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1
Mc Lc
ng dy di siu cao p v h thng ti in
phn I. khI nim chung v li in siu cao p , ng dy tI
in v h thng in tI in .
I .Khi nim chung v li in siu cao p, ng dy ti in di v
h thng ti in 2
II. Cc phng trnh c bn ca ng dy ti in di
1. Mc ch
2. H phng trnh vi phn c bn ca ng dy 8
3. Gii phng trnh ng dy di cho in p v dng in
hnh sin 9
4. Phn tch qu trnh sng trn ng dy di. 11
5. Tnh ton cc thng s c trng cho ng dy di 14
6. Cng sut t nhin 19
phn II. cc phng trnh c bn ca ng dy tI in dI
I. Cng thc chung tnh ch ng dy di thun nht
II. Phn b in p v dng in trn ng dy
1. ng dy khng tn tht. 22
2. qng dy c in tr khc khng 25
III.Gc v cng sut gii hn
1. Gc
2. Cng sut gii hn ca ng dy di 28
IV.Cng sut phn khng trn ng dy
1. Cng sut phn khng Q
2
29
2. Cng sut phn khng Q
1
30
Phn III.tnh ton ch ca h thng tI In
I.Mng bn cc
II.Thng s A, B, C, D ca ng dy thun nht
1. Tnh chnh xc 33
2. Tnh bng s thay th 34
3. Thng s A , B , C , D ca cc thit b b 36
4. Thng s A , B , C , D ca cc my bin p
5. Thng s A , B , C , D ca h thng ti in 37
6. Tnh ton ch ca ng dy ti in theo mng 4 cc 42









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2
PHN I
NG DY DI SIU CAO P
v h thng tI in

I./Khi nim chung v li in siu cao p, ng dy ti in di v
h thng ti in:
Hin nay s pht trin ca h thng in ang i theo con ng tp trung
ho sn xut in nng, trn c s cc nh my in ln, pht trin v s hp nht
cc h thng nng lng. iu dn n s cn thit phi xy dng v m rng
cc mng in c in p cao, siu cao v cc siu cao xoay chiu nh :220, 330,
400, 500, 750 v 1150 kV.Cc ng dy in p cao v siu cao c vai tr rt
quan trng, n c kh nng truyn ti cng sut rt ln v c th ti in nng i
rt xa. Cng sut v di ti in nng cng ln th in p s dng cng cao,
gi thnh ti in s thp hn.
Khi cng sut ph ti ln, cng sut cc nh my in tp trung cao, dn n
phi dng cc ng dy siu cao p ti in v to thnh li in siu cao
p.
Trong thc t ng dy siu cao p c cc c im :
- Dng ln nn phi dng dy dn c tit din ln, gy kh khn cho thi
cng lp t. Mt khc khi vn hnh, xung quanh dy dn khi vn hnh s xut
hin in trng vi cng rt cao, in trng ny sinh ra vng quang. Do
dn n tn tht cng sut v in nng rt ln, ng thi gy nhiu v tuyn. V
vy ngi ta dng dy phn pha.
Dy phn pha: l dy dn mi pha c tit din ln c thay bng mt s
dy dn c tit din nh hn. Cc dy dn ny c kt cht trn gc ca mt
khung nh v a gic u gi chng lun lun song song vi nhau. Vi ng
dy 220 kV, mi pha c hai dy dn, i vi ng dy 500 kV, mi pha c 3
hoc 4 dy dn.
Ta bit rng i vi ng dy siu cao p cng in trng trn b mt
dy l:
E
0
=24.5m [ 1+
2
) . (
613 . 0
r
]
Trong :
m: l h s ph thuc nhm ca b mt dy, vi dy bn nhiu si
m=0,82
: l h s ph thuc vo mt khng kh.
i vi dy dn bnh thng th cng in trng gy ra vng quang vo
khong 30 kV/cm. Gi tr ny ph thuc vo thi tit, khi m t h s b mt
gim lm cho vng quang xut hin in trng thp.

