Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald

Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 1
1.5
1.7

1.19
1.21
1.23
1.25
1.27

M = 5913 kg
L = 27.25 in.
W2
y = 2.05 2
gt
d = 0.109 mm
y = 0.922 mm
a) Nm/s, lbfft/s
f) Ns, lbfs
a) 6.89 kPa
a) 0.0472 m3/s
101 gpm
SG = 13.6
2.25 kgf/cm2

1.29

c = 0.04 K1/2s/m

1.31
1.33
1.35
1.37
1.39
1.41
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.49

CD is dimensionless
c: Ns/m, lbfs/ft
k: N/m, lbf/ft
f: N, lbf
3
2
H(m) = 0.457 3450(Q(m /s))
= 0.0765 2.66 x 104 lbm/ft3 ( 0.348%)
= 1130 21.4 kg/m3
SG = 1.13 0.0214
3
= 930 27.2 kg/m
t = 1, 5, 5 s
Flow rate uncertainty = 5.0, 1.0, 1.0%
3
2
= 1.01 x 10 Ns/m
0.609%
x = 0.158 mm
min = 31.4o
H = 57.7 0.548 ft

1.9
1.11
1.15
1.17

D = 13.75 in.

b) N/m2, lbf/ft2
g) N/m2, lbf/ft2
b) 0.264 gal
b) 0.0189 m3
v = 7.37 x 105 m3/kg
m& max = 2.36

c) N/m2, lbf/ft2,
h) m2/s2K, ft2/s2R
47.9 Ns/m2
c) 29.1 m/s

d) 1/s, 1/s
i) 1/K, 1/R

e) Nm, lbfft
j) Nms, lbffts

d) 2.19 x 104 m2

E = 847 lbf/ft3,

At p0
(ft2, psi, R)
T0

M = 144 lbf/ft3

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 2
2.1

1) 1D, Unsteady
5) 1D, Unsteady

2.3

Streamlines:

2) 1D, Steady
6) 3D, Steady

Streamlines:

y=cx

2.7

Streamlines:

y=

2.15

2.17

b
t
a

2
+ c
ax

Streamlines: y = 3x
t = 0.75 s
Streamlines: x2 + y2 = c
Pathlines: y = 2/x
Streamlines:
K
=
2a

Pathlines: y = y0e , x = x0e

Ct

b t

B t + 12 At 2

1
at 2
2

Streamlines:

y = Cx

Streamlines:

y = 1+

2.21

Pathlines: y = 4t + 1 , x = 3e0.05t

2.23

Streamlines: y (t0 ) = v0 sin(t )(t t0 ) , x (t0 ) = u0 (t t0 )

(t )

, x=e

x
+4
4

Streamlines: y =

2.31

(2.8 m, 5 m)
3
bT 2
=
1 + S
T
yx = 4.56 N/m2
a = 0.491 ft/s2
L = 2.5 ft
t = 1.93 s
A

t
Mgd sin
1 e Md
V=

F = 2.83 N
F = 0.0254 N
= 8.07 x 104 Ns/m2
Mgr 2 a
=
2Vm R 3 H

2.35
2.39
2.41
2.43
2.45
2.47
2.49
2.51
2.53

(t )+ 0.1(t 2 2 )

b
at

40 x
ln
t 3
1

Streamlines:

y=x

(1+ 0.2 t )

2.29

2.33

y=x

1
1+ 0.5t

Streamlines:

Pathlines: y = y0e

Streaklines: y = e

, x = x0 e

y = 2/x

2.19

2.25

4) 2D, Unsteady
8) 3D, Steady

c
x

y=

2.5

2.9
2.11
2.13

3) 2D, Unsteady
7) 2D, Unsteady

(4 m, 8 m)

(5 m, 10.25 m)

(3 m, 3 m)
b = 4.13 x 109 m2/sK3/2

V = 0.404 m/s

= 0.0651 Ns/m2

S = 110.4 K

= 1.08 Ns/m2

2.55
2.57
2.59
2.61
2.63
2.65
2.69
2.75
2.77
2.79
2.81
2.83

t = 4.00 s
B
t
A
C

= 1 e
max = 25.1 rpm
B

r
R 4
z =
T=
h
2h
Dilatant
k = 0.0499
Bingham plastic
p = 0.652 Ns/m2
R 4
2R 3 H
T=
T=
a
2b
R sin
=
max = 79.2 N/m2
a + R (1 cos )
a=0
b = 2U
c = U
V = 229 mph
M = 2.5
xtrans = 0.327 m
SG = 0.9
= 8830 N/m3
V = 667 km/hr

t = 0.671 s

n = 1.21

Laminar flow

= 0.191 Ns/m2, 0.195 Ns/m2

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 3
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.9
3.11
3.13
3.15
3.17
3.19
3.21
3.23
3.25
3.27
3.29
3.31
3.33
3.35
3.37
3.39
3.43
3.45
3.49
3.51
3.53
3.55
3.57
3.59
3.63
3.65
3.67
3.69
3.71
3.73
3.75
3.77
3.79
3.81
3.83
3.85

