Resumo de Mecnica Quntica Relativista

1. Preliminares
a. Tetravectores e Noes Relativistas
E2= p2c2+ m2c4
g=g=100-100000000-100-1
x=ct, x, y, z=(ct, x)
p=Ec, px, py, pz=Ec, p
pp=E2c2-p.p=m2c2
A= A0, A
b. Operadores
= x= (ct),
p=ix=i= i(ct), -

= = 2(ct)2- 2x2- 2y2- 2z2= 1c22t2- 2

c. Mecnica Quntica Clssica
1= 0110 ; 2= 0-ii0 ; 3= 100-1
.A.B= A.BI+i.AB
ddtAt= iH, At+ Att

2. Equao de Klein-Gordon
a. Formulao
pp =m2c2

+ m2c22=0

b. Solues Livres
= e-ipx= e-iEt - p.x
E= cm2c2+ p2
c. Corrente e Equao da Continuidade
j= i2m*- *
j'= ie2m*- *

j=0
d. Limite No-Relativista
r, t= r, t e-imc2t
T mc2 it T mc2
it= -222m
e. Partculas de Spin-0
=Ae-iEpt - p.x
Ep= cm2c2+ p2
= eEpmc2*
A= mc2L3Ep
f. Interaco Electromagntica
p p- ecA
gix- ecAix- ecA= m2c2

j'= ie2m*- *- e2mcA*

g. Invarincia de Gauge
A'x= Ax+ xx
'= eiec
h. Forma de Schrdinger
= + ; it= mc2-
it= -22m2+ +mc2it= -22m2+ - mc2
=
it= Hf ; Hf= 3+i2p22m+ 3mc2

3. Equao de Dirac
a. Formulao
it= ci1x1+ 2x2+ 3x3+ mc2= Hf
it= Hf= cipi+mc2
= 1234
b. Propriedades das Matrizes e
i, j=2ijI
i, =0
i2= 2= I
i= i ; = ; = 1
Tri=Tr=0
i= 0ii0 ; = I00-I
i'=UiU-1 ; '=UU-1; U= U-1
c. Corrente e Equao da Continuidade
= ; jk=ck
t+ .j=0
d. Solues Estacionrias
x, t= xe-it x= Hfx
= 1234 = =cipi+mc2=cipi - mc2
= 00e-ip.x - mc2I0- cipi0=0-cipi0+ + mc2I0=0
= Ep= cp2+m2c2
0= cipi+ mc20 ; 0=U= U1U2; UU= U1*U1+ U2*U2= 1
p, x, t=NUcipimc2+ EpUeip.x- Ept

N= mc2+ Ep2Ep
pp, =pp,
e. Spin e Helicidade
S= 2= 200
Hf, .p=p, .p= 0
S= S.pp
p=0, 0, p S= Sz= 2z00z= 2100-100000000100-1
p, , +12=N10czpmc2+ Ep10eipz- Ept
p, , -12=N01czpmc2+ Ep01eipz- Ept
f. Operadores de Sinal e de Projeco; Operadores Pares e
mpares
= HfHf2= c.p+mc2cp2+m2c2= c.p+mc2Ep
= = -1 ; p, , Sz= p, , Sz
= 12
A= A+ A2 ; A= A- A2
i=cpicp2+m2c2 ; =mc2cp2+m2c2
g. Operador Velocidade e Movimento de Pacotes de Ondas
dxdt= 1ix, Hf=c=v
ddt= 1i, Hf= 2icp- 2iHf
t= 0- cpHfe-2iHft+ cpHf
xt= x0+ c2pHft+ 0- cpHfic2Hfe-2iHft
h. Electro em Repouso
it= mc2
(1)= 1000e- imc2t(2)= 0100e- imc2t(3)= 0010eimc2t(3)=
0001eimc2t

r= r0e- irmc2t ; r= +1 , r=1, 2-1 , r=3, 4

i.

Limite No-Relativista

p p- ecA
it= c.+eA0+ mc2= Hf+H' ; H'= -ecv.A+eA0
= e-imc2t it= c.+eA0it= c.+eA0-2mc2
it mc2 ; eA0 mc2 = .2mc
it= 22m-e2mc.B+eA0= p22m- e2mcL+2S.B+eA0

4. Covarincia
a. Transformaes de Lorentz
(x')=a x
a a =
deta = 1
b. Equao de Dirac na Forma Simtrica; Matrizes Gama
i0x0+ 1x1+ 2x2+ 3x3-mc=0
0= ; i= i
, =2gI ; = 00
i= 0i-i0 ; 0= I00-I
p-mc=i-mc=0
'=UU ; U= U-1
c. Transformaes e Covarincia
'x'= 'ax=Sax=Saa-1x'x= S-1a'x'= S-1a'ax= Sa-1'ax S-1a= Sa-1
iSaS-1aa x'-mc'x'=0
SaS-1a= a
d. Transformaes Infinitesimais
a = + ; = -
S = I- i4 S-1 = I+ i4
= i2, S = I+ 18,
= In
e. Transformaes Prprias
In Ix x'= limNI+ NIxN x