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3
r : l bn knh dy dn.
Cng in trng cho php ln nht trn b mt dy vo khong 20 n
27 kV/cm. gim cng in trng ta phi phn pha dy dn.
Bn knh ng tr ln hn nhiu bn knh ca mt dy c tit din tng
ng. Do , lm cho cng in trng trn b mt gim thp. Bn knh ny
lm gim thp in khng n v v tng in dung n v ca ng dy. Do
s dy phn trong mt pha v khong cch gia chng phi c chn sao cho
va gim c cng in trng, gim tn tht vng quang, gim nhiu v
tuyn nhng em li hiu qu kinh t. Lc phi tnh n cc yu t tng kh
nng ti do gim in khng, nh hng n mi trng do in trng gy ra,
in trng ny tng ln khi in dung ng dy tng. Mun khc phc phi
tng chiu cao ca ct, dn n chi ph ng dy cao.
i vi ng dy 500 kV tr ln, khng chn dy dn theo mt kinh t v
nhng hn ch v tn tht vng quang v nhiu v tuyn.
- Khong cch cch in v chiu di chui s rt ln: Chiu di ca chui
s siu cao p ch phi xc nh theo in p vn hnh. S bt s ca ng dy
500 kV c th t 22 n 25 bt v ln hn. Chui s 500kV di khong 4 n 5 m
v c th hn na. iu ny lm cho lch ngang ca chui s rt ln, dn n
khong cch pha phi ln, ct phi cao ln lm chi ph ng dy s cao hn.
- nh hng n mi trng chung quanh ng dy: Chim nhiu t
xy dng trm v mng ct, ting n do vng quang, nhiu v tuyn, nh hng
n cnh quan, nh hng do cng in trng n khong khng gian di
ng dy v mt t c th gy ra in th nguy him trn cc vt liu kim loi
di ng dy. Cng in trng cho php t 5 n 25 kV/cm, tu thuc
vo loi ng dy. Do thi gian con ngi v gia sc di ng dy phi
c hn ch n mc khng nguy him cho sc kho.
- tin cy cung cp in: ng dy siu cao p i hi tin cy rt
cao, v ng dy siu cao p cp in cho cc ph ti vi cng sut rt ln. Nu
khng m bo tin cy c th gy ra thit hi ln v kinh t, ti sn v con
ngi. m bo tin cy cao ta phi tng cch in ng dy, tng sc chu
lc ca ct v mng, tng s mch song song nhng phi tnh ton cn thn
t c mc tin cy ti u.
c im quan trng v k thut ca ng dy siu cao p v h thng in
c ng dy siu cao p gm:
- Tn tht in nng do vng quang rt cao, gim tn tht in nng ta
dng dy phn pha.
- Cng sut phn khng do in dung ng dy sinh ra rt ln, s phn
pha dy dn cng lm cho cng sut ny ln hn, gy ra cc vn k thut cn
gii quyt trong ch non ti hoc khng ti ca li in v ng dy.

