CHUYN 3

Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu HQG Tp.H Ch Minh

CHUYN VT L
MCH PHI TUYN



Gio vin hng dn: thy Phm V Kim Hong
Nhm bin son: Lp 11 L ( kho 2008-2011)
L i Nam
Nguyn Hng Nhung
L B Tin Trin
I. Mch phi tuyn l g?
Lu : khi nim mch in dng trong chuyn ny nu khng ni g thm th ta hiu l mch in c dng in mt
chiu v ta khng xt n mch in c dng in xoay chiu.

Mch tuyn tnh

Trc khi n vi khi nim mch phi tuyn, ta nm khi nim mch tuyn tnh.
Mch tuyn tnh l mch in ch cha cc phn t tuyn tnh. Phn t tuyn tnh l cc phn
t nh cc in tr R,( c th l cun dy L hay t in C trong mch xoay chiu) c tr s
khng i theo thi gian, hay i vi in tr th quan h gia hiu in th U gia 2 u in
tr v I chy qua in tr tho mn nh lut Ohm tc l
U
I =
R


V sao li gi cc phn t trn l tuyn tnh? Bi v cc phn t trn c c tuyn vn ampe
U(I) hay I(U) l mt ng thng hay quan h gia U v I ca cc phn t trn l tuyn tinh nn
chng cho tn gi l phn t tuyn tnh.
Trng hp ca cun dy c t cm L khng i hay t in c in dung C khng i th
c tuyn
vn ampe ca chng l ng thng khi mch c dng in xoay chiu

c tuyn vn ampe ca mt s phn t tuyn tnh

Mt in tr c tr s khng i
Thng c lm t hp kim constantan thng gm 55% ng v 45% niken hay cc hp
kim t chu nh hng bi nhit nh manganin
86 12 2
Cu Mn Ni ,
U = IR hay
U
I =
R
nn c tuyn vn ampe l mt ng thng i qua gc to c h s gc
l R


c tuyn vn-ampe ca mt in tr khng i



I. Mch phi tuyn

Mch phi tuyn l mch in c cha cc phn t phi tuyn. Phn t phi tuyn l cc phn t
nh cc in tr R,( c th l cun dy L hay t in C trong mch xoay chiu) c tr s thay
i theo thi gian, hay i vi in tr th quan h gia hiu in th U gia 2 u in tr v I
chy qua in tr khng mn nh lut Ohm tc l
U
I
R

Gi cc phn t trn l phi tuyn l bi v c tuyn vn ampe U(I) hay I(U) khng phi l
ng thng hay quan h U v I ca phn t khng tuyn tnh. i vi trng hp ca t v
cun cm th trong mch in xoay chiu quan h U-I khng tho mn ng thc
U
I
Z
vi Z c th l dung khng ca t hoc cm khng ca cun cm
Tng qut hn Z c th l tng tr ca mt on mch in xoay chiu
Trong k tht v i sng ta thng gp cc phn t phi tuyn nhiu hn bi v trn thc t
mi phn t trong mch in u c tr s ph thuc vo nhit .

Mt s phn t phi tuyn v c tuyn vn ampe:

Mt s phn t phi tuyn thng gp nh:
+ nhit in tr thermistor
Trong thermistor ngi ta thng quan tm n th nhit - in p nhiu hn l c tuyn
vn - ampe

c tuyn vn ampe ca 1 thermistor S ph thuc gia nhit v in p ca 1 thermistor

+ in tr phi tuyn varistor
Thng c i = f(u) th hin qua th sau





+ diode in t hay n in t
+ diode bn dn

Diode bn dn l tng Diode Zener ( n cn c 1 vng in p ngc hot ng rt tt)

+ trong mch phi tuyn c dng in xoay chiu th cun cm c li st th c t cm L bin
i mnh hay hin tng in tr mt s cht in mi nh scnht NaK(C
2
H
2
O
3
)
2
.4H
2
O
lm cho in dung ca mt t in C thay i
i vi hin tng bin i t cm L th ngi ta quan tm n c tuyn t thng - dng
in
i vi hin tng bin i in dung ca t th ngi ta quan tm n c tuyn in tch
hin in th
+ dy tc bng n cng c coi l mt in tr c tr s thay i do tc dng nhit ca dng
in qua n
Cc thng s c trng cho mt phn t phi tuyn
Mt phn t tuyn tnh c cc tr s khng i v d nh in tr R , t cm L, in dung
C, c gi l cc thng s tnh.
Mt phn t phi tuyn th ngoi cc thng s tnh cn c cc thng s ng
Cc thng s ng hay thng s tc thi ca phn t phi tuyn c trng cho phn t phi
tuyn cn cc thng s tnh v thng s trung bnh thng khng mang nhiu ngha vt
l ( t c s dng trong bi ton)
in tr:
in tr tnh
t
U
R =
I

in tr trung bnh
tb
U
R =
I

in tr ng ( hay in tr tc thi)
'
d I
U
R = U
I

=


Cun dy
t cm tnh
t
F
L =
I

t cm trung bnh
tb
L =
I

t cm ng
'
d I
L =
I

=
T in
in dung tnh
t
Q
C =
U

in dung trung bnh
tb
Q
C =
U

in dung ng
'
d U
Q
C = Q
U

=

Cc thng s R

, L

, C

l hm theo cng dng in I hoc hiu in th U ca chng nn

n c trng cho phn t phi tuyn ti mi im trn c tuyn vn ampe.
Cng sut: i vi cc phn t phi tuyn th ch c s dng cng thc P = U.I hay trong mch
in c dng xoay chiu th P = U.I.cos

Cc cch biu din c trng ca mt phn t phi tuyn:

