,

/
. . .

():

, .. 1

(), ( ) , ( ) : ,
, .

, z

, s

, ..

d :

b :

r :

T:

z
s

cos = sin sin cos sin cos sin cos + cos cos cos cos + cos sin sin cos cos + cos sin sin sin

cos z = cos cos cos + sin sin

s=acos(-tantan)
= 23.45 sin [ 360 (284 + n)/365 ]

[]

s=C1C2s+C3(1-C1C2)90 []

sins=sincos/sinz

tans=sin/(sincos-costan)

C1=1 ||<ew C1=-1 ||ew, ew=acos(tan/tan)

( |tan/tan|>1 C1=1.)
C2=1 (-)0, C2=-1 (-)<0
C3=1 0, C3=-1 <0

E A
( W/ m2):

360 n
G 0 = G sc 1 + 0.033 cos
[cos cos cos + sin sin ]
365

( J/m2):
0 =

2 s
24 3600
360 n

G sc 1 + 0.033 cos
sin sin
cos cos sin s +

360
365

[1,2],( J/m2):
0 =

12 3600
2 ( 2 1 )
360 n

G sc 1 + 0.033 cos
sin sin
cos cos (sin 2 sin 1 ) +

360
365

Gsc=1367 W/m2, n- ( 1), 1, 2

(), s- () .

1. ()

= b + Id , =b+Hd , = b + d

kT =

, KT =
, KT =

:
KT =

= a + b

n : ,
=( )(2s)/15: ,
a=0.1992, b=0.5165 .

:
,
,
() [] :

cos cos s
I

=
(a + b cos )

24
sin s s cos s
180
a = 0.409 + 0.5016sin(s 60), b = 0.6609 0.4767 sin(s 60)
rt =

(s) .
:

rd =

Id
I
cos cos s

= =
d 24 sin s cos
s
s
180


( 0.3 K T 0.8)

s1.4208,

Hd
= 1.391 3.560 K T + 4.189 K T2 2.137 K T3
H

s>1.4208,

Hd
= 1.311 3.022K T + 3.427 K T2 1.821K T3
H

s<1.4208

K T 0.715
K T 0.715

s1.4208

K T <0.722,
K T 0.722,

Hd
= 1.0 0.2727 K T + 2.4495K T2 11.9514K 3T + 9.3879K T4
H
Hd
= 0.143
H
Hd
= 1.0 + 0.2832 K T 2.5557 K T2 + 0.8448 K 3T
H
Hd
= 0.175
H

kT0.22,

0.22<kT0.80,
kT>0.8,

Id
= 1.0 0.09 k T
I

Id
= 0.9511 0.1604k T + 4.388k T2 16.638k 3T + 12.336k T4
I
Id
= 0.165
I



= b + d + r
= b + ITd + ITr
,
= b + Td + Tr ,

Rb =

I Tb
cos
=
I b cos z

Rb =

H Tb
Hb

H Tb
Hb

Rb =

Rd =

I Td
Id

Rd =

H Td
Hd

Rd =

H Td
Hd

:
b= RbIb= Rb(-Id) ,
b= Rbb= Rb(H-d) ,
Tb = R b b = R b ( d )

() () (=0)

cos( ) cos cos + sin( ) sin
cos cos cos + sin sin
:
Rb =

cos( ) cos sin s + ( / 180 ) s sin( ) sin

cos cos sin s + ( / 180 ) s sin sin
:
Rb =

Rb =

cos( ) cos sin s + ( / 180 )s sin( ) sin

cos cos sin s + ( / 180 ) s sin sin

a cos( tan tan )

, s = min

a cos[ tan( ) tan ]

():
d= RdId,
d= Rdd ,
Td = R d d

Rd = Rd =

1 + cos
2

():

1 cos
1 cos
r =
H r =
I,
H
2
2

, , H .

1 cos
H r =
H
2