Draft copy for adoption: LABORATORY MANUAL

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS B.Tech II nd yr ECE

Prepared at Aurora Engg College With Participation & Valuable contributions for use of Aurora Engg college, Santh Samrth Engg college, Karshak Engg college, Church Institute of technology. Ramappa Engg college.

Design and review by.

Satish Kauashik, AEC Prof K.Appa Rao. CIT.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

EXP . NO. 1. TWO STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER 1. AIM: To Design and study the response of a two stage RC-coupled amplifier and calculation of gain and band width. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz 2. Bread Board 3. Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, 4. DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held 5. Function generator ! MhZ ii.COMPONENTS: 1. 62k Resistor 2 No. 2. 4.7k Resistor 3 No. 3. 1.5 Resistor 2 No 4. 33k Resistor 2 No 5. 1k Resistor 2 No 6. 10 F/ 16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 3 No. 7. 0.1 F/16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 2 No 8. Transistors BC107 2 No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified. 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No 1 No.

3. THEORY: As the gain provided by a single stage amplifier is usually not sufficient to drive the load, so to achieve extra gain multi-stage amplifier are used. In multi-stage amplifiers output of one-stage is coupled to the input of the next stage. The coupling of one stage to another is done with the help of some coupling devices. If it is coupled by RC then the amplifier is called RC-coupled amplifier. Frequency response of an amplifier is defined as the variation of gain with respective frequency. The gain of the amplifier increases as the frequency increases from

zero till it becomes maximum at lower cut-off frequency and remains constant till higher cut-off frequency and then it falls again as the frequency increases. At low frequencies the reactance of coupling capacitor CC is quite high and hence very small part of signal will pass through from one stage to the next stage. At high frequencies the reactance of inter electrode capacitance is very small and behaves as a short circuit. This increases the loading effect on next stage and service to reduce the voltage gain due to these reasons the voltage gain drops at high frequencies. At mid frequencies the effect of coupling capacitors is negligible and acts like short circuit, where as inter electrode capacitors acts like open circuit. So, the circuit becomes resistive at mid frequencies and the voltage gain remains constant during this range. 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Vcc 12.0

62 .0k

33 .0k

100.0n 1.0k T1 !NPN

245mv

33 .0k

62 .0k

6.63v

4.7k

100.0n
842mv

6.63v

10.0u

842mv

T2 !NPN
245mv

Vout+ 1.0 k

4.7 k

Vin

1.5 k

1.5 k

10 .0u

10 .0u

4.7 k

ALTERNATE CIRCUIT :
V 12.0 cc

47 .0k

2.2 k

47 .0k

10.0u

10.0k 10.0u
2.05v

10 .0u

8.94v

10.0k

2.2 k

8.94v

10.0u

T1 !NPN 10 .0k
1.4v

2.05v

T2 !NP N 2.2 k
1.4v

Vout+ 10 0.0 u

10 .0k

Vin

1.0 k

10 0.0 u

5. PROCEDURE: i.. Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in the circuit diagram.

ii. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages of both stages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 Vb2, Vc2, Ve2 iii. By keeping the amplitude of the input signal constant, vary the frequency from zero to 1 MHz. iv. Note down the amplitude of the output signal for corresponding values of input frequencies. v. vi. Calculate the voltage gain in decibels. Plot in semi-log graph between gain vs frequency and calculate the band width. Observed voltages

10 .0k

1.0 k

6. OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO

FREQUENCY VOUT

GAIN= VOUT /VIN

GAIN in dB

7. CALCULATIONS: i. ii. Determine lower cut-off frequency and upper cut-off frequency from the graph. Calculate Band width.

8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: i. ii. iii. Lower cut-off frequency = Upper cut-off frequency = Band width =

10. INFERENCES: This circuit is useful for amplification by providing higher gain in the range __________ 11. PRECAUTIONS:
i. ii. Test Transistors before assembling the circuits Mark polarities of electrolytic capacitors and connect.

iii. Apply voltage from the power supply and proceed further only after obtaining expected DC voltages at base emitter collector of the transistors.

iv. If above are correct you can apply signal from function generator and monitor the output on CRO and adjust signal amplitude such that output seen in CRO is free from rounding and clipping of the signals. v. If you face any problem with signal on CRO due to wrong settings of the controls check up connections to CRO

vi

Resistors should be connected properly with out interchanging the values.

vii .Check the continuity of the connecting wires. 12. APPLICATIONS: 1. Audio amplifiers 2. Radio Transmitters and Receivers. 13. EXTENSIONS: In general multi-stage amplifiers are used to provide high overall gain for the applied input signal. In this experiment, we verified this with two stages coupled with resistors and capacitors. We can extend the circuit diagram with one or more stages cascading with the given two stages RC coupled amplifier. We can extend low frequency range by increasing coupling and bypass capacitors. By employing negative feedback, we can ensure constant gain against device parameters. This experiment is carried on with two stages of amplifiers operating with low current. RC coupling can be made between amplifiers with any type of biasing methods instead of voltage divider bias as shown. An alternate circuit is shown to enlarge this scope of study of RC amplifier (1) study effect of individual LF cutoff on the overall cutoff. (2) Measure input impedance of amplifier (3) Study effect on overall LF cutoff due to individual RC couplings at the input and emitter by capacitors. (4) Apply small square wave and measure rise times on individual stages and verify formula on rise times. (5) Since high frequency cutoff is determined by output capacitance of transistors 1:1 probes used on CRO can lower HF cutoff. In order to avoid this effect intentionally a large capacitors of 0.1 microfarad or the like is connected such that high frequency cutoff falls well below 1 megahertz.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. 2. 3. FAULT If there is no output If the output is distorted If DC voltages differ very much DIAGNOSIS Check Vcc and all DC voltages. Check function generator. Check CRO connections. Check Vcc and all DC voltages Check amplitude of input signal. Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. Special tip to measure Bandwidth without graph. graph. Note amplitude at mid band and vary frequency towards low frequency till amplitude falls by 30% .Let this be f1. Repeat this step towards high frequency end until amplitude falls by 30%.Let this be f2. Band width is f2-f1.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. What are the advantages and disadvantages of multi-stage amplifiers? Why gain falls at HF and LF? Why the gain remains constant at MF? Explain the function of emitter bypass capacitor, Ce? How the band width will effect as more number of stages are cascaded? Define frequency response? Give the formula for effective lower cut-off frequency, when N-number of stages are cascaded. Explain the effect of coupling capacitors and inter-electrode capacitances on overall gain. By how many times effective upper cut-off frequency will be reduced, if three identical stages are cascaded? Mention the applications of two-stage RC-coupled amplifiers.

EXP.NO.2 SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR 1. AIM: To design a transistorized series voltage regulator and study the regulation action for i. ii Different values of input voltages Different values of load resistors and also to find percentage regulation.

2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No

ii. COMPONENTS: 1. 1k Resistor 1 No. 2. 560 Resistor 1 No. 3. 1k , 2k , 4.7k, 10k (load resistors ) 1 No each. 4. Zener diode 1 No. 5. Transistor SL100 1 No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: Voltage regulator is a device designed to maintain the output voltage as nearly constant as possible. It monitors the output voltage and generates feed back that automatically increases are decreases the supply voltage to compensate for any changes in output voltage that might occur because of change in load are changes in load voltages. In transistorized series voltage regulator the control element is a transistor which is in series with load. must be operated in reverse break down region, where it provides constant voltage irrespective of changes in applied voltages.The output voltage of the series voltage regulator is Vo = Vz Vbe.