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+ S tng cao in p cui ng dy c th vt qu kh nng chu ng
ca thit b phn phi.
+ Cng sut phn khng do in dung m my pht phi chu c th ln
hn kh nng ca n.
+ Nguy c t kch thch v t dao ng tng dn ln.
Trong ch ph ti max, nu ng dy cp in t h thng cho nt ph ti
th tn tht in p c th rt ln, do ngi ta trnh khng ti cng sut phn
khng trn ng dy siu cao p. cp cng sut phn khng cho ph ti phi
t t b ti cc nt ti khu vc.
iu chnh in p c ng dy di kh phc tp, cn lng cng sut phn
khng rt ln bin thin t dung tnh sang cm tnh. y l vn kinh t - k
thut nan gii. Nu ng dy ni lin cc phn c lp ca h thng in c
di ln th gp phi vn kh nng ti theo cng sut gii hn v n nh tnh.
Nu d tr n nh tnh thp phi c bin php nng cao. n nh ng cng
lm kh nng ti ca ng dy di b hn ch. gii quyt vn ny phi
phi hp gia cc bo v v la chn s hp l ca ng dy di.
i vi ng dy c di ln hn 30 km th phi t thm thit b ph: T
in b dc, khng in b ngang, my b tnh, my b ng b x l vn
tng cao in p, qu ti my pht trong ch khng ti v non ti m bo in
p cui ng dy hoc nng cao kh nng n nh tnh. y l bi ton kinh t
k thut.
Li in c ng dy siu cao p ngn, mt ng dy khng t thit b
b, nhng ton li phi t b gii quyt yu cu kinh t.
i vi ng dy di nu s dng s thay th bng thng s tp trung s
phm sai s ln. Do khi tnh ton phi dng phng php thng s ri hoc
phng php s thay th. ng dy c chia thnh cc on ngn vi cc
thng s tp trung ri dng phng php tnh lp.
gii quyt cc vn k thut nan gii ca in p xoay chiu ni trn, c
th s dng li in mt chiu. Tuy nhin li in mt chiu s khng thay th
li in xoay chiu m tham gia vo li in xoay chiu nhng v tr nht
nh nhm khc phc nhc im ca n, lm cho hiu qu kinh t ca h thng
in chung cao hn.
Di y cho cng sut t nhin ca ng dy siu cao p, c trng cho
kh nng ti ca ng dy di.
Li in Vit Nam trong tng lai gn s l li in siu cao p 220-500
kV. Li in ny c cu trc phc tp: Nhiu ngun in, nhiu mch vng, vi
nhiu cp in p trong c cc ng dy siu cao p 220-500 kV.
hiu c tnh cht vt l ca ng dy siu cao p, trn c s c th
thit k v vn hnh ti u ng dy ny, ngi ta thng nghin cu cc ng
dy siu cao p trong s n gin: S h thng in bao gm ng dy di

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c hai ngun cung cp hai u, bao gm c thit b b cc loi v my bin p
tng gim hai u gi chung s ny l h thng ti in. Trn hnh 1 di
y l cc dng thng thng ca h thng ti in.
Bng 1
in p nh
mc,kV
60 110 220 400 500 650 750 1000
Tng tr sng
Z
s
,
80 90 400 90 290 280 280 270
Cng sut t
nhin P
tn
,MW
10 30 120 550 850 1380 2190 4000
ng
dy
trn
khng
Tng tr sng
Z
s
,
40 40 40 40 40
Cng sut t
nhin P
tn
,MW
100 300 1200 5500 9000

ng dy cp
Hnh 1a l ng dy siu cao p ni hai phn ca h thng in gi l h
thng con 1 v 2. ng dy ny gi l ng dy lin lc h thng, dng cng
sut trn ng dy ny c th l mt hng hoc hai hng, hai h thng h tr,
d tr cho nhau. phn tch ch xc lp ca h thng: Hai h thng con
c ng tr bng hai nh my in HT
1
, HT
2
vi ph ti S
pt1
S
pt2
v ng dy
lin lc siu cao p, ng dy ny c th c mt l, hai l hay ba l song song.
Nu cng sut ti trn ng dy nh hn nhiu so vi cng sut t ca cc nh
my in ca mi h thng con th c th coi in p trn thanh ci hai h thng
con (U
1
,U
2
) l khng i khi ng dy kh di th hai u ng dy thng
phi t thm hai khng in (K
1
,

