DASAR-DASAR TEKNIK PEMBORAN

Types of Drilling Structures

 Conventional Rotary Rig for drilling on Land  Alternate Drilling Structures  Structures for deep Water or Arctic Drilling  Hydrogen Sulfide and RULE 36

Standard Derrick - Engines close to derrick - Mechanical Transmission

700 hp ENGINE

COMPOUND

700 hp ENGINE

700 hp ENGINE

Drilling Structures:
 Conventional Land Rig  Jack-up Rig  Drillship  Semisubmersible  Jacket Platform  Gravel Island  Ice Island  Guyed Tower  Tension Leg Platform  Spar Platform

Pile-founded steel jacket platform

Cost increases rapidly with depth Bending moments Natural Frequency

Mud Line

~100 sec nat.frequency (waves ~ 6-10 sec) Pivot at bottom (problem)

Buoyed tower concept of 1970

1983 1,000 ft of water

FAIRLEAD

200 TON CLUMP WEIGHTS

Principal features of the Lena guyed tower

High ice forces Weak soild Shallow water

~1,000 ft dia.

Arctic drilling structure - Ice Island

Spar Platform in Transit

Spar Platform Installed

Lesson 2
 Drilling Systems  Drilling Rigs  Drilling a Well  Definitions

Use?

Fig. 1.33 Schematic of Rotary System

Fig. 1.34 Cutaway View of Swivel

ROTATING

* Seals * Bearings

PIN BOX TJ Shoulder

Fig. 1.38 Cutaway View and Dimensions for Example Tool Joint

Fig. 1.39 Stabilizer

* Keeps pipe in center of hole * Aids in drilling straight hole * Prolongs bit life

Fig. 1.41 Kick Detection During Drilling Operations

3
GAIN IN PIT VOLUME EQUAL TO KICK VOLUME

KICK 2 1

CHOKE

Fig. 1.46 Remote Control Panel for operating Blowout Preventers

What to do if KICK occurs?

DP TJ DC OH Press

Fig. 1.44 Annular Blowout Preventer

Ram Blowout Preventer

SHEAR / BLIND RAM ASSEMBLY

Ram Blowout Preventer - contd

Fig. 1.48 Rotating Blowout Preventer

Fig. 1.51 HighPressure Circulating System for Well Control Operations

Kick

Keep BHP const.

Fig. 1.56 Subsurface Well Monitoring System

MWD

OFFSHORE DRILLING

Fig. 1.57 Spread Mooring Systems

Fig. 1.58 Schematic of Equipment for Marine Drilling

Lesson 3 Hole Problems

Lesson 5 - Hole Problems

 Lost Circulation  Stuck Pipe
Keyseat- Crooked Hole Differential Sticking Mechanical Sticking

 Junk in Hole  Kicks and Blowouts  Crooked Hole

Hole Problems - Lost Circulation

Indication:  Flow out < Flow in (e.g 400 < 500)

 Drop in Mud Pit Volume  Blowout

Hole Problems- Lost Circulation Causes:

 High Formation Permeability (e.g. fractures)  Low Formation Pore Pressure  Poor Drilling Fluid Characteristics  Induced Fracturing of Formation
From Rapid Pipe Movement

Hole Problems- Lost Circulation

Results:  Costly Mud Makeup  Loss of Production  Fire  Loss of Permit to Drill

Hole Problems- Lost Circulation

Preventive Measures:  Crew Education  Good Mud Program  Study Wells in Area to be prepared

Hole Problems- Lost Circulation

Remedial Measures:  Use Lost Circulation Material as Mud Additive (fibrous or granular)  Drill Through Troublesome Interval and Case Off  Decrease Mud Weight  Decrease Circulation Rate

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe (drill pipe, drill collars, casing)

Indication:  Cannot Pick Up Pipe Causes:  Cave - ins  Keyseat - Crooked Hole
(Venezuela case)

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Causes, contd:  Differential Pressure Sticking  Filter Cake
 Deposited AFTER Circulation Stops - While Still on Bottom

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Results:  Fishing Operations
Back off, POH, RIG w/fishing string

 Loss of Hole
or at least part of the hole

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Preventive Measures:  Use Minimum Mud Weight Required to Control Formation Pressures.  Use Special Drill Collars
(spiral)

 Use Centralizers on Casing  Periodically Establish Circulation while Running Casing or Drillpipe in Deep Hole

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Remedial Measures: If Circulation Can Be Established:
 Erode Mud Filter Cake - at High Fluid Velocity (speed up pumps)  Spot Special Fluid; Oil, Acid  Reduce Mud Weight as Far as Possible  Rotate Pipe - Keep Moving Pipe

Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe

Remedial Measures: If Circulation Cannot Be Established:
 Cut Pipe or Unscrew Joint - and Fish

KEY SEAT

P1 >> P2

P1 P2

Thick Filter Cake

F = QN

N = (P A
Thin Filter Cake

F = Q(P A
How is filter cake formed?

Pipe Stuck in Wall Cake

Hole Problems - Junk in Hole

Indication:  Bit Parts Missing  Items from Surface Dropped into Hole  Erratic Torque

Hole Problems - Junk in Hole

Cause:  Negligence of Crew Result:  Fishing Operation

Hole Problems - Junk in Hole

Preventive Measure: Crew Education Remedial Measures:  Run Junk Basket  Run Basket with Collapsible Teeth (Poor Boy Basket)  Run Magnet

Hole Problems - Blowout (oil, gas or water)

Indication:  Returns to Surface after Circulation is Stopped (KICK!)  Well Out of Control - Big Problem!  Lost Circulation . . .

Hole Problems - Blowout (oil, gas or water)

[surface or underground]

Causes:  Loss of Hydrostatic Head due to Lost Circulation  Poor drilling Fluid  Swabbing Effect while Pulling Drillpipe  Insufficient Mud Weight

Hole Problems - Blowout

Results:  Possible Loss of Life and Property  Legal and Financial Problems

Hole Problems - Blowout

Preventive Measures:  Crew Education  Be Alert  Blowout Control Equipment on RIG including Pit Volume Indicators

Hole Problems - Blowout

Remedial Action: If on Bottom:
 Use proper Mud Weight  Add Lost Circulation Materials

In Extreme Case of Blowout:

 May Have to Directionally Drill a Relief Well

Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Indication:
 Periodic Directional Surveys  Stuck Drill String  Casing Problems

Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Causes:  Too much Weight on Bit  Dipping Formation  Anisotropic Formation  Too Small Drill Collars  No Stabilizers

Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Results:  Uneven Spacing (on bottom)  Legal Problems  Production Problems  Cementing Problems

Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Preventive Action:  Avoid Buckling of Drill Pipe by using sufficient number of drill collars  Use Oversize Drill Collars  Use Reamers and Stabilizers  Start the Hole Vertically

Hole Problems - Crooked Hole

Remedial Action:  Plug Back and Sidetrack  Use Whipstock  Use Reamers in 3 Locations