vT ae Technology & Training Commitment to Drilling ExcellenceTraining to Reduce Unscheduled Events Training to Reduce Unscheduled Events was compiled by the Amoco EPTG Drilling Technology Teams © 1994, 1995, 1996 Amoco Production Company Third EditionThe materials were prepared by Amoco Production Company. Neither Amoco Production Company, employees of Amoco Production Company, nor any person acting on behalf of either: a. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information, contained in these materials, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe third party rights: or b. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for any and all damages resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or process in these materials.TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES _ + _TEAMBUILDING PRINCIPLES BASIC GEOLOGY + CASING PROGRAM 9 * DRILLING FLUIDS 15 HYDRAULICS PLANNING ........ 20 HOLE PACK-OFF / BRIDGE * DIFFERENTIAL STICKING .. + WELLBORE GEOMETRY ........ ___*__ STUCK PIPE FREEING ... LOST CIRCULATION MECHANISMS ......:0000000 * SEEPAGE LOSS SOLUTIONS 60 * PARTIAL LOSS SOLUTIONS ....... scieaecacnscs AT * TOTAL LOSS SOLUTIONS 61 * PILL SPOTTING GUIDELINES si 63 * IMPACT OF UNSCHEDULED RIG REPAIR .. * INTERGRATING PMP WITH WELL PLAN... |___* DRILLING SYSTEM EMERGENCY PROCEDURES .. * TOOL FAILURE CAUSES... + FACTORS INFLUENCING TOOL SELECTION : 7 + _RIG-SITE TOOL SELECTION / INSPECTION CHECK LIST... 72 DRILL PIPE FAILURE PREVENTION PLANNING © DRILL PIPE TUBE FATIGUE FAILURE ... 74 * BHA CONNECTION FATIGUE FAILURE 7 * BHACONNECTION STRESS RELIEF /BSR .......... wnveaee * DRILL CREWFIVE SECOND CHECKS 79 * DRILL STRING CARE / HANDLING PRACTICES 0 68 69TABLE OF CONTENTS BASIC JAR OPERATIONS... PUMP OPEN FORCE COCKING / TRIPPING THE JAR... DRILLING ACCELERATOR |__*__JAR RULES / PLACEMENT GUIDELINES . . 82 . 83 PRIMARY WELL CONTROL SWAB / SURGE PRESSURE .. - 92 SECONDARY WELL CONTROL 95 KICK DETECTION TEAM .... . 97 TERTIARY WELL CONTROL, , i mt OBM KICK DETECTION / GAS BEHAVIOR . 15; WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET .. "7 CEMENTING CONSIDERATIONS ......... 19 STANDARD EQUIPMENT. 121 EQUIPMENT / WELLBORE PREPARATIONS . 122 CASING PRE JOB CHECKLIST . - 125 RUNNING CASING GUIDELINES . . 126 CEMENTING PRE JOB CHECKLIST - 127 TROUBLE SHOOTING CEMENTING PROBLEMS WHY DRILL HORIZONTAL WELLS . 131 HORIZONTAL WELL PROFILES sas ISZ HORIZONTAL DRILLING BHA 133 HORIZONTAL WELL PLANNING . . 134 HORIZONTAL WELL CONTROL KILL SHEET ... * — WELL CONTROL REPORT FORM....... — 145, DRILLER HANDOVER NOTES ... SHAKER HANDOVER NOTES .......... TIGHT HOLE / STUCK PIPE REPORT FORM 140 LOST CIRCULATION REPORT FORM 2144 EQUIPMENT SELECTION / INSPECTION FORM 0.0.0.0... 142 DOWN HOLE TOOL FAILURE REPORT FORM... DRILL STRING FAILURE REPORT FORN .... . 139 143,TEAM BUILDING PRINCIPLES { WHAT ARE TEAMS - ‘Two of more people working together + Work teams have a common goal * Team members develop “earned trust" through accountability © Teams are solf:motivated © Teams are performance motivated [ TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF SKILLS: © Technical expertiae © Functional experience © Problem solving capability © Decision making skills © inter-personal stills PROBLEM SOLVING HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE PROBLEMS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL © Define the problem Identity primary cause(s) © Davelop atternative solution(s) © Implement action plans * Evaluate the effectiveness of the pian WORKING STYLES "TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES = ‘COMMAND Decision 's made by leacer © CONSULTATIVE Decision is made by teader with team input * CONSENSUS Decision is made as a team * DELEGATION Decision is detegated down the chain of command RESULT! WHAT TEAMS DO. © IMPROVE WORK QUALITY - More expertise/skills are available © FLEXIBLE -Respond quickly to change © CREATIVE - Continousiy improve work processes © DEVELOP AND IIPLEMENT ACTION PLANS - Better communications * REDUCE PROJECT CosT Page 1BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN eee ‘The siudy of he earth's composttion, structure and hstory ‘An extensive depression in the earth's surface ‘An estimated 90% of the worles dilings occurs in offshore and Inland basins ‘laterally continuous sequence of saciments thats recognizably distinct ‘and mappable Land mass elovates above cea level is weathared end broken down to ‘small fragments (elastics) ‘Mechanicaly by water, wind and temperature Chemical by soluble minerals dissolving into the water Rock fragments (sane, sit, clay) end dissolved chemical compounds (Slicates, calcite, ron etc ) are transported to the basn by gravty, flowing water and wind ‘The fragments are ewopt into the basin where they cette tothe floor of the basin and form woter saturated beds of sand and clay “The weight ofeach successive secimentlaye" (overburden) compacts the edimonte boiow. Compaction squeezes the water out ofthe cediments ard back othe sea ‘As the wateris squeezed cul, the dissolved chemical compounds left behind ‘cements the fragments togetner to form sedimentary rock ‘SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE GULFOF MEXICO | 60% 30% = 10H ___ PERMIAN BASIN 10% | 90% 60% | TRINIDAD = ‘Shale, sandstone, imestone/doiomee generally make up about 99% cf sedimentary rock. all other rocks total ony +1 1%WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY 1 micron (m) = 1 milionth of a meter. Sizes of common materials in microns. beach sand - om: minimum visual sensitivity - 30m, minimum touch sensitivity - 20m; red blood celis - 7m. CLAYSTONE GLst RSHALE Sh «| Reeteomntrar ar secular Kpseiran | Btn catuitocs pons wee mw | FLT essiman Rocks formed rom an acounuiaton of ‘meront | Sayers are calte ealcum careont) | 41000 | suet SRTETONE | wicrons: Rocks formed from an accumulation of 1 real gra (quar) sanpstone | set Semone | Sandton compressive eng, 1 £000 Greaierthar | Reeks formed from an accumulation of primariy 2m grarue, pebble and bouldor size partic | - CONGLOMERATE | Cy Rocks formed from large deposits of primary Calcite (calcium carbonate) and dolemte (calcium magnesium) LIMESTONE | Ls DOLOMITES | Do! Chena GHAI | Gnk rests, Compressive songs: Limestone, + 20.000 psi Bolorte "24000 psi" Cher 63.000 pt we laa eat e000 ps Sypsum & Syp Rocks composed of minerals that precipitated Anhydrite: Arby: from solution during the evaporation of weter Beponise Compressive svorgh: Arete +6000 pei SASENENT Bm lgresus | Rocktomed fom th sotng of maton magma I | rm | voucanies. | vote | ‘Ataciein he rock couse by natura ores rauT | Ft Ageoboic | esultng in talure and displacement of the | ‘Sct | (Smarr tng he faut plane oll ° Liquid hydrocarbon (5.0 to 7.1 ppg} vine | Eimsion GAS 6 suo. ‘Gaseove hydrocarbon (2.3 ppg average) WATER Wir | None | Wai 3001 po) Page 3BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN The percent of void per 100% volume ‘Sedimentary rocks (shala, sandstone, limestone) always exhibit some value of porosity ‘TYPICAL POROSITY REDUCTION BY ‘SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION DEPTH (1000) POROSITY % ‘The ability of a rock to flow fluids measured in units of darcies ‘A rock that is porous doas not indicate that itis permeable (.gpshale with 10% porosity may exhiot oly micro permeability fo8te 10" darey) TYPICAL PERMEABILITY REDUCTION BY SEDIMENT COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION DEPTH (1000) WOTE: Devaton for te sverage permeabitye ote aay dp PERMEABILITY (Darces) age 4WELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY ‘Aorce imposed te the rock matrix measured in pounds of force per square inch of aree (p3) Netural sources of rock stress originate from overburden stress, tectonic stess ‘and formation flud pressure ‘The stress produced by the combined weight of the rocks and formation tuids coveraying a depth of in TYPICAL OVERBURDEN ‘STRESS VERSUS DEPTH DEPTH (1000) “OVERBURDEN STRESS ppg Generated by the force of gravity, the overburden exerts a vertical stress to the formations. A resuling value of horizontal stiess is developed depending on rock slifness (as 1ock silness