K
2
). Trong nhiu trng hp cn phi t
thm cc b t b dc (thng km theo khng in) trn ng dy nh hnh1b.
Nh vy ng dy lin lc khng phi l ng dy n thun m l mt h
thng ti in c nhiu phn t khc nhm m bo hot ng bnh thng ca
ng dy.
Hnh 1c l ng dy truyn cng sut t nh my in t kh xa vo h
thng nhn in (HT) trn ng n cp in cho mt trm khu vc (TKV) ln.
in p trn thanh ci h thng U
2
c th xem l hng s i vi dng cng sut
trn ng dy.
Trn hnh 1d l trng hp phc tp hn hai nhm pht in MP
1
v MP
2
lin
h vi nhau qua my bin p t ngu. MP
2
cp in cho h thng 220 kV v pht
mt phn nhp vo cng sut t MP
1
ng dy 500kV cp in cho ba trm khu
vc TKV
1
, TKV
2
v TKV
3
v truyn cng sut cn li vo h thng nhn in v
cng c khi i t h thng nhn in v cc trm khu vc. H thng cc my pht
in c ng tr bng mt my pht in duy nht pht cng sut S
1
v h
thng nhn in. Trng hp ny li in cng c cu trc phc tp.

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6
Hnh 1e l trng hp hai nh my in c cng sut tng ng cp cho
mt khu ph ti.






































HT
1

U
1
HT
2
U
2
HT
1

NM
2
HT
U
1
= H
S
S
1
U
2
= H
S
S
2
TKV2
TKV3

TKV
S
TA
S
PT
S
PT3
S
HA
MP
1
MP
2
220 kV
500 kV
TKV
1
S
PT1
S
1
U
1
S
PT2
S
PT3
TKV
3
S
2
U
2
TKV
2
S
PT1
d)
e)
TKV1
S
PT3
S
PT2
U
1
U
2
S
1
S
2
NM
1
DD
Hnh 1
f)
HT
b)
c)
S
PT1
K
2
S
PT2
S
2
S
PT1 K
1
K
2
S
PT2
U
1
U
2
HT
2
S
1
S
2
K
1
K
3
K
4
MP
1
U
1
U
2
S
1
S
2
a)
S
1

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7
Nhn chung trong tt c cc trng hp trn u c th hin bng cc thanh
ci c in p cho trc v c coi l khng i khi xc nh mt lot cc ch
lm vic ca h thng.
Do c th thay th h thng bng mng 4 cc nh trn hnh 1f trong
hoc l nh my in cp in qua ng dy di vo h thng l ng dy di
(DD) c cp in t hai pha vi in p U
1
,

U
2
.

II. Cc phng trnh c bn ca ng dy ti in di
1. Mc ch
Mc ch ca vic gii tch ng dy ti in i xa l thit lp nhng quan
h nhm xc nh nhng thng s ch ca ng dy di trong cc ch vn
hnh khc nhau. Cc thng s c quan tm nht l cng sut P, Q, in p U
hai u v trn ng dy cng nh gc gia vect in p hai u ng
dy.
Kt qu gii tch ng dy di l c s tin hnh cc tnh ton kinh t-
k thut khi thit k cng nh khi vn hnh sao cho khi vn hnh ng dy ti
in i xa cc thng s ch c duy tr trong phm vi cho php, kh nng ti
ca ng dy c nng cao v chng t s hp l v kinh t ca cc la chn
.
Bn cht ca qu trnh truyn ti nng lng theo ng dy ti in l qu
trnh truyn sng, trong cc sng in p v dng in khng ngng truyn ti
nng lng t ngun in n ni tiu th. Nh vy ta s dn ra cc phng trnh
sng c bn ca ng dy di.
2. H phng trnh vi phn c bn ca ng dy:
Gi thit ng dy l ng nht (cc thng s ri u trn ton b ng
dy) v mang ti u pha. Cc thng s c s ca ng dy di 1 km bao gm:
- in tr n v R
o
[ /km], in tr ton ng dy R = R
o
.l [ ].
- in dn n v G
o
[1/ .km], in dn ton ng dy G=G
o
.l [1/ ].
- in khng n v X
o
= . L
o
[ /km], in khng ton ng dy
X=X
o
.l [ ] trong L
o
l t cm n v [ H/km].
- in dn phn khng n v B
o
= . C
o
[ 1/ .km], in dn phn khng
ton ng dy B = B
o
.l [ 1/ ], trong C
o
l in dung n v [F/km].
= 2 f vi f l tn s ca dng in, i vi h thng in Vit Nam
f = 50 Hz.
- Tng tr n v ca ng dy Z
o
=R
o
+jX
o
, tng tr ng dy Z = Z
o
.l.
- Tng dn n v ca ng dy Y
o
= G
o
+ jB
o
, tng dn ng dy
Y=Y
o
.l.
Ta xt mt phn t nh ca ng dy c di dx cch im cui
ng dy ( hnh 2.1 ).
Cc thng s ca phn t ng dy ny gm c :