M = 62.4 kg
t = 22.3 mm
z = 9303 ft
z = 5337 ft
F = 45.6 N
p = 972 Pa
= 991 kg/m3
D = 0.477 in
/0 = 4.34%
p/p0 = 2.15%
p = 0.217 psig
p = 6.39 kPa (gage)
h = 39.3 mm
p = 128 kPa (gage)
p = 59.5 Pa
H = 30 mm
SG = 0.900
p = 1.64 psi
p
L = 27.2 mm
L=
2
oil 1 + ( Dd )
h = 1.11 in
= 11.1o
S = 5/SG
Shorter column at higher temperature
patm = 14.4 psi
h = 38.1 mm
h = 67.8 mm
h = 0.389 cm
z = 587 ft
z = 3062 ft
p = 57.5 kPa
p = 60.2 kPa
pA = 1.96 kPa
pB = 8.64 kPa
pC = 21.9 kPa
pair = 11.3 kPa
pair = 1.99 kPa
FA = 79,600 lbf
W = 68 kN
FR = 0.407 lbf
FR = 8.63 MN
R = (8.34 MN, 14.4 MN)
F = 600 lbf
D = 8.66 ft
d = 2.66 m
SG = 0.542
F = 137 kN
FV = 7.62 kN
xFV = 3.76 kNm
FA = 5.71 kN
2
x = 4R/3
FV = gwR /4
6
FV = 1.05 x 10 N
x = 1.61 m
= 19.9o
FV = 1.83 x 107 N
FV = 416 kN
FH = 370 kN
= 48.3o
F = 557 kN
x = 0.645 m
FH = 7.35 kN
y = 0.217 m
FV = 2.47 kN
3
4 L ( H d ) 2
M=
M = 583 kg
3 a
sin(2 max )

M = 2 LR (d R ) sin( max ) + R max +

M = 631 kg

4
2

3.87
3.89
3.91
3.93
3.95
3.97
3.99
3.101
3.103
3.105
3.107
3.113
3.115
3.117
3.119
3.121
3.123

= 8829 N/m3

h = 0.292 m
VNot submerged/ VSubmerged = 10.5%
SG = Wa/(Wa Ww)
V = 1.15 x 103 ft/s (0.825 in/min)
FB = 1.89 x 1011 lbf
L/VHe = 0.0659 lbf/ft3
L/VH2 = 0.0712 lbf/ft3
L/Vair = 0.0172 lbf/ft3/0.0249 lbf/ft3
D = 116 m
M = 703 kg
= 9.1o (with A = 25 cm2 not A = 20 cm2)
x = 0.257 m
f = 6.1 N
D = 2.57 ft
f = 0.288 cycle/s ( = 1.81 rad/s)
F = 34.2 lbf
a = g(h/L)
= 185 rad/s (1764 rpm)
p = 2R2/2
= 7.16 rad/s
dy/dx = 0.25
p = 105 1.96x (p: kPa, x: m)
= 30o
dy/dx = 0.346
T = 47.6 lbf
p = 55.3 lbf/ft2 (gage)

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 4
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.7
4.9
4.11
4.13
4.15
4.17
4.19
4.21
4.23
4.25
4.27

4.29
4.31
4.33
4.35
4.37
4.39
4.41
4.43
4.45
4.47
4.49
4.51
4.53
4.55
4.57
4.61
4.63
4.65
4.67
4.69
4.71

x = 0.934 m
x = 747 m
t = 23.9 mm
V0 = 87.5 km/hr
= 1.50 hr
3.47h 2 + 2400
yc =
(yc, h: mm)
h = 21.2 mm
s 0.604
6.94h + 40
r r r
Q = 90 ft3/s
V V dA = 450i + 360j (slugft/s/s; : slug/ft3)
r r
r r r
3
4
2
V dA = 24 m s
V V dA = 64i 96 j 60k m s

) (

2
Q = 12 umaxR 2
m.f. = 13 umax
R 2i
V = 1.56 ft/s
Q = 3.82 gpm
Qcool = 489 gpm
m& moist = 19404 lb hr m& air = 14331 lb hr
m& cool = 2.45 105 lb hr
V3 = (4.33 ft/s, 2.50 ft/s)
Eight pipes
1400 units/hr
4220 units/hr
Outflow = 9 units/s
3
= 10.7 lb/ft
m& 2 g sin ( )h 3
=
w
3
U = 1.5 m/s
Q = 1.05 x 105 m3/s (10.45 mL/s)
Vave = 0.139 m/s
umax = 0.213 m/s
vmin = 5.0 m/s
Voil/t = 2.43 x 102 ft3/s (0.18 gal/s)
dh/dt = 8.61 mm/s
dh/dt = 0.289 mm/s
Q = 1.5 x 104 gal/s
A = 4.92 x 107 ft2
t = 22.2 s
dy/dt = 9.01 mm/s
Qcd = 4.50 x 103 m3/s
Qad = 6.0 x 104 m3/s
Qbc = 1.65 x 103 m3/s
6 V0
2 tan 2 ( ) y05 2
t=
t=
5
5 Q0
2g A
mf = ( 2406, 2113) lbf
mf2/mf1 = 1.33
mf = ( 320, 332) N
T = 3.12 N
F = 35.7 lbf
m& 1 = 31.2 lbm s
m& 2 = 32.0 lbm s (because of weight plus momentum loss)
V = 51 m/s
V = 18.0 m/s
V = 67.1 m/s
F = 1.81 kN (tension)
2
d 2
2 D
(1 + sin )1
Rx = 314 N
R x = V
4
D