Since, Vz is constant, any change in Vo must cause a change in Vbe in order to maintain the above equation. So, when Vo decreases Vbe increases, which causes the transistor to conduct more and to produce more load current, this increase in load causes an increase in Vo and makes Vo as constant. Similarly, the regulation action happens when Vo increases also. 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

560.0 1.0k

T1 !NPN

Z1 BZD27 -C5 V1

Vout + 1.0k

10 Vin 1.0 30v

5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply the input voltage from power supply. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 Vz iv. v. vi. For a specific value of load resistor, vary the input voltage from 10 to a maximum of 20 volts and not the values of output voltage. Change the load resistor and repeat steps 2 and 3. Remove the load resistor and note down the voltage at no load. Observed voltages

vii.

viii.

Find percentage regulation. V NL V FL x100 Percentage regulation = V FL Plot the graph for load regulation and line regulation.

6. OBSERVATIONS: S.no Vin RL= Output voltage RL= RL=

7. CALCULATIONS: Percentage load regulation =

V NL V FL x100 = V FL

Percentage Line Regulation = (change in output ) / (change in input) X 100

8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, 10. INFERENCES: This Series Regulator is useful for the input voltage range ______________ Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________

11. PRECAUTIONS:
i. ii. Test Transistors, zener diode before assembling in the circuits. Apply voltage from 15 V and ensure the DC voltages as shown the circuit are obtained. Check circuit connections and components if expected voltages are not obtained. Check resistor values properly otherwise power supply may be over loaded due to small values. If Zener is reversed no damage will occur but output voltage will fall down to 0 V. Don't short the output as this would result in large current through the series transistor which will lead to burning of the same due to overheat.

iii.

iv. v.

12. APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. Low current applications. Fixed voltage applications Extention of zener regulator for higher currents.

13. EXTENSIONS: The main function of voltage regulator is to regulate the changes in output voltage for the changes occur either in input voltage variations or output load variations. In this experiment we have verified for one particular value of output voltage. We can obtain voltage regulation at higher voltages with the help of more number of Zener diode operating in break down region, must be connected in series. For example, to obtain voltage regulation at 8.2 volts, we can use the same circuit with two Zener diodes of values 3.1 volts and 5.1 volts respectively. By employing a series regulator with error amplifier , variable regulated voltage can be obtained from circuit given below. The experiment is conducted is of simplest type to demonstrate use of zener and series pass transistor without any unregulated voltage power supply. In real application regulated power supply used at the input of this experiment will be replaced by a full wave or bridge rectifier with capacitor input filter suitable to the load and ripple voltages expected. The series transistor would be a power transistor with high current capacity and would be mounted to heat sink. Ripple can be simulated by change in input and the corresponding change in output at a constant load current.

One can obtain different fixed voltages by suitably changing the zener diode. One can obtain higher current ratings by employing suitable series power transistor and heat sinks.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. . 2. FAULT If there is no output DIAGNOSIS Check Vi and all DC voltages. Check CRO connections. If DC voltages differ very much Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii.. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Define voltage regulator. Give the advantages of series voltage regulator. . Explain the feed back mechanism in series voltage regulator. In series voltage regulator which is control element and explain its function. Define load and line regulation. What is ideal value ?. Which element determines output ripple ? What determines maximum load current allowed in this circuit ? Mention the applications of series voltage regulator. Define no load voltage and full load voltage. Explain the term percentage regulation.

EXP .NO. 3 SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR 1. AIM: To design a transistorized shunt voltage regulator and observing the regulation action for i. ii Different values of input voltages Different values of load resistors and also to find percentage regulation.

2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No

ii.COMPONENTS: 1. 1k Resistor 1 No. 2. 560 Resistor 1 No. 3. 1k , 2k , 4.7k, 10k (load resistors ) 1 No each. 4. Zener diode IN 4007 - 1No. 5. Transistor SL100 2No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: A voltage regulator is a device or a combination of devices, design to maintain the output voltage of a power supply as nearly constant as possible even if there are changes in load or in input voltage. In shunt voltage regulator transistor Q1 acts as control element, which is in shunt with load voltage. The output voltage is given as Vo = Vz + VR1 = Vz + Vbe1 + Vbe2 The regulation action of the circuit is explained below : Since Vz is constant, any changes in output voltage reflects a propositional change in R1. If the output voltage decreases, voltage across R1 decreases which in turn decreases the base voltage of Q2. As a result the base current of Q1 decreases which

allows the load voltage to rise and makes it constant the same regulation action follows even if the output voltage increases. 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R + 5 6

S + 0 E + D 1 V R 0 0+ L z

U S

n r e g u l a t e d u p p l y

P
Q S L

o w
2 1 0 0+

e r
S

Q L

1 1

V b e 2

V b e 1

R 1

1 k

ALTERNATE CIRCUIT :

180.0 1N3 78 5
Vz = 6.3v

Vdc 2 0.0

T1 !NPN

R L = 1k,2k , 4.7k ,10k

1.0 k

1.0 k

5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply the input voltage from power supply. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 Vb2 ,Vc2, Ve2 Vz iv. iv. v. vi. For a specific value of load resistor, vary the input voltage from zero to a maximum of 20 volts and note the values of output voltage. Change the load resistor and repeat steps 2 and 3. Remove the load resistor and note down the voltage at no load. Find percentage regulation. Percentage regulation = vii.
V NL V FL x100 V FL Plot the graph for load regulation and line regulation.

Observed voltages

6. OBSERVATIONS: VOLTAGE AT NO-LOAD = S.no Vin RL= Output voltage RL= RL=

7. CALCULATIONS: Percentage regulation = 8. GRAPH:

V NL V FL x100 V FL

9. RESULT: For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________

10. INFERENCES: This Shunt Regulator is useful for the input voltage range ______________ 11. PRECAUTIONS:
i. Proceed on the experiment only after obtaining expected DC voltages do not apply more than 20 V without connecting load on the output as this would result in maximum current in shunt transistors. Shorting the output will result in overheating series resistors which may burn at high voltage. Reversing the zener may not damage the circuit but result in output voltage to drop 2 V or less.

ii.

iii.

12. APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. Low current applications. Fixed voltage applications

13. EXTENSIONS: The main function of voltage regulator is to regulate the changes in output voltage for the changes occur either in input voltage variations or output load variations. In this experiment we have verified for one particular value of output voltage. We can obtain voltage regulation at higher voltages with the help of more number of Zener diode operating in break down region, must be connected in series. For example, to obtain voltage regulation at 8.2 volts, we can use the same circuit with two Zener diodes of values 3.1 volts and 5.1 volts respectively.

The experiment is conducted is of simplest type to demonstrate use of zener and series pass transistor without any unregulated voltage power supply. In real application regulated power supply used at the input of this experiment will be replaced by a full wave or bridge rectifier with capacitor input filter suitable to the load and repule voltages expected. The series transistor would be a power transistor with high current capacity and would be mounted to heat sink.Ripple can be simulated by change in input and the corresponding change in output at a constant load current. One can obtain different fixed voltages by suitably changing the zener diode. One can obtain higher current ratings by employing suitable series power transistor and heat sinks.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO FAULT 1. . 2. If there is no output

DIAGNOSIS Check Vi and all DC voltages. Check CRO connections.

