Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ii
c 2005-2008 Tobias Huellmandel, Tobias Huellmandel Software
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview on MAGIX PanoramaStudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Program features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 How do I activate MAGIX PanoramaStudio powered by TSHSoft.com trial version? . . . 3
4 Workflow -
Creation of a panorama 10
4.1 How to create a panorama project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 How to import images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 How to edit images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4 Setting parameters for the stitching process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.1 How to adjust the horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.2 How to adjust the focal length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4.3 More settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.4.4 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Creating wide angle or 360 degree panoramas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6 Applying manual adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6.1 Which correction is to apply for which defect? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6.2 Adjust focal length and horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.6.3 Change image overlaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.6.4 Detail adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.6.5 Control blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.6.6 Adjust exposure correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.7 Cropping the panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.8 Finishing the panorama - Resizing and optimizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.9 Inserting hotspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.10 Saving and printing the panorama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
iii
iv CONTENTS
7 Configuring PanoramaStudio 56
Index 59
Chapter 1
Introduction
PanoramaStudio focuses on best possible comfort with the automatic generation of high-quality pano-
ramas. And still, full control of all steps throughout the entire stitching process will be maintained by
offering exhaustive post-processing tools.
The output options include the most common image file formats, interactive Java, Flash, and Quick-
TimeVR panoramas as well as screensavers and self-running panoramas. The integrated poster printing
function allows you to print a panorama over multiple pages.
1
2 Introduction
• seamlessly assemble individual images into wide angle or 360 degree panoramas
• images may come from any ordinary camera - no high-end equipment necessary for panoramas
• no tripod required necessarily for the shot
• automatic stitching of the images
• full 16 bit workflow for 16 bit images
• functionality for printing posters (spanning several pages)
• functionality for exporting QuickTimeVR panoramas
• functionality for exporting Java panoramas
• functionality for exporting Flash panoramas
• functionality for exporting panoramas as screensaver or self-running program
• supported image file formats (export): JPG, TIFF, PSD, BMP, PNG, PCX, RAS and TGA
• supported image file formats (import): JPG, TIFF, PSD, BMP, PNG, PCX, RAS, IFF and TGA
• support for numerous RAW file formats: DNG, CRW, NEF, CR2, RAW, MRW, DCR, ORF, ARW,
PEF, ...
• thumbnail previews while importing images
• automatic detection of more than 1000 digital cameras based on their Exif information
• automatic detection of Exif focal length for supported cameras
• support for focal lengths from 13-400mm (35mm equivalent)
• automatic focal length detection if required
• automatic barrel/pincushion correction for wide angle lenses
• automatic vignetting correction
• possibility to completely edit and adjust all steps of the stitching after the automatic assembly of
the panorama
• exposure adjustment of the input images
• automatic exposure correction of the panorama
1.4 Installation 3
1.4 Installation
PanoramaStudio needs to be installed to your hard-disk. To start the installation procedure, execute the
file PanoStudioSetupEn.exe and follow the instructions on your screen.
Support
If you experience any problems with your software, please get in touch with our support team:
This website will lead you to the MAGIX user service page, which, among other things, contains the
following free offers:
• FAQs (frequently asked questions) and general tricks and tips. In most cases you’ll find the solution
to your problem here. If not, use the Email support form:
• E-mail support form. Via the special form you inform our support staff about your system. This
information is used to solve your problems quickly and competently. Simply fill out and send with
a mouse-click!
• Support forum: You are not alone. Perhaps other users had a similar problem and can help you
solve yours. Our support staff are also regular contributors.
4 Introduction
• Download section: Updates, improvements and patches are likewise offered free of charge via down-
load Many problems you may experience are well-known to us, and which can be solved by down-
loading the latest patch. Besides patches, there are also wizards for checking and optimizing your
system
• Links: In the links list you will find the contact addresses of all the most important hardware
manufacturers.
Denmark: 077345695
(open Monday to Friday 10:00 - 17:00 CET)
Finland: 0942597819
(open Monday to Friday 10:00 - 17:00 CET)
Norway: 021543223
(open Monday to Friday 10:00 - 17:00 CET)
Sweden: 0852507027
(open Monday to Friday 10:00 - 17:00 CET)
Email: mailto:info@magix.net
Visit us at http://support.magix.com
Here you will find all the information and special offers on MAGIX products. There are also:
• MAGIX TV
• Full Support & Workshops
• Latest News & Information
This chapter will quickly enable you to create your first panoramas based on your own shots by guiding you
briefly through all steps necessary. Detailed information on advanced options (e.g. manual adjustments)
will be presented to you in subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 illustrates the versatile processing capabilities
in detail. The graphical user interface of PanoramaStudio is described in chapter 5.
There are only a few simple steps for you to have your first panorama on your screen. Let’s start with
the shooting of your images:
5
6 Quickstart - Creating your first panorama
7
8 Shooting the individual input images
Shooting clockwise
PanoramaStudio allows you to import multiple images at one time. In this case, the input images will
be arranged alphabetically and numerically respectively in ascending order. Since a series of images
taken with a digital camera is also numbered serially in ascending order, shooting your scene clockwise
is recommended. Thus, you may save time reverting the series.
If you try to stick to the recommendations for shooting without a tripod as given above, PanoramaStudio
will be able to create high quality panoramas. The accurate but more intricate way of course is to use a
tripod. As for overlap and horizon, the same rules as given above apply. If you have a tripod available,
it’s possible to perform the shooting with the camera centered to the scene almost perfectly. But still,
a small parallax may remain. This is based on the fact, that actually, the focal point which is situated
somewhere inside the lenses, needs to match with center of rotation. In this case, a special panoramic
3.2 What to take into account while shooting the photos? 9
Moving objects
Moving objects are a problem for panoramas spanning multiple images taken at different times, because
they will appear at different locations in the scene. It’s always best to wait until no person or no car
moves anymore before you start shooting. This can be infeasible sometimes. Serious problems only arise,
when a moving object appears in the overlapping area of two images. Thus, if movements cannot be
avoided, try to shoot the images so that the moving objects are centered in the images not striking the
overlap areas. The closer the movements affect the left or right margin, the harder the differences beetwen
two overlapping images are to eliminate.
