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IMAGE

TITLE EPITHELIUM

NOTES

>> scanty INTRACELLULAR spaces >> attached to basement membrane >>avascular >>Fns:protect underlying structures, acting as barrier, permitting the passage of substance, absorbing & secreting substance Simple squamous A. Simple epithelium epithelium -transport mechanisms *Simple squamous >>single layer, thin flat cells >>Fn: prevention of abrasion between organs; secretion and absorption >>found in:linings of blood & lymphatic vessels, heart & alveoli, serous membrane, filtration membranes of kidneys Simple cuboidal *Simple cuboidal epithelium >>single layer of cube-like or tall as wide cells >>equipped with microvilli/cilia >>Fns: transport of molecules, excrete of waste products, secrete and rebsorb useful material >>Found in:kidney tubules, glands, exocrine glands, choroid plexus of the brain, terminal bronchioles of lungs, surfaces of ovaries Simple columnar *Simple columnar epithelium >>single layer of tall, thin cells or taller than wide cells >>microvilli/cilia >>Fns: produce & secrete substances; absorb digested food; movement of substances >>found in: linings of intenstines, glands and ducts, auditory tube, uterus, uterine tube >>goblets-mucous

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Human skin (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)

Transitional epithelium

producing cells *Pseudostratified epithelium >>appeared to be stratified; nuclei are at different levels; all cells touch the basement membrane but not all reach the surface; contains goblet cells >>Fn:synthesis & secretion of mucus >>found in: nasal cavity, sinuses, auditory tube, pharynx, trachea, bronchi B. Stratified Eppithelium *Stratified squamous >>multilayer >>basal layer-cuboidal cells >>flattened squamous cells of the surfaces >>2 types: keratinizedkeratin(makes skin water repellent; protein in the skin) Non-keratinized >>fn: same as simple squamous *Stratified cuboidal and culomnar-rarely seen *Transitional epothelium >>multiple layer >>cuboidal cells(unstretched organs) >>squamous cells (stretched) >>found in: urinary bladder

*Free cell surfaces* >>smooth muscles >>microvilli\cilia >>goblet cells *Cell connections* >>gap junctions(w/opening)

>>tight junction(form solid wall) >>desmosomes(w/o opening)-mechanical links >>bind cells together, form permeable barriers CONNECTIVE TISSUE >>large amount of EXTRACELLULAR spaces >>scanty cells >>highly vascular (except cartilage) >>Fns: enclosing & separating, connecting tissue to one another, protection, storing, transporting, cushioning & insulating, supporting &moving Reticular CT *Protein Fiber* *collagen fiber >>resemble rope, flexible but resist stretching *reticular >>fine collagen fibers *elastic >>coiled metal bed springs/can stretch & recoil

Elastic CT

Areolar CT (collagen)

A. Loose/areolar CT >>collagen fibers >>fibroblasts >>loose packing and support >>attach skin >> found in: superficial layer of dermis

Adipose CT

B. Adipose CT >>aplipocytes/flat cells >>nucleus pushed in peripheral because of full of lipids >>packing material, heat insulation, protect organs against injury >>found: beneath the skin C. Dense Collagenous >>collagen fibers >>fibroblast >>resist stretch >>found in: tendons & ligaments, dermis >>organ capsule D. Dense Elastic >>Elastic &collagen fibers >>stretch & recoil >> found in: elastic arteries, ligaments bet. Vertebrae, dorsal part of the neck *Cartilages* >>made up of chondrocytes(large individual lacuna) >>consists of collagenflexibility & strength >> proteoglycan(protein)makes cartilage resilient (smooth & shiny) >> avascular Types: >>Hyalin cartilage >>>most abundant >>>covers bone ends >>>forms costal cartilage >>>found in:cartilage rings of respiratory tract, nasal cartilage

Hyalin cartilage

>>Fibrocartilage >>>more collagen >>>resist pulling & tearing, withstand compression

Bone CS

>>>found in: intervertebral disks, knee joints, temporomandibular joint >>elastic cartilage >>>consists of collagen, proteoglycan, elastic fibers >>>Recoil >>>found in:external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube *Bone or Osseous tissue* >>ostepcytes in lacunae >>strong & rigid >>highly mineralized >>protect & support other organs >>types: compact; spongy/cancellous

*Blood* >>liquid matrix >>carry materials, oxygen, waste products >>Formed elements >>>erythrocytes-(RBC) carry nutrients >>>leukocytes-(WBC) defensive mechanism >>>thrombocytes(platelet s)- coagulants MUSCULAR TISSUE Characteristics >>contractility-shorten >>elasticity-return to orig size >>extensibility-go beyond >>irritability-respond to stimulation >>conductivity-conduct/allow impulses Skeletal muscle

A. Skeletal >>40% of body weight >>muscles attached to bones >>enables body movement >>striated (actin/myosin) >>multinucleated >>voluntary muscle

Cardiac muscle

B. Cardiac muscle >>muscle of the heart >>pump blood >>striated >>autorythmic >>mononucleated/binucle ated >>involuntary muscle >>intercalated disk >>form branches C. Smooth muscle >>walls of hollow organ >>fns: movement of food in GIT, emptying the bladder,etc >> spindled-shape >>mononucleated; >>involuntary action

NERVE TISSUE >>found in: brain, spinal cord, nerves >>cells: neurons, neuroglia(supporting cells) >>characteristics: irritability, conductivity >>fn: coordination & control of all bodily activities (action potential) Nerve CS Neuron/Nerve cell >>conduction of action potential >>parts: >>cell body >>>process (one processunipolar-> always axon; two processes-multipolar) >>>axon-away >>>dendrite-toward >>dont regenerate itself (as well as cardiac)>neuroglia Nerve cell

ADDITIONAL NOTES Histology/microscopic anatomy-study of tissues Classification of tissue Number of cell layers: single, stratified Shape of cell: squamous, cuboidal, columnar Endocrine-ductless gland Exocrine-glands w/ duct Epidermis-simple squamous Dermis-CT Hypodermis-adipose CT

Deep layer dermis: Reticular CT

Epiphasis- ends of bone

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