Vol. 98, No. 1 DUKE MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL © 1999
SUPERCURVES,THEIR JACOBIANS, AND SUPER KPEQUATIONS
M. J. BERGVELT
and
J. M. RABIN
Contents
1. Introduction........................................................... 22. Supercurves and their Jacobians ........................................ 42.1. Supercurves ...................................................... 42.2. Duality and
N
=
2 curves.......................................... 52.3. Super Riemann surfaces ........................................... 102.4. Integration on supercurves ......................................... 112.5. Integration on the universal cover................................... 132.6. Sheaf cohomology for supercurves.................................. 152.7. Generic SKP curves............................................... 162.8. Riemann bilinear relations ......................................... 172.9. The period map and cohomology.................................... 182.10.
X
as an extension of
er
X
..................................... 212.11.
X
as an extension of
êr
X
and symmetric period matrices ........ 242.12. Moduli of invertible sheaves....................................... 252.13. Effective divisors and Poincaré sheaf for generic SKP curves......... 272.14. Berezinian bundles............................................... 292.15. Bundles on the Jacobian;
θ
-functions .............................. 313. Super Grassmannian,
τ
-function, and Baker function ..................... 343.1. Super Grassmannians.............................................. 343.2. The Chern class of Ber
(
gr
)
and the
gl
∞|∞
cocycle ................. 363.3. The Jacobian super Heisenberg algebra.............................. 383.4. Baker functions, the full super Heisenberg algebra, and
τ
-functions. ... 394. The Krichever map and algebro-geometric solutions ...................... 424.1. The Krichever map................................................ 424.2. The Chern class of the Ber bundle on Pic
0
(X)
....................... 444.3. Algebro-geometric
τ
- and Baker functions........................... 45Appendix A. Duality and Serre duality..................................... 48A.1. Duality of
-modules............................................. 48A.2. Serre duality of supermanifolds .................................... 49Appendix B. Real structures and conjugation............................... 50
Received 10 January 1996.1991
Mathematics Subject Classification
. Primary 14M30; Secondary 14H40, 32G20, 58F07,17B65, 14H10, 32C11, 58A50.1
2
BERGVELT AND RABIN
Appendix C. Linear equations in the super category......................... 50C.1. Introduction...................................................... 50C.2. Quasideterminants ................................................ 51C.3. Restriction to superalgebra ........................................ 52C.4. Linear equations.................................................. 53Appendix D. Calculation of a super
τ
-function ............................. 53References. ............................................................. 55
1. Introduction.
In this paper we study algebraic supercurves with a view towardapplications to super Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (SKP) hierarchies. We deal from thestart with supercurves
X
over a nonreduced ground ring
; that is, our curves carryglobal nilpotent constants. This has an advantage, compared to supercurves over thecomplex numbers
C
, that our curves can be nonsplit, but this comes at the price of some technical complications. The main problem is that the cohomology groups of coherentsheavesonourcurvesshouldbethoughtofasfinitelygeneratedmodulesoverthe ground ring
, instead of vector spaces over
C
. In general these modules are of course not free. Still we have in this situation Serre duality, as explained in AppendixA, the dualizing sheaf being the (relative) Berezinian sheaf
er
X
. In applications toSKP there occurs a natural class of supercurves that we call generic SKP curves.For these curves, the most important sheaves—the structure sheaf and the dualizingsheaf—have free cohomology. In the latter part of the article we concentrate on thesecurves.Supercurves exhibit a remarkable duality uncovered in [DRS]. The projectivizedcotangent bundle of any
N
=
1 supercurve has the structure of an
N
=
2 superRiemann surface (SRS), and supercurves come in dual pairs
X,
ˆ
X
whose associated
N
=
2 SRSs coincide. Further, the (
-valued) points of a supercurve can be identifiedwith the effective divisors of degree 1 on its dual. Ordinary
N
=