Workflow -
Creation of a panorama
In addition to the conventional image formats, PanoramaStudio can open images in RAW format for a
large number of cameras. This feature shall just provide a simple option to import RAW images quickly
into PanoramaStudio. Advanced features for fine tuning the RAW files in the conversion process are not
available and should be made with a RAW converter software. However, PanoramaStudio offers some
basic settings for importing RAW files. If you select a RAW file in the file open dialog box, you can
open with the RAW parameters button a dialog box for this settings. The dialog box offers settings for
the brightness, the white balance, and the color depth (8 or 16 bit) which are applied in the conversion
process.
10
4.3 How to edit images 11
want to remove such images from your project, just select the desired images and press the Del key.
Alternatively, you may choose Input images →Remove selected images from the menu.
How to open the dialog box for focal length and horizon
By clicking the Parameters button, you switch to the mode for setting focal length and horizon. Therefore,
the corresponding tool window will be opened (chap. 6.2, p.44). You may set the focal length and the
position of the horizon in this dialog box.
Different camera
If the cases mentioned above don’t apply, you can specify the type of the camera with Camera type as
well as the type of the film. If you cannot specify the focal length, just leave the setting for the focal
length at Focal length unknown (automatic). Apart from that, you can give either the exact value or an
4.4 Setting parameters for the stitching process 13
estimation for the focal length in the input field focal length. In the latter case, you will also have to
specify a percentage for the maximum deviation from the estimated value.
Barrel/pincushion correction
Especially for very short focal lengths covering a very high viewing angle and thus a large field-of-view,
barrel or pincushion distortions are very likely. This effect offen occurs when using a wide angle converter
lens. Straight lines get bended convex (or concave for pincushion distortion). As soon as this effect
becomes visible, an additional correction may increase the image quality.
For that purpose you find in Lens correction the settings for the Barrel/pincushion correction. There
you should initially activate the Automatic box. If the result isn’t satisfying, the automatically com-
puted correction value may be adjusted manually in a postprocessing step. Positive values up to 100
correct pincushion distortion and negative values up to 100 correct barrel distortions. To avoid waisting
computation time, you should activate the automatic correction only if such distortions are visible.
Vignetting correction
The so called vignetting means a brightness falloff in the image corners. This flaw can often be seen in
wide angle shoots. In an assembled panorama the vignetting appears as dark and disturbing regions in
the overlap regions of the images. The existence of vignetting may be clearly visible if the images overlap
just by a small amount.
But there is an adjustment function in the Lens correction dialog box, too. The vignetting correction
brightens the image corners by an adjustable amount and thus elimates the vignetting. It’s recommended
to use the Automatic mode initially. But you can also set the values manually. There you can adjust the
effect of correction with the parameters Amount and Radius.
4.4.4 Glossary
What is the focal length?
The focal length specifies the distance from the focal point of the lens to the projection layer. The projection
layer is either the film or the CCD sensor. By taking the size of the film or the size of CCD sensor into
account, the focal length allows to compute the covered visible angle of the image. In order to process a
panorama, the focal length needs to be given as precise as possible. As for analog cameras, the shortest
adjustable focal length usually is in the range of 28 to 45mm.
have to be known.
To achieve better comparability throughout different camera models, reference values are given expressed
in focal lengths of corresponding 35mm cameras. PanoramaStudio uses this reference value, namely the
35mm equivalent as focal length for digital cameras.
Exif data
Most digital cameras include additional information in their image files. This tagged information complies
with the so called Exif Standard. The exif data contains values for date of shooting, exposure, aperture,
focal length, focus and numerous other information. PanoramaStudio uses the information about focal
length and camera model. Therefore, the exif data is used to detect a digital camera model automatically
with the image files. Such images from cameras known by PanoramaStudio can processed faster.
Figure 4.1: Left: too much bending caused by a focal length set too short; right: insufficient bending
caused by a too long focal length
Vertical lines, which appear arcuated in a panorama are cues for wrong barrel/pincushion correction.
Either more correction is necessary, or the applied correction is overdone.
To read about correction of focal length and horizon in more detail, please refer to chap. 6.2 (→ p.44).
adjoining images which don’t match. Thus, the same part of the scene appears semi-transparent at
different locations. Great deviations even might lead to deformations of the panorama for parts of the
image.
Such faults can be defeated by manually adjusting details. The detail adjustment mode allows you to
manually move around image tiles relative to each other in order to match them together.
The detail adjustment mode can be reached by clicking Panorama→Adjust→Change detail adjustments.
The use is explained in more detail in chap. 6.4 (→ p.48).
The selection may be confirmed by clicking the OK button. (chap. 6.7, p.53)
Save as image
To export the panorama to the image file format of your choice, select Save as image ... from the File
menu or from the Save button in the action toolbar. You may choose from the formats JPG, TIFF,
BMP, PNG, TGA, PCX, PSD and RAS. As for JPG, you may specify additional options concerning type
of compression, file size and image quality.
Save as QuickTimeVR
You may also export the panorama to the interactive QuickTimeVR file format. This format enables the
user to navigate through the panorama and also to zoom in and out. To save and view this file format,
the QuickTime Player needs to be installed on your computer.
To export a panorama to the QuickTimeVR file format, either select File→Save as QTVR panorama ...
or click on the corresponding command below the Save button in the action toolbar.
Please refer to chap. 5.4.9 (→ p.35) for further information on the QuickTimeVR file format.
Save As Screensaver/.EXE
Panoramas can also be saved as screensavers or self-running Windows programs. This type of interactive
panoramas can be viewed on all Windows computers without additional plugins. Call the File→Save As
Screensaver/.EXE... command or use the same command from the Save button in the action toolbar.
Please refer to chap. 5.4.12 (→ p.40) for further information on saving panoramas in this file format.
Creating, saving, and printing a perspective projection To extract perspective projections from
the panorama, call Perspective projection from the menu Panorama. Please refer to chap. 5.4.5 (→ p.30)
for further information on perspective projections.
Chapter 5
The buttons of the action toolbar correspond to the processing steps needed for creating and editing a
panorama. Viewed from left to right, they represent the consecutive order of processing steps. Thus,
you find every function needed starting from importing the images in order to create a panorama and to
export it to different file formats or to print it.