4.73
4.75
4.77
4.79
4.81
4.83
4.85
4.87
4.89
4.91
4.93
4.95

4.97
4.99
4.101
4.103
4.105
4.107

F = 11.6 kN
F = ( 714, 498) N
F = 1.70 lbf
F = 22.7 kN
d/D = 0.707
t = 1.19 mm
Rx = 4.68 kN
Rx = 1040 N
F = 2456 N
Q = 0.141 m3/s
F = 37.9 N
5 2

f = U 2
8
umax = 60 ft/s
D = 0.446 N
D/w = 0.163 N/m
h2/h = (1 + sin)/2
h = H/2
Q = 257 L/min

No-dimensional pressure = 0.5

F = 3.63 kN
Ry = 1.66 kN
Ry = 667 kN
Rx = 1.65 kN

Ry = 1.34 kN

p = 0.699 lbf/ft2

4.109 V = V02 2 gh

h = 4.28 m

4.111 V = 175 ft/s

4.113 p1 = 68.4 kPa (gage0

F = 2.97 lbf
F = 209 N
A0
A=
2 gz
1 2
V0

4.115 V = V02 2 gz

Q x
p = p0

wh L
V0 r
4.119 V =
2(h0 V0t )
4.123 Rx = 2400 N
Ry = 1386 N
4.117

4.125
4.127
4.129
4.131
4.133
4.135
4.137

Q Q
Vj = 80 m/s
Vj
V =
+
+
2k
k
2k
F = 3840 lbf
F = 4.24 kN
t = 4.17 s
o
= 30
F = 10.3 kN
a = 13.5 m/s2
t = 0.680 s

U
M0

V = 0.61 m/s
= ln
V
M 0 VAt
2

4.139 amax at t = 0
2aM
4.141 A =
2
3 (V at )
4.143 h = 17.9 mm
2
2 (V U ) A kU 2
4.145 a =
M
4.147 a = 14.2 m/s2

= 90o

UV

A = 111 mm2

a = 5.99 m/s2
t = 15.2 m/s

U/Ut = 0.667

4.149 a =

(V + U )2 A
M

4.151 V = 5 m/s
4.153 a = 2.28 m/s2

t=

U0
xmax = 1.93 m

VA1 +

t = 2.51 s

m& t

4.155 U = U 0 + Ve ln1
U = 227 m/s
M 0

4.157 Vmax = 834 m/s

amax = 96.7 m/s2
4.159 mf = 82.7 kg
U = 719 m/s
4.161 a = 83.3 m/s2
4.163 V = 3860 ft/s
Y = 33,500 ft
4.165 V = 641 m/s
4.167 = 19o
U0
4.169 U =
2 U 0 A
t
1+
M0
ymax = 1085 m
4.171 Vmax = 138 m/s
4.175 h = 10.7 m
4.181 M = 192 Nm
& = 2610 rad/s 2
4.183 T = 0.193 Nm
3
(T QRV 2VAR 2 )
4.185 & =
max = 20.2 rad/s ( 193 rpm)
2 AR 3
4.187 T = 30 Nm
= 1434 rpm
4.189 = 78.3sin() rad/s
= 39.1 rad/s
2
4.191 & = 0.161 rad/s
4.195 T = QL2 sin 2
T = 23 & AL3 sin 2
4.197 = 0o
42o
o
4.199 dT/dt = 0.064 K/s ( C/s)
4.201 p = 75.4 kPa
4.203 W& s = 96.0 kW
4.205 W&
= 3.41 kW
s , actual

4.207

mef
= 1.88 J/kg
m&

t = 4.49 x 104 K (oC)

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 5
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.11
5.13

5.15
5.19
5.23
5.25

5.27
5.29
5.31

a) const b) Possible
c) Possible
A + E + J = 0 (Others arbitrary)
v = 3x2y + y3 + f(x)
u = x4/2 3x2y3
v
= 0.00167 (0.167%)
U max
2
4
v
3 y 1 y
=

U max 8 x 2
v = 2Axy3/3 +f(x)
sin
V =
+ f (r )
r2
Uy 2
=
2h
r
q
V = U cos +
ir + U sin i

r
2

2D
Uy 2
=
2h
y 2 1 y 3
= U
3

5.35

3 y 2 1 y 4
= U
4 8
= Cln(r) + C1

5.37

2D

5.39

r
a = 2.86 102 i + 104 j

5.41

Incompressible

5.33

5.43

ax =

(x

2 x
2

+y

2 2

2
4
v
3 y 1 y
=

U max 8 x 2

=1

= xy3/2

y=

h
2

(r, ) =

,0
2U
Incompressible

= zy3 z3y

hhalf = 1.06 m

m/s2

ax =

Incompressible

d) Possible

= 0.442 (1/4 flow)

= 0.465 (1/4 flow)

= 0.652 (1/2 flow)

= 0.671 (1/2 flow)

Q/b = 0.0912 m3/s/m

r 16
32 16
a = i +
j + k m/s2
3
3
3
dy/dx = 0.0025
ay =

(x

2 y
2

+y

2 2

a=

100
r3

U
x
1

2L 2L
2

5.45
5.47
5.49

Q 1
a =
3 (Radial)
2h r
Ut
Ut

Dc UA 1 2 a
e e a
=

Dt
a 2

T/x = 0.0873 oF/mile

x = 2.77 m

Dc
ppm
= 1.25 10 5
Dt max
s

5.53
5.55

5.57
5.59

5.61

r
a = A2 xi + yj

r
r 1
a = i + 2 j
a = i + j
2
r
xy = 8
V = 12i 24 j
r
r
V = 6i 12j (Local)
V = 72i + 144 j (Convective)
y 2 4 y 2 1 y 2
ax(max) = 5.22 m/s2
+
3 3
v2 y
r v2 x
y

a = 02 i + 0 1 j
v = v0 1
h
h
h h

2
3
2U 2 R R

ar =
a = 0
1
R r r

4U 2 2
sin
R2

a =

5.77

a x = 32[20 + 2 sin(t )] + 2.4 cos(t )