Cch 1: cho hm s U = f(I) hay I = f(U) hoc u = f(i) hay i = f(u)
Vi f khng phi l mt hm tuyn tnh
Cch cho ny l cch cho thun li
Cch 2: cho c tuyn vn ampe ca phn t
Cch cho ny tng i khng thun li
Cch 3: cho th hoc c tuyn vn ampe ca phn t v km theo s liu hoc
to ca 1 s im
Cch cho ny thun li hn cch 2
cch 2 v cch 3 th i khi chng ta phi dng n phng php ngoi suy trn th lm
v thng mang tnh thc nghim nhiu hn
Cch 4: cho bng ghi s liu U I
y cng l mt cch cho mang tnh thc nghim nhiu hn

Cc tnh cht ca mch phi tuyn:

+ Mch phi tuyn khng c tnh xp chng nghim hay khng p dng c nguyn l chng
chp cc trng thi in
+ Mch phi tuyn c tnh cht to tn s
V d: vi nhng phn t phi tuyn R, L ,C trong mch in c ngun xoay chiu tn s gc
th dng qua mch c th c tn s gc l 0, , 2, 3,
Nu hiu in th kch thch dng hnh sin th do quan h phi tuyn nn cng dng in
trong mch c th khng c dng sin m c th phn tch thnh tng cc dao ng iu ho c
tn s khc nhau
+Cc nh lut Kirchhoff vn ng trong mch in phi tuyn mt chiu v xoay chiu

Ni ring v Diode:

Nh ta bit, Diode l mt linh kin in t hay mt phn t trong mch in ( mt chiu v
xoay chiu) ch cho dng in i qua theo 1 chiu nht nh v diode l mt phn t phi tuyn
Diode gm c 2 loi l diode in t hay n in t v diode bn dn.
Trong chuyn ny khng quan tm n cu to ca diode m ch quan tm n tnh phi tuyn
ca diode
c tuyn vn ampe ca diode nh sau


Tuy nhin do c tuyn vn ampe ca diode kh phc tp nn ngi ta thng l tng ho
thnh cc dng c tuyn n gin
Sau y l cc dng l tng ho c tuyn vn ampe ca diode theo mc tin li gn vi
kt qu ca thc nghim
L tng ho 1: diode ng m

Nu U < U
0
th khng c dng chy qua Diode
Nu U = U
0
th Diode l mt phn t phi tuyn c in tr ng l

d
U
R = = 0
I








L tng ho 2: vn l diode ng - m

Nu U < U
0
th khng c dng chy qua Diode
Nu U U
0
th Diode coi nh l 1 phn t phi tuyn c in tr
ng l
0
d
U-U U
R = = =const 0
I I








L tng ho 3: khng cn dng Diode ng m

Nu U < U
0
th Diode coi nh l 1 phn t phi tuyn c in tr
ng l
d
U U
R = = =const 0
I I

Nu U U
0
th Diode coi nh 1 phn t phi tuyn c in tr ng l
0
d
0
U-U U
R = = =const 0
I I-I







L tng ho 4: a v dng ng cong vi hm s gii tch

v d nh hnh bn I = kU
2

Diode c in tr ng l
Khi th R-I c biu din nh
hnh bn:

d
I

U 1 1 1
k
R = = =
I I k 2 I 2 kI
= i



Thng thng trong cc thi thng ch xut hin dng l tng ho 1 ,2 ,3 ca diode

II.Phng php gii cc bi ton v mch phi tuyn

Thng thng da vo cch cho v cu hi ca bi th c 3 phng php sau tm nghim
gn ng trong mt bi ton mch phi tuyn v cc phng php ny kt hp vi cc nh lut
v phng php trong mch tuyn tnh ( tr cc phng php khng tho tnh cht ca mch
phi tuyn ) .
Phng php th, phng php s v phng php biu din gn ng cc c tuyn bng
hm xp x
a) Phng php th:
Ni dung: t cc c tuyn ca cc phn t ta v c tuyn chung ca mch sau xc nh
im lm vic ca mch theo cc d kin ca bi ton
Do cc mch u c cu to t 2 loi mch c bn l song song v ni tip nn ta xt 2
trng hp c bn ca mch phi tuyn
+ trng hp 1: mch gm cc phn t ghp ni tip
Nguyn tc: trong mch ni tip th da vo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff, ta c:
1
1 ,
i j
n
i
I I I i j n
U U
= =

T nguyn tc trn ta c th v c c tuyn vn ampe ca mch ni tip bng cch cng
cc t tuyn I(U
i
) theo trc honh ( trc OU) nh hnh
v sau.

+ trng hp 1: mch gm cc phn t ghp song song
Nguyn tc: trong mch ni tip th da vo 2 nh lut
Kirchhoff, ta c:
1
1 ,
i j
n
i
U U U i j n
I I
= =

T nguyn tc trn ta c th v c c tuyn vn
ampe ca mch ni tip bng cch cng cc t tuyn I(U
i
) theo trc tung ( trc OI) nh hnh v
sau.


Nh ni trn, mch phc tp c cu to t cc mch n
gin nn ta c th nhm cc on mch ni tip v song song
v c tuyn chung cho on mch
u im ca phng php ny l gii quyt c vi nhng bi
ton cho th hay c tuyn vn-ampe
Ngoi ra c tuyn vn-ampe ca on mch cn cho bit tnh
phi tuyn ca on mch , kt hp gia th v php ngoi
suy c th gii mt s bi ton mt cch d dng
Nhc im ca php trn l khi gii quyt cc mch phc tp th
tnh chnh xc khng cao, gii bng th tr nn kh khn v
km chnh xc, gp sai s ln.
b) Phng php s:
khc phc nhng khim khuyt ca phng php th cho mch phc tp, ngi ta dng
n cc phng
php s.Chng ta a bi ton v dng i s v gii phng trnh i s bng cc phng
php s.