The buttons of the action toolbar viewed from left to right are...
Import...
Opens the Import images dialog box. This dialog box enables you to load the input images into your
project. See also chap. 4.2 (→ p.10).
Input images
Opens a pop-up menu which is identical to the menu Input images from the menu bar. This pop-up
menu provides all commands necessary for preparing the input images prior to the stitching step. This
involves e.g. changing the arrangement of the sequence, rotating, scaling and cropping. Please refer to
chap. 5.3.3 (→ p.24) for an overview on the particular commands.
Parameters
Click on Parameters to enter the mode for specifying focal length and horizon. Whenever possible,
specifying focal length and horizon prior to the stitching process is recommended (chap. 6.2, p.44).
Stitch
Use Stitch to start the automatic assembly of the panorama, the so called Stitch process. After clicking
on Stitch a pop-up menu will appear to choose between wide angle panorama or 360 degree panorama.
If you initially selected the task type Merge document, you can start the stitching process for the document
mode here. More on this in chap. 5.2.5 (→ p.22).
Adjust
Opens a menu to choose from different correction modes. To gather more information about which type of
19
20 The user interface
correction should be applied for an observed defect or fault, please refer to Applying manual adjustments,
(chap. 4.6, p.14). The particular correction modes are explained in chap. 6 (→ p.44).
Crop
This command helps to crop the irregular image borders of the panorama. For that purpose, it switches
to the Crop image mode. See also chap. 6.7 (→ p.53).
Resize
Use the command Resize to alter the pixel dimensions of the panorama. The dialog box Resize panorama
will open to specify the new dimensions (chap. 5.4.6, p.32).
Optimize
This pull-down menu offers you a selection of different image filters for improving sharpness and coloring
(chap. 5.4.7, p.32).
Hotspots
By clicking Hotspots, you may enter the hotspots mode which enables you to insert and edit hotspots.
See also chap. 6.8 (→ p.53).
Save
This menu item provides different options for saving your work. You may save a project, an image, a
Java/Flash panorama, or a QuickTimeVR panorama.
Print
The Print command will open the print preview. The print preview enables you to spread your panorama
over an arbitrary number of pages in any size and print it. Further details are given in Print preview
dialog box (chap. 5.4.8, p.33).
New Project
Creates a new empty panorama project.
Open project
Opens an existing project from disk. The project will be restored to the state when stored the last time.
The imported images are not embedded into the project file, so that they have to reside in the folder
where they were originally imported from.
Save project Stores an existing project with its current filename. If the project was never saved before,
the dialog box Save project as... will be opened.
Help topics
Opens the help system.
5.2 Other toolbars 21
Zoom in
Increases the displayed image size for the current project.
Zoom out
Decreases the displayed image size for the current project.
Reverse order
The command Reverse order reverses the arrangement of the images in the project. If no images are
selected, the order of all images will be reversed. If two or more images are selected, only the order of
the selected images will be reversed.
Rotate right
Rotate right applies a clockwise rotation by 90 degrees to the selected input images. If no images are
selected, all images of the project will be rotated.
Rotate left
Rotate left applies a counter-clockwise rotation by 90 degrees to either all images or if images are selected,
just the selected ones.
The overview toolbar provides a thumbnail display of the entire project. The currently visible area of
the project is indicated by a red rectangle. You may navigate through the project by clicking with the
mouse to the area of your interest. Holding down the mousebutton and moving it around enables you to
22 The user interface
In an empty project you can set the task type with the selection in the task type bar. Besides the default
task type, the panorama mode, PanoramaStudio provides here a mode for merging overlapping partial
images of a large document. Therefore set the mode in the task type bar to Merge document. You can
now import a row of partial images into the project and merge them in the same way as panoramic
images. However, all panorama-specific settings and processing steps will be omitted in the document
mode.
You can use this document function i.e. to capture with your letter size scanner even tabloid size pages.
This would require three overlapping scans which could be merged in this mode.
• New project
Creates a new empty panorama project.
• Open project
Opens an existing project from disk. The project will be restored to the state when stored the last
time. The imported images are not embedded into the project file, so that they have to reside in
the folder where they where originally imported from.
5.3 The menu 23
• Save project
Stores an existing project with its current filename. If the project was never saved before, the dialog
box Save project as... will be opened.
• Save project as
Opens the Save project as... dialog box to store the current project with a new filename.
• Close
Closes the current project.
• Import images
Opens the Import images dialog box. This dialog enables you to load the input images into your
project. See also chap. 4.2 (→ p.10).
• Save as image
To export the panorama to the image file format of your choice, select Save as image ... from
the File menu or from the Save button in the action toolbar. You may choose from the formats
JPG, TIFF, BMP, PNG, TGA, PCX, PSD and RAS. For JPG, you may specify additional options
concerning the type of compression, file size and image quality.
• Save as Screensaver/.EXE
Opens the dialog box for saving the current panorama as a screensaver or self-running Windows
program. A detailed description of the functionality can be found in the section Save as Screen-
saver/.EXE dialog box (chap. 5.4.12, p.40).
• Import/Export
This menu item comprises the various possibilities to either import existing panoramas or export
the current panorama project into a series of individual images for further processing.
These parameters should be set as accurate as possible. As for 360 degree panoramas, the
adjustable parameters are restricted to the projection type (cylindrical or spherical ) and the
position of the horizon. If the panorama doesn’t cover 360 degrees, the Horizontal field-of-view
should be guessed as accurate as possible.
• Print panorama
Opens the print preview. Here, the panorama can be spread over multiple pages in an arbitrary
size. It then can be printed as poster with glue margins and crop marks. As a matter of fact,
printing to just one page is possible as well. See also Print preview dialog box (chap. 5.4.8, p.33).
• Settings...
Opens the Settings dialog box for program configuration and administration of the camera database.
Please refer to section Configuring PanoramaStudio (chap. 7, p.56) for further details.
• Exit
Closes all open panorama projects and exits PanoramaStudio.
• Zoom in
Use Zoom in, if you want to display the images or the panorama at a higher zoom level.