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8
- in tr R
o
dx [ ].
- in khng X
o
dx = L
o
dx [ ].
- in dn tc dng G
o
dx [
-1
].
- in dn phn khng ( dung dn ) B
o
dx = C
o
dx [
-1
]
Nu in p pha v dng in cui ca phn t ng dy l u v i th
u phn t ng dy in p v dng in s l :
u +
x
u

dx v i +
x
i

dx
T hnh 2, ta nhn thy s d c s bin i in p nh trn l do c
ging p trn in tr iR
o
dx v trn in khng L
o
dx. t i , cn s bin thin
dng in d chy qua in dn tc dng u.G
o
dx v dung dn C
o
dx. t u .
Theo nh lut Kirchoff II cho mch vng nh trn hnh 2, ta c th vit :
u +
x
u

dx u - R
o
idx L
o
t
i

dx = 0 ( 1.1 )
Suy ra:

x
u

= R
o
i + L
o
t
i

( 1.2 )










Hnh 2
Theo nh lut Kirchoff I cho im nt cui phn t ng dy ta c :
i +
x
i

dx - i - u.G
o
dx - C
o
t
u

dx = 0 ( 1.3 )
Suy ra :

x
i

= G
o
.u + C
o
t
u

( 1.4 )
Cc biu thc (1.2) v (1.4) l cc phng trnh vi phn c bn xc inh s
bin i ca in p v dng in trn ng dy ti in i xa. Gii (1.2) v
(1.4) ta c quan h ca in p v dng in bin i trong khng gian v theo
thi gian.
3. Gii phng trnh ng dy di cho in p v dng in hnh sin.
in p v dng in hnh sin c din t bng cc s phc U v I, o
hm ca U v I theo t ta c:
dx
X
o
dx i+ dx
x
i

B
o
dx
G
o
dx
R
o
dx
dx
x
u
u

+
u
i

Trang
9

dt
dU
= j U ;
dt
dI
= j I ( 1.5 )
Thay (1.5) vo (1.2) v (1.4) ta c:

dx
dU
= R
o
I + j L
o
I = I( R
o
+ j L
o
) = I Z
o
( 1.6a)

dx
dI
= G
o
U + j C
o
U = U( G
o
+ j C
o
) = U Y
o
( 1.6b )
Trong :
Z
o
= R
o
+ j L
o
= R
o
+ j X
o
( 1.7a )
v Y
o
= G
o
+ j C
o
= G
o
+ j B
o
( 1.7b )
l tng tr v tng dn ca mt n v di ng dy.
Ly o hm bc hai ca U v I theo cng thc (1.6a) v (1.6b) ta c:

2
2
dx
U d
=
dx
dI
Z
o
= U Y
o
Z
o
=
2
U ( 1.8 )

2
2
dx
I d
=
dx
dU
Y
o
= Y
o
Z
o
I =
2
I ( 1.9 )
Trong :
=
0 0
Z Y = ( )( )
o o o o
L j R C j G + + = = + j e
j
( 1.10 )
c gi l h s truyn sng.
Chuyn v (1.8) v (1.9) ta thu c cc phng trnh vi phn c bn ca
ng dy ti in xoay chiu ba pha:

2
2
dx
U d
-
2
U = 0 (1.11)

2
2
dx
I d
-
2
I = 0 ( 1.12 )
Phng trnh (2.11) c nghim tng qut cho in p im x:
U
x
= K
1
e
x
+ K
2
e
- x
(1.13 )
trong x l khang cch tnh t cui ng dy.
Ly o hm (1.13) theo x, ta c:
=
dx
U d
x
K
1
e
x
- K
2
e
- x
( 1.14)
thay vo (1.6a) ta c:
I
x
=
o
Z

( K
1
e
x
- K
2
e
- x
) =
o o
o o o o
L j R
L j R C j G

+
+ + ) )( (
( K
1
e
x
- K
2
e
- x
) =
=
o o
o o
L j R
C j G

+
+
( K
1
e
x
- K
2
e
- x
) =
s
Z
1
( K
1
e
x
- K
2
e
- x
) ( 1.15)
trong Z
s
gi l tng tr sng ca ng dy di, Z
s
ch ph thuc vo cc
thng s ca ng dy.
Z
s
=
o o
o o
C j G
L j R

+
+
=
0
0
Y
Z
=
s
Z .e
j
= Z
s
<

( 1.16)
v Z
s
l hai thng s c trng ca ng dy ti in i xa.

Trang
10
Cc biu thc (1.13) v (1.15) cho php xc nh vct in p v dng
in mi im trn ng dy ti in. Cc hng s K
1
v K
2
c xc nh
theo cc iu kin bin cho trc. Khi bit in p U
2
v dng in I
2
cui
ng dy ti in (ngha l x = 0), ta c:

=
+ =
s
Z
K K
I
K K U
2 1
2
2 1 2
( 1.17 )
Gii h (1.17) ta c:

=
+ =
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 1
s
s
Z I U K
Z I U K
( 1.18 )
Thay (1.18) vo (1.13) v (1.15) ta c hm xc nh in p v dng in
ti mt im bt k tnh t cui ng dy nh sau:
U
x
=
2
1
(U
2
+I
2
Z
s
) e
x
+ ) (
2
1
2 2 s
Z I U e
- x
= U
2
2
x x
e e

+

+ I
2
Z
s
2
x x
e e

(1.19)
I
x
=
2
s 2 2
2
Z I U
Z
+
e
x
-
s
s
Z
Z I U
2
2 2

e
- x
= I
2

2
x x
e e

+
+
s
Z
U
2
2
x x
e e

(1.20)
Chuyn (1.19) v (1.20) v dng lng gic hyperbol vi cc quan h:
sh x =
2
x x
e e

+
; ch x =
2
x x
e e

ta c :

+ =
+ =
x sh
U
U
x ch I I
x sh Z I x ch U U
s
x
s x


2
2
2 2
( 1.21)
Tng t ta c th tnh in p U
1
v dng in I
1
u ng dy vi
di l nh sau:

+ =
+ =
xl sh
Z
U
xl ch I I
xl sh Z I xl ch U U
s
s


2
2 1
2 2 1
(1.22 )
Ta cng c th xc inh in p v dng in mt im x bt k(tnh t
u ng dy) khi bit in p U
1
v dng in I
1
:

=
=
x sh
Z
U
x ch I U
x sh Z I x ch U U
s
x
s x


1
1
1 1
( 1.23)
in p U
2
v dng in I
2
cui ng dy :

=
=
xl sh
U
U
xl ch I I
xl sh Z Z xl ch U U
s
s


1
1 2
1 1 2
(1.24)
Cc biu thc (1.21), (1.22),(1.23) v (1.24) dng tnh ton cc ch vn
hnh ca ng dy ti in. Cc cng thc ny s dng cho in p pha, khi cn
tnh in p dy phi nhn thm 3 vo s hng ca hm in p.