If DC voltages differ very much

Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii. iv. v.. vi. vii. viii. ix. . x. Mention the differences between shunt and series voltage regulators. What is the function of Q1 and Q2 in the shunt regulator .circuit ? Define the line regulation. And load regulation. What is current through zener in this circuit ? When is dissipation maximum in this circuit ? In the circuit of shunt voltage regulator which element is considered control element and explain its function. Can you do the experiment without Q2 ?. How can you increase current range of regulator ? If output is 1.4 v for input of 20v what was the wrongly connected ? Mention the applications of shunt voltage regulator.

EXP. NO. 4 SERIES FED CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIER

1. AIM: To design a series fed class-A power amplifier in order to achieve max out put ac power and efficiency. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held Function generator ! MhZ 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No 1 No.

ii. COMPONENTS: 1. 20k Resistor 1 No. 2. 1k Resistor 2 No. 3. 0.1 F/16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 2 No. 4. Transistor SL100 1No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: The above circuit is called as series fed because the load RL is connected in series with transistor output. It is also called as direct coupled amplifier. ICQ = Zero signal collector current VCEQ = Zero signal collector to emitter voltage Power amplifiers are mainly used to deliver more power to the load. To deliver more power it requires large input signals, so generally power amplifiers are preceded by a series of voltage amplifiers. In class-A power amplifiers, Q-point is located in the middle of DC-load line. So output current flows for complete cycle of input signal. Under zero signal condition, maximum power dissipation occurs across the transistor. As the input signal amplitude increases power dissipation reduces. The maximum theoretical efficiency is 25%.

4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20 .0k

1.0 k

Vcc 5.0

2.83v

100.0n +

100.0n T1 !NPN
666mv

A
1.0 k

iL

V
Vout

Vin

5. PROCEDURE: i. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

ii. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages of both stages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 iii. iv. v. i. Apply the input at input terminals of the circuit from the function generator. Keep the input signal at constant frequency under mid frequency region and adjust the amplitude such that output voltage undistorted. Calculate the power efficiency and compare it with theoretical efficiency. Observed voltages

6. OBSERVATIONS: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power DC input power = Vcc x ICQ

AC output power = VP-P2 / 8RL 7. CALCULATIONS: Under zero signal condition: Vcc = IBRB + VBE IBQ =( Vcc - VBE ) / RB ICQ = x IBQ VCE = Vcc - ICRC 8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: The maximum input signal amplitude which produces undistorted output signal is _________ The practical efficiency of the circuit is ________ 10. INFERENCES: The efficiency observed is ___________ against theoretical maximum of 25%, since ___________________ 11. PRECUATIONS:
i. It is a necessary to find a suitable RB required for biasing the amplifier collector at the centre of voltage VCC/2 i.e. 6 V. this shall be done by trial and error or using a decade resistance box. While observing on CRO at collector of the transistor you can verify whether you are getting undistorted peak to peak signal of at least 10 to 11 V Since AC and DC load lines are different peak to peak signal without connecting capacitor and load on the collector of transistor will be different than the reading with above connected.

ii.

iii.

12. APPLICATIONS: This is used for low power linear applications in audio and wideband RF range, where high efficiency is not required. 13. EXTENSIONS: In series fed class-A power amplifier we have calculated the efficiency i.e. how efficiently DC-power is converted into AC-power depending on the magnitude of input signal Once we design a power amplifier for a particular efficiency, the circuit will not give that efficiency to all its input signals of different amplitudes. Hence, depending on the input signal we have to choose Vcc to obtain a particular efficiency. .

By employing Transformer coupling, efficiency can be improved to 50%.

The experiment is conducted using low power transistors like BC107, SL100 only to get familiarity in biasing and measurement. Actual power amplifiers operate at 1 watt to 100 watts. This will call for operating transistors high current and small value resistors of greater than 1/4 to 1 watt which are used in the laboratory. Actual power amplifiers use heat sinks on the transistors.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. 2. 3. FAULT If there is no output If the output is distorted If DC voltages differ very much DIAGNOSIS Check Vcc and all DC voltages. Check function generator. Check CRO connections. Check Vcc and all DC voltages Check amplitude of input signal. Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Differentiate between voltage amplifier and power amplifier Why power amplifiers are considered as large signal amplifier? When does maximum power dissipation happen in this circuit ?. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency? Sketch wave form of output current with respective input signal. What are the different types of class-A power amplifiers available? What is the theoretical efficiency of the transformer coupled class-A power amplifier? What is difference in AC, DC load line?. How do you locate the Q-point ? What are the applications of class-A power amplifier?

EXP. NO. 5 TRANSFORMER COUPLED CLASS-A POWER AMPLIFIER 1.AIM: To design a transformer coupled class-A power amplifier in order to achieve maximum out put AC power and efficiency. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held Function generator ! MhZ 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No 1 No.

ii. COMPONENTS : 1. 1k Resistor 1No. 2. 10k Resistor 1No. 3. 100K Resistor 1No. 4. 0.1 F/16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 1 No. 5. Impedance matching Transformer 1 No. 6. Transistor SL100 1No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: In direct coupled class-A power amplifier, power is wasted in load resistance which leads to decrease in efficiency. To achieve maximum efficiency we can use transformer to couple the load. Since transformer is used for impudence matching which facilitates the coupling between lower resistance and source impudence? Due to AC coupling no DC power is wasted in the load resistor. The load DC resistance of transformer primary allows any desired level of collector current, while transferring only variations to RL. By this way the efficiency is increased. The maximum theoretical efficiency of transformer coupled power amplifier is 50%.

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power DC input power = Vcc x ICQ AC output power = VP-P2 / 8RL 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+ Vcc 12.0 10 0.0 k

Ic T/ F

1.0 k

Vout +

100.0n 10 .0k

11.49v

626m v

T1 !NPN

Vin

5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Measure base, emitter and collector D.C voltages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 iii. Apply the input at input terminals of the circuit from the function generator. Observed voltages

iv.

Keep the input signal at constant frequency under mid frequency region and adjust the amplitude such that output voltage undistorted.

v.

Calculate the power efficiency and compare it with theoretical efficiency.

6. OBSERVATIONS: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power DC input power = Vcc x ICQ AC output power = VP-P2 / 8RL 7. CALCULATIONS: Input DC power = Vcc x ICQ Output AC power = Vrms x Irms = VPP2 / 8RL = InputDCpow er 8. GRAPH:
OutputACpo wer

9. RESULT: a) The maximum input signal amplitude which produces undistorted output signal is _________ b) The practical efficiency of the circuit is ________ 10. INFERENCES: The efficiency observed is ___________ against theoretical maximum of 50%, since ___________________ 11. PRECUATIONS: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Check the circuit connections before switching on the power supply. Check the continuity of the connecting wires. Power handling capacity of resistor should be kept in mind Control wires must be checked before use Maximum forward current should not exceed value given in data sheet Resistors should be connected properly with out interchanging the values.