• Zoom out
Use Zoom out, if you want to display the images or the panorama at a lower zoom level.
• Original size
Use Original size to match the pixel resolution of the screen and the images. Each image pixel
covers a pixel on the screen.
• Overview
Use Overview to fit the display size of the images or the panorama to the current window size.
• Deselect all
Use Deselect all to deselect all images.
• Reverse order
The command Reverse order reverses the arrangement of the images in the project. If no images
are selected, the order of all images will be reversed. If two or more images are selected, only the
order of the selected images will be reversed.
• Rotate right
Rotate right applies a clockwise rotation by 90 degrees to the selected input images. If no images
are selected, all images of the project will be rotated.
5.3 The menu 25
• Rotate left
Rotate left applies a counter-clockwise rotation by 90 degrees to either all images or if images are
selected, just the selected ones.
• Create panorama
Initiates the stitching process for a wide angle panorama assembled from the input images in the
project.
26 The user interface
• Merge document
You can start the stitching process for the document mode with Merge document here, if you
initially set the task type for the project to Merge document. More on this in chap. 5.2.5 (→ p.22).
• Adjust
Opens a menu to choose from different correction modes. To gather more information which type
of correction should be applied for an observed defect or fault, please refer to Applying manual
adjustments, (chap. 4.6, p.14). The particular correction modes are explained in chap. 6 (→ p.44).
• Crop
This command helps to crop the irregular image borders of the panorama. Therefore, it switches
to the Crop image mode. See also chap. 6.7 (→ p.53).
• Resize
Use the command Resize to alter the pixel dimensions of the panorama. The dialog box Resize
panorama will open to specify the new dimensions (chap. 5.4.6, p.32).
• Optimize
This pull-down menu offers you a selection of different image-processing filters for improving sharp-
ness and coloring (chap. 5.4.7, p.32).
• Hotspots
By clicking Hotspots, you may enter the hotspots mode which enables you to insert and edit hotspots.
See also chap. 6.8 (→ p.53).
• Perspective projection
Use Perspective projection to show, save, or print certain sections of a panorama in perspective
correct manner. For further information about the corresponding dialog window, please refer to
chap. 5.4.5 (→ p.30).
• Reset completely
Use Reset completely to discard all settings and adjustments for the panorama project and to restore
the input images to their original state.
• Panorama properties
Opens the Panorama properties dialog box which provides information about the panorama in the
current state (chap. 5.4.4, p.30).
5.3 The menu 27
• Help topics
Starts the help system of PanoramaStudio .
• How to register PanoramaStudio
Provides information on how to purchase PanoramaStudio .
• Enter license key
Opens a dialog box to enter the license key you obtained for PanoramaStudio .
• About
Shows program information.
28 The user interface
The Rotate image dialog box allows you to rotate an image by an arbitrary angle very precisely. Therefore,
even subtly misaligned shoots may be corrected so that the horizon will match horizontally again. This is
critical for assembling the images, because adjacent images can only be merged correctly when all images
are in line with each other.
The option auto-crop borders automatically crops the undefined areas caused by rotating the image. A
grid can be displayed by clicking Show grid for better orientation while rotating.
The Resize images dialog box allows to uniformly rescale the pixel dimensions of all input images of the
project.
5.4 The dialog boxes 29
Width, height
This input boxes expect the new width and height of the images given as percentage. Absolute values are
not applicable, since images may have different pixel dimensions. However, image sizes should generally
not deviate too much, since automatic panorama creation may cause problems otherwise.
Defaults...
Provides a list of standard sizes for the images.
This dialog box provides information about the selected image in the current project. This information
comprises location on the storage device, file type and image dimensions. If available, existing Exif
information will be displayed as well. This includes focal length, exposure, ISO setting, aperture, etc.
The Panorama properties dialog box displays information on the created panorama, especially the pixel
dimensions, the corresponding size expressed in megapixels, the applied focal length and the resulting
covering angle of the entire panorama.
Figure 5.17: The Perspective (rectilinear) projection of an image section dialog box
turn into curves. On the other hand, a flat surface may not display a 360 degree panorama otherwise.
However, it is possible to extract sections of the image for flat presentation so that they actually look
like being taken with an ordinary camera. This is the purpose of perspective or rectilinear projection.
The dialog box for perspective projection enables you to extract views from the panorama with a covering
angle of up to 160 degrees. Thus, it is possible to artificially create images which actually would have
required a super wide angle lens under real world conditions.
For this purpose, the dialog box provides a preview as it can be seen in figure 5.17. It shows a certain
section of the panorama. With the left mouse button pressed, you can scroll left, right, up, and down. A
mousewheel - if present - may be used to zoom in or out.
The section may also be set explicitly by specifying numerical values in the Parameters box. The input
boxes Horizontal direction and Vertical direction are to specify the viewing direction. Possible values
for horizontal direction range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees depending on the panorama. The vertical
direction theoretically may vary between -90 degrees and +90 degrees whereas negative values symbolize
viewing downwards and positive values symbolize viewing upwards.
The Horizontal field-of-view (HFOV) expresses the angle which covers the visible image area along a
horizontal line. This value directly corresponds to the focal length or zoom level the image was actually
shot with the camera.
When activated, the option Bicubic interpolation causes PanoramaStudio to render the image with high
quality. This will result in higher image sharpness. To specify the pixel dimensions of the new image,
enter the desired values in the Destination size box. Defaults provides some frequently used standard
values. Max. width and Max. height allows to specify custom values. For example, a pixel dimension of
4000 x 1800 pixels corresponds to the resolution of a five-megapixel digital camera which is far sufficient
for printing on letter format. Note that the Destination size box specifies only maximum values. The
actual image dimensions can be smaller in case of unsufficient width or height of the original panorama.
The resulting dimensions are displayed in the Result line. The preview area shows the actual resulting
display window.
Further on, image quality of the perspective projection depends on the size of the panorama. Thus, the
line Initial size in the Parameters box displays the size of the underlying panorama. The initial size gives
an idea for reasonable dimensions for the projected image. Destination sizes unreasonably exceeding
the initial sizes will cause blurred image details due to extensive magnification. The same applies for
projections with high zoom settings - blurring will be clearly identifiable with the preview in such cases.