Phng php s c tin cy v chnh xc cao l phng php lp.
Phng php lp c bn:
C s ton hc: xt phng trnh g(x) = 0 (1)
Ta a phng trnh v dng x = f(x) (2) sao cho f(x) l hm c tp xc nh l R
Chn x
0
l mt nghim gn ng ca (1)
Ta c x
1
= f(x
0
); x
2
= f(x
1
); x
3
= f(x
2
),, x
n+1
= f(x
n
)
Ta lp i lp li n khi x
n+1
= x
n
= x (*) th x l nghim ca (1)
Chng minh: d dng thy rng khi xy ra iu kin (*) th x tho (2) do x l nghim ca (1)

Phng php lp Newton:
C s ton hc: xt phng trnh g(x) = 0.
Chn nghim ban u tng i gn ng l x
0
Ta c: nghim gn ng bc 1 l

0
1 0
0
( )
'( )
g x
x x
g x
=
Nghim gn ng bc n+1 l
1
( )
'( )
n
n n
n
g x
x x
g x
+
=
Khi n th ( ) 0
n
g x
Chng minh :
Theo nh ngha o hm th
( ) ( ') ( )
'( ) '( )
'
( ') ( )
'
'( )
g x g x g x
g x g x
x x x
g x g x
x x
g x

= =

= +
vi x v x l 2 nghim gn ng bc lin tip nhau
Thay x = x
n+1
v x = x
n
th do x
n+1
l nghim ca phng trnh g(x) = 0 th g(x
n+1
) = 0
Do
n
n+1 n
n
g(x )
x =x -
g'(x )

Php lp cng ln th hiu x
n+1
x
n
cng nh do biu thc tng qut ca o hm cng ng
cho x cng nh.
Phng php lp c bn v phng php lp Newton thng c dng trong cc bi ton v
mch phi tuyn khi phi gii cc phng trnh phi tuyn tnh
Kt hp vi phng php th nhm tm ra x
0
gn ng nht th ch sau vi bc lp ta c th
xc nh c nghim gn ng chnh xc ca phng trnh. Phng php lp Newton tuy
khng chnh xc bng phng php lp c bn nhng li nhanh hn i vi nhng hm tng
i phc tp. Do khi phi s dng n phng php lp th ta nn dng phng php lp
Newton gii quyt bi ton mt cch nhanh nht
c) Phng php biu din gn ng cc c tuyn bng hm xp x :
i khi gp cc bi ton cho th hoc bng s liu m khi v th ta ra nhng dng th
gn ng vi nhng hm gii tch quen thuc v ta biu din I = f(U) hay U = f(I) cho bi cc
hm gii tch .
Phng php trn c gi l biu din gn ng c tuyn bng hm xp x
Lu l tng chnh xc, sau khi tm ra hm xp x th ta nn v mt th biu din quan
h I f(U) (hayU f(I)) vi I = kf(U) ( hay U = kf(I)) v k l mt hng s
Ta xem th th I f(U) c gn ng l ng thng hay khng v s c li hn khi dng
ng thng ngoi suy trn th
Mt s th ca cc hm gii tch c bn


1. Hm s
x a
y
x b
+
=
+












Hnh bn tri l khi a > b cn hnh bn phi l khi a < b.
2. Hm s
2
y ax =
Hm ny tng i quen thuc vi chng ta
Hnh bn tri l th
2
y ax = trong trc to Oxy
Cn Hnh bn phi l biu din quan h gia y x
2
l
mt ng thng







3. Hm s
x
y a =
Hnh bn tri khi a > 1
Cn hnh bn phi khi a < 1














4. Hm s
x
y e =

5. Hm s y = lg
a
x

6. Hm s y = ln x

7. Hm y = sin x

8. Hm y = cos x




9. Hm y = tan x


Lu : Khng phi ch c 3 phng php trn gii mch in phi tuyn. 3 phng php trn
c dng gii quyt bi ton mt cch gn ng v thun tin cho tng trng hp. i lc
ch cn p dng 2 nh lut Kirchhoff vit ra h phng trnh in th - nt cng c th gii
quyt c bi ton.
d) V d v ng dng cc phng php trn :
Sau y l mt bi v d n gin v mch in phi tuyn
Vi mi cch cho khc nhau th ta li chn nhng phng php ph hp gii bi ton mt
cch chnh xc
Cho mch in nh hnh v:

on mch nh hnh v c ngun khng i E = U = 10V, in tr R l mt in tr phi tuyn.
ng kho K. Tm s ch Ampe k. in tr ca Ampe k, ca ngun v ca dy dn tng
cng l R
1
= 500
Cho bit R c c trng vn ampe c cho nh sau
a/ th i (mA) u(V) cho nh hnh sau

b/ Cho bng s liu nh sau:
U(V) 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0
I(mA) 4,0 5,7 6,9 8,0
Lu : cc cu a,b c lp vi nhau
Gii:
a/ do bi cho th nn ta s dng phung php th cho tin li
Theo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff, ta c
U = i.R
1
+ u
1
U u
i
R

=
Thay U = 10V , R
1
=500 =0.5k
Ta c
20 2 i u =
V th hm s 20 2 i u = , ta c nh hnh sau

Giao im ca 2 th chnh l to m mch ang lm vic
Theo th th im mch ang lm vic l I = 9.3 mA v hiu in th 2 u in tr R l u =
5.4V
b/
Da vo bng s liu, ta c th gn ng nh sau:


Ta phng on rng c tuyn U-I trn th c dng ca mt parabol. kim tra li d on
ta v mt th khc l th U-I
2
v nu n l ng thng th d on ca ta l ng
Do tr s I
2
tng i ln nn ta v th U-0.25I
2
cho thun tin ( hnh bn phi)
Ta thy rng 4 im trn nm gn ng trn mt ng thng c h s gc k = 0.25
u = 0.0625i
2
. Hoc ti y ta c th U-I ta c th dng phng php th gii nh cu a
hoc s dng phng php s gii
ti dy ta li c nh sau:
U = i.R
1
+ u u = U iR
1
v u = 0.0625i
2

0.0625i
2
+ iR
1
U = 0 thay U = 10V v R
1
= 0.5k. 0.0625i
2
+0.5i 10 = 0 vi i o
bng mA
C th s dng cng thc gii phng trnh bc 2 v tm ra gn ng i = 9.3mA ( con s chnh
xc l 9.266499161 )
Hc ta c th dng phng php lp c bn l i = 4 10 0.5i
Chn gi tr ban u i = 10, ta bt u lp v c bng sau:
I
4 10 0.5i
10 8.94427191
8.94427191 9.404564037
9.404564037 9.206708842
9.206708842 9.292272556
9.292272556 9.255367067
9.255367067 9.271303223
9.271303223 9.264425196
9.264425196 9.267394371
9.267394371 9.266112725
9.266112725 9.26666597
9.26666597 9.266427156
9.266427156 9.266530243
9.266530243 9.266485745
9.266485745 9.266504953
9.266504953 9.266496661
9.266496661 9.266500241
9.266500241 9.266498696
9.266498696 9.266499362
9.266499362 9.266499075
9.266499075 9.266499199
9.266499199 9.266499145
9.266499145 9.266499168
9.266499168 9.266499158
9.266499158 9.266499163
9.266499163 9.266499161
9.266499161 9.266499162
9.266499162 9.266499161

Tht ra chng ta khng cn lm t m nh bng ny bi v chng ta mun chnh xc n phn
thp phn th my th thy phn c lp li l chnh xc. Th d ta mun thy chnh xc
n ch s th ba sau du phy th ch mt 10 bc l c th tnh c ra kt qu l I =
9.266mA. Hoc nu ch cn 2 ch s sau du phy th ch cn 8 bc l c th ra kt qu l I =
9.26 mA
Phng php lp thng dng gii cc phng trnh tng i phc tp hoc chng ta khng
c cng thc tng qut cho chng nh phng trnh x = sin x hay x = cos x chng hn,
Phng php lp Newton
Ta th xem phng php lp Newton trong bi ton ny nh th no
y g(i) = 0.0625i
2
+0.5i 10 do g(i) = 0.125i + 0.5
ta c
2
1
( ) 0.0625 0.5 10
'( ) 0.125 0.5
n n
n n n
n n
g x i i
i i i
g x i
+
+
= =
+

Chn i
0
= 10 mA
i
n+1
2
0.0625 0.5 10
0.125 0.5
n
n
n
i i
i
i
+

+

10 9.285714285
9.285714285 9.266513057
9.266513057 9.266499161
9.266499161 9.266499161
Ta thy rng ch sau 4 bc l cho kt qu chnh xc
Ta lu rng do cc kt qu cui cng thng c o bng thc nghim nn ta phi chn
chnh xc cho ph hp vi thc th. V d: I = 9.3mA l ph hp vi thc t cn I = 9.266 mA
khng c ph hp cho lm

III. Cc dng bi ton v mch phi tuyn. Mt s bi ton v mch phi tuyn
Theo kinh nghim t cc bi tp v mch phi tuyn th c th chia ra cc dng bi v mch phi
tuyn nh sau:
Nhng bi mch cu c phn t phi tuyn , v nhng bi mch phi tuyn xoay chiu ( c th l
mch nn dng t - diode,) v mt s dng bi khc
1. Bi ton: mch cu c phn t phi tuyn
i vi cc bi ton mch cu c phn t phi tuyn th ta s dng phng php in th - nt
nh trong mch tuyn tnh bnh thng. Tuy nhin vi mi phn t phi tuyn th li c mt cch
gii ring gii quyt bi ton.

Bi 1:
Cho mch in nh hnh v:
V
A
> V
B

vi A1 v A2 l 2 ampe k l tng ln
lt ch I
A1
= 30mA v I
A2
= 5mA.
R
1
= 1 k ;R
2
= 2 k ; R
3
= 3 k; R
4
= 4
k
X l mt phn t phi tuyn.
Hi liu X c th l 1 trong cc phn t sau y hay khng v nu c thU
AB
bng bao nhiu v
cng sut tiu th trn X:
a/ X l mt varistor c c trng vn ampe l i = ku
2

k o bng mA/V
2

b/ X l mt n in t ng m. Nu V
D
> V
B
th n cho dng chy qua vi I
5
< 5mA
khng i v t D n B cn nu ngc li th khng c dng in qua X
c/ X l mt Diode c c trng vn ampe qua th sau

Phn tch: bi ny cha cho chiu ca ngun nn c th nhn nghim m phi dng nhng
iu kin vt l loi b nghim trong bi.
Gii
a/ ta c cc phng trnh in th nt sau: thun tin ta gii bi ton vi cc dng in o
bng mA
Gi s dng in trong mch chnh i t A n B
2 3 1 2
1 2 3 5 5 1
3 1 4
1 3 4
1 3 2 5
1 4 2
30
1 2 3
1 3 4
A
AB
u u u
i i i i ku I
u u u
i i i
u u u u U
u u u

+ = + => + = + = =

= + => = +

+ = + =

+ =

1 2 2
1
2 2 3
5 3 5
2 2 2 4
5 5 2 4
2 2 2 2
5 2 5 5 5
2
2
30 30
1 2 2
30 90 3
3
30 30 4 2 20( )
2 4
3
30 90 3 3 120
2 2
30 20
2
u u u
u
u
ku u ku
u u
ku ku u u V
u u
ku u u ku u
u
u