increases, horizontal stress decreases) The siress produced by lateral (side to side) forces in the formation Tectonic stroseas are usually very high in mountainaus regione “Tectonic stresead shale generally produces an oval shaped wot Page 5iC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN ‘SANDSTONE Formation fracture strengih is defined by the overburden stress, cementation, formation pressure ‘and the sirength ofthe rock type, The following comparesthe relative strength of the diferent rock iypes (al cther factors consicered equal) SHALE LIMESTONE SOFT (Ouctile) SHALE HARD (Brittie) UNCON- SOLIDATED | saNDsTONE con SOLIDATED SOFT LIMESTONE/| (Chalk) DOLOMITE HARD (Brittle) fe ‘oF the tnree primary rock types, Sandstone generally exhibits the lowest compressive and tensile strength '© Generally occurs in the shallower depth(< 10,000’) '@ Soft and plable dus to high water content '* Fracture and injecton pressure approximately same «* Pliabie texture alows fractures to “heal” quickly '* Associated with swabbing, lost crculation, hole _wath.oul, hole pack-off "© Generally cceurs in deeper depth (10.000 +) '* Hard anc brite due to ow water content '¢ Fracture pressure higher than injection pressure ' Brite texture prevents fracture trom “nealing «© Aszociated with hole pack-offeidge ‘© Generally occurs in the shallower cepth(« £,000’) '* High porosity (25% +) '* High permeability 2 darcies +) '* Asscciated with lost circulation, hole wash-out, hole pack-off '* Generally occurs in mid to deep depths (4000' +) \* Porosity range (25% - 1%) '¢ Permeability range (2 darcies - 10 mildarcies) ‘© Associated with ciferential sicking, underguage hole "© Low compressive strength '* High porosity (¥/- 40%) '* Permeatilty range (2 darcies - 10 miidarcies) '* Wil dissolve in fresh water muds '* Associated with hole wash-out, mud contamination '* High compresove strength, usually tracturod '* High porosty (20 - 40%), High permeabilityWELL PLAN BASIC GEOLOGY The prassure ofthe native fluids (water, oil gas) within the pore spaces ofthe rock. Formation pressure equal to ful column (surface te dopth of terest) of formation water [NORMAL FORMATION PRESSURE VERSUS DEPTH Normal formaticn proseure calculated Normal FB, = 436X Verical Depth Unies betta nformations known, 465 pst a safe wordowee average Formation preseure groater han the normal pressure expected or the depth of interest ‘When permeabiliy drops to near zero, fermalion fluids becor ped nthe pore paces. Any further compaction line feraton wi pressure the huds and procuce nigherthar-narmal (Abnermal formaton pressure ABNORMAL SUBNORMAL noma ITRANSITION SHALE (Pormeablity Barer) ‘Over gocipic tine (milons ef year), he hgn pressure pera fui ie squaezed out of he shale tothe adacent pemebe lormatore jaandetono meson oc t ‘Lower-tnan-normal formation pressure may exist in offshore basins due to production depletcn, however, naturally occurring subnoimal pressure is rare. In inland basins, native Subnormal pressure is a common cccurrence rage /BASIC GEOLOGY WELL PLAN ‘The bed of sediments in which the oil and gas was produced (shale, limestone). Compaction squeezes the oil and gas to the reservoir rock (primary migration) ‘The permeable formation which receives and stores the oll and gas volume: of primary migration “The elevation in reservoir rock to which the oll and gas accumulates (secondary migration) “Traps formed as a result of uplifing, folding and/or faulting of the formation. layers The lightest fuid, gas, rises to the top of the trap. The next heaviest fluid, oll, accumulates bolow the gae and then the water RESERVOIR ROCK OL & Gas im INPORE ‘Traps formed by the displacement of the reservoir rock along a stess crack which positions the face of the down-dip section against impermeable rock Traps formed by a permeable reservoir rock gracing to a non-permeable rock or the termination of a reservoir rockWELL PLAN CASING PROGRAM ee SS ‘SYSTEM FUNCTIONS SECTIONS: FUNCTIONS: Drive or Structural 1 ROVE HIDRAIUC Casing Integy 4 PROTECT THE WELLBORE " HghFomanen Pesce Fits Intermediate Casing * Fraton ain 4% PROTECT THE FORMATION "igh ation Presson Produetion Liner or Casing PageSCASI Ks. pecchaM, WELL PLAN ‘Shoe strargth must supper the hydrostatic, ceculating and surge pressures ard prosido a suficont kick toerance fr well centro safely {In some instances, the ony solution to @ criting problem may be to run ‘casing before the planned shoe depth is reached. This could be the next planned acing ating or 9 eantingonoy Ener ‘Casing may be set before o: deeper than its planned depth to protect poteniial production zones * Consolidated. Naturally cemented rock to avoic wash out andlor ote collapse during cementing ‘As homogenoous 26 possible. Interteddo¢ layors of different Tormation types weaken the fock and introduce the possibilty of permeabiity © Impermeable. Vater loss from the cement slury can retut ash-setting ofthe cement before itis place It permeabiity s present, the tre leak-of pressure ofthe wellbore is dificut to establish © Lowest Rock Strength: ‘ntl racture gradient assumptions ar based on the weakest rock type Clean shale isthe ideal casing seat formetion. In the field, however, the formation selected for the seat is usually he best compromise between the ideal and what is possible ‘Deperding on the depth of the surface sediments the setting depth ofthe pips may range from less than 100 feet te 400 fet + alow the mud line/ sutece ‘Te ineure coat integrity, the pipe ie driven 1 refucel, indicated by the number cof hammer blows per foot (GPF) of penetration, For example, the US Gulf Coast requires 140 to 160 BPF, mn Venezuela, 250 BPF ‘The planned seiting depth of the casing may range irom 100 feet 10 1500 feet + below the mud ine! surtace depending on anticipate role instability and / or lost crculaton problems + pe sizes 8/8" 36" + DRIVE PPE + Recycling Retuene (Driven to Refusal) S Diverter system ‘STRUCTURAL CASING es (Onted and Comentoa) + Structural Support + sHutaN Nor * Conductor casing RECOMMENDED eam + BOP Equipment “The structure casing is pressure tested, but due to the shallow depth of the seat, the shoe Page 10Planned setting degth determined by articipated hole instaility. lost circulation preblems and to pratact fresh water sands (land based) ‘Surface casing must prove sulficient fracture strength to allow ding the ‘next ho’ inferval wih a Suftceent kick tolerance FUNCTIONS: + EXTEND KYDRAULIC INTEGRTY * PROTECT FORMATIONS, * Froth ater sands ‘CEMENTED BACK * Lowtighwerbore TOSURFACEOR TO Pressure THE SHOE * yea Erosion * soLuTiOn FoR ‘DRILLING PROBLEMS: cash pessune were * Lost Circulation * Forman insiaity ‘SHOE PRESSURE TESTED + SHUTINPOSSBLE ‘The casing is pressure tested and the shoe is tested to @ maximum anticipated pressure oto leak-off Page 11PROGR WELL PLAN Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired kick tolerance, antcipated hole instability lost sirulation probleme. FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL { CONTROL CAPABILITY r * SOLUTION FOR | DRILLING PROBLEMS: (CEMENTED BACK * Lost culation TO PREDETERMINED err * Fomaton insasilty * tert tek + PROTECT FORMATIONS: aS * Lowihigh Welbore Pressure CASING PRESSURE TESTED * Incompatible Weltore Fuids ‘SHOE PRESSURE TESTED 3 * Proéuction ZeneIelation + SHUTAN RECOMMENDED (Set In Pressure Transition Sale) ‘The casing is pressure tested and the sne tested to a maxmum anticipated pressure or to leak-off Page 12WELL PLAN Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired kick tolerance, anticipated hole instabilty lost cation problems or protecting production zones {1 tho liners contingent on criling problems, cccurrence of the problem determines the setting depth FUNCTIONS: + PROVIDE WELL I CONTROL CAPABILITY . sensu" + SOLUTION FOR SPECIFIC DRILLING PROBLEMS: * Lost circulation * Formation Instabilty i i |] + cemenreo Back ©) TOLNER HANGER | * biter Sting | + PROTECT FORMATIONS: * Lowitigh Wetbore + ner PRESSURE 1 TESTED + SHOE PRESSURE TESTED * Production Zone Isolation |) , SHUTIN RECOMMENDED “The line i preseure tested and the choo ard liner top tested fo a maximum antcipsted proseure orto leak-ott Page 13