To assist you selecting reasonable projection parameters, PanoramaStudio rates your current settings at
Quality of image resolution for the selected window size. This rating comprises destination size, display
detail and initial pixel dimensions.
Finally, the Render button triggers the generation of the projected image as displayed in the preview
32 The user interface
area with the specified dimensions. When done, the dialog box switches to the Result tab to show the
rendered image. This tab allows you to save the image (Save as...) or to print it via the build-in poster
printing feature of PanoramaStudio (Print...).
The Resize Panorama dialog box allows you to alter the pixel dimensions of the created panorama.
Height, width
Change width and height of the panorama. Specify new pixel sizes for width and height either directly, or
expressed as percentage. Changing a value automatically causes the corresponding value to be updated.
Real-world dimensions
Computes the real-world image dimensions for the panorama assuming it was printed or displayed at the
given resolution. You may choose from mm, cm and inches. The Assuming resolution textbox allows you
to enter an arbitrary resolution given as Dpi (pixels/inch) as input to this computation. The resolution
of a 17-inch CRT monitor with 1024x768 pixels per inch for example roughly corresponds to 80 dpi.
Sharpen
Sharpen offers simple sharpening with three levels of intensity to choose from.
5.4 The dialog boxes 33
Unsharp mask
Contrary to how it sounds, this filter provides a high-quality sharpening. The name stems from the fact,
that the image will be compared with a blurred copy and the differences will be used to increase contrast.
With the Radius box you can adjust the radius where sharpening information for a pixel will be searched.
Threshold determines the minimum brightness difference to the original pixel sufficient to replace it.
Brightness/Contrast
Adjusts contrast and brightness of an image. Additionally, Gamma correction can be applied to brighten
or darken the midtones of an image. In general, the latter method performs better since light and dark
areas remain unchanged.
Tone curves
The Tone curve dialog box enables you to redistribute the levels of luminances. It provides a histogramm
illustrating the luminance distribution by clustering the pixels according to their gray value for your
convenience. Initially, the dialog box starts up with no changes to the luminance distribution which is
represented by a straight line from the lower left to the upper right corner of the graph. Each point of
this tone curve corresponds to a distinct original luminance value and some destination luminance value.
The original value can be found in the horizontal gray scale beneath its corresponding point, and the
destination value is displayed by the vertical gray scale to the left at the vertical position of the point.
Moving or bending the tone curve upwards for example would brighten the image.
Additionally, this redistribution can be applied to single color channels specified by the Channel listbox
in the same way. The Mode listbox offers three manipulation procedures for the tone curve:
• Manual: The course of the tone curve can be modified by redrawing it with the mouse. Applying
the Smooth button will smooth the curve.
• Curve: Set anchors by clicking with the mouse and move them around to the desired position.
Pulling one anchor very close to another one removes it. These anchors specify the tone curve
which is automatically interpolated through all of them.
• Linear: Anchors are to be set and moved around like in Curve mode. In contrast to the previous
mode, this mode generates the tone curve by directly connecting the anchors with straight lines.
Load and Save enables you to save your custom redistribution settings for later use.
Levels
The Levels dialog box serves to adjust the luminance distribution of the image. The ruler for the Input
values limits the input luminance range. This range will be stretched to the range given in Output
values. To enhance contrast for example, limit the input range, but leave the output range maximal.
While light and dark areas will collapse, the contrast for the midtones will increase. To make the image
look foggy, leave the input range maximal but compress the output range. The entire image will loose
contrast. Very light and very dark areas turn foggy.
Additionally, the Gamma ruler enables you to apply a gamma correction to the result of the levels
transformation.
All operations may be applied either to all colors at once (grey channel), or to each color channel,
namely red, green and blue, at once.
Color balance
The Color balance control enables you to perform color correction in selected light, mid or dark areas of
the picture. Incorrectly balanced colors in a picture can be corrected by adjusting the balance between
red-cyan, green-magenta and blue-yellow.
The toolbar
• Setup... - Opens the System dialog, so you can select and configure the printer (e.g. page orienta-
tion)
• Fit poster - Fits all pages of the displayed poster into the preview window.
Image
• Width, Height - Here you can define the exact size of the image to be printed, in millimeters or
inches
• -10%, +10% - Increases or decreases the present size of the image in 10 percent increments.
• Fit to page width, Fit to page height - increases the size of the panorama image so that the width
or height corresponds to the width or height of the allocated page.
• Position - Here you can determine the position of the panorama on the paper.
5.4 The dialog boxes 35
Settings
• Page Borders - This is used to specify the page margin, again in mm or inches.
• Markers: Crop marks and glue edges - Mark these fields when you want to print crop marks or
glue edges with your picture. The glue edges indicate where to apply the adhesive used to stick
the individual pages together. Crop marks show you where to trim the pages in order to obtain a
borderless poster.
• Trapping - One of the difficulties encountered while joining the individual pages is the accurate
cutting of page edges. The slightest inaccuracy can lead to white edges showing between glued
sheets.
This can be avoided by using the trapping tool, which enables you to print an overlap of up to 2
mm, at the left and upper page edges. This means you don’t have to cut the sheet edge quite so
precisely, and you can also avoid gaps when gluing the sheets together.
This dialog box allows you to save your panorama in the interactive QuickTimeVR format. This enables
you to navigate within your saved panorama using the mouse, and to zoom in or out of the picture.
36 The user interface
Window size
The window size is the size, in pixels, that QuickTime will use upon opening your panorama. This will
also be the size of your panorama as it would appear on the web.
Output size
Ideally, internet data should be kept relatively small. In this case, the size of the panorama picture is a
factor. When saving the panorama, you can use the Output size pull-down menu to reduce it to one of
the available sizes in the list. Reducing the size to 70% decreases the size of the file by almost half, and
a reduction of 50% decreases it to a quarter. It’s necessary to strike a balance between picture size and
available memory.
Compression
Compression is the second way of regulating the size of your output data. The higher the Quality
setting, the larger the file, and the less ”lossy“ the picture will be. You can choose between various
types of compression using the Compression type pull-down menu. The preset JPEG is usually a safe
choice, though PNG is another relatively loss-free process. However, it achieves only a small amount of
compression.