+ = =

+ = =

= + = =

+ = + + + =

Nu
2
2
5
4
2 2 2
5 5 5 5 5
100
( )
3
65
( )
20 3
3 1
3 120 5( ) . 108 108.33( )
2 3
55( )
AB
u V
ku mA
u
u
ku u u V P u ku W
U V

+ + = = = = =

Nu
2
2
5 5
4
2 2 2
5 5 5 5 5
20
( )
3
20
( )
3
20
3 2
3 120 130( ) . 866 866.66( )
2 3
410
( )
3
AB
u V
i ku mA
u
u
ku u u V P u ku W
U V

= =

+ + = = = = =

Tuy nhin khi u
5
> 0 m i
5
< 0 th v l i vi varistor
Vy ta c kt qu sau:
U
AB
= 55V v P
x
= 108.33W
cu a liu c phc tp hn nu i v tr R
4
v varistor X hay khng???
b/ gi s V
D
> V
B

i
1
+ i
2
= i
3
+ i
5
= 30
i
1
= i
3
+ i
4
v i
2
+i
4
= i
5

v i
4
< i
5
nn i
4
= -5mA => i
1
= i
3
-5 v i
2
-5 = i
5

li c u
1
+u
4
= u
2
=> i
1
- 20 = 2i
2

i
3
-5 20 = 2(I
5
+ 5) => i
3
= 2I
5
+ 35
i
1
= 20+2(I
5
+5) = 30 + 2I
5

i
2
= I
5
+ 5
I
5
= - 0.6 mA (loi v yu cu bi)
Vy V
D
V
B
v khi th U
AB
< 0 loi v V
A
> V
B

Do iu kin bi khng ph hp vi thc t
c/ u tin ta phi tm c trng ca Diode
khi U < 5V th khng c dng chy qua diode
khi U 5V th c dng chy qua diode v in tr ng ca Diode l
1
3
d
R k =
Ta xt nu U
DB
< 5V th khng c dng chy qua diode, mch lc ny ch cn (R
1
// (R
2
nt
R
4
))nt R
3

Khi ta tnh c dng qua R
4
v R
2
l I
A2
= 5mA v qua R
3
l I
A1
= 30mA .
Do U
DB
= R
4
I
A2
+ R
3
I
A1
nn suy ra U
DB
= 20+90 = 110V > 5V.
Vy U
DB
> 5V v c dng in chy qua n
Lc ny ta li c
5 5
1
5
3
u i = +
3 5 1 2
1 2 3 5 1
3 1 4
1 3 4
1 3 2 5
1 4 2
5
30
1
1 2 3
3
1 3 4
A
AB
u u u u
i i i i I
u u u
i i i
u u u u U
u u u

+ = + => + = + = =

= + => = +

+ = + =

+ =

=>
2
1
3 5
2 2
5 5
2 2
5 5 2 5
2
2
30
2
45 3
30 15 5 15 5
2 2
3
30 45 3 4 75
2 2
30 20
2
u
u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u u u
u
u

= =

+ = + + =

Chia ra 2 trng hp u
4
= 20 V v u
4
= -20V
Gii ra tng trng hp ta c kt qu sau
U
4
= 20 V th
2
5
5
100
3
25
4
110
3
u V
u
u
=
=
=
=> loi v u
5
nhn 2 gi tr khc nhau
U
4
= -20V th
2
5
5
20
3
65
4
40
3
u V
u
u
=
=
=
=> loi v u
5
nhn 2 gi tr khc nhau
Nhn xt: bi ny ta phi lu mt s iu
1. v mt n v, ta thy rng 1mA . 1k = 1V ta c th quy c v n v thun tin khi
gii
2. trong qu trnh gii, cc kt qu trung gian khng nn lm trn m gia nguyn cn, phn
s,
3. sau khi ra kt qu phi bin lun bi ton vi thc t, v du v v ln
Bi 2 : Trong mch cu hnh c cc in tr R
1
= 2 ; R
2
= 4; R
3
= 1; X l mt varistor c
i=kU
2
.
a. V ng c tuyn Vn-Ampe U= f(i) ca varistor. Gi
dU
R
di
= l in tr tc thi
ca varistor. C th ni g v in tr ny khi i bin thin t 0 n
+.
b. Bit k= 0,25 (A/V
2
) nu i o bng Ampe, U bng Vn. Ngi ta
iu chnh hiu in th U
0
= U
AD
cu cn bng. Tnh cng sut in P tiu th trn
varistor, tnh cc dng i
1
, i
2
qua 2 nhnh v hiu in th U
c. R
1
, R
2
, R
3
v k c gi tr bt k, Tnh U
0
cu cn bng, tnh dng I trong mch
chnh. Thay X bng mt bin tr R ta c cu Uytston, hy nu s ging v khc nhau
gia cu nghin cu trong bi v cu Uytston.
( Trch thi hc sinh gii Quc gia nm hc 1990-1991)
Gii:
a. ta c i=kU
2

i
u=
k

v R =
du 1
=
di 2 ki

khi I bin thin t 0 n + th R bin thin t + v 0
b. khi cu cn bng th ta c i
1
=
0
1 2
U
R +R
v u
3
= u
1
= i
1
R
1
=
0 1
1 2
U R
R +R
; u
4
= i
1
R
2
=
0 2
1 2
U R
R +R

li c
2
2 3 0 1 0 2 1 1 2
4 0 2
3 3 1 2 1 2 3 2
u U R U R R (R +R )
=ku =k U =
R R (R +R ) R +R kR R
| |

|
\
= 3V
T rt ra c i
1
= 0.5A v i
2
= 1A v P = 2W
c.
1 1 2
0 2
3 2
R (R +R )
U =
kR R
nu thay X bng mt bin tr R th cu cn bng R =
2 3
1
R R
R