12. APPLICATIONS: This circuit is used for Impedance matching and DC isolation. 13. EXTENSIONS: In Transformer coupled class-A power amplifier we have calculated the efficiency i.e. how efficiently DC-power is converted into AC-power depending on the magnitude of input signal. Once we design a power amplifier for a particular efficiency, the circuit will not give that efficiency to all its input signals of different amplitudes. Hence, depending on the input signal we have to choose Vcc to obtain a particular efficiency. By employing Transformer coupling, efficiency can be improved to 50%. The experiment is conducted using low power transistors like BC107, SL100 only to get famimiliarity in biasing and measurement. Actual power amplifiers operate at 1 watt to 100 watts. This will call for operating transistors high current and small value resistors of greater than 1/4 to 1 watt which are used in the laboratory. Actual power amplifiers use heat sinks on the transsistors. This concept can be applied for RF and Impedance matching. 14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. FAULT If there is no output DIAGNOSIS Check Vcc and all DC voltages. Check function generator. Check CRO connections. Check transformer. Check Vcc and all DC voltages Check amplitude of input signal. Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements. Check transistors.

2. 3.

If the output is distorted If DC voltages differ very much

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii . iv. v. vi.. vii. viii. ix. x. Differentiate between voltage amplifier and power amplifier Explain impedance matching provided by transformer? How do you determine ratings for transistor in this circuit ?. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency of this amplifier ? What is the range of conduction angle of output current with respective input signal? Sketch DC load line and AC load line for this amplifier. What is collector voltage of transistor with no and maximum signal? How is DC and AC power measured in this circuit? For class-A operation how did you locate the Q-point. What are the applications of class-A power amplifier?

EXP. NO. 6 COMPLEMENTARY-SYMMETRY CLASS-B POWER AMPLIFIER 1. AIM: To design a complementary-symmetry class-B push-pull power amplifier in order to achieve maximum out put AC power and efficiency. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held Function generator ! MhZ 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No 1 No.

ii.COMPONENTS: 1. 8 W 5% CF Resistor 1 No. 2. 1 F /16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 1 No. 3. Transistors - SL100 1 No. 4. Transistor SK 100 1 No. 3. THEORY: Power amplifiers are designed using different circuit configuration with the sole purpose of delivering maximum undistorted output power to load. Push-pull amplifiers operating either in class-B are class-AB are used in high power audio system with high efficiency. In complementary-symmetry class-B power amplifier two types of transistors, NPN and PNP are used. These transistors acts as emitter follower with both emitters connected together. In class-B power amplifier Q-point is located either in cut-off region or in saturation region. So, that only 180o of the input signal is flowing in the output. In complementary-symmetry power amplifier, during the positive half cycle of input signal NPN transistor conducts and during the negative half cycle PNP transistor conducts. Since, the two transistors are complement of each other and they are connected symmetrically so, the name complementary symmetry has come Theoretically efficiency of complementary symmetry power amplifier is 78.5%.

4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V 5.0 cc S L100 !NP N 1.0u V in S 100 !P K NP V 5.0 ee

0v

V out

8.0

ALTERNATE CIRCUIT :

Vcc 12.0

10.0u

22 0.0k

658mv

SL100 !NPN 4.3 4.3 Vout 1.0k +

1.0k

18 .0 k

Vin

18 .0 k

10.0u

-658mv

SK100 !PNP

22 0.0k

Vee 12.0

5. PROCEDURE: i. Connect the circuit has shown in the circuit diagram.

ii. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages of both transistors and compare against estimated values.

Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 Vb2, Vc2, Ve2

Observed voltages

iii. Apply the input at input terminals of the circuit from the function generator. iv. Keep the input signal at constant frequency under mid frequency region and adjust the amplitude such that output voltage undistorted. v. Calculate the power efficiency and compare it with theoretical efficiency.

6. OBSERVATIONS: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of AC output power to DC input power DC input power = Vcc x ICQ AC output power = VP-P2 / 8RL 7. CALCULATIONS: Input DC power = Vcc x ICQ Output AC power = Vrms x Irms = VPP2 / 8RL = InputDCpow er
OutputACpo wer

8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: The maximum input signal amplitude which produces undistorted output signal is _________ The practical efficiency of the circuit is ________ 10. INFERENCES: The practical efficiency of the circuit is ________, because of ______________.

11. PRECUATIONS: i.
Use matched pair NPN & PNP transistors for this experiments. Matching can be done by observing hfe of the transistor using DMM.

ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Transistors recommended are SL100, SK100. Transistors heat up at large signal which is necessary to obtain high efficiency. Do not short the output which will result in burning of the transistors. In the absence of signal DC voltage at emitters is 0 V. When alternate circuit uses series resistors to compensate any difference in VBE of transistors, ensure obtaining expected DC voltages and proceeds after that.

12. APPLICATIONS: This circuit is used to drive low impedance without Transformer. This circuit is used to drive low impedance from DC onwards. 13. EXTENSIONS:
This experiment is designed with low power and low load current only to demonstrate basic principles of maximum efficiency, crossover distortion and driving small loads without transformer. Actual amplifier circuits of above type can be found in audio systems, radio output stages of modern designs. These drive loud speakers directly without any transformers. Present audio systems have power ratings as much as 1000 watts and radios have above 10 watts. These use complementary class B power amplifiers in the basic are modified forms. In view of large power involved special ICs, Transistors with heat sinks are common.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. 2. 3. FAULT If there is no output If the output is distorted If DC voltages differ very much DIAGNOSIS Check + and ve DC voltages. Check function generator. Check CRO connections. Check Vcc and all DC voltages Check amplitude of input signal. Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. Iii . iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Differentiate between voltage amplifier and power amplifier Explain impedance matching provided by transformer? Under what condition power dissipation is maximum for transistor in this circuit? What is the maximum theoretical efficiency? Sketch current waveform in each transistor with respective input signal? How do you test matched transistors required for this circuit with DMM?. What is the theoretical efficiency of the complementary stage amplifier. How do you measure DC and AC out put of this amplifier? Is this amplifier working in class A or B. ? How can you reduce cross over distortion?

EXP. NO. 7 CLASS-C TUNED POWER AMPLIFIER 1. AIM: To design class-C tuned power amplifier and to study the class-c tuned power amplifier. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held Function generator ! MhZ 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No 1 No.

ii.COMPONENTS : 1. 4.7k Resistor 1 No. 2. 10k Resistor 1 No. 3. 0.1 F/16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 1 No. 4.10 nF/16 V Electrolytic Capacitor 1 No. 5. 10 mH Inductor 1 No 6. Transistor SL100 1No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: The efficiency of output circuit of an amplifier increases as the operation is shifted from class-A to B and then to C. In class-C amplifiers efficiency approaches 100%. But the difficulty with class-C operation is harmonic distortion is more. It is tuned amplifier and only one frequency fo is to be amplified and power to be handled Po is large. Since efficiency is high and harmonic distortion will not be a problem since only one frequency is to be amplified and the tuned circuit will reject the other frequencies. The function of resonant circuits are: 1. To provide correct load impedance to the amplifier. 2. To reject unwanted harmonics. 3. To couple the power to load The resonant circuits in tuned power amplifier are called tank circuits.

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Vcc=+5V

10nF 10k

SL 100 DC INPUT VOLTAGE

Vin

5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii. iv. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram. The input terminals are connected to function generator and output terminals are connected to CRO. Apply the DC voltage (Vcc) from regulated power supply. Adjust the input frequency such that output voltage is a perfect since sinusoidal waveform at a fixed frequency..

4.7k

+
Vout

100nF

10 m H

v. vi. vii.

Note down corresponding output voltages at different frequencies. Plot the waveforms of both input and output The frequency at which the voltage is max and the frequency should be compared with theoretical values.

