Description

Human carcinogenesis is known to be initiated and/or promoted by exposure to
chemicals that occur in the environment. Molecular cancer epidemiology is used to identify human
environmental cancer risks by applying a range of effect biomarkers, which tend to be nonspecific
and do not generate insights into underlying modes of action. Toxicogenomic technologies may
improve on this by providing the opportunity to identify molecular biomarkers consisting of altered
gene expression profiles.