object and an event for its sake and
consequence (Lanier, 1991). Creativity as a product constitutes its “essence,” the content
subsidiary, that can be relevant or irrelevant that depends to the perceiver (Lanier, 1991). The
important, and not definitive to all. The concept of creativity is changing and independent in
relation to the material universe and the product of our interaction with it. In the idealist view,
creativity is a product of an executed imagination. Thought and ideas came up first before the
In the field of psychology creativity can be explained with different perspectives. In the
humanistic, existential, and positive psychology creativity is associated with human nature. In
psychoanalysis, Freud placed an importance to art in the expression of the unconscious mind.
Carl Jung later recognized the role of creativity in the mental health profession. Later on Rollo
humanistic and existential theorists like Rollo May and Diamond believed creativity had an
important role in healing and establishing genuine meaning in life (Hoffman & Calvert, 2007).
Creativity can also be seen as a social construct serving social purposes and reflecting the
development of society (Silvia, 2007). It also reflects how people’s minds have gone far
personal maturity and develops identity and openness to experience. Through creativity we
emphasize and heighten the qualities of experience that we meet only accidentally when
confronting other things and event in the world. In terms of cognition, creativity is explained in
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perceptual acuity, humaness, right brain growth (still questionable), mental development, and
2007). One is the imitation theory where a person’s essential characteristic faithfully mirror life,
imitation of essences, picturing universal qualities of objects, what makes the work of creativity
is its versimilitude. Another is the emotionalist theory which asserts that art is an expression of
the artist’s feelings communicated to the viewer. We absorb those feelings from the work of art
and experience them ourselves. In the formalist theory, the response to art is absolutely unique
among human experiences and that is provoked by the formal qualities of the visual relationships
that structure the work. In the intuition Theory, art is direct, intuitive confrontation of a
transcendental or spiritual realm of being, a reality in which reside such universal constructs as
moral. In the evaluation theory, creativity emphasizes the placement of value on objects and
events.
Development of Creativity
developed as a feeling of individuality and identity that has a favorable effect on a person’s self-
concept (Bronfrenbrenner, 1979; Hurlock, 1982). Studies show that the forms of creativity
depend upon individual interests and abilities, opportunities to do what they want to do, and
activities that give the greatest satisfaction (Eisenstadt, 1978; Goertzel, Goertzel, & Goertzel,
1978; Simonton, 1984). Some young adults find a creative outlet in hobbies while others choose
Creative Mind 5
vocations in which they can express their creativity. There is also evidence that creativity is
In the 1960’s from the growing demand of research, creativity came to be widely
MacKinnon (1962) and his associates at the University of California investigated large and
significant differences in a number of personality traits between creative and non-creative groups
(Welsh, 1975).
Most psychologists and educators generally recognize that creative talent is not
synonymous with academic intelligence and is rarely covered by tests yielding an IQ (Anastasi,
1998). Thurstone (1951) emphasized this distinction and provided a provocative analysis of the
possible role of ideational fluency, inductive reasoning, and certain perceptual tendencies in
receptive as contrasted to a critical attitude toward novel ideas and that creative solutions are
likely to occur during period of relaxed, dispersed attention that during periods of active
concentration on a problem.
Guilford (1959) arrived at creativity constructs that are components of creative work.
These constructs are word fluency, ideational fluency, associational fluency, expressional
fluency, alternate uses, plot titles, consequences, possible jobs, making objects, sketches, match
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problems, and decorations. Guilford uses these constructs in developing creativity test measure
According to Coleman, Kaufman, and Ray (1993) that being creative at work includes
certain correctness, usefulness, valuable, meaningful, flexible, and open to new possibilities.
They also considered four new myriad faces of creativity: (a) Groundbreaking ideas (ex. debt for
land swaps, saving tropical forests, helping impoverished countries, theory of relativity, concept
of genetic engineering), (b) Imaginative expression of caring and compassion (concept of “meals
and wheels,” birthing rooms, the AIDS quilt, Gandhi’s strategy for protesting injustice and non-
violence), (c) Grand vision of hope and truth that show the way to others (ex. Bill of rights,
Gettysburg address, Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech, and (d) Bright ideas
(includes useful and economical strategies of dealing with our practical living). These themes
involve concepts of manifesting creativity with a sense of social purpose. These patterns
demonstrate a purpose of improving and achieving for a larger societal benefit that will serve for
other people as well. Creativity does not only manifest an individualistic concept but a societal or
collective dimension as well (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Sawyer, 2006; Weisberg, 2006).
field or domain. He refutes the concept of creativity as a global talent but rather observing an
individual carrying over a specialized task. Observing a person’s task involves how they carry
over the problem and how their solution is received. And the individual has the ability to do the
entire process regularly. In line with his theory of multiple intelligences, creativity is
characterized by the ability to adapt to almost any situation and to make situation and to make do
theory of successful intelligences. In this theory, creative intelligence is comes out when
individual are faced with problems and they assess how well they can cope with relative novelty.