6. OBSERVATIONS: The value of Resonant frequency at which maximum gain occurred is _________. 7. CALCULATIONS: Theoretical value of resonant frequency =____________________

8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: The frequency at which the maximum amplification possible is _________. 10. INFERENCES: This circuit can be used as class C tuned power amplifier at the resonant frequency possible is _________________ 11. PRECUATIONS: i. ii. Check the circuit connections before switching on the power supply. Check the continuity of the connecting wires.

iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Power handling capacity of resistor should be kept in mind Control wires must be checked before use Maximum forward current should not exceed value given in data sheet Resistors should be connected properly with out interchanging the values. check all diodes transistors, coils ,with multi meter before putting in circuits. donot proceed unless you get expected dc voltages.

12. APPLICATIONS: This is mainly used In radio transmitters and radio receivers 13. EXTENSIONS:
This experiment is conducted with simplest circuit to demonstrate class C operation and small power. To make measurements simple the resonant frequency is chosen around 10 to 20 Khz. In real application class C amplifiers are used at higher power and frequencies of RF range which will call for low values of inductance and high quality capacitors and transistors. By changing value of the load one can obtain different band width as employed in the circuit used. But real application load is a part of resonant circuit to reflect load on tank circuit to determine Q of the circuit. Real circuits employing class C operations are found in radio transmitters, ultrasonic cleaners. Radio transmitters operate at 10 to 30 Kwatts employing vaccum tubes.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. FAULT If no output DIAGNOSIS Check whether C.R.O . Check if signal around resonance freq 2. Small output Check function generator output.

15. QUESTIONS:

i. What are the different types of tuned circuits ? ii. How do you measure DC and AC power in the class C amplifier ? iii. What is Q of Tuned circuit employed in circuit ? iv. How is class C operation obtained in this circuit ? v. State relation between resonant frequency and bandwidth of a Tuned amplifier. vi. Differentiate between Narrow band and Wideband tuned amplifiers ? vii. How is harmonic distortion is reduced in class-C Tuned amplifiers? viii. Sketch current waveform in the transistor..

ix. Calculate bandwidth of a Tuned amplifier whose resonant frequency is 15KHz and Q-factor is 100. x. Specify the applications of Tuned amplifiers.

EXP.NO.8 VARIABLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR

1. AIM: To design a transistorized variable series voltage regulator and study the regulation action for i. Different values of input voltages ii Different values of load resistors

And also to find percentage regulation. 2. EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS: i.APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. 4. CRO (Dual channel)DC-20 MHz Bread Board Regulated power supply- 0-30v 1 A, DMM 3 Digit LCD hand held 1 No ! No. . 1 No. 1No

ii. COMPONENTS: 1. 1.8k Resistor 1 No. 2. 4.7k Resistor 1 No. 3. 10k Resistor 1No 4. 10k variable Resistor 1 No 5. 1k , 2k , 4.7k, 10k (load resistors ) 1 No each. 6. Zener diode IN 5253 1 No. 7. Transistor SL100 2 No. All resistors are carbon / metal film W 5% unless otherwise specified.

3. THEORY: Voltage regulator is a device designed to maintain the output voltage as nearly constant as possible. It monitors the output voltage and generates feed back that automatically increases are decreases the supply voltage to compensate for any changes in output voltage that might occur because of change in load are changes in load voltages. In transistorized series voltage regulator the control element is a transistor which is in series with load. The main element used for regulation of output voltage is Zener diode, which must be operated in reverse break down region, where it provides constant voltage irrespective of changes in applied voltages. The output voltage of the series voltage regulator is Vo = Vz Vbe.

Since, Vz is constant, any change in Vo must cause a change in Vbe in order to maintain the above equation. So, when Vo decreases Vbe increases, which causes the transistor to conduct more and to produce more load current, this increase in load causes an increase in Vo and makes Vo as constant. Similarly, the regulation action happens when Vo increases also. 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SL100

4.7k 1.8k 10.0k

10.0k
5.1V

5. PROCEDURE: i. ii. iii. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Apply the input voltage from power supply. Measure base ,emitter and collector D.C voltages and compare against estimated values. Estimated voltages Vb1 ,Vc1, Ve1 Vz iii. iv. v. vi. For a specific value of load resistor, vary the input voltage from 10 to a maximum of 20 volts and not the values of output voltage. Change the load resistor and repeat steps 2 and 3. Remove the load resistor and note down the voltage at no load. Find percentage regulation. V NL V FL x100 Percentage regulation = V FL Plot the graph for load regulation and line regulation. Observed voltages

vii.

V ou t

15-30V

SL100

RL 0.0

6. OBSERVATIONS: S.no Vin RL= Output voltage RL= RL=

7. CALCULATIONS: Percentage load regulation =

V NL V FL x100 = V FL

Percentage Line Regulation = (change in output ) / (change in input) X 100

8. GRAPH:

9. RESULT: For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, For RL = ----------------, 10. INFERENCES: This Series Regulator is useful for the input voltage range ______________ Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________ Regulating range is____________

11. PRECAUTIONS:

i. ii.

Test Transistors, zener diode before assembling in the circuits. Apply voltage from 15 V and ensure the DC voltages as shown the circuit are obtained. Check circuit connections and components if expected voltages are not obtained. Check resistor values properly otherwise power supply may be over loaded due to small values. If Zener is reversed no damage will occur but output voltage will fall down to 0 V. Don't short the output as this would result in large current through the series transistor which will lead to burning of the same due to overheat.

iii.

iv. v.

12. APPLICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. Low current applications. Fixed voltage applications Extension of zener regulator for higher currents.

13. EXTENSIONS: The main function of voltage regulator is to regulate the changes in output voltage for the changes occur either in input voltage variations or output load variations. In this experiment we have verified for one particular value of output voltage. We can obtain voltage regulation at higher voltages with the help of more number of Zener diode operating in break down region, must be connected in series. For example, to obtain voltage regulation at 8.2 volts, we can use the same circuit with two Zener diodes of values 3.1 volts and 5.1 volts respectively. By employing a series regulator with error amplifier , variable regulated volatage can be obtained from circuit given below.
The experiment is conducted is of simplest type to demonstrate use of zener and series pass transistor without any unregulated voltage power supply. In real application regulated power supply used at the input of this experiment will be replaced by a full wave or bridge rectifier with capacitor input filter suitable to the load and repule voltages expected. The series transistor would be a power transistor with high current capacity and would be mounted to heat sink.Ripple can be simulated by change in input and the corresponding change in output at a constant load current. One can obtain different fixed voltages by suitably changing the zener diode. One can obtain higher current ratings by employing suitable series power transistor and heat sinks.

14. TROUBLE SHOOTING: S.NO 1. 2.. FAULT If there is no output If DC voltages differ very much DIAGNOSIS Check Vcc and all DC voltages. . Check entire circuit for connections, resistance values and placements Check Transistors.

15. QUESTIONS: i. ii. iii.. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Define voltage regulator. Give the advantages of series voltage regulator. . Explain the feed back mechanism in series voltage regulator. In series voltage regulator which is control element and explain its function. Define load and line regulation. What is ideal value ?. Which element determines output ripple ? What determines maximum load current allowed in this circuit ? Mention the applications of series voltage regulator. Define no load voltage and full load voltage. Explain the term percentage regulation.

