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The North AmericanConservation EducationStrategy:
Benefits of Outdoor Skills to Health,Learning and Lifestyle: A Literature Review 
Conservation Education = Conservation
 A white paper of the Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies’North American Conservation Education Strategy Funded by a Multistate Conservation Grant of the SportFish and Wildlife Restoration ProgramNovember 2010
Produced by: Cottrell and Associates Environmental Consulting 
 
i
Benefits of Outdoor Skills to Health, Learning and Lifestyle: Literature Review
2010 Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies
 Acknowledgements
Prepared by:Stuart Cottrell & Jana Raadik-CottrellCottrell & Associates Environmental Consulting1613 Peterson PlaceFort Collins, CO 80525970-481-0014 Note about Cottrell & Associates: Environmental Consulting (CAEC):CAEC specializes in human dimensions of natural resource tourism research and sustainabletourism development. Dr. Cottrell and his associate Jana Raadik-Cottrell have 20+ years of combined experience in research and tourism development in western and Eastern Europe andthe United States. Dr. Cottrell is an Associate Professor in the Department of HumanDimensions of Natural Resources at Colorado State University. Dr. Raadik-Cottrell recentlycompleted her PhD in Human Dimensions of Natural Resources at Colorado State University(CSU). Her dissertation focused on “Construction of community identity in island places: Placemeanings through identity processes on Saaremaa Island, Estonia.” Dr. Cottrell worked on a project to examine the Condition of Colorado Public Lands that involved an inventory of outdoor recreation trends, issues and primary management concerns with related indicators for  public land agencies in Colorado while Cottrell and Raadik have worked on visitor use studies,emotions towards of wildlife, and tourism development studies in Europe.This report was developed for the Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) under contract with CAEC. Funding was provided from a three-year Multistate Conservation Grant of the Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration Program awarded in 2009, with the purpose to supportimplementation of the North American Conservation Education Strategy.
 
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................iTable of Contents......................................................................................................................iiExecutive Summary.................................................................................................................iiiSECTION I. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1A. Purpose of Literature Review..............................................................................................2Objectives.............................................................................................................................2B. Outcomes..............................................................................................................................3SECTION II. Methods..................................................................................................................4A. Literature Search..................................................................................................................4Inclusion criteria...................................................................................................................4Key terms......................................................................................................................5B. Limitations...........................................................................................................................5SECTION III. Findings.................................................................................................................6A. Fear of the woods.................................................................................................................6B. Healthy Lifestyles................................................................................................................8C. Minorities and outdoor skills education as a tool to increase outdoor recreation participation and other perceived benefits..............................................................................10D. Outdoor education possibilities to increase environmental stewardship...........................12E. Outdoor experience for teens has self-reported life-changing results................................14F. Outdoor recreation and health benefits...............................................................................17G. Outdoor recreation influence on participation and attitudes..............................................19Constraints to hunting and fishing......................................................................................22Hunting and fishing participation.......................................................................................22H. Program provision..............................................................................................................23I. Wildlife Value Orientations.................................................................................................25SECTION IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................27A. Conclusions........................................................................................................................27B. Recommendations..............................................................................................................33C. Future Research..................................................................................................................35BIBLIOGRAHPY...................................................................................................................37Additional Sources..............................................................................................................43Industry reports, websites and related documents..............................................................43Thesis and dissertation work on positive impacts of outdoor education............................44APPENDIX A: Benefits of Outdoor Adventure.........................................................................46APPENDIX B: Ideas for the future............................................................................................47APPENDIX C: Efforts in the U.S. to Connect Youth to the Outdoors......................................55ii
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