Not incompressible
=0
Incompressible
Incompressible
r
V = 2 yi 2 xj
r
= k ( rad/s)

5.79

5.81
5.83
5.85

r
V = 9.8i + 106 j (Total)

U2
ax =
x

ar =
5.63
5.67
5.69
5.71
5.73
5.75

1
r
a = 2i + j
2

u
2h

h h
= UL 1
b b
2 yU max
=
b2
2
dFmax

= U
dV
2

4U 2
sin cos
R2

r = 1.29R (max a)

= /2 (max a)

(m/s ) at x = L
2

Not irrotational
Irrotational
Not irrotational

= 0.5 s1
= UL/4 (h = b/2)

2 yU max
k
b2

dFmax
kN
= 1.85 3
dV
m

= 0 (h = b)

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 6

6.5

r
a = 9i + 7 j ft/s2
r
alocal = 10 i + j ft/s2
r
aconv = 300i 200 j ft/s2
r
a = 1i + 7 j ft/s2

6.7

v = Ay

p = 0.0139i 0.544 j psi/ft

r
a = 8i + 4 j m/s2

6.9

p = 12i 6 j 14.7k Pa/m

Incompressible
p = (4 x 10)i + (4 y 6) j + gk

p(x) = 190 3x2/1000 (p in Pa, x in m)

Stagnation point: (2.5, 1.5)
p = 9.6 Pa

6.11

ax =

6.1

6.3

6.13

U2
x
1

2L 2L
r
a = 0.101er + 0.0507e m/s2
r
a = 0.0127er + 0.00633e m/s2

p = 101er 50.5e

6.15

6.17

6.19
6.21

6.23
6.25
6.27
6.31
6.33
6.35
6.37

p = 0.125i 0.544 j psi/ft

r
aconv = A( Ax + Bt )i A( Ay + Bt ) j
p = 4.17i + 2.56 j 0.43k psi/ft

Pa/m

dp
U2
x
=
1

dx
2L 2L
r
a = 0.101er + 0.0507e

pout = 43.3 kPa (gage)

m/s2

p = 101er 50.5e Pa/m

p = 12.7er 6.33e Pa/m
2



ui2
Ai
p = pi +
1

2 A ( Ai Ae ) x
i
L

p
Ai2 L2ui2 ( Ae Ai )
=
x
( Ai L + Ae x Ai x )3
ax =

2Vi 2 (Do Di )

(D Di )
Di L 1 + o
x
Di L

Fz = 1.56 N (Acts downwards)

2V 2 x
ax = 2
b
2
V 2 L2 x
p = patm +
1
b 2 L
q2 x
ax = 2
h
22
p = 5 er + 0e
r
p = 30.6 Pa
B = 0.6 m2s1
r
a = 4i + 2 j ft/s 2
r
a = 0.5i + j m/s2
h = 1.37 in
5

p
= 10 MPa/m
x max

L1m

2 V 2 x
p
=
b2
x
Fy =

4 V 2 L3W
3b 2

p
q 2 x
= 2
x
h

r
a = 6i + 3 j m/s2
R = 5.84 ft
R = 5.84 ft

an = 6.45 m/s2

6.39
6.41
6.47
6.49
6.51

6.69
6.73
6.75
6.77

F = 0.379 lbf
h = 628 mm
p2 = 291 kPa (gage)
p = 9.53 psig
h = 17.0 ft
1
A = A1
2 g (z1 z )
1+
V12
V = 262 m/s
Q = 304 gpm (0.676 ft3/s)
1
p = p + U 2 (1 4 sin 2 )
2
F = 278 N/m
Q = 2.55 x 103 m3/s
p1 = 7.11 psig
p2 = 13.2 kPa (gage) (98.9 mm Hg)
Rx = 0.375 N
p1 = 1.35 psig
h = 6.60 in
F = 83.3 kN
p1 = 11.4 psig

6.79

m& = A 2 p

6.83
6.87
6.89
6.91
6.93

0.588
V
2 p0 At
t
M w = wV0 1 + 1.70

w V0
V0

Cc =
ax = 10.5 ft/s2
dQ/dt = 0.516 m3/s/s
Dj/D1 = 0.32
Bernoulli can be applied

6.95

Incompressible

6.97

6.99

NOTE: Error function is = Ax2y By3

6.53

6.55
6.57
6.59
6.61
6.63
6.65
6.67

q
2

Unsteady

F = 1.52 lbf

= 30o, 150o, 210o, 330o

Kx = 12.9 lbf
p3 = 706 Pa (gage) (5.29 mm Hg)
Ry = 0.533 N
p0 = 1.79 psig
F = 0.105 lbf
F = 14.1 lbf
dM
dV
= w air
dt
dt

