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Previous Technologies 1G, 2G, 3G (CDMA, GSM, UMTS) Multiplexing; Frequency, Time & Code Reasons for New Research How 4G Works Architecture, AdHoc, IP core, OFDM Impact of 4G economic, socio-cultural, political
1G Technology
2G Technology
Previous Technology 2G
Advantages Digital consists of 1s and 0s Digital signal: 1) Low level, 2) High level, 3) Rising edge, and 4) Falling edge
Previous Technology 2G
Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings Multiplexing - multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal
Previous Technology 2G
Allows for lower powered radio signals that require less battery power CODEC introduction - program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signal Translates data from digital to analog and vice versa
speaker
Previous Technology 2G
Advantages The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking increase sound quality lowers the noise level Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transfer SMS short message service E-mail
Previous Technology 2G
Disadvantages Cell towers had a limited coverage area Jagged Decay curve Abrupt dropped calls Analog gradual sound reduction Spotty coverage
3G Technology
Previous Technology - 3G
Large capacity and broadband capabilities Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps Increased spectrum efficiency 5Mhz A greater number of users that can be simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G Global roaming
Previous Technology - 3G
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Form of multiplexing Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel
Types of Multiplexing
FDMA - Each phone call is allocated one frequency for the entire duration of the call. TDMA - Each phone call is allocated a spot in the frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted. CDMA - Each phone call is uniquely encoded and transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner known as spread spectrum transmission.
time
e od c
frequency
How 4G Works
What is 4G?
Fourth Generation Technology Faster and more reliable 100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) Lower cost than previous generations Multi-standard wireless system Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x) Ad Hoc Networking IPv6 Core OFDM used instead of CDMA Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n Most information is proprietary
Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer: fix access points, (ie cell tower) connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP) Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (ie. internet at Starbucks) Personal Layer Gateway: devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone, fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables and repeaters
Ad Hoc Networks
Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices Not necessarily connected to internet 4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc networks Form of mesh networking Very reliable
Smart Antennas
Beam radio signals directly at a user to follow the user as they move Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other users without worry of interference Cant keep up transmission speeds while device is moving fast (i.e. in a car) Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs 100Mb/s) Seamless handoff between towers/access points One transmit antenna, two receive antennas Allows connection to two access points at once
Mobile IPv6
More addresses than current version of IP protocol (Version 4) each device can have own IP Keep IP address even if you change access point Presently translate IP with each change because not enough IP addresses to go around IP Core- everything can talk to each other if they speak the same language (protocol)
IPv6 Packet
Source Address
Destination Address
DATA (1011101001010)
IP Core
Mobile VoIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminating complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit All voice data will be wrapped up in a packet lower latency data transmission (faster transmission) Samples voice between 8,000 & 64,000 times per second and creates stream of bits which is then compressed and put into a packet. Increases battery life due to greater data compression
IP(10011101101) IP packet
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Allows for transfer of more data than other forms of multiplexing (time, frequency, code, etc) Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver Allows for use of almost the entire frequency band No gaps to prevent interference needed Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and Wi-Fi (802.11a/g)
Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The phase of the sin wave changes to represent a different bit.
Impact of 4G
Socio-Economic Impact
More affordable communication services One device can communicate with all vs. many devices communicating with some devices TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors all reachable through one device the cell phone Streaming HD video Too connected? Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy, security concerns Increase in regulation likely (ie. no driving and using a cell phone)
When?
China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel, Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone already doing research on 4G Much of this information is proprietary at this time Expected release of 4G services as early as 2008. Majority of companies expect widespread use of 4G systems by 2010. Lifecycle of 4G is estimated to be 15 years.
Questions?
Bibliography - Texts
Agha, Khaldoun & Omidyar, Cambyse. Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks. Singapore, World Scientific, 2003 Glisic, Savo. Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Technologies. Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2004 Lightman, Alex. Brave New Unwired World; The Digital Big Bang and the Infinite Internet. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2002 Wang, Jiangzhou. Broadband Wireless Communications. Norwell, Massachusetts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001
Bibliography - Websites
Charmed Technology wireless everywear. Charmed Technology. 11/16/2006 www.charmed.com OFDM Tutorial. Wave Report. 11/16/2006 http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/OFDM.htm OFDM Tutorial. University of Edinburgh. 11/3/2006. www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~acmc/OFDMTut.html How VoIP Works. HowStuffWorks.com 11/16/2006. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony3.htm W-OFDM Technology in 4G Cellular Networks. 11/16/2006. http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2004/August2004/2032.htm
Bibliography - Websites
OFDM Overview. Intel Corporation. 11/16/2006 http://www.intel.com/education/highered/wireless/lectures/l07overview_of_ofdm.ppt Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. Intel Corporation. 10/30/2006 www.intel.com/netcomms/technologies/wimax/303787.pdf 4G Technologies Support Transmission Rates up to 100Mbps. www.4G.co.uk. 10/30/2006 http://www.4g.co.uk/PR2006/2067.htm Move over 3G here comes 4G. The Economist. 11/4/2006 http://www.economist.com/business/displayStory.cfm?story_id= 1816742
Bibliography - Websites
FDMA vs TDMA vs CDMA: What is the difference? Rice University. 11/15/2006 http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~elec301/Projects01/cdma /compare.html Introduction to CDMA. Qualcomm Learning Center. 11/15/2006 http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/traini ng/cdma25/m4/m4p01.html CDMA Overview. UMTS. 11/15/2006 http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.ht m