Principles of Communication Engineering Chapter 2 for S.E.

(INFT) IVth Semester

SPECTRUM & NOISE

Jayen Modi Department of Electronics Engineering
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology Wadala (E), Mumbai 400037

Introduction to (Electrical) Noise

General Description What is it ?
clean input signal v(t) t

noisy input signal v(t)

PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in

Introduction to (Electrical) Noise

General Description What is it ?
clean input signal v(t) t

noisy input signal v(t)

PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in

Introduction to (Electrical) Noise

General Description
Noise is an unwanted electrical disturbance which gives rise to audible or visual disturbances in the communication process & errors in message signal Noise may be uncorrelated or correlated, where the correlated noise exists only for the signal but uncorrelated noise present always at all times Noise may be generated from different sources & depending upon the sources it is classified either as internal noise or external noise
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 4

Sources & Types of Noise

General Classification
Sources & Types of Noise

External Noise
Atmospheric Noise Extraterrestrial Noise Industrial Noise
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in

Internal Noise
Thermal Noise Transit Time Noise Flicker Noise Burst Noise 5 Shot Noise

1. External Sources of Noise

Generated outside the system/circuit
External source of noise are those introducing disturbance from outside the system or circuit of the following types :-

Atmospheric Noise Extraterrestrial Noise Industrial Noise

PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 6

refer class notebook for the description

1. External Sources of Noise

(a) Atmospheric Noise
It is naturally occurring electrical disturbance which originates in the Earths atmosphere Commonly called as the static electricity & it is cracking & sputtering of loudspeakers Most common source of origination of the static electricity is due to lightning (natural, electrical) It is however inverse proportional to frequency hence above 30 MHz becomes insignificant
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 7

1. External Sources of Noise

(b) Extraterrestrial Noise
It is naturally occurring electrical disturbance which originates outside the Earths atmosphere Commonly called as deep space noise & origins are from Milky Way, sun & stars, galaxies etc. Solar noise directly generated from radiations of the sun, in form of sun flares & sun spots Cosmic noise is distributed throughout galaxies & is relatively small due to the large distance
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 8

1. External Sources of Noise

(c) Man Made Noise
Noise produced by mankind, artificially used by AC power generating equipment etc. Caused due to spark producing mechanisms like commutators, automobile ignition, switching etc. Impulsive in nature & contains a wide range of frequencies propagating in space like RF waves Most intensive in the large urban, metropolitan areas like cities, called industrial noise
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 9

1. External Sources of Noise

Generated outside the system/circuit
Atmospheric Noise Generated in atmosphere in the form of lighting & is inversely proportional to frequency, hence less effect at higher frequency Extraterrestrial Noise Originates high above the atmosphere, in space from sun, stars, the galaxy & other cosmic sources or other radiations Industrial Noise Called as man-made noise, it is due to make/break in current carrying circuits of electric motors, welding machine, ignition systems
PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in 10

2. Internal Sources of Noise

Generated from inside the system/circuit
Internal source of noise are those introducing disturbance from within the system or circuit of following the types :-

Thermal Noise Shot Noise Flicker Noise Burst Noise Transit Time Noise

refer class notebook for the description

PCOM by Prof. Jayen Modi jayen.modi@vit.edu.in

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