A 2

(
y x 2 ) + Bxy t
2

Irrotational

1 y h
1 y + h
tan x + tan x

{[

][

q
2
2
ln x 2 + ( y h ) x 2 + ( y + h )
2
A
= 3Bxy 2 x 3
3

B
6.101 = (x 2 y 2 ) 2 Axy
2
r
6.105 V = ( A + 2 Bx )i + 2 Byj

= (Ay + 2Bxy)

6.107 V = x2 + y2

= 3 Ax 2 y

6.109 Incompressible
Irrotational
A 2
= ( y x 2 ) Bx Cy
2
q
(1 2 ) + Ur sin
6.113 =
2

F = 18.5 lbf

B 3
x
3
Stagnation point: ( 2, 4/3)
p = 55.8 kPa

q r2
ln Ur cos
2 r1

]}

p = 12 kPa

r q cos 1 cos 2

q
+ U i +

V =
r2
2 r1
2
Stagnations points: = 0,
K
6.115 = Ur sin
ln r
2
r

K
V = U cos er +
U sin e

2r
Stagnations point: = /2
6.117 Stagnations points: = 63o, 297o

sin 1 sin 2

r2
r1
r = 0.367 m

stag = 0

K
= Ur cos
2

K
2U
r = 1.82 m
r=

p = 317 Pa

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 7
7.1
7.3
7.5
7.7
7.9
7.11
7.13
7.15
7.17
7.19
7.21

7.23
7.25
7.27
7.29
7.31
7.33
7.35

V02
gL
E
L2 2

1
=

V0 L Re
p L
,
,
V 2 DV D
F VD

d
p
= f
,
2
V
VD D

w
= f

2
U
UL
W

,
3
gp gp 3

V = gD f
D
b
Q = h 2 gh f
h
W
L c
= f ,
2
D
D D
d d d
P
p
,
, , i, o
5 3
2 2
D D D D D
Four parameters
Vh V 2
Q

,
f
=
Vh 2
gh
d

,
,
D VD DV 2
W
h D
,
, ,
2 2
V d Vd d d
d
2

,
,
2
D pD Dp

L D 3 I 2

, ,
D D

1 =

d g 1 2
32

7.37

g
p

,
, cD 3 , N , p ,
2 2
2
D D
D 2

7.39

c l
P
, ,
= f
3
pD
p D D

7.41
7.43
7.45
7.47
7.49
7.51
7.53
7.55
7.57
7.59
7.61

7.63
7.65
7.67
7.69
7.71
7.73
7.77
7.79
7.81
7.83
7.85

c
Q& = V 3 L2 f p 2 ,

V VL
c
k

dT Lc p
= f , 2 ,
3
c L c LV
dt V
p
p

(dU dy )
y

u
4 =
2 =
3 =
1 =
U

U
U
Vw = 6.90 m/s
Fair = 522 N
Vair > Vwater
Vair = 15.1 Vwater
m = 395 rpm
m = 12500 rpm
Froude number modeling is most likely
Vm = 40.3 m/s
Vp = 40.3 m/s
Vm = 5.07 m/s
Fm/Fp = 3.77
Qm = 0.125 m3/s
Pp = 127 kW
pm = 2.96 psia
Vd
V1 1
f1 1
fd
=
=
= F

V2 2
f2 4
V

Vm = 0.618 m/s 1.03 m/s

FD
FD p = 2.46 kN
= f
P =55.1 kW (73.9 hp)

2 12
12
V A
VA
p = 1070 hr (~ 45 days)
Vm = 1.88 m/s
Vp = 7.36 m/s
Fp/Fm = 1.13 (submerged), = 2.77 x 104 (surface)
CD = 1.028
FDp = 3.89 kN
Vm = 250 m/s (model is impractical, compressible flow)

Four primary dimensions

1
x Prototype
50
DTotal = 1305 N
DTotal = 2316 N
hm = 13.8 J/kg
Qm = 0.166 m3/s
Ft
g
V
, 2
= f1
2 4
D
D D
K.E. ratio = 7.22
FB 0.273 N (to right)

Model =

Adequate Reynolds number not achievable

(Wave drag negligible)
Dm = 0.120 m
T
g
V
, 2
= f2
2 5
D
D D

P
g
V
, 2
= f3
3 5
D
D D

CD m = 0.443

FD p = 1.64 kN

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 8
8.1
8.3

8.7
8.9
8.11
8.13
8.15
8.17

8.19
8.21
8.23
8.25
8.27
8.29
8.31
8.33
8.35
8.37

8.39

8.41

8.45
8.47
8.49

Q = 0.146 ft3/s
L = 12.5 20 ft (turbulent) L = 69.0 ft (laminar)
Smallest turbulent first
Qlarge = 0.0244 ft3/s Non are fully developed
Qmid = 0.0122 ft3/s
Smallest fully developed
Qsmall = 0.00610 ft3/s Smallest fully developed
V umax = 2 3
yx = 1.88 Pa
Q/b = 5.63 x 10 6 m2/s
Q = 1.25 x 10 5 ft3/s (0.0216 in3/s)
Q = 3.97 x 10 9 m3/s (3.97 x 10 6 L/s)
pD 3
Q=
a
M = 4.32 kg
a = 1.28 x 10 5 m (12.8 m)
12 L
6Q r
dp
6Q
Q
p = patm
ln
=
(p = p0, r < R0)
V =
3
2rh
rh 3 R
dr
rh
n = 1.48 (dilatant)
p/x = 92.6 Pa/m
uinterface = 15 ft/s
p/x = 2U/a2
p/x = 2U/a2
= 1.00 x 10 4 m2/s
= gsin()(h y) Q/w = 217 mm3/s/mm
Re = 0.163
Q/w = 0.0208 ft3/s/ft = 1.58 x 10 6 psi
p/x = 7.58 x 10 4 psi/ft
p/x = 34.4 Pa/m