Trang
11
4. Phn tch qu trnh sng trn ng dy di.
Cc hng s K
1
, K
1
v tng tr sng Z
s
u l cc s phc do c th vit
di dng mun v argumen :
K
1
= K
1
<
1
; K
2
= K
2
<
2
; Z
s
= Z
s
< ( 1.25 )
Thay (1.25) vo (1.13) v (1.15) ta c:

=
+ =
+ +
+ +


j j x j x
s
j j x j x
s
x
j x j x j x j x
x
e e
Z
K
e e
Z
K
I
e e K e e K U
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
( 1.26 )
T cc hm phc trn ta d dng lp c cc hm thc ca in p v
dng in, l cc hm bin thin theo thi gian t v di ng dy x:

+ + + =
+ + + + =

) sin( 2 ) sin( 2
) sin( 2 ) sin( 2
2
2
1
1
.
2 2 1 1 .




x t e
Z
K
x t e
Z
K
i
x t e K x t e K u
x
s
x
s
t x
x x
t x
( 1.27 )
* Ta s kho st hm u
x.t
, thin tin ta gi thit
1
=
2
= 0, nh vy hm
u
x.t
gm hai thnh phn in p cha sin( t + x) v sin( t - x). Trc tin ta
xt thnh phn in p cha sin( t + x) k hiu l u
t
vi:
u
t
=
x
e K

1
2 sin( t + x) ( 1.28)
Ti mt thi im bt k, v d t = 0, in p u
t
phn b theo dng sng
hnh sin trn ng dy ti in c bin tng dn theo chiu tng ca x (hnh
3, ng 1).









Sng hnh sin ny c bc sng, tc l khong cch gia hai im ca
ng dy m in p u
t
hai im trng pha vi nhau. Ta k hiu bc sng
l th gc bin thin . gia hai im cch nhau mt di sng s l 2 ,
do :
= 2 / ( 1.29)
Khi thi gian tng mt lng t, ta nhn thy sng hnh sin vn gi
nguyn hnh dng nhng dch chuyn v pha tri theo chiu gim ca x mt gc
. t (ng 2). Nh vy sau thi gian t, sng dch chuyn c mt gc
. t, gc ny nu tnh theo di ng dy x s l . x, nh vy :
. t = . x
T y ta tnh c tc truyn sng v nh sau:
u
0
2
1
2
2
2 3 2
2 3

2
x
x
e

t=x
Hnh 3

Trang
12
v = x/ t = / ( 1.30 )
Vi gi thit ban u x = 0, ng vi im nhn in l im cui ng
dy, chiu truyn nng lng l chiu t u ng dy n cui ng dy. V
vy sng in p u
t
dch chuyn theo chiu truyn nng lng, c bin gim
dn ta gi l sng ti hay sng thun.
Tng t nh trn, ta xt sng in p :
U
p
=
x
e K

2
2 sin( t - x) ( 1.31 )
l sng dch chuyn theo chiu tng ca x, cng vi tc nh sng thun, tc l
chuyn dch ngc chiu vi chiu truyn nng lng ta gi l sng phn x hay
sng ngc. Sng ngc cng c bin gim dn theo chiu truyn sng (hnh
2.3).
in p trn mi im ca ng dy ti in l tng ca sng thun v
sng ngc:
u
x.t
= u
t
+ u
p

T qu trnh kho st trn ta nhn thy thnh phn ca h s truyn sng c
tc dng lm suy gim bin sng, ta gi l h s suy gim, n v l km
-1















Hnh 4
gi tr trong khong 3.10
-5
) 5.10
-5
km
-1
. Cn ni ln tc bin thin gc pha
ca sng dc theo ta x ca ng dy, gi l h s pha,n v l rad/km hay
o
/km, c gi tr trong khong 0.06 ) 0.065 rad/km. i vi ng dy trn khng
siu cao p, cc h s suy gim v h s pha ph thuc vo cc thng s ca
ng dy v tn s ca dng in.
* i vi dng in, qu trnh truyn sng cng tng t nh in p.
Lu : vic tch in p v dng in thnh cc sng thun v sng
ngc l d dng kho st qu trnh truyn ti in nng. Thc cht trn mi
t= x

e

1
2
2 2
2
x 2 3
x 2 2 3

Trang
13
im ca ng dy ti in, mi thi gian ch tn ti duy nht mt gi tr in
p v dng in xc nh bi biu thc (1.27 ).