Cu Uytxton khc vi cu trong bi ny ch bin tr c mt gi tr xc nh cu
cn bng vi U bt k cn varistor th cu cn bng ta phi t U = U
0
xc nh th
cu mi cn bng
Ging nhau l nu 1 trong 3 in tr cn li khng bit gi tr th vn tnh c nu
bit 2 in tr cn li v tr s ca varistor hoc bin tr do ng dng trong vic o
chnh xc in tr cha bit
Bi 3: cho mch in nh hnh v
R
1
= 1k ; R
2
= 2k ; R
3
= 3k ;R
4
= 4k
Q l mt n quang in c ant ni vi im C, catt ni vi im D
Nu in th ant cao hn in th catt th n m i
0
= 10 mA i qua, ngc li th n ng,
khng c dng i qua. Hiu in th t gia A,B l U
AB
= 100 V
1. a. n Q ng hay m?
b. Tnh hiu in th gia 2 cc ca n
2. Gi nguyn cc in tr v hiu in th gia A v B nhng thay n Q bng mt Diode
K ch cho dng i qua theo chiu t C n D. Diode c ng c trng Vn-Ampe v
hnh.
a. Nu cc c in ca diode v
mc dn in.
b. Nu diode m, tnh dng qua
diode.
( Trch thi hc sinh gii quc gia nm hc
1987-1988)














Gii
1) a) gi s bng n ng, khi mch in cho in tr tng ng l R = 2,4 k
Khi U
CB
= 75 V v U
DB
= 33,3 V => V
C
> V
B
nn n m
Vy n in t m
b) n m . ta xt mch ACB c i
1
R
1
+ i
3
R
3
= U
AB
hay i
1
+ 3(i
1
10) = 100 hay i
1
= 32,5
mA
i
3
= 22,5 mA
tng t vi mch ADB. Ta cng c i
4
= 13,3 mA v i
2
= 23,3 mA
U
CD
= 20,9 V
2) a) nu U
CD
> 20 V th Diode m v c in tr l 1k cn khi U
CD
< 20 V th Diode ng
v xem nh c in tr v cng ln
b) tng t nh cu 1 ta c cc phng trnh sau
1
1 3
2
4 1 3 4
3
1 1 3 4
4
30
3 100
21, 2
4 2( ) 100
23, 2
4 0
14, 2
i mA
i i
i mA
i i i i
i mA
i i i i
i mA
=
+ =

=

+ + =

=

+ =

Dng qua Diode l i

1
i
3
= 7 mA v U
CD
= 27,2 V >
20V
2. Bi ton v th
Bi 4: Trong hnh 1.1 cho ng c trng vn ampe ca bng n pin. Bng n c mc
trong mch in nh trn hnh 1.2

a) Hy tm cng dng in qua n bng th.
b) Vi v tr no ca con chy bin tr th hiu in th gia hai im A v B bng khng?
c) Vi v tr no ca con chy bin tr, hiu in th gia im A v B hu nh s khng
thay i khi bin i khng nhiu sut in ng ca pin?
B qua in tr trong ca pin.
Gii:
a) ta c U = e Ir
e - U
I =
r

v th
e-U
I =
r
v da vo th ta xc nh
c I = 0,24 A v U = 1,6V.
Lu : ng thng
e-U
I =
r
gi l ng ti
b) U
AB
= 0 th ta c U
r
= 2,4 V v U

= 1,6V
U
AB
= 0 th U
1
= U
r
= 2,4 V v U
2
= U

= 1,6V
1 1
1
2 2
2
1 2
R U 3
= = R =24
R U 2
R =16
R +R =40

c) khi sut in ng bin i khng nhiu 1 lng e th in p 2 u n bin i 1
lng
U = e rI
in tr ng ( cn gi l in tr vi phn ) ca n ln cn vng hot ng l
cotg
d
U
r
I

= =

v theo th trn th r
d
= 12,5 vi tan l h s gc ca tip tuyn
T suy ra U = e rI = e r
d
U
r