g y 2
hy + U 0
B.C.: y = 0, u = U0; y = h, = 0
u=
2

dV
wL
=
V
dt
mh

p =

Pv =

t = 1.06 s

6 LR
2Q
1

2
a
abR

Lb(R )
2

P=

2 D 3 L

6Q
4

abR

Da 3p 2
Pp =
12 L

4a
r = 0.707R
Q = 1.43 x 10 3 in3/s (0.0857 in3/min)
c
= c1/r
u = 1 ln r + c2

1 (1 k 2 )
r = R

2 ln (1 k )
% change = 100/(1 + lnk)
w = 131 Pa
w = 0.195 lbf/ft2

Pv = 3Pp

c1 =

8.53
8.55
8.57

V0

ln(ri ro )

12

8.51

2Q

6Q abR
=
6Q
abR
4

abR

w = 1.35 x 10 3 psi

c2 =

V0 ln ro
ln(ri ro )

8.59
8.61
8.63
8.65
8.67
8.69
8.71
8.73
8.75
8.77
8.79
8.81
8.85
8.87
8.91
8.93
8.95
8.97
8.99
8.101
8.103
8.105
8.107
8.111
8.113
8.115
8.117
8.121
8.123
8.125
8.127
8.129
8.135
8.137
8.139
8.141
8.143
8.145
8.149
8.151
8.153
8.155
8.157
8.159
8.161

Q = 4.52 x 10 7 m3/s
p = 235 kPa
w = 294 Pa
n = 6.21
n = 8.55
lam = 4/3
turb = 1.02
=2
hlT = 13.0 J/kg
HlT = 1.33 m
V1 = 3.70 m/s
Q = 411 gpm
V1 = 2 m s
hlT = 913 ft2/s2
(HlT = 28.4 ft)
du
= 963 s 1
w = 3.58 x 10 4 lbf/ft2
w = 4.13 x 10 4 lbf/ft2
dy
f = 0.0390
Re = 3183
Turbulent
Maximum = 2.12% at Re = 10000 and e/D = 0.01
p2 = 175 kPa
p2 = 177 kPa
Q = 0.0406 ft3/s (2.44 ft3/min, 18.2 gpm)
K = 9.38 x 10 4
Q = 12.7 gpm
Q = 11.6 gpm (Q = 1.1 gpm)
Q = 13.7 gpm (Q = 1.0 gpm)
p = 23.7 psi
K = 0.293
2
2V
hl m = (1 AR ) 1
2
2p
Inviscid assumption: Lower indicated flow/larger p
V1 =
(1 AR 2 K )
Q = 0.345 L/min
d = 3.65 m
d = 6.13 m (or 6.16 m if = 2, laminar)
Analogy fails at Q = 7.34 x 10 7 m3/s
118800%! (A huge increase because V ~ 1/d2, and p ~ V2)
(a) p = 25.2 kPa
(b) p = 32.8 kPa
(c) p = 43.3 kPa
((a) is best)
VB = 4.04 m/s
LA = 12.8 m (Not feasible!) p = 29.9 kPa
p/L = 7.51 x 10 3 lbf/ft2/ft (round)
p/L = 8.68 x 10 3 lbf/ft2/ft (1:1) (+15.6%)
3
2
p/L = 9.32 x 10 lbf/ft /ft (2:1) (+24.1%)
p/L = 0.010 lbf/ft2/ft (3:1) (+33.2%)
p1 = 179 psig
L = 26.5 m
Friction 77%, Gravity 23%
(Turbulent)
Q = 0.0395 m3/s
V1 = 0.0423 m/s (down)
(Falls at 42.3 mm/s)
Rate of downpour = 0.418 cm/min
Q = 6.68 x 10 3 m3/s
pmin = 35.5 kPa (gage)
Q = 5.30 x 10 4 m3/s
Q = 5.35 x 10 4 m3/s (diffuser)
L = 0.296 m
Your boss was wrong (which is s-w-e-e-e-e-e-t!)
D = 5.0 5.1 cm (corresponds to standard 2 in. pipe)
D = 6 in. (nominal)
V = 6.46 m s
pF = 705 kPa (gage) P = 832 kW
w = 88.6 Pa
3
dQ/dt = 0.524 m /s/min
P = 8.13 hp
p = 53.2 psi
D = 48 mm
p = 3840 kPa
Ppump = 24.3 kW (32.6 hp)
Q = 5.58 x 10 3 m3/s (0.335 m3/min)
V = 37.9 m/s
P = 8.77 kW
Cost = $4980/year

