Boronmax

Engine Oil Additive

White Paper

July 20111/8

Index

Summary..........................................................................................................................................3Friction and Lubrication..................................................................................................................3Hexagonal Boron Nitride.................................................................................................................4BORONMAX..................................................................................................................................6Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8

List of figures

Figure 1:Friction vs Film Thickness.....................................................................................................4Figure 2:Crystal Structure of Hexagonal Boron Nitride......................................................................5Figure 3:White Boron Nitride Powder.................................................................................................5Figure 4:hBN SEM image....................................................................................................................6

List of Tables

Table 1:Engine oil endurance with and without BORONMAX additive.............................................7Table 2:Elemental analysis values of oil with and without BORONMAX..........................................72/8

Summary

Lubrication has high importance for machinery with moving parts. Lubrication increases performance and life of machines by decreasing friction and wear. Inadequate lubrication causesenergy and material losses. It is estimated that losses from inadequate lubrication is between 5-7%of GDP in developed countries.According to Turkish Statistics Institution (TÜİK) in Turkey alone, there are 15.455.025 vehicles.Total fuel consumption in Turkey according to EPDK's “2010 Petroleum Market Report” is15.774.413 tons. Total monetary value of fuel consumption according to Petroleum IndustryAssociation (Petder) is 60,6 billion Turkish Lira (33,5 billion USD). As a result of decrease infriction and increase in motor performance, vehicles use less fuel and material losses will decrease.For example, a 5% decrease in fuel consumption because of a decrease in friction means a 3.03 billion TL (1.67 billion USD) in Turkey.

Friction and Lubrication

Friction is usually defined as a resistance to movement between contact surfaces in engineering.Research on film for preventing friction and wear on contacting solids is conducted under lubrication topic. Friction can be decreased with a thin film of solids, liquids and gasses with lowshear strength. Friction coefficients of contacting bodies in relative motion varies. Frictioncoefficient and lubrication status is related and the relation between lubricant film thickness ratio(Summerfield Number) and friction coefficient can be seen atFigure 1. Various engine parts reachoptimum performance through different lubrication regimes. Usually bearings work onhydrodynamic lubrication and surfaces seperated by a lubricant film. At low speeds and engine startor stop; lubricant film breaks and metal to metal contact occurs. On piston rings and gearbox mixedand boundary lubrication conditions occur. Main goal of lubrication is to decrease frictioncoefficient at boundary and mixed lubrication conditions when energy and material losses mostlyoccur. In order to decrease friction coefficient at engine parts, lubricants are used. If only engineoils are used, at mixed and boundary layer lubrication conditions lubricant film between moving parts in engine thinners and sometimes breaks. This causes contact between metal surfaces. In order to prevent this oil additives are added. These additives are expected3/8