In measures of intelligence, it is important to include problems that are relatively novel in nature.
This theory explains creativity when individuals experience problems and how they use come up
Creative Personality
creative. These factors that explain creativity are (1) Genetic predisposition – some individuals
are born with a nervous system sensitive to color and sound etc. (2) Access to domain – being
born to affluent family, close to good schools, mentors, and coaches. (3) Access to field –
Terribly knowledgeable in a specified field. She also identified ten dimensions of a creative
personality these are: (1) great deal of physical energy, (2) being smart yet naïve, (3)
combination of playfulness and discipline, (4) alternate between imagination and fantasy and a
rooted sense of reality, (5) harbor introvertness and extrovertness, (6) remarkably humble and
proud, (7) to a certain extent escape the rigid gender role stereotyping, (8) a certain extent
traditionalist, (9) very passionate about their work yet they can extremely be objective about
their work, and (10) exposure to suffering and pain with a great deal of enjoyment.
The Study
The different dimensions of creativity were based on influences, description of the task,
ability, and characteristics of individuals who experience it. I will explain creativity as mental
Creative Mind 8
process by identifying (1) dimensions of its attributes, (2) forms and outlets, (3) factors that
stimulate it, (4) situations where it is facilitated, and (5) situations that hinder it. To determine the
explanations in these five major themes of creativity, a questionnaire was constructed. The
questions were open-ended so that the participants can freely express their thoughts about the
topic creativity. The structure of the questionnaire is generative about the process and concept of
creativity (ex. What is creativity for you? What outlets do you show creativity? When are you
usually creative? What makes you creative? What hinders your creativity?). There were 100
participants selected purposively to answer the questionnaire. Half of the participants were
faculty teaching literature, design, and arts, the rest were students who are majors in literature
and courses in the field of design and arts. The responses from the questionnaire were analyzed
using cluster analysis to arrive with different dimensions in explaining creativity based on the
Attributes of Creativity
There are seven attributes of creativity identified. These attributes involve development,
attribute means developing one’s capabilities. Developing these capabilities can be difficult
(“something that is difficult’). It is also characterized as being ingenius in all tasks (“being
Creativity is also characterized as an expression where internal processes are shown and
The generation attribute is focused on the implementation of work and specific tasks
(“Being productive in the sense of doing something “). The process of generation also includes
The dimension of transformation includes the ability to make or create something out of
The transformation involves a process of reinventing something new (“a way of getting
Uniqueness is also an attribute of creativity where an individual thinks and creates ideas
that is different (“creating new ideas” and “something different from the usual things to do”).
things (“knowing how to use different things to form something”). Creativity is also seen as a
value. This value is attributed to God (“God given gifts that all of us have but only a few are
using it”) and existential (“existential value of doing something in an aesthetic manner”).
Creativity when expressed comes in different forms. The categories of these forms are
commonly through artworks. The forms of these artworks are the visual arts (drawing, sketching,
painting, and laying out of materials), language arts (writing and reciting poems, literary writing,
words, making speeches), and music (singing, playing instruments, composing), kinesthetic
(acting, directing plays, facial expression, dancing). Other outlets are the mental activities
(thinking, “It’s all in the mind,” expressing opinions), intrapersonal (expressing feelings by
adding colors in action, emphasizing, contemplation and observation, by being different, being
natural and free, courting), through leisure (cooking, decorating, playing chess, marketing, gift
Creative Mind 10
and letters given, way of dressing), and academic activities (applying the things learned, doing
school projects, doing assignments, Innovation in one’s work, being resourceful, actual
Stimulating Creativity
The process of stimulating creativity involves a person’s beliefs that creativity is innate or
fixed and changing or can be developed. Creativity as innate involves the belief that it is inborn,
and a natural talent (“Gift from God,” “comes at certain time naturally,” “during early years in
life,” “childhood”). On the other hand, it is also believed that it can be developed and changed
through socialization (“through socialization, friends, seeing other people” and “from
environment”), learning (“through time and practice, experience, and training), motivation
(“stimulation from others, motivated”), and education (“knowledge about the world”) and media
Facilitating Creativity
Facilitating creativity involves various avenues where a person can maintain and activate
Creativity is facilitated when the person is in the appropriate emotional state. Different
emotional states trigger one to become creative. These emotional states include when one is
inspired, in a lighter mood, depressed, hyper, happy, sad, emotions is at peak, one feels like it,
Internal states also facilitate one to become creative. These internal states are resources
that one has in becoming creative such as using talents and abilities, interest (“likes what he/she
Creative Mind 11
is doing”), memory (“see objects and experience moments worth remembering and preserving”),
motivation (“when properly motivated”), and thinking (“when the person thinks of something”).