Website (HTML)
When you tick the field Create equal-named .HTML file, you not only create a QuickTime VR file with
the file extension .mov, you also create a HTML page of the same name, with the file extension .html.
The QuickTime VR data is embedded in this file, in order that the QuickTime plug-in can show the
panorama in the browser.
Initially, the generated HTML page contains only the panorama. You may then edit the data using a
HTML editor of your choice.
In order to make your panorama accessible to your Internet guests, all you need to do is copy each file to
the same target folder when uploading. Then the panorama can be viewed interactively on any computer
with Apple’s QuickTime player.
Display
• Auto play settings - PanoramaStudio offers, as well as for Java panoramas, the optional automatic
playback of a QuickTime panorama. With no user input, a camera automatically sweeps through
the panorama.
You can activate this option by clicking the Auto play settings button. Entering the desired values
in the Auto pan rate and Auto tilt rate boxes sets the direction of travel. The first defines the
horizontal movement of the camera, and the second defines the point of view’s vertical tilt. Each
time the pan shot reaches the edge of the panorama, the direction of movement is reversed. The
auto zoom behaves in a similar way, and is defined in the Auto zoom rate field. A value of 1.0 has
no effect. Values lower than 1.0 effect a “zoom in”, values higher than 1.0 effect a “zoom out”.
• Field-of-view settings - This is where you can set the viewing direction and field-of-view for the
start of playback.
The easiest way to set the viewing direction is the use of the graphical preview with Set in preview
mode. It opens another dialog box showing a view similar to the initial display of the saved
file. There you can set the position and the field-of-view with the mouse and the mouse wheel,
respectively.
You can also set viewing direction numerically with the parameters Pan and Tilt. They respectively
determine the position of horizontal sweep and vertical tilt of the field-of-view. The extent of the
initial field-of-view can be adjusted by setting the HFov (horizontal field-of-view). In the Min and
Max fields you can set the smallest and largest field-of-view. Usually, the use of a low resolution
means there’s no advantage in setting a very low value here, as zooming in too tightly merely
reveals a lack of detail. In this case, it is useful to limit yourself to a reasonably large minimum
field-of-view.
• Display in high quality while moving - With this feature activated, QuickTime shows the panorama
in the highest picture quality during the navigation of the scene. However, this setting requires
more computer performance, causing jerky playback on weaker machines or using larger screen
5.4 The dialog boxes 37
sizes. Depending on your own objectives, you must decide which attribute is the most important.
Modern computers should be able to play back at high quality settings without any juddering.
Ideally you should carry out a short test of both options.
• Insert additional information - Here you can store additional information in the QuickTime pa-
norama like the name of the author or details about the scene. The fields Copyright, Panorama
information, and Complete name are available for this purpose.
This dialog box lets you save your panorama as an interactive Flash or Java applet. Therefore,
PanoramaStudio provides its own viewer, called the PanoramaStudio Viewer. This is a stand-alone
software application contained within the PanoramaStudio installation. In this dialog box you can con-
figure all parameters of the PanoramaStudio Viewer, and on saving, all associated data is automatically
generated. The saved panorama can be viewed in any internet browser with Java or Flash capability.
The user can use the mouse to pan and zoom in such an interactive panorama.
When you save the panorama for the Viewer, a number of files are generated in the target folder. The
main file is a HTML file, to be shown in your internet browser. Furthermore, a JPEG file of the panorama
image is added, the Java or Flash applet is copied to the target folder, and a hotspot file is generated, if
hotspots are used.
With the selection at Choose display type you can select if the panorama is played with the Java or Flash
version of the viewer. With the setting Embed both types it is also possible to create a webpage where
the user can switch between both versions.
38 The user interface
Settings
In the Settings field you’ll find the most important parameters for the configuration of the panorama
and the Viewer respectively. The panorama image itself is saved as a JPEG. Under JPEG options you
can set the desired image compression just as you normally do when saving an image.
The Display quality of the Viewer can be adjusted at five levels. The lowest level demands the least
computing power, but the picture quality will be low. The higher levels improve picture quality, so that
the best picture quality is applied, respectively, in freeze frame, autoplay, and finally, at the highest
setting, while the user is interactively navigating the viewer. The viewer window size and available
computer performance determine whether the picture will judder during playback. A solution providing
the optimum playback performance at all times, regardless of processor power, is the setting dynamic
(adaptive). The dynamic display quality setting reacts to a deficiency in computer power by accordingly
reducing playback quality, reverting to high quality playback wherever possible.
The Advanced settings button opens a further dialog, in which many more parameters for the configu-
ration of the Viewer and the panorama playback can be adjusted. You can find a description of these
functions in the section Advanced settings for the Viewer a thorough list of parameters.
The Field-of-view... button opens a small dialog box for the adjustment of the field-of-view parameters.
The easiest way to set the viewing direction is the use of the graphical preview with Set in preview mode.
It opens another dialog box showing a view similar to the initial display of the saved file. There you can
set the position and the field-of-view with the mouse and the mouse wheel, respectively.
You can also set viewing direction numerically with the parameters Pan and Tilt. They respectively
determine the position of horizontal sweep and vertical tilt of the field-of-view. You can adjust the
extent of the initial field-of-view by setting the HFov (horizontal field-of-view). In the Min and Max
fields you can set the smallest and largest field-of-view. Usually, using a low resolution means there’s
no reason to set a very low value here, as zooming in too tightly merely reveals a lack of detail. In this
case, it is useful to limit yourself to a relatively large minimum field of view.
Window size
The Window size is the size in pixels of the Viewer window. This will be the size of your panorama
window as it appears in the browser.
License information
Here attention is drawn to the need for a separate license for the Viewer, if you wish to use the
PanoramaStudio Viewer as part of a commercial internet site. When you have acquired a license key for
this purpose, you can enter it here. You find more information and the current version of the Viewer on
our website: http://www.tshsoft.com
General
You can enter a name for your panorama in the field Title. This name will later appear in the applet’s
status bar. The Language setting allows to set the Viewer texts to english, french, and german. You can
choose the color and shadow color of the embedded text by clicking the Text color and Shadow color
buttons. Furthermore, registered Viewers allow to feature your own logo, in place of the PanoramaStudio
logo. You can do this in the Own logo field, using JPEG, GIF, or PNG files. The URL field can be used
to provide your logo with a URL link.