= e 0.8U do suy ra
1,8
e
U

=
Hiu in th phn di ca bin tr l
2 2 2
2 2
eR R R
40
U U e e
R R
= = =
hiu in th A, B hu nh khng i th U
2
= U hay R
2
= 18
Khi U
AB
xp x 0,6 V l e thay i trong khong t -1V n 1V th U
AB
khng thay i
qu 0,03 V
Dng c th ny c th coi l mt b n p cho cc in p khng ln
3. Bi ton v bng s liu ca bng n
Bi 5: cho cc bng n ging nhau c bng s liu nh sau:
U(V) 0 0,6 0,7 1 1,5 2,5 3,5 4
I(A) 0 0,1 0,14 0,15 0,22 0.26 0,27 0,28
Bit rng cc s liu trn o c trong qa trnh kho st bi ton ny nn ta c th coi gn
ng vi sai s khng qu 5%
Hnh bn l mt mch n i vo hnh lang ca mt
cng ty. Khi i qua hnh lang, ngi bo v ln lt
ng cc kho t trong ra thy ng. Tuy nhin
do s sut trong vic lp t nn trong mch n c 1
n ni tip nh hnh v. H thng n c t vo
mt in p 5V, bit rng in p nh mc ca n
l 3,5 V v nu in p vt qu 4V th n s chy.
in p ca n di 1V th n sng rt yu v ngi bo v c th tng lm l n b
chy
Hi liu khi i qua dy hnh lang th ngi bo v c thy n no chy khng?
i qua ht dy hnh lang m ngi bo v khng thy n no b chy th in p t
vo mch phi l bao nhiu?nu khng c th in p t vo s n sng l nhiu nht?
Khng tho b cc n m ch lp thm, liu c cch no khc ph s c trn hay khng?
Gii:
Ta xt khi i qua dy n th nht, khi mch n ch c 2 n mc ni tip nn do
in p mi n l 2,5 V
Khi i qua dy hnh lang th hai th lc ny ta c do n c in p khng qu 4V th mi
khng chy nn n ni tip khng chy th in p n khng qu 4V, do m cng
dng in qua n khng qu 0,28 A => cng dng in qua 2 mch nhnh khng qu
0,14A hay in p ca 2 n cn li khng qu 0,7 V. Nh vy ngi bo v vn thy c n
b chy d in p ca 2 n cn li di 1 V
khng c n no b chy th in p ln nht c th t vo mch gn ng l 4,6 V v
n ni tip c in p khng qu 4V ko theo cng dng in ca n khng qu 0,28A
hay khi ng ht kho th cng dng in qua mi bng khng qu 0,07A => in p
ca chng khng qu 0,6V
Do 4,6 V < 5V nn chc chn l ngi bo v vn nhn thy c n chy. Do khng th
t in p sao cho ngi bo v khng thy bng no chy.
khc phc ta c th mc thm cc n song song vi n ni
tip. gi n l s n mc thm
Ta c khi ng kho K u tin th dng qua mch chnh khng
qu 0,28A m khng bnhn l chy th cc n khc phi c
dng khng di 0,15A => s n ti a l 1 n
Do ta khng ch mc thm n song song m cc nhnh song
song phi ni vi cc cng tc iu chnh cng dng in
trong mch

4. Bi ton v nhit in tr:
Bi 6:
Trn hnh v l s biu din s ph thuc ca in tr
ca 1 linh kin vo nhit . Khi nung nng linh kin
n 100
o
C th in tr tng t R
1
= 50 n R
2
=
100. Cn khi gim nhit linh kin t 100
o
C th
in tr n gim t ngt t
R
1
=100 n R
2
= 50.
t vo hai u linh kin ni trn 1 hiu in th
khng i U =80V th trong mch hnh thnh 1 dng
dao ng. Hy tnh chu k T, I
max
, I
min
.
Cho bit: Nhit mi trng l t
0
= 20
o
C, cng sut to nhit trn b mt linh kin t l thun
vi chnh lch nhit gia linh kin v mi trng vi h s t l l k = 1.2
W
K
. Nhit dung
ca linh kin C = 3
J
K
.
Gii:
Xt ti nhit t ti thi im trong qu trnh dao ng khi linh kin nng dn
2
0
1
3
( ) 128 1, 2( 20) 3 (152 1, 2 ) 3
152 1, 2
U dt
d k t t d Cdt d t d dt t d dt d
R t
= + = + = =

Tch phn 2 v ta c
1
100
1
2, 5ln (152 1, 2 )
t
t =
Khi linh kin t t = 100
o
C th
2
0
2
3
( ) 64 1, 2( 20) 3 (88 1, 2 ) 3
1, 2 88
U dt
d k t t d Cdt d t d dt t d dt d
R t


= + = + = =

Tch phn 2 v ta c
1
2 100
2, 5ln (88 1, 2 )
t
t =
t
1
l nhit thp nht trong qu trnh dao ng. I
max
=
1
80
1, 6
50
U
A
R
= = v I
min
=
1
80
0, 8
100
U
A
R
= =

5. Bi ton v tm cng sut cc i trong mch phi tuyn
Bi 7:
Mt mng lng cc c c trng vn ampe c m t bi cng thc
2
10 U I = , trong
cng dng in c o bng ampe cn hiu in th c o bng vn. C 2 mng lng
cc nh vy c mc ni tip vi nhau v mc vo mt ngun in l tng vi sut din
ng E =10V. Mc thm mt in tr song song vi mt trong hai mng lng cc. in tr
ny l bao nhiu cng sut nhit gii phng trn n t cc i?
Gii
Gi U l hiu in th trn in tr mc song song vi mt mng lng cc. Khi hiu in
th trn mng lng cc kia s l E - U.
Dng qua in tr:
10 10
R
U U
I

=
E

Vy cng sut to nhit trn R l:
( )
10 10
R R
U U
U I U

= =
E
P (1)
o hm 2 v (1) theo U ta c

3
2 2
d U U U
U
dU

= =
P E
P E (2)
P cc i th (2) phi bng khng

2 2
3
0
2 2
18 21 4 0
U U U
U
U U

=
+ =
E
E
E E
(3)
Gii (3) ta c 2 nghim:

(21 153)
2.4
36
(21 153)
9.3
36
U V
U V

=
+
=
E
E

V hiu in th trn on song song phi nh hn mt na hiu in th 2 cc ngun nn ta
chn 2.4 U V
Vy R 6.27

6. Bi ton Diode nn dng
Bi 8:Trong mch in nh hnh sau. l it l tng, t in
c in dung l C, hai cun dy L
1
v L
2
c t cm ln lt
l L
1
= L, L
2
= 2L. in tr ca cc cun dy v cc dy ni
khng ng k. Lc u kho K
1
v K
2
u m.
1. u tin ng kho K
1
, khi dng qua cun dy L
1
c gi
tr I
1
th ng thi m kho K
1
v ng kho K
2
. Chn
thi im ny lm mc tnh thi gian t.
a) Tnh chu k ca dao ng in t trong mch.
b) Lp biu thc ca cng dng in qua mi
cun dy theo t.
2. Sau , vo thi im dng chy qua cun dy L
1
bng khng v hiu in th U
AB
c
gi tr m th m kho K
2
.
a) M t hin tng in t xy ra trong mch.
Lp biu thc v v phc th biu din cng dng in qua cun dy L
1
theo thi gian
tnh t lc m kho K
2
.
(trch thi chn HSG quc gia mn vt l, nm 2002-2003)
Gii:
1. a) Khi ng thi m K
1
v ng K
2