A person’s creativity is facilitated based on the social structure. Others are more creative
when alone (“Alone,” “moment of solitude”) and when with others (“when with friends”). The
Individuals become creative almost every time, everyday, at night, during full moon, very
early in the morning, and before going to sleep. A person’s creativity is also facilitated when one
Hindrances to Creativity
There are several factors that hinder a person to become creative. These factors range
from the self to others and environment. The factors stemming from the self includes lack of
potential, negative affect, and physiological while the social and environmental factors include
Lack of potential involves aspects of the self that is unwilling to use necessary resources
uncomfortable, laziness and dependent on others, mental block, not using skills, lack of
motivation, lack of ideas, and inability to determine what's wrong with one’s life. Negative affect
involves emotions and states that is difficult to regulate. Examples of negative states are stress,
busy, pressure, problems, disturbance, and mood swings. Physiological factors include situation
when one is hungry or lacks sleep. Lack of resources includes the unavailability of money and
other resources to become creative. The social limitations that blocks one to be creative are
conventions of society, rules and regulations, and noises. Thwarted goals include people that
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stand in the way and fear of rejection. And time pressure involves time factor and when one is
Integration
There is a connection on the attributes and facilitation of creativity. This is shown when
creativity is viewed as an expression which is always driven by emotions and feelings. These
emotions can be both facilitate and hinder creativity. Creativity is usually equated as an
expression because when we engage in the act of creating novel and unique outputs, it always
involve the passion and enthusiasm for what we are doing. Creativity as an expression involves
an artistic experience which cannot be duplicated with exact precision. Achieving uniqueness
gives the creator a sense of originality for their work. Being creative involves making ordinary
things exquisite and extraordinary. The process includes being resourceful in handling simple
things, transforming it into something meaningful, and breaking the boundaries of convention.
When we generate and venture new areas, we do not only include the product but rather the
process of ideas. The skills that involve in creativity are usually being resourceful. Individuals’
have the ability to make use of different and simple materials with adequate and appropriate skill
conceived in this perspective as an inherited trait that can be passed on to the next generation. It
is generally innate and people with this kind of genetic make-up can execute particular tasks
successfully. Creativity is commonly associated with the use of talents and abilities. Usually
people perceive individuals as creative because of their talent and abilities. The argument is that
Creative Mind 13
anyone can be creative. There must be a variation between those who are ordinarily creative and
those creative with talent. Creativity is not only based on genetic endowment but it can be
acquired and consolidated (supports the claims of Weinberg, 2007). This means that creativity
can be developed by practicing it, immersing our self with the experience, and through constant
training. Learning as a process is one of the most important way of acquiring creativity. Many
successful athletes, ballerinas, dancers, actors, and musicians are performing excellently through
Creativity is facilitated in the process of socialization with other people. It is evident that
people perform better in a group. There are numerous theories that account for individual
performance in a group dynamic and creativity is one factor that can be explored (Agrell &
Gustafson, 1996; Drach-Zahavy & Somech, 2001; Magno, Lajom, & Regodon, 2008). On the
other hand, individuals can be creative when they are alone. Some individuals work better when
they are not affected or disturbed. People have a deeper level of concentration in creating
One can be creative all the time. Creativity is usually associated will all the things that we
do in every time of the day. Most of the things and almost all events can involve creativity. From
cooking to dressing up involves creativity. Being creative tend to be shown when opportunities
come like when the situation calls for it most especially when it is a project requirement or
There is a pattern indicating that the forms and outlets in which creativity is shown are
parallel to the domains of intelligence by Gardner. The data has been clustered according to a
common category. When the categories are labeled the pattern appeared synonymous to the
multiple “intelligences.”
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The present article has set some groundwork in further developing the concept of
creativity. A more scientific inquiry should be done in clarifying creativity as a construct where
factors need to be established. There is also a great need to develop models of creativity that can
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