8.163 Q = 0.0419 m3/s

8.165 Q = 2.51 m3/s
8.167 Q0 = 0.00928 m3/s
Q0 = 0.00862 m3/s
8.169 p = 22.2 psi
8.171 p = 25.8 kPa
8.173 Q = 1.49 ft3/s
8.175 Q = 0.00611 m3/s
8.177 t = 40.8 mm
8.179 Q = 1.37 ft3/s
8.183 Red = 1800
8.185 Kc = $9890/in2

p = 487 kPa

P = 29.1 kW

Q1 = 0.00306 m3/s
Q1 = 0.0 m3/s
Q22 5.2 gpm

Q2 = Q3 = 0.00311 m3/s
Q2 = Q3 = 0.00431 m3/s
Q24 24.8 gpm

Q4 = 0.00623 m3/s
Q4 = 0.00862 m3/s

m& min = 0.0220 kg/s

f = 0.0356
p2 = 290 Pa (gage) (29.6 mm Hg)
13
5
Kp = 1.81 x 10 $in

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 9
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7

xp = 18.6 cm
xm = 10.3 mm
xp = 10.4 cm
xp = 7.47 mm
ReD = 1 (reasonable) ReD = 2.5 x 105 (not reasonable)
L increases with elevation

9.9

A=U

B=

*
= 0.375

*
= 0.396

Linear: = 0.167

*
Power:
= 0.125 ,

= 0.139

= 0.152

9.11
9.13

9.15
9.17
9.19
9.21
9.23
9.25
9.27
9.29
9.35

9.39
9.41
9.43
9.45
9.51
9.53
9.55
9.57
9.59
9.61

m& ab = 50.4 kg s
dexit = 3.13 mm
U2 = 13.8 m/s
p = 1.16 lbf/ft2
U2 = 24.6 m/s
2* = 2.54 mm
y = 0.121 in

Use water and D = 10 cm

C=0

Sinusoidal:

= 0.0972

= 0.137

= 0.133

Parabolic:
= 0.333 , = 0.133

Parabolic:

FD = 50.4 N
U = 3.91%
p = 20.6 Pa
p2 = 44.5 mm H2O
p = 107 Pa
dy/dx = 0.00326

FD = 2.00 N

w = 0.3321

L = 0.0454 in
L = 0.0454 in

U 2
Re x

FD = 0.6642

FD = 0.850 N
FD = 45.5 N
FD = 26.3 N
FD = 8.40 x 104 N (or FD = 1.68 x 103 N for two sides) (Higher than Problem 9.42)
FD = 3.45 x 103 N (or FD = 6.90 x 103 N for two sides) (Higher than Problem 9.44)
FD = 0.557 N
U = 1.81, 2.42, 3.63, and 7.25 m/s
U 2
U 2bL
FD = 2.34 N
w = 0.0297 1
FD = 0.0360
1
Re x 5
Re L5
FD = 4.57 x 103 N (or FD = 9.14 x 103 N for two sides)
FD = 55.8 N (or FD = 112 N for two sides)
0.353
0.0612
=
cf =
FD = 2.41 N
1
1
x Re 5
Re 5
x

w = 0.798 Pa

9.63

L = 31.3 mm

9.65
9.67
9.69

w2 = 80.3 mm
p = 6.16 Pa
L = 0.233 m
Petroleum used 0.089% (about 15% of pipeline use)

FD = 0.700 N

U 2bL
Re L

9.71
9.73
9.75

m& lam = 0.525U 2

a=0
U2 = 2.50 m/s

m& turb = 0.777 U 2

b=0
c=3
p = 0.00370 in H2O

d=2

H = 3.89
4

4
U
x
( constant)

= 1 + 0.00583
w

U1
U1 (H + 2 )

One system: FD = 4.23 N (8.46 N for both sides)

9.77

cf

U
= 1 +
x (constant w )
U1
(H + 2 )

9.79
9.81
9.85
9.87
9.91
9.93
9.95
9.97
9.99
9.101
9.105

FD = 5.58 N (11.2 N for both sides)

FD = 1500 lbf
P = 2000 hp
xlam/L = 0.0352%
FD = 5.49 x 105 N
P = 7.63 MW
4
FD = 3.02 x 10 N
Savings = FD = 7.94 x 104 kg/yr
FD = 3610 lbf
P = 77.6 hp
di = 96.5 mm
t = 9.29 s, x = 477 m (t = 7.93 s, x = 407 m for three parachutes) g = 3.66
B is 20.8% better than A (H > D)
C D = 0.299
V = 24.7/35.8 km/hr New tires: V = 26.8/32.6/39.1 km/hr Plus fairing: V = 29.8/35.7/42.1 km/hr
M = 0.0451 kg

2mg sin
9.107 V =
t = 1.30 mm

2
C D A cos
9.109 t = 2.95 s
x = 624 ft
9.111 V = 47.3 mph (1970s car)
V = 59.0 (current car)
9.113 FE = 6.72 mpg
Q = 1720 gal/yr (8.78%)
9.115 CD = 1.17

9.117

9.119
9.121
9.123
9.125
9.127
9.129
9.131
9.133
9.135

2mg
1

V=
A 2
A
A

1 2 1 + 1

A2
A2
1
1
1
2
2
2
T = CD A (V U ) R
P = CD A (V U ) U
FD = C D A (V U )
2
2
2
M = 11.0 Nm
P = 3.00 kW
V = 23.3 m/s
Re = 48,200
FD = 0.111 N
x = 13.9 m
CD = 61.9
s = 3720 kg/m3
V = 0.731 m/s
M = 0.0471 kg
CL = 1.01
CD = 0.0654
7
1
7
1
7
FD
FD = CD U 2 DH
M = C D U 2 DH 2
=
9
2
FDuniform 9
16
2