x'0x'1x'2x'3= cosh-sinh-sinhcosh000000001001x0x1x2x3 ; tanh=

; cosh= = 11- 2
'x'= limNI- i4NInNx= e-i4In x
SRij= e-i4ijij= e-i2.s ; SR= SR-1
SL= e-i201= e21 ; SL-1= 0SL0
f. Corrente e Spinor Adjunto
j'(x')=a j(x)
= 0 ; 'x'= xS-1
g. Reflexo Espacial
a =g
P= ei0 ; P-1= e-i0 ; P4= I
h. Solues Gerais da Equao de Dirac
rpx= e-i201 r0= cosh210010-tanh2-tanh200-tanh2tanh201001r0
-tanh2= pxcE+mc2 ; cosh2= E+mc22mc2
rpx=
E+mc22mc210010pxcE+mc2pxcE+mc200pxcE+mc2pxcE+mc201001r0
S-v= S-pE=e-2.vv= E+mc22mc21001pzcE+mc2p-cE+mc2p+cE+mc2pzcE+mc2pzcE+mc2p-cE+mc2p+cE+mc2-pzcE+mc21001
p=px ipy
rp= S-pEr0
rx= rpe- irpx
p- rmcrp=0rpp- rmc=0
i.

Electres Polarizados

sR.S.=0, s ; s=a sR.S.

pR.S.=mc, 0, 0, 0 ; p=a pR.S.

ss= -1 ; ps=0
s=ez up,uz= 1pup,-uz= 2pvp,uz= 4pvp,-uz= 3p
uzR.S.=0, uz=(0, 0, 0, 1)

5. Covariantes Bilineares
a. 16 Matrizes Gama
S= I ; V= ; T= ; P=i0123= 5 ; A= 5
n2= I
nS m : n, m=0
TrnS=0
a, b, ab nS : a b=fabnn , fabn C
5, = 5, = 5, Sa=0
b. Formas Bilineares
'x'S'x'= (x)Sx
'x'5'x'=det(a)(x)5x
'x''x'=a (x)x
'x'5'x'=det(a)a (x)5x
'x''x'= a a (x)x

6. Operadores de Projeco
a. Propriedades do Projector
Prp= P(p, uz, r)
Prpr'p= rr'r'pPrpPr'p= rr'Prp
b. Projeco da Energia
p= p+mc2mc
+2= +-2= -+-=0++ -=1
c. Projeco de Spin
uz= I+ 5uz2 ; uz0 uzR.S.
uz010= 10uz020=0uz030=0uz040= 40-uz010=0uz020= 20-uz030= 30-uz040=0
s= I+ 5s2
d. Projeco Simultnea
P1p= +puzP2p= +p-uzP3p= -p-uzP4p= -puz

7. Equao de Weyl
a. Formulao
it=c.p
b. Partculas Direitas
(+)t=- c. + += 12E23e-ip.xu+(p)
.p u+p=p0 u+p p0= p
p=0, 0, p u+= 10
.ppu+= zu+= u+
c. Partculas Canhotas
(-)t= c. - -= 12E23e-ip.xu-(p)
.p u-p=- p0 u-p p0= p
p=0, 0, p u-= 01
.ppu-= zu-= - ud. Corrente e Equao de Continuidade
=I, -=0
j= -j=0
e. Representao de Weyl
i= i00-i ; = 0-I-I0 ; 5= I00-I
i, j=2ijI ; i, =0
= (+)(-) i(+)t= c. +-mc2(-)i(-)t= -c. --mc2(+)
P= I52
(-)=P- = 0(-)(+)= P+ = (+)0

8. Equao de Dirac num Potencial Central

a. Formulao
HD= c.p+ mc2+Vr jm= jlmx, tjl'mx, t
P= eiP0
jlm= m', msl 12 j | m'ms m Ylm'12 ms
12 12= 10 ; 12-12= 01
P0 jlm= -1l jlm
jlm=ig(r)jlmrrjl'm= -f(r)jl'mrr ; l'=2j-l= 2l+ 12-l=l+1 , j=l+ 122l- 12-l=l1 , j= l- 12

9. Representao de Foldy-Wouthuysen
a. Transformao de Foldy-Wouthuysen
U= Hf+ Ep2Epmc2+ Ep
=U ; A= UAU
H=Ep
=
= - cp.pEpEp+ mc2+ cpEp
= 12
p, , +12=mc2+ 210cpmc2+ 0eipz232
p, , -12=mc2+ 2010-cpmc2+ eipz232
p 1 12= 1000eipz232 ; p 1 -12= 0100eipz232
p -1 12= 0010eipz232 ; p -1 -12= 0001eipz232
b. Campos Externos

10.Teoria de Lacunas
a. Electro - Positro
=Eelec pos en-Eelec neg en =cp2+m2c2- -cp2+m2c2=Eelec+Epos
Epositron=cp2+m2c2
k= pelec pos en- p'elec neg en=pelec+ppos
ppos= - pelec
b. Conjugao de Carga
C=i20= -C-1= -C= -CT
c= C0*= CT
Qc= c Q c= 2Q*2 *
c. Estados Prprios
psx= p+mc2mcI+ 5s2(x)
psc= -p+mc2mcI+ 5s2c
11.Electromagnetismo e Invarincia de Gauge
a. Formalismo Lagrangiano
S= t1t2Lx, xdt
S=0 Lx= ddtLx
L= mv22-qx, t+qAx, t.v
SI= t1t2-q+ qA.v dt=qA dx
A A+ SI'= SI+ B- (A)