APPENDIX - I : INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTS USED 1. THE MULTIMETER STRUCTURE

Fig. 1 1. LCD Display: A 3 digit display (maximum reading 1999) indicates measured values, and features symbols indicating ranges, Low battery. 2. Function Selector: To select ACV, DCV, ACA, DCA, Resistance, Diode, Continuity & Transistor test. 3. Input Jacks (V, mA, A and COM): Test leads are inserted into these jacks for Voltage, Resistance, Current measurements, Continuity & Diode checks. 4. Input Socket for Transistor Test: NPN or PNP transistors are inserted in the sockets provided to measure their ratings. Functional Buttons: Below table indicates the functional button operations

Buttons POWER (Yellow Switch)

Operation Performed Turn the Meter ON and OFF

 Rotate the SWITCH to turn ON the Meter Rotate the SWITCH to OFF position to turn OFF the Meter Display Symbols:

Fig. 2 SYMBOL
- +

MEANING Indicates negative reading The battery is low. Warning:

!
To avoid false readings, which could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury, replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears. Indicates the range in which the switch position is placed.

2. FUNCTION GENERATOR FRONT PANEL CONTROLS

1. Power: Push button switch for supplying power to instrument. 2. Digital Display: (7-segment LED): 4-digit frequency / amplitude meter, LED indicators for Hz, KHz, mV & V. 3. FREQ/AMP: Selects display of frequency or amplitude. 4. AMP (adjusting knob): Continuous adjustment of the output amplitude from 0 20 dB when terminated with 50. 5. 20dB, -20dB (Push button): Two fixed attenuators, -20dB each. They can be used separately. When both push buttons are activated, a total attenuation of 40 dB results. Including the amplitude control for the max. attenuation amounts to 60 dB (factor 1000). 6. Output (BNC connector): Short-circuit-proof signal output of the generator. The output impedance is 50 switch selectable. Max output amplitude is 30 Vpp (o.c.) or 15 Vpp when terminated with 50. (Attention! Do not apply any DC voltage to the output socket) 7. 50 / 600 : Push button when pressed selects 600 else 50 in released position. 8. DC (On), Offset (adjusting knob): Adjustment of the positive or negative offset voltage. This DC voltage can be superimposed on the output signal. The max offset voltage is 12.5 V (o.c.) or 6.25 V respectively when terminated with 50. This voltage is also available in DC mode. 9. Function: Mode selection DC- sine triangle square desired function selection indicated by glowing LEDs. 10. Over drive (LEDs): When working in the offset mode, and the output amplifier is overdriven either in positive or in negative direction, the corresponding LED lit up. 11. FVAR (adjusting knob): Continuous and linear frequency adjustment from 1 Hz to 1 MHz in steps, selected with frequency range. 12. Frequency: Frequency coarse adjustment from 1 Hz to 1 MHz in 7 decade steps. Desired frequency selection indicated by glowing LEDs. 13. VAR: When trigger output is selected in CMOS output can be set with VAR, to approx. 15 Vpp.

14. Trig output (BNC connector): This short-circuit-proof output supplies square waves signal in synchronous with the output signal. It is switch selectable TTL/CMOS and has a duty-factor or approx 50%. -x-

15. TTL/CMOS: Switch selects trigger output TTL or CMOS. 16. FM in (BNC connector): Applying a DC voltage to this input will vary the oscillator frequency linearly to max. 1:100. The maximum allowable input voltage is +30V. 17. AMPL (adjusting knob): Attenuation of input voltage for FM-input. This permits the user to change the sweep width. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Operating Modes: Sine Square Triangle DC, Free running or external frequency modulated, with or without DC offset. Frequency Range: 0.1 Hz 1 MHz in 7 decade steps variable control between steps. Waveform Characteristics Sine wave distortion: 0.1 Hz to 100 KHz : max. 0.5% 100 KHz to 500 KHz : max. 1.5% 500 KHz to 1 MHz : max. 3% Square wave rise time: Max. 70ns (10 to 90%) Overshoot: 5% (when output is terminated with 50 Triangle Non-linearity: 1% (upto 100 kHz) approx. Display: Display switch able for frequency and amplitude, with automatically positioned decimal point LED indicator for Hz, KHz, mV and V. Frequency: 4 digit 7 segment LED up to 100 KHz : 1% LSD up to 1 MHz : 3% LSD Amplitude: 3 digit 7 segment LED

Accuracy: 3Vpp-30Vpp : 3% 300mVpp 3Vpp : 5% 30mVpp 300mVpp : 5% Amplitude: 3 digit 7 Segment LED Accuracy: 3Vpp 30Vpp : 3% 300mVpp 3Vpp : 5% 30mVpp 300mVpp : 5% Overdrive: Indicates with two LEDs -xi-

Outputs: Signal output : short-circuit proof Impedance : 50 / 600 switch able Output voltage: max. 15 Vpp into 50, 30 Vpp open circuit Attenuation : 2 steps: 20dB 0.2dB each. Variable attenuation: 0 to 20 dB total of 60dB Amplitude Flatness: (sine/triangle) with 50 termination. 0.1 Hz to 100 KHz max. 0.2 dB 100 KHz to 1 MHz max. 0.5 dB DC offset : Continuously variable (switch able) Offset range : max. 6.25 V into 50 Max. 12.5 V open circuit Trigger output: Switch selectable TTL/CMOS TTL more than 4V CMOS level adjustable up to 14V (approx.) FM input / External Sweep: Frequency change : approx. 1 : 100 Input Impedance : 100k || 25pF Input voltage : max 30 Vpp General Information: Supply Power Consumption Operating Conditions Dimensions (mm) Weight : 220 V AC 10%, 50 Hz : 20 VA (approx.) : 0-50C, 95% RH : W196 x H80 x D 262 : 2.5 kg (approx.)

-xii-

3. CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Operating modes: Channel I, Channel II, Channel I & II alternate / chopped (approx. 500 KHz) X Y (Ratio 1:1 input via CH II), Add/Sub, Invert CH II. Vertical deflection (y): (Identical channels) Bandwidth: DC-20 MHz (-3 dB) DC-28 MHz (-6dB) Rise Time: 17.5 ns (approx.) Deflection coefficients: 12 calibrated steps 2mV/cm 10V/cm (1-2-5 sequence) Accuracy: 3% Input Impedance: 1 M || 25 pF. Input coupling: DC-AC-GND Input voltage: Max. 400V (DC + Peak AC). Time base: Time coefficients: 18 calibrated steps. 0.5 s/cm 0.2s/cm (1-2-5 sequence) with magnifier x 5 to 100ns/cm. With variable control to 40 ns/cm. Accuracy: 3% (in cal position) Ramp output: 5 Vpp (approx.) Hold-Off: Variable control for stable trigger. Trigger System: Modes: automatic or variable trigger level Source: Ch I, Ch II, ALT Ch I / Ch II, Line, Ext. Slope: Positive or Negative Coupling: AC Sensitivity: Int. 5mm, Ext 0.8 V (approx.) Trigger Bandwidth: 40 MHz Horizontal Deflection (x): Bandwidth: DC 2.3 MHz (-3 dB). X Y mode: Phase shift < 3 at 60 KHz. Deflection coefficients: 12 calibrated steps 2mV/cm-10V/cm(1-2-5 sequence) Input Impedance: 1 M || 25 pF. Component Tester: Test Voltage: Max 8.6 Vrms (Open) Test Current: Max 8 mA rms (Shorted) Test Frequency: 50Hz, Test circuit grounded to chassis.

