By Sherjeel Chughtai(FAST-NU) (Founder Of Telecom Pak Group)

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Arthur Clarke

 LTE

Advanced is a preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to ITU-T in late 2009, was approved into ITU, International Telecommunications Union, IMT-Advanced. is standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major enhancement of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard.

It

Spectrum Efficiency
LTE-Advanced

aims to support downlink (8x8 antenna configuration) peak spectrum efficiency of 30 bps/Hz and uplink (4x4 antenna configuration) peak spectrum efficiency of 15 bps/Hz.

Spectrum flexibility

LTE-Advanced shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes including wider spectrum allocations than those of LTE Release 8. The main focus for bandwidth solutions wider than 20MHz should be on consecutive spectrum. However aggregation of the spectrum for LTE-Advanced should take into account reasonable user equipment (UE) complexity. Frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex(TDD) should be supported for existing paired and unpaired frequency bands, respectively.

Enhanced multiple antenna technologies

LTE-Advanced extends the MIMO capabilities of LTE Release 8 to now supporting eight downlink antennas and four uplink antennas. In the downlink 8-by-x single user spatial multiplexing scenario of LTE-Advanced, up to two transport blocks can be transmitted to a scheduled UE in one sub frame per downlink component carrier. Each transport block is assigned its own modulation and coding scheme. For HARQ ACK/NACK feedback on uplink, one bit is used for each transport block.

Enhanced multiple antenna technologies

With LTE-Advanced a scheduled UE may transmit up to two transport blocks. Each transport block has its own modulation and coding scheme (MCS level). Depending on the number of transmission layers, the modulation symbols associated with each of the transport blocks are mapped onto one or two layers according to the same principle as for LTE Release 8 downlink spatial multiplexing. The transmission rank can be adapted dynamically. Different codebooks are defined depending on the number of layers that are used. Further more different pre-coding is used depending on whether two or four transmit antennas are available. Also the number of bits used for the codebook index is different depending on the 2 and 4 transmit antenna case, respectively.

Enhanced uplink transmission scheme

The uplink transmission scheme of LTE-Advanced has been maintained to a large extent, i.e. single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is used , which is a discrete fourier transformed (DFT) pre-coded orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme. The transmission of the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) uses DFT pre-coding in both MIMO and non-MIMO modes.

Control-data decoupling
In

LTE Release 8 a UE only uses physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) when it does not have any data to transmit on PUSCH. I.e. if a UE has data to transmit on PUSCH, it would multiplex the control information with data on PUSCH. This is not longer valid in LTE-Advanced, which means that simultaneous PUCCH and PUSCH transmission is possible in uplink direction.

Non-contiguous data transmission with single DFT

The LTE Release 8 uplink scheme SC-FDMA differs from the LTE Release 8 downlink schemes, as an additional DFT is used in the transmission chain that transforms the modulation symbols into the frequency domain. In Release 8 localized SC-FDMA is allowed only, i.e. in uplink direction only consecutive subcarriers are transmitted. This is the essential advantage of the scheme, since it reduces the peak to average ratio of the transmitted signal and consequently allows more efficient power amplifier implementation. LTE-Advanced extends the uplink transmission scheme by allowing clustered SCFDMA, i.e. the uplink transmission is not anymore restricted to the use of consecutive subcarriers, but clusters of subcarriers may be allocated . This allows uplink frequency selective scheduling and consequently will increase the link performance. However the peak to average ratio of the transmission signal will be increased compared with the localized scheme of LTE Release 8

Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception (CoMP)

Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission/reception is considered for LTEAdvanced as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and to increase system throughput . In a cellular deployment and specifically if frequencies are reused in each cell, other-cell interference traditionally degrades the system capacity. The target in CoMP is to turn the other cell interference into a useful signal specifically at the cell border. This requires dynamic coordination in the scheduling / transmission, including joint transmission, from multiple geographically separate points and also support for joint processing of received signals at multiple geographically separated points.

Coordinated multiple point transmission and reception (CoMP)

 Extension

of LTE downlink spatial multiplexing to upto eight layers is considered. For the uplink spatial multiplying to upto four layers is considered.

Relaying
LTE-Advanced extends LTE Release 8 with support for relaying in order to enhance coverage and capacity. Further enhanced MBMS The MBMS has been enhanced in the LTE advanced.

 One

solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays, pieces of infrastructure without a wired backhaul connection, that relay messages between the base station (BS) and mobile stations (MSs) through multi-hop communication.

 Analog

repeater :The simplest strategy, which uses a combination of directional antennas and a power amplifier to repeat the transmit signal . Amplify-and-forward: relays apply linear transformation to the received signal . decode-and-forward: relays decode the signal then re-encode for transmission compress-and-forward

relay Two-way relay Shared relays

One-way

ISSUES IN LTE
ENERGY SPECTRUM UTILIZATION INTERFERENCE RESOURCE ALLOCATION COVERAGE AND CAPACITY SELF ORGANIZED NETWORKS HIGHER PEAK DATA RATE LARGER BANDWIDTH

In February 2007 NTT DoCoMo announced the completion of a 4G trial where it achieved a maximum packet transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink using 100 MHz frequency bandwidth to a mobile station moving at 10 km/h. In 2009, Rohde & Schwarz launched the CMW500 Wideband Communication Tester. In February 2011 at Mobile World Congress, Agilent Technologies demonstrated the industry's first test solutions for LTE-Advanced with both signal generation and signal analysis solutions. In 2011 May, Dialog Axiata PLC of Sri Lanka successfully demonstrated 4G LTE in Colombo and it became the first to reach 100mbps in South Asia. Currently, several main cities of Colombo are included in 4G testing phase

Increased peak data rates (Gbit/s). Improved cell edge throughput. Improved spectrum efficiency. Improved network coverage. Increased energy efficiency. Spectrum flexibility and self-organizing network.

Node B is a term used in UMTS equivalent to the BTS (base transceiver station) description used in GSM. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular technology for networks based on the GSM standard. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the HighSpeed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity

 Multiple-input

and multiple-output, or MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. User equipment

UE:

Femto

Cells: a femto cell is a small cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business.

 HSPA+,

also known as Evolved High-Speed Packet Access is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP release 7 and above.

System

Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's LTE wireless communication standard.

 Orthogonal

Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) digital modulation scheme. Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users.

macrocell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a high power cellular base station (tower). Broadcast and Multicast Services (MBMS) is a broadcasting service offered via existing GSM and UMTS cellular networks

Multimedia

 LTE

Advanced benefits is the ability to take advantage of advanced topology networks; optimized heterogeneous networks with a mix of macros with low power nodes such as picocells, femto cells and new relay nodes. LTE Advanced further improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures user fairness. LTE Advanced also introduces multicarrier to be able to use ultra wide bandwidth.

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