9.137
9.139
9.141
9.143

D = 7.99 mm
y = 121 mm
t = 4.69 s
x = 70.9 m
xmax = 48.7 m (both methods)
CD = 0.606
V = 37.4 mph
2 FR
9.145 Vb = Vw
(C Du Au + C Db Ab )
9.147 x 203 m

Vb = 4.56 m/s (16.4 km/hr)

opt =

V
3R

M
M uniform

7
8

9.151
9.157
9.159
9.161
9.163
9.165
9.167
9.169
9.175
9.177
9.179

P = 16.3 kW (94%)
Vmin = 5.62 m/s (10.9 kt)
Pmin = 31.0 kW
Vmax = 19.9 m/s (38.7 kt)
Vmin = 144 m/s
R = 431 m
M = 37.9 kg
P = 1.53 kW (or 3.02 kW if treated as two wings)
T = 17,300 lbf
FD = 524 lbf
P = 209 hp
o
= 3.42
L = 168 km
For a race car, effective; for a passenger car, not effective
FL = 0.00291 lbf
FL = 50.9 kN
FD = 18.7 kN
F = 54.2 kN
= 14,000 17,000 rpm
x = 3.90 ft

P = 5.94 kW

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 11
Q = 3.18 m3/s
y = 2.61 ft
y2 = 0.507 m
Fr2 = 2.51
S0 = 0.00186
S0 = 0.00160
Q = 0.194 m3/s
y = 2.47 ft
y = 0.775 m
y = 4.83 ft
V = 3.69 ft/s
y = 7.38 ft
yc = 0.365 ft, Ec = 0.547 ft
yc = 0.759 ft, Ec = 1.14 ft
yc = 1.067 ft, Ec = 1.60 ft
yc = 1.46 ft, Ec = 2.19 ft
11.27 yc = 0.637 m
11.31 x = 197 ft
11.33 y = 0.645 ft
y = 4.30 ft

11.1
11.3
11.5
11.7
11.9
11.11
11.13
11.15
11.19
11.23
11.25

11.35
11.37
11.39
11.41
11.43
11.45
11.47
11.49
11.51
11.53
11.55
11.57

2Q 2 5
yc = 2
z g
Q = 3.24 ft3/s
y2 = 0.610 ft ( 32.2%)
y2 = 1.31 ft
Q = 49.5 ft3/s
Q = 10.6 m3/s
yc = 0.894 m
y2 = 5.94 ft
Q = 54.0 ft3/s
Hl = 1.62 ft
Hl = 9.31 m
y2 = 4.45 m
3
Q = 26.6 ft /s
H = 0.514 m
Cw = 1.45

Hl = 0.808 m

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition

Fox, Pritchard, & McDonald
Answers to Selected Problems, Chapter 12
12.1
12.3
12.5
12.7
12.9
12.11
12.13
12.15
12.17
12.19
12.21
12.23
12.29
12.31
12.33
12.35
12.37
12.39
12.41
12.43
12.45
12.47
12.49
12.51
12.55
12.57
12.59

T = const.
p decreases
decreases (Irreversible adiabatic process)
s > 0 so it is feasible for a real (irreversible) adiabatic process
p2 = 100 kPa
T2 = 20oF
s = 346 kJ/kgK (S = 1729 J/K)
u = 143 kJ/kg (U = 717 kJ)
h = 201 kJ/k (H = 1004 kJ)
h = 57.5%
W = 176 MJ
Ws = 228 MJ
Ts (max) = 858 K
Qs = 317 MJ
m& = 36.7 kg/s
T2 = 572 K
V2 = 4.75 m/s
W& = 23 MW
t = 828s ( 14 min)
= 1.70 x 104kg/m3
T = 0.017 K
V = 0.049 m/s
2
t = 198 s
Ev = 12.7 GN/m
x = 19.2 km
c = 299 m/s
V = 987 m/s
V/Vbullet = 1.41
c = 340 m/s (sea level)
V = 1471 mph
= 31.8o
V = 642 m/s (2110 ft/s)
V = 493 m/s
t = 0.398 s
V = 515 m/s
t = 6.92 s
x 1043 1064 m
Density change < 1.21%, so incompressible
M = 0.142 (1%)
M = 0.322 (5%)
M = 0.464 (10%)
/ = 48.5% (Not incompressible)
pdyn = 54.3 kPa
p0 = 152 kPa
p0 = 546 kPa
h0 h = 178 kJ/kg
T0 = 466 K
p0 p = 8.67 kPa
V = 195 m/s
V = 205 m/s
Error using Bernoulli = 5.13%
T0 = const (isoenergetic)
p0 decreases (irreversible adiabatic)
V = 890 m/s
T0 = 677 K
p0 = 212 kPa
T0 = const = 294 K (20.6o) (isoenergetic)
p01 = 1.01 MPa, p0 2 = 189 kPa (irreversible adiabatic)

s = 480 J/kgK
12.61 T01 = T0 2 = 344 K
12.63 T01 = T0 2 = 445 K

Flow accelerates even with friction due to large pressure drop

p01 = 223 kPa
p0 2 = 145 kPa
s = 0.124 kJ/kgK

p01 = 57.5 kPa

12.65 p = 48.2 kPa (inside higher)

12.67 T* = 260 K
p* = 24.7 MPa
pt = 25.5 MPa
12.69 Tt = 2730 K

p0 2 = 46.7 kPa
V* = 252 m/s
Vt = 1030 m/s

s = 59.6 J/kgK