Qui c chiu dng cc dng nh hnh
Gi q l in tch bn t ni vi B.
Lp h phng trnh:
i
C
= i
1
+ i
2
(1)
Li
1
2Li
2
= 0 (2)
Li
1
=
q
C

(3)
i = - q (4)
o hm 2 v (1), (2), (3) theo thi gian, ta c:
i
C
= i
1
+i
2
(1)
L i
1
- 2Li
2
= 0 (2)
Li
1
= - i
C
/ C (3)
i
1
=
2
3
i
C
; i
C
=
3
2LC
i
C

Phng trnh trn chng t i
C
dao ng iu ho vi tn s

3
2LC
=
b) i
C
= I
0
sin( ) t + (5)
T (2) suy ra : (Li
1
2Li
2
) = const i
1
2i
2
= const
Ti t = 0 th i
1
= I
1
i
1
2i
2
= I
1
(6)
i
1
+ i
2
= i
C
= I
0
sin( ) t +
Gii h ta c:


1 1
1
1 1
2
0
1
2 3
sin
3 3 2
3
sin
3 3 2
2
' cos( )
3
C
AB
I I
i t
LC
I I
i t
LC
I q
u Li LC t
C

= +
= +
= = = +

Ti thi im t = 0 : i
1
= I
1
; i
2
= 0 ; u
AB
= 0.
Gii h ta c : I
0C
= I
1
;
2

=
p s:
1 1
1
1 1
2
2 3
cos
3 3 2
3
cos
3 3 2
I I
i t
LC
I I
i t
LC
= +
= +

2. thi im t
1
, m K
2
:
a) M t : V i
1
=0, V
A
< V
B
nn khng c dng i qua , ch c dao ng trong mch L
2
C vi
T = 2 2LC . n thi im t
2
tip theo th u
AB
bng 0 v i sang du dng. T thi im
ny c dng i qua c hai cun dy, trong mch c dao ng in t vi T =
2
2
3
LC
. Ta s
chng minh c t thi im t
2
lun c dng i qua it.
b) V i
1
= 0 v u
AB
< 0 nn t (6) suy ra i
2
= 0.5I
1
;
Ngy sau thi im t
1
= 0 khng c dng i qua it. Trong mch dao ng L
2
C c dao ng vi
chu k T
1
= 2 2LC vi nng lng
2
1
2
I
L . iu kin ban u
i
2
= 0.5I
1.
Bin

dng in l I
0
:
2 2
0 1 1 1
0 2
2 sin( )
2 2 2 2 2
I I I I t
L L I i
LC
= = = +
1
2
2Li' 2 cos( )
2 2
AB
I t
u L
LC LC
= = + . Ti t
1
= 0, i
2
= 0.5I
1
, u
AB
< 0 nn / 4 = . Tip theo, khi
4 2 2
t
LC

+ = hay khi
2
2
4
LC
t t

= = th
1
2
2
i
i = , u
AB
= 0 v i du. Vy t sau thi im t
2
c
dng qua it.
Tng t nh cu 1, ta c:

3
2
2 2
2
3
LC
T LC

=
= =

1 2 0
1 2 C 0 2
0 0
1 2
0 1
2 2
1 0 2
i 2i I
i i i I' sin{ ( ) }
2 2 '
sin{ ( ) }
3 3
' 2
sin{ ( ) }
3 3
' 2 ' cos{ ( ) }
C
C
C
AB C
t t t
I I
i t t t
I I
i t t t
q
u Li I LC t t t
C




=
+ = = +
= + +
= + +
= = = +

Vi iu kin u l t = 0 th i
1
= 0 ; u = 0
2

= ;
0 0
I' I
C
=
1 1
1 2
2 2 3 3
{1 cos ( )} {1 cos( )}
3 3 2 4
I I
i t t t t
LC
= = 0 nn sau thi im t
2
lun c dng qua
it.
Kt lun : Vi 0 < t <
2
4
LC
th i
1
= 0
Vi
2
4
LC
t

th
1
1
2 3 3
{1 cos( )}
3 2 4
I
i t
LC
=
Ta c th nh sau












7. Bi ton mch phi tuyn xoay chiu
Bi 9
Mch R L C phi tuyn
Cho u = U
0
cost , R nt L nt C
Tnh i(t) = ?, cng sut tiu th ca mch bit
a) L v C l 2 phn t tuyn tnh v R l mt varistor c t trng vn ampe l i = ku
2

b) R v C l 2 phn t tuyn tnh, L l cun cm c li st nn do hin tng t tr, t cm
ca n bin i mnh, ta coi gn ng i = a
2
+ b
c) R v L l 2 phn t tuyn tnh, C l t c in mi bin i theo in tr, in dung n bit
i mnh, ta coi gn ng u = cq
2
+ d
Gii
Bi ny chng ta c th s dng s phc gii quyt bi ton ny
a) u = U
0
cost => u
*
= U
0

li c Z
L
i
*
+ Z
C
i
*
+
*
i
k
=u
*
= U
0

T y gii ra phng trnh bc 2 gii ra i
*
= I
0
( cos+jsin) => i = I
0
cos (t+)
Cu b v c cng tng t, ta c i vi cun cm th:
'
i a
d
d d di
b
u i
dt di dt di

= = =
i vi t th '
u d
d
dq dq du
c
i u
dt du dt du

= = = nn bi ton tr nn tong i phc tp hn