Quantitative Composition of Compounds

How do you count things?

What is a mole?
It is just a representation of a number

What is a mole?
Dozen = 12 mole = 6.022 x 1023

How big is a mole?

How big is a mole?

A mole of egg

Mole
The mole is used when we're talking about numbers of atoms and molecules. Atoms and molecules are very tiny things.

Mole
A drop of water the size of the period at the end of this sentence would contain 10 trillion water molecules. Instead of talking about trillions and quadrillions of molecules (and more), it's much simpler to use the mole.

Numerical Equivalent
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto

6.022142 x 1023 23  6.022 x 10



We say,
A mole of a substance is the amount of the substance containing the same number of atoms as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure 12C isotope.

We say,
This represents the amount of the substance that contains 6.022 x 1023 particles (atoms, ions, and molecule).

Solving for the number of moles

Number of particles

Number of moles x Avogadro s No.

Sample Problems
How many Na atoms are there in 0.125 moles of Na metal?

Other Ways of solving for the number of moles

For elements
Mass in grams Atomic mass

MOLE (n)

For compounds
Mass in grams Molar mass

MOLE (n)

Sample Problems
How many moles of iron does 25.0 grams of iron (Fe) represent?

Sample Problems
How many magnesium atoms are contained in 5.00 grams of Mg?

Sample Problems
What is the mass of 3.01 x 1023 atoms of Na?

Sample Problems
How many chlorine molecules are present in 4.25 x 10-3 moles of Cl2?

Atomic Weight/Mass
Atomic Weight is the relative weight of an atom expressed in amu (atomic mass unit). The mass of its weighted average atom (atomic mass units)

Atomic Weight/Mass
Hydrogen, H, has a relative atomic weight of 1.0079 amu while carbon, C, has 12.011 amu.

At. Mass =

7 (%

nat. abun. x isotopic wt)

Molecular Weight or Molar Mass

Molecular Weight of a substance is the sum of the weights of the atoms as shown in its formula. It is the mass of substance present per mole.

Molecular Weight or Molar Mass

Mol. Mass =

7 (At. Wt. x # of atoms)

Sample Problems
Calculate the molecular weight of the following compound.
   

water barium carbonate: BaCO3 calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2 sulfuric acid: H2SO4

Sample Problem
What is the mass of 1 mole of sulfuric acid?

Sample Problem
How many moles of sodium hydroxide are there are there in 1.00 kg sodium hydroxide?

Sample Problem
How many molecules of hydrogen chloride are there in 25.0 grams of hydrogen chloride?

Percentage Composition
The amount an element in a compound in percentage form

% composition

Total mass of the element Molar mass of the compound

x 100

Sample Problem
Calculate the percentage composition of sodium chloride.

Sample Problem
Determine the percentage composition of ammonium acetate.

Sample Problem
When heated in the air, 1.63 grams of zinc combines with 0.40 gram of oxygen to form zinc oxide. Calculate the percentage composition of the compound formed?

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Empirical Formula is the simplest formula of a compound. Gives the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a compound Gives the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

Molecular Formula is a whole-number multiple of its empirical formula. This is the true formula of the compounds.

Guidelines to Calculate the EF and MF

Determine the weight of each element in a compound. Calculate the number of moles of the elements. Determine the smallest mole.

Guidelines to Calculate the EF and MF

Calculate the number of atoms of each element by dividing each mole of the element by the smallest mole to get the empirical formula. (Should be a whole number) Calculate the empirical formula weight

Guidelines to Calculate the EF and MF

Compute for n.

Molecular weight n = Empirical Formula Weight

Distribute n to the Empirical Formula to get the Molecular Formula

Sample Problem
An unknown compound has the following percentage composition, % Ca = 36.04% % Cl = 63.96% What is the compound? (MW = 110)

Sample Problem
Compound X was found to contain 85.69% C and 14.31% H. The molecular weight was determined to be 55.9 amu. Calculate the empirical and molecular formulas of X.

Seatwork
Determine the molecular formula of the following compounds given the corresponding percent composition of each element. Name the compounds.
Compound A B Percent Composition Li, 18.8; C, 16.2; O, 65.0 K, 26.6; Cr, 35.3; O, 38.1 Molecular Weights 73.8 294.2