1 SRSs, widelystudied in the context of superstring theory, are self-dual under this duality. By theresulting identification of points with divisors they enjoy many of the properties thatdistinguish Riemann surfaces from higher-dimensional varieties. By exploiting theduality we extend this good behaviour to all supercurves.In particular we define for all supercurves a contour integration for sections of
er
X
, the holomorphic differentials in this situation. The endpoints of a supercontourturnouttobenot
-pointsofoursupercurve,butratherirreducibledivisors,thatis,
-points on the dual curve! For SRSs these notions are the same, and our integration is ageneralizationoftheprocedurealreadyknownforSRSs.WeusethistoproveRiemannbilinear relations, connecting in this situation periods of holomorphic differentials onour curve
X
with those on its dual curve.In the case when the cohomology of the structure sheaf is free, for example, if
X
is a generic SKP curve, we can define a period matrix and use this to define theJacobian of
X
as the quotient of a super vector space by a lattice generated by theperiod matrix. In this case the Jacobian is a smooth supermanifold. A key question is
SUPERCURVES
3whether the Jacobian of a generic SKP curve admits ample line bundles (and henceembeddings in projective superspace) whose sections could serve as the super analogof
θ
-functions. We show that the symmetry of the even part of the period matrix(together with the automatic positivity of the imaginary part of the reduced matrix)is sufficient for this, and we construct the super
θ
-functions in this case. We derivesome geometric necessary and sufficient conditions for this symmetry to hold, butit is not an automatic consequence of the Riemann bilinear period relations in thissuper context. Neither do we know an explicit example in which the symmetry fails.The usual proof that symmetry of the period matrix is necessary for existence of a(principal)polarizationalsofails,becausecrucialaspectsofHodgetheory,particularlythe Hodge decomposition of cohomology, do not hold for supertori.The motivation for writing this paper was our wish to generalize the theory of the algebro-geometric solutions to the KP hierarchy of nonlinear partial differentialequations, as described in [SW] and references therein, to the closest supersymmetricanalog, the “Jacobian” SKP hierarchy of Mulase and Rabin [Mu], [R1].In the SKP case the geometric data leading to a solution include a supercurve
X
and a line bundle
with vanishing cohomology groups over
X
. For such a line bundleto exist, the supercurve
X
must have a structure sheaf
X
such that the associatedsplit sheaf
X
split
, obtained by putting the global nilpotent constants in
equal tozero, is a direct sum
X
split
=
red
X
⊕
, where
red
X
is the structure sheaf of theunderlying classical curve
X
red
and
is an invertible
red
X
-sheaf of degree zero. Wecall such an
X
an SKP curve, and if moreover
is not isomorphic to
red
X
we call
X
a generic SKP curve.The Jacobian SKP hierarchy describes linear flows
(t
i
)
on the Jacobian of
X
(with even and odd flow parameters). The other known SKP hierarchies, of Maninand Radul [MR] and Kac and van de Leur [KL], describe flows on the universalJacobian over the moduli space of supercurves, in which
X
as well as
vary with the
t
i
[R1]. These are outside the scope of this paper, although we hope to return to themelsewhere. As in the nonsuper case, the basic objects in the theory are the (even andodd) Baker functions, which are sections of
(t
i
)
holomorphic except for a singlesimple pole, and a
τ
-function that is a section of the superdeterminant (Berezinian)bundle over a super Grassmannian
gr. In contrast to the nonsuper case, we show thatthe Berezinian bundle has trivial Chern class, reflecting the fact that the Berezinian isa ratio of ordinary determinants. The super
τ
-function descends, essentially, to Jac
(
X
)
as a section of a bundle with trivial Chern class also, and it can be expressed rationallyin terms of super
θ
-functions when these exist. (Its reduced part is a ratio of ordinary
τ
-functions). We also obtain a formula for the even and odd Baker functions in termsof the
τ
-function, confirming that one must know the
τ
-function for the more generalKac–van de Leur flows to compute the Baker functions for even the Jacobian flowsin this way; see [DS], [T]. For this we need a slight extension of Cramer’s rule forsolving linear equations in even and odd variables, which is developed in an appendixvia the theory of quasideterminants. In another appendix we use the Baker functions
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