Continuity Tester: Beeper sounds < 75 (approx.) General Information: Cathode Ray Tube: Rectangular medium short persistence (P-31) Accelerating potential: 2000 VDC (approx.) Display: 8 x 10 cm Trace rotation: Adjustable on front panel Calibrator: Square wave generator 1KHz (approx.). 0.2V 1% for probe compensation. Z Modulation: TTL level Stabilized Power Supply: All operating voltages including the EHT Mains Voltage: 220 V, 50Hz Mains fluctuations: 10% (max.) Power Consumption: 33 VA (approx.) Weight (approx): 7.5 kg. Dimensions (mm): W285 x H145 x D380 Operating Temperature: 0-40, 95% RH Finish: Off white with handle and tilt stand. SPECIFICATION FOR LOGIC SCOPE : Logic Inputs: 8 Nos. (TTL timing diagrams) Output: To oscilloscope.

PANEL CONTROLS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Power On/Off X5 XY CH-I/CH-II Trig I/Trig II Mono/Dual ALT/CHOP/ADD Time/Div AT/Norm

9 10 11

Level Trig. Input Cal out

Push buttons switch for supplying power to instrument. Switch when pushed inwards gives 5 times magnification of the X signal. Switch when pressed cuts off the time base & allows access the ext. horizontal signal to be fed through CH II (used for X-Y display) Switch when out selects & triggers CH I and when pressed, selects & triggers CH II. Switch selects the dual operation Switch selects alternate or chopped in DUAL mode. If mono is selected then this switch enables addition or subtraction of channel i.e. CHI CHII Switch selects time base speeds Switch selects Auto/Normal position. Auto is used to get trace when no signal is fed at the input. In NORM the trigger level can be varied from the positive peak to negative peak with LEVEL control Controls the trigger level from peak to peak amplitude of signal Socket provided to feed external trigger signal in EXT. mode Socket provided for square wave output 200 m V; used for probe compensation and checking vertical

12 13 14

Hold Off X-POS Ext.

sensitivity, etc. Controls hold of time between sweeps. Normal position = full ccw Controls Horizontal position of the trace Switch when pressed allows external triggering signal to be fed from the socket marked TRIG. INP.

-xv-

15

Variable

Controls the time speed in between two steps of TIME/DIV switch. For calibration put this fully anticlockwise. (At CAL pos) Switch when pressed displayed signal gets synchronized with mains line frequency Selects alternate trigger mode from CH I & CH II Switch selects the slope of triggering, whether positive going or negative going Switch when pressed inverts the CH II Controls the brightness of the trace Controls the alignment of the trace with gratitude (Screw driver adjustment) Controls the sharpness of the trace Switch when pressed starts CT operation Input coupling switch for each channel. In AC the signal is coupled through 0.1 MFD capacitor. BNC connectors serve as input connection for CH I & CH II Channel II input connector also serves as Horizontal external signal. To test any components in the CT mode, put one test probe in this socket and connect the other test probe in ground socket. Switches select the sensitivity of each channel Controls provided for vertical deflection of trace for each channel. Terminals provided for feeding logic levels (Timing Diagram) use 1 mm patch cords (bunch of 8) Connect output to CH I or CH II of oscilloscope by using 1 mm patch cord 350 mA fuse is provided at the back panel. Spare fuses are provided inside the instrument Banana socket provided for modulating signal input i.e. Z-modulation.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Line Alt +/Inv Ch. II Intensity TR Focus CT DC/AC/GD Ch. I(Y) & Ch. II(X) CT-IN Volts/Div Y POS I & II

LOGIC SCOPE 29 Inputs 30 Output

Back Panel Controls 31 Fuse 32 Z mod

4. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

1. POWER: Push button switch for supplying power to instrument. 2. OUTPUT ON: Push button for switching On / Off all the three output voltages. 3 & 6 V/mA (Push button): For switching the display from voltage to current reading or vice versa. When pushbuttons are pressed, the current supplied from the terminals 12 & 17 is displayed with a resolution of 1mA. In released position voltages across the terminals 12 & 17 are displayed with a resolution of 0.1 V. 4 & 7 DIGITAL DISPLAYS (7-Segment LED): Dual display with two 3-digit readout for output voltage and current. On the left side of the instrument the voltage and current readings for terminals 3 is indicated. The corresponding values for the terminals 4 are indicated on the right side of the display. 5 & 8 V & mA INDICATORS: Two LEDs indicate the unit of the display. The mA LED flashes when the 0 30VDC output is used in constant current mode, or output current required is in excess of specified value, in CV mode. 9 OUTPUT + 5 V (fixed) (4mm banana sockets): Output terminals for 4mm banana plugs or cable connection for the fixed +5V output. The output voltage is short circuit protected.

DC Output: 2 x 0 30V, 500 mA 1 x 5V fixed, 1A Output Voltage Range: 0-30V, continuously variable by means of coarse and fine controls Resolution: 0.1% Internal resistance: 15m (typical 7m) Stability: 2.5mV (max.: 2 x 200mA) at line voltage variations of up to 10% Recovery time: 80 s Load regulation: 0.05% Temperature coefficient: 0.1%/C Ripple and noise: 1mVrms Output current: max. 500 mA Current limit: 10mA to 500mA continuously adjustable Resolution: 1% +5V Fixed Output Tolerance: 0.2V Internal resistance: 0.06 Stability: 5mV at line voltage variations of up to 10% Recovery time: 100 s Temperature coefficient: 0.1%/C Ripple and noise: 5mVrms Output current: max. 1A Display 2 x 3-digit 7-segment LED display for Voltage & Current. Two LED (for V and mA) indicate the unit of display.

General Information All outputs are floating. Outputs are switch able from front panel. Built-in overheat protection. Supply: 230 V AC 10%, 50 Hz Operating Conditions: 0-40C, 95% RH Dimension (mm): W 196, H80, D262 Weight: 3.9 Kgs

APPENDIX II GENERAL PRECAUTIONS IN ASSEMBLING CIRCUITS : i. ii. iii. iv. 100 percent knowledge about color code of Resistors is required. Full knowledge about bread board and contact information is required. 100 percent knowledge about transistor lead connections i.e. base , emitter and collector connections. 100 percent knowledge about diode and zener lead connections i.e. anode and cathode connections. Polarity marking of the electrolytic capacitors must be observed , while connecting. It will be a good practice to test diodes and transistors with DMM before using . Test connecting leads and probes before using. After completing assembly before connecting RPS , ensure that supply and ground leads of the circuit are not shorted . This can be verified by multi meter .

v. vi. vii. viii.

APPENDIX III : GENERAL PRECAUTIONS IN USING INSTRUMENTS : Regulated Power supply : i. ii. iii. Before connecting RPS , ensure that supply and ground leads of the circuit are not shorted . This can be verified by multi meter . Set voltage controls to zero reading , before connecting to the circuit. Set current setting to mid or less than the mid position.

CRO : i. Obtain trace on channel and set position control to get the trace to the middle . ii. See to which channel you are applying input . iii. Touch the probe with hand to know whether it is responding. This will detect broken probes , wrong setting of channels . Set volts/div and time/div as required. AC and DC coupling of input , positive / negative level settings must be understood. Generally CRO must in AUTO mode of sweep. Learn how to trigger the CRO and set controls to get stable trace and full control with level and slope . One should also know component tester mode of CRO.

iv. v.

vi. vii.

viii.