If the Visible hotspots field is selected, the hotspots will be visible at the start of the Viewer, otherwise
they remain invisible and are indicated by the shape of the mouse cursor.
Toolbar
Among other things, the Viewer offers the option of a toolbar with buttons for navigation and for showing
or hiding hotspots. If you wish to show this toolbar within the Viewer, please activate the Show toolbar
box. By clicking on the Configure toolbar... button, you can modify the appearance of the toolbar in an
additional dialog box.
Border
You have the option of accentuating your Viewer with a narrow border. Tick the Show border box to do
this. The color of the field can be chosen by clicking the Border color button.
Controls
In Controls, you can adjust the mouse attributes. The sensitivity of the mouse can be set by entering a
value in the Mouse sensitivity field. The greater the value entered, the faster the resultant movement of
the mouse when navigating the Viewer. Mouse inertia can be assigned in the Mouse mass field, which
sets the rate of acceleration and deceleration of the mouse during navigation of the Viewer. This leads to
softer and less abrupt movements within the panorama. Once again, the greater the value entered here,
the more pronounced the effect.
Waiting screen
The waiting screen is shown during the loading of the panorama’s image data. It features an explanatory
text and an additional progress bar, representing the current status.
You can alter the colors of the waiting screen using the Foreground color and Background color buttons.
The text you wish to appear during image loading can be altered in the Waiting text field. Additionally,
if you want to include your logo in the waiting screen, you can again assign a JPEG, GIF or PNG file in
the Waiting screen logo field.
Auto Play
Auto Play allows you to set the parameters for the automatic playback of your panorama. Auto play is
active when the Activate auto play box is ticked. User interaction with the Viewer stops auto play. It
then restarts after the amount of time which is set in the field Restart after user interaction is elapsed.
The direction of movement can be set by entering the desired values in the Auto pan rate and Auto tilt
rate boxes. The first defines the horizontal movement of the camera, and the second defines the vertical
movement. Each time the viewing direction reaches the edge of the panorama, the direction of movement
is reversed. The auto zoom behaves in a similar manner, and is set in the Auto zoom rate field. A value
of 1.0 has no effect. Values lower than 1.0 effect a “zoom in”, values higher than 1.0 effect a “zoom out”
of the scene.
Settings
All settings can be saved for future use by clicking the Save button.
Window size
The window size is the size in pixels that the initial display window will have. If Fullscreen is set, the
panorama opens in fullscreen mode. This setting is not valid for screensavers, since these will always be
displayed full screen.
Settings
The basic parameters for configuring the panorama are located in the Settings box. The panoramic image
itself will be embedded as a JPEG image into the output file. Therefore, you can set the compression
factor with JPEG options... just like saving the panorama as an image.
The Display quality of the panorama while showing can be set at five levels. The lowest level demands
the least computing power, but the picture quality will be low. The higher levels improve picture quality,
so that the best picture quality is applied, respectively, in freeze frame, autoplay, and finally, at the
highest setting, while the user is interactively navigating the panorama. The window size and available
computer performance determine whether the picture will judder during playback. A solution providing
the optimum playback performance at all times, regardless of processor power, is the setting dynamic
(adaptive). The dynamic display quality setting reacts to a deficiency in computer power by accordingly
reducing playback quality, reverting to high quality playback wherever possible.
With Advanced settings... you can open a dialog box for configuring various parameters for adjusting the
display of the panorama. The parameters refering to Auto Play and Controls are just like the parameters
for saving as Java applet. Further details on them can be found in section chap. 5.4.11 (→ p.38). In
addition there is the parameter Display. Here you can choose if the panorama is displayed in the full
window, or with a black border, or in 16:9 mode.
The functionality of the Field-of-view settings... is again just the same as for Java applets and can be
found in section chap. 5.4.10 (→ p.37).
It’s recommended to enable the Use Direct3D box, because this mode uses hardware acceleration for the
three-dimensional display of the panorama and results in higher quality and frame rates.
Name
In the Name box, you can enter the camera maker and model, as you wish them to appear in the program.
42 The user interface
Entering the camera specifications using the specification via 35mm equivalent focal length
or focal length multiplier
The camera or lens attributes can be entered in the 35mm equivalent focal length or focal length multiplier
fields. The 35mm equivalent focal length is the more commonly used in compact digital cameras and
describes the focal length required to produce results equivalent to those achieved by an analog camera
loaded with 35mm film, whereas a focal length multiplier is common in digital SLR cameras with inter-
changeable lenses. The factor is identical to the size of the camera’s digital image sensor relative to a
35mm film negative.
35mm equivalent focal length Here, you can enter the focal length in a form identical to that
of a 35mm analog camera. The focal length equivalent to 35mm camera can usually be found in the
manufacturer’s technical data. Enter the minimum and maximum focal lengths in the corresponding
fields. If your camera has a fixed focal length, in other words, no optical zoom, enter the same value in
both fields. For more information on focal length read chap. 4.4 (→ p.12).
Command Shortcut
New project Ctrl+N
Open project Ctrl+O
Save project Ctrl+S
Save project as... Ctrl+U
Import images... Ctrl+I
Save as image... Ctrl+J
Print panorama... Ctrl+P
Zoom in Num+
Zoom out Num-
Original size F8
Overview F10
Select all Ctrl+A
Deselect all Ctrl+B
Reverse order Ctrl+T
Rotate right Ctrl+W
Rotate 180 degrees Ctrl+E
Rotate left Ctrl+R
Remove selected images Del
Parameters F2
Create panorama F3
Create 360 degree panorama F4
Crop F5
Resize F6
Hotspots F7
Help topics F1
Chapter 6
44
6.2 The horizon and focal length mode 45
New camera...
If the button New camera... is visible, PanoramaStudio has detected a new camera which provides focal
length information within its EXIF data. However, that camera was not yet added to the database.
When clicking this button, a dialog box for adding this camera to the database appears. Just enter the
data about focal length provided by the camera manual.
