Cover
title:
Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
author:
Trask, R. L.
publisher:
Taylor & Francis Routledge
isbn10 | asin:print isbn13:
9780203696026
ebook isbn13:
9780203695111
language:
English
subject
Phonetics--Dictionaries, Grammar, Comparative andgeneral--Dictionaries.--Phonology , Gramática comparada ygeneral--Fonología--Diccionarios, Phonetics, Phonology.
publication date:
1996
lcc:
P216.T73 1996eb
ddc:
414/.03
subject:
Phonetics--Dictionaries, Grammar, Comparative andgeneral--Dictionaries.--Phonology , Gramática comparada ygeneral--Fonología--Diccionarios, Phonetics, Phonology.cover Page iA Dictionary of Phonetics and PhonologyWritten for students of linguistics, applied linguistics and speech therapy, this dictionary covers over 2,000terms in phonetics and phonology. In addition to providing a comprehensive yet concise guide to anenormous number of individual terms, it also includes an explanation of the most important theoreticalapproaches to phonology.Its usefulness as a reference tool is further enhanced by the inclusion of pronunciations, notational devicesand symbols, earliest sources of terms, suggestions for further reading, and advice with regard to usage.
R.L.Trask
is Lecturer in Linguistics in the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences at the University of Sussex. His previous publications include
A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics
(1993),
Language Change
(1994) and
Language: The Basics
(1995). page_iPage iiThis page intentionally left blank. page_iiPage iii
A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
R.L.Trask London and New York
page_iiiPage ivFirst published 1996 by Routledge11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EEThis edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001© 1996 R.L.Trask All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopyingand recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book has been requestedISBN 0-203-69511-9 Master e-book ISBNISBN 0-203-69602-6 (OEB Format)ISBN 0-415-11260-5 (hbk)0-415-11261-3 (pbk) page_ivPage v
Contents
List of figures
vi
Preface
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
List of abbreviations
xi
Guide to pronunciation
xii A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology1
Appendix: the International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1993)
394
References
395 page_vPage vi
Figures
A1 The acoustic spectra of a clarinet note (a) and of the vowel 9C1 The Catford classification 66C2 A classificatory matrix for the consonants of Basque 73F1 An aspirated plosive in the feature hierarchy 142M1 A metrical grid 222M2 A metrical tree 223P1 A polar chart 283V1 The vowel chart of Les Branson, 42, of Norwich (1971) 382 page_viPage vii
Preface
This dictionary is intended primarily for students and teachers of phonetics and linguistics. Like itscompanion volume,
A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics,
this dictionary focuses on just one
major area of the linguistic sciences and tries to provide detailed coverage of that area.Of course, it is not possible to include every single one of the many thousands of terms which make anappearance somewhere in the phonological literature, but the nearly 2,000 terms which are defined hereshould include virtually every term you are likely to encounter outside the most specialized monographs.The larger part of the dictionary is devoted to terms which have been in existence for some time and whichlook likely to remain in use for the foreseeable future:
alternation, apical, contour tone, creaky voice,obstruent, rule loss, sandhi, vowel harmony.
Though articulatory phonetics naturally features very prominently in these pages, acoustic and perceptual phonetics are not neglected, nor is general speech science:
Action Theory, acoustic filter, cochlea, duplexerception, electromyography, formant, quantal vowel, transition.
The terminology of classical phonology is well covered, including the terms used by the Prague School, byDaniel Jones and by the American Structuralists:
archiphoneme, biuniqueness, diaphone, EPD, juncturehoneme, privative opposition.
Classical generative phonology is abundantly covered:
absolute neutralization, exchange rule, Halle’sargument, systematic phoneme.
Among more recent developments, Autosegmental Phonology and MetricalPhonology are treated in particular detail:
demibeat, deforestation, dumping, iambic reversal, No-Crossing Constraint, timing tier.
But the principal terms from nearly all the major developments in phonology in thelast two decades are also defined:
coronal underspecification, Derived Environment Constraint, featureeometry, hot feature, Prosodic Hierarchy, subjunction, via rule.
Distinctive features are covered in great detail. Summaries of some half-dozen feature systems are given, andmany dozens of individual features are defined. page_viiPage viiiThere is ample coverage of the phonology of English:
dark
l,
Estuary English, Great Vowel Shift, Received Pronunciation, rhotic accent, Trager-Smith system, velar softening.
Terms specific to other languages areincluded if they feature prominently in the literature:
Grassmann’s Law, liaison, radoppiamento sintattico,rendaku, seseo, soft mutation, yer.
I have made a point of including a number of terms largely confined to the older philological literature, sincethese are often maddeningly difficult to look up elsewhere:
anlaut, cacuminal, implosive position, surd,tenuis.
There is a good deal of coverage of phonological change and variation, both traditional terms and recentones:
apocope, Bill Peters effect, chain shift, lexical diffusion, reversal of merger, rhotacization, umlaut.
Given the current importance of metrical ideas in phonology, traditional terms from metrics are wellcovered:
crasis, masculine rhyme, synizesis, tetrameter, trochee.
For many entries there are multiple definitions; competing and conflicting usages are noted and described,and recommendations are often provided; examples of troublesome terms are
breathy voice, dorsum, flap,heavy syllable, hypercorrection, prosody, tone.
As far as possible, I have tried to identify the originalsources of the terms, and for many of the more important terms I have suggested further reading.The alphabetical order used is one which ignores both hyphens and spaces between words. Thus, for example,
provection
precedes
P-rule,
while
off-glide
precedes
off rhyme,
which precedes
offset phase.
The pronunciation given is that typical of the south of England. Speakers of other varieties of English will, Ihope, find little difficulty in making any necessary adjustments.In an enterprise of this kind, it is no doubt inevitable that there will prove to bea few errors and omissions. If you find any, I shall be pleased to hear about them. You can write to me at the School of Cognitive andComputing Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK, or e-mail me atlarryt@cogs.susx.ac.uk. page_viiiPage ix
Acknowledgements
I should like to thank Julia Hall, Emma Cotter, Alison Foyle and Caroline Cautley of Routledge for encouraging this book and for putting up with several exasperating delays along the way. To Dick Hudson Iam indebted for getting me into the linguistic lexicography business in the first place. Two anonymousreaders, and later Richard Coates, John Goldsmith and most especially Max Wheeler, read and commentedon early drafts of varying sizes; I am grateful to all of them, and I have managed to incorporate most of their comments into the final version. I regret that Goldsmith’s 1995 book appeared too late to be taken intoaccount in preparing the dictionary; this book contains useful further reading on many of the entries in thedictionary. I am further indebted to Kasia Jaszczo
ł
h for making available to me a body of unpublished work in Optimality Theory. And, as always, I am deeply grateful to Jenny Potts for an impeccable job of copy-editing. Naturally, I owe an enormous debt to all my fellow linguists, past and present, whose works I have combedfor terms and definitions. Among those phoneticians and linguists of whose work I have made particularly
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