FUNCTION GENERATOR : i. ii. Set the output controls to minimum before connecting to circuit. Select sine / square / triangular waveform with desired frequency .

iii.

One should know attenuator , DC offset settings and output terminals properly.

MOVING COIL AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS : i. ii. polarity of connections to above must be perfectly correct, otherwise meters will be damaged due to wrong connections. The proper ( Full Scale reading )rated meters must be used , otherwise meters will be damaged by over currents / voltages.

DIGITAL MULTIMETERS : i. ii. iii. iv. Before connecting and switching on , set to proper function i.e. V-A-R ac or dc and range . Applying voltages in resistance mode will damage DMMs. Turning knobs with voltages / currents ON will damage DMMs. SET THE RANGE AND APPLY VOLTAGE OR CURRENT.

APPENDIX IV :

Specifications of BC 107: Collector base voltage (open emitter), VCBO max = 60V

Collector emitter voltage (open base), VCEO max. = 45V Emitter base voltage (open collector) Collector current (d.c.) Total Power dissipation , Max. Junction temperature at 25 oC Forward Current Gain Specifications of SL100 : Collector base voltage (open emitter) Collector emitter voltage (open base) Emitter base voltage (open collector) Collector current (d.c.), Total Power dissipation, Max. Junction temperature at 25 oC Forward Current Gain VCBO max = 60V VCEO max. = 45V VEBO max = IC max = 5V 1A 2W 150 oC 20 VEBO max = IC max Ptot max = = = = 5V 200mA 250 mW 150 oC 150

Ptot max = = =

SPECIFICATIONS OF ZENER DIODE IN5253 : Working Zener voltage range, Maximum power consumption at room temp. Maximum Junction temp. Vz = P max T max = = 4.7 to 33 volts 300mW 1500C

APPENDIX IV :

SPICE PROGRAMS OF ECA LAB EXPERIMENTS : 1. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER : ** two stage RC coupled amplifier vcc 4 0 dc 12v vin 1 0 ac 50mv rb1 1 2 4.7k cb1 2 3 10u r11 3 4 62k r12 3 0 4.7k rc1 4 5 33k re1 6 0 560 ce1 6 0 10u q1 5 3 6 bc107 .model bc107 npn (bf=100) cc1 5 7 0.1u rb2 7 8 1k r21 8 4 62k r22 8 0 4.7k rc2 9 4 33k re2 10 0 560 ce2 10 0 10u cc2 9 11 10u q2 9 8 10 bc107a .model bc107a npn (bf=100) rl 11 0 1k csh 11 0 5n .ac dec 10 50hz 100khz .print ac v(11) .plot ac V(11) .probe .end

1.B. ALTERNATE TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER **alternate circuit for two stage RC coupled CE amplifier vin 0 12 ac 10mv sin(0 10mv 15khz) rb 12 1 10k cb1 1 2 10u vcc 5 0 dc 12v r11 2 5 47k r12 2 0 10k rc1 3 5 2.2k re1 4 0 1k ce1 4 0 100u q1 3 2 4 bc107 .model bc107 npn (bf=100) cc1 3 6 10u rb2 6 0 10k cb2 7 8 10u rb1 6 7 10k r21 8 5 47k r22 8 0 10k rc2 9 5 2.2k re2 10 0 1k ce2 10 0 100u q2 9 8 10 bc107a .model bc107a npn (bf=100) cc3 9 11 10u rl 11 0 2.2k csh 11 0 2n .ac dec 10 10hz 100khz .print ac v(11) .plot ac V(11) .probe .end

2. SIMPLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR : **SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR vin 1 0 dc 20v r1 1 2 560 r2 2 3 1k q1 2 3 4 sl100 .model sl100 npn ( bf=20) d1 0 3 dname .model dname d(bv=5.1v) rl 4 0 1k .dc vin 0 30v 1v .plot dc v(4) v(1) .print dc v(4) v(1) .probe .end

3.SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR : **SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR VIN 1 0 20V R1 1 2 560 Q1 2 4 3 SL100A .MODEL SL100A NPN (BF=20) Q2 2 3 0 SL100B .MODEL SL100B NPN (BF=20) D1 4 2 DNAME .MODEL DNAME D(BV=6.8V) R2 4 0 1K RL 2 0 1K .dc vin 0 30v 1v .plot dc v(2) v(1) .print dc v(2) v(1) .probe .end

3A . SIMPLE SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR **simple shunt voltage regulator vin 1 0 20v r1 1 2 180 d1 3 2 dname .model dname d(bv=6.8v) q1 2 3 0 sl100 .model sl100 npn (bf=20) r2 3 0 1k rl 2 0 2k .dc vin 0 30v 1v .plot dc v(2) v(1) .print dc v(2) v(1) .probe .end

4. SERIES FED CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER : **series fed class-A power amplifier vcc 3 0 dc 5v vin 1 0 sin(0 10mv 1khz) rb 3 2 20k c1 1 2 0.1u rc 3 4 1k q1 4 2 0 sl100 .model sl100 npn (bf=20) c2 4 5 0.1u rl 5 0 1k .tran 10us 10ms 10us .print dc i(rc) .probe .end

5. COMPLIMENTARY SYMMETRY CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER : ** complimentary symmetry class-B power amplifier vin 1 0 sin(0 2v 1khz) q1 3 2 4 sl100 .model sl100 npn (bf=20) q2 5 2 4 sk100 .model sk100 pnp (bf=20) c1 1 2 1u rl 4 0 8 vcc 3 0 5v vee 0 5 5v .tran 10us 2ms 10us .probe .end 6. ALTERNATE CIRCUIT FOR CLASS-B COMPLIMENTARY SYMMETRY POWER AMPLIFIER **alternate circuit for class-B com-sym power amplifier vin 1 0 sin(0 2v 10khz) r1 1 2 1k c1 2 3 0.1u c2 2 4 0.1u r2 3 5 220k r3 3 0 18k r4 4 0 18k r5 4 9 220k vee 0 9 dc 12v vcc 5 0 dc 12v q1 5 3 6 sl100 .model sl100 npn (bf=20) q2 9 4 8 sk100 .model sk100 pnp (bf=20) r6 6 7 4.3 r7 8 7 4.3 rl 7 0 1k .tran 10us 2ms 10us .probe .end

7. CLASS C TUNED POWER AMPLIFIER : **class - C tuned power amplifier vin 1 0 ac 2v sin(0 2v 15.9khz) vcc 4 0 dc 5v c1 1 2 0.1u r1 2 0 4.7k q1 3 2 0 sl100 .model sl100 npn (bf=20) l1 4 3 10mh c2 4 3 10n rl 3 0 10k .ac dec 100 1khz 100khz .tran 10us 2ms 10us .probe .end 8. VARIABLE SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR : ** variable series voltage regulator vin 1 0 dc 20v r1 1 2 4.7k r2 1 4 1.8k r3 3 5 10k r4 5 0 10k rl 3 0 2k q1 1 2 3 sl100a .model sl100a npn (bf=20) q2 2 5 4 sl100b .model sl100b npn (bf=20) d1 0 4 dname .model dname d(bv=5.1v) .dc vin 0 30v 1v .print dc v(1) v(3) .plot dc v(1) v(3) .probe .end