For further details see chap. 5.4.13 (→ p.41).
Lens correction
The Lens correction contains the correction for barrel/pincushion distortions as well as the vignetting
correction.
Barrel/Pincushion correction This section is only relevant in case of recognizable distortions caused
by your lens, such as clearly bent and originally straight lines. You can either enter the correction value
for the lens correction in the input box Amount or check the Automatic box for automatic determination
of a correction value. Correction values up to 100 minimize the pincushion distortions, correction values
down to -100 minimize barrel distortions.
Vignetting correction Vignetting is a flaw where photos have a brightness falloff to the image
corners. You should use the Vignetting correction if the image overlap regions look darker than the
overall panorama. This correction brightens the corners of the input images in an adequate way. With
Automatic PanoramaStudio tries to detect a suitable correction automatically. But you can also set the
Amount and Radius of the vignetting correction manually.
Horizontal overlap
Specify the number of horizontally overlapping pixels.
Vertical offset
Specify the vertical offset between the two images of the current overlap in pixels. A negative value
indicates that the right image is located higher than the left one. A positive value has to be interpreted
the other way round.
The work space displays the active overlapping area split up into small tiles. Each tile represents one
detail overlap of the active overlap for which the relative positon of the two overlapping images may be
set individually by drag and drop with the mouse. Hold down the Ctrl key to select multiple tiles. This
allows to edit areas consisting of multiple tiles in one step.
To assist you finding the right position, each image is displayed semi-transparently. You found the best
position, when both image tiles match and look like just one image.
To move the focus from the active overlap to another, just click with the mouse on the desired overlap
to activate it.
The corresponding tool window of the detail adjustments mode enables you to specify the pixel offsets
for each tile of the the overlapping images individually.
6.4 The detail adjustments mode 49
Reset tiles
Resets all changes on details made since entering the adjustment mode.
Show difference-view
Switches to alternative kind of view while working on tiles. Rather then blending the two overlapping
images, this view shows their differences with mid gray indicating no difference. in some cases, this view
allows better judgement of the detail adjustment success.
Figure 6.8: Removing doubles of moving objects by reducing the blending area
First, you can apply the complex multiband blending which can be enabled by clicking Use multiband
blending in the blending dialog. A second way to deal with this problem is just to properly set the
overlapping areas by moving and resizing them so that the ghosting vanishes.
Automatic correction
If you have Automatic correction enabled, PanoramStudio uses the computed exposure adjustments.
Overall brightness
You can adjust the brightness of the panorama in addition to the automatic correction via the slider
Overall brightness.
Bicubic interpolation
Another possibility to achieve better image quality is the Bicubic interpolation, a more complex
interpolation operation.
New hotspot
When inserting a new hotspot, you may choose from a list of five default shapes and one arbitrary shaped
polygon hotspot. For the latter, use double click to finish your drawing.
Delete hotspot
Deletes the active hotspot.
Shape
Displays the shape of the active hotspot. When clicking, a list of alternative shapes appears. To change
the current shape, just select a new one.
URL
Enter a link to a website where this hotspot should refer to. Furthermore, the PanoramaStudio Viewer
offers the option to refer directly to another panorama and open this in the same Viewer window. All
properties of a panorama which you may have saved before i.e. as Panorama1.html, were stored in the
file Panorama1.xml. If the hotspot URL refers to such a XML file together with the keyword myself in
the HTML target field the referred panorama will be opened in the same Viewer window.
6.9 The panorama mode 55
Description
Enter a short description of the hotspot.
HTML target
Like for regular HTML pages, this field allows to specify a target frame for the link. When the user clicks
on the link, the new URL will appear in the specified frame. If you like to create an interactive tour
as QuickTimeVR or Java panorama for example, PanoramaStudio will create the corresponding HTML
pages for you when saving. In case these pages are integrated in a frameset, the HTML target field is to
specify the target frame which will display the corresponding link. The usage is conform to HTML.
Giving ’ blank’ as HTML target will open a new frame for displaying the link. As described above the
keyword myself is a special case which allows to open other panoramas in the same Viewer window. For
more information about this issue please read also the PanoramaStudio Viewer documentation.
Hotspot color
You can associate a color to every hotspot. This color is used for the hotspot area, if hotspots are visible.
This option is only available for Java and Flash panoramas, QuickTimeVR doesn’t support this feature.
Configuring PanoramaStudio
The preferences allow you to set the parameters needed for processing the panorama, the display mode
for the monitor, the use of temporary disk space as well as to edit the information about digital cameras
provided by the database of PanoramaStudio.
The Settings dialog box can be opened through the menu File→Settings.
56
57
Both parameters of the Detail adjustments between images section may influence the quality of
the stitching process considerably.
The most important setting is the Number of iterations. The greater the value, the finer the detail
adjustments in the overlaps. Computation time will rise roughly with the desired quality. As the Number
of iterations decreases, the overlap matching will become more and more coarse.
The parameter for Minimal tile size defines a lower bound for the fragmentation into tiles for detail
adjustments. This value is to be specified as number of pixels.
The box Blending and exposure correction allows to set preferences concerning exposure correction as
well as blending mode. When marked, the field Match the input images causes PanoramaStudio to
automatically defeat differences in exposure along the series of input images. Mark Exposure correction
of the panorama to activate an automatic exposure adjustment for the entire panorama after the
stitching process. Finally, Use multiband blending enables a more complex and thus more powerful
blending procedure which usually yields better results for problematic images. These preferences initially
apply to every new panorama project. However, they maybe individually changed for every panorama
later. With ’Use focal length from EXIF’ as default you can enable that the corresponding button in the
parameters dialog box is always pre-selected.
59
60 INDEX
blending mode, 50
crop mode, 52
detail adjustments, 47
edit image overlaps, 47
exposure adjustments, 51
horizon and focal length, 43
hotspots, 53
unsharp mask, 32
URL, 16
user interface, 18
vertical offset, 47
view menu, 23
view toolbar, 20
viewfinder camera, 12
vignetting, 45
vignetting correction, 12, 45
watermark, 3
wavelike, 13
wide angle converter, 45
wide angle converter lens, 11
wide angle panorama, 13
window menu, 26
windows, 2
zoom, 7