5. Tnh ton cc thng s c trng cho ng dy di:
Cc thng s c trng ca ng dy dI bao gm tng tr sng Z
s
h s
truyn sng , dI sng ,tc truyn sng v ch l,sh l .
5.1. Tnh Z
s
v
Cc thng s c trng:
-Tng tr sng
sa st s
jZ Z Z + =

= = =
+
+
=
s
j
s s
Z e Z
Y
Z
jB G
jX R
Z
0
0
0 0
0 0
(1.32)
-H s truyn sng = j +
=

= = + = + + =
j
e j jB R jX G Z Y ) )( (
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1.33)
tnh tng tr sng khi bit Z
0
v Y
0
,c th s dng hai cch tnh gn
ng:
-Khai cn trc tip s phc to cc (mun v gc)
-Dng cc cng thc khai trin chui
5.1.1.Khai cn trc tip
Tng tr sng khi bit
0
Z v
0
Y c a v dng mun v gc:

Y
z
Y Y
Z Z

=
=
0 0
0 0

sau p dng cc cng thc:

= =
s
Y z
Y
z
s
Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
Z
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1.34)

sin . : cos .
S Sa S St
Z Z Z Z =



=
+
= =
2
. .
0 0 0 0
Y Z
Y Z
Y Z Y Z (1.35)
v sin . ; cos . = =
5.1.2. Dng cc cng thc khai trin chui
Phn bit ba trng hp: a)Khng xt R,G ; b)Khng xt G; c)Xt n c
R v G.
a.Khng tnh n in tr R
0
v in dn G
0
ca ng dy (ng dy
khng tn tht):

j B X j jB jX
Z
B
X
jB
jX
Z
S S
+ = = =
= = =
0 .
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
(1.36)
Ta thy rng tng tr sng ch c phn thc Z
S0
,h s truyn sng ch c
h s pha
0
= ,h s suy gim 0 = .

Trang
14
b.Xt n in tr R
0
ca ng dy (G=0):
Ta thc hin cc bin i sau:


0
0
0
0
0
0 0
2
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
1 1 ) (
1 1
X
R
j j
X
R
B X j jB jX R
X
R
j Z
X
R
j
B
X
jB
jX R
Z
S S
=
|
|

\
|
= + =
=
|
|

\
|
=
+
=


i lng
0
0
1
X
R
j c th phn thnh chui , chui ny hi t khi
-1<R
0
/X
0
<1

Do t s R
0
/X
0
nh nn ta ch ly s hng u ca chui ny:

|
|

\
|

0
0
0
0
2
1 1
X
R
j
X
R
j
cui cng ta c:

j j
X
R
X
R
j B X j
X
R
arctg
X
R
j Z
X
R
j
B
X
Z
S S
+ = + =
|
|

\
|
=

=
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 2
1
2
;
2
1
2
1
(1.37)
Nh vy khi tnh thm in tr th khng i v bng
0
.Thc ra
0
c thay
i nhng rt nh, ti liu [8] a ra cng thc sau:

0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0 0 0
2
8
1
S
Z
R
X
R
B X
=
|
|

\
|
+ =

Z
S0
v
0
l tng tr sng v h s pha khi khng tnh n in tr ng
dy (R=0).
c.Xt c in tr R
0
v in dn G
0
:
Tng tr sng:

0
0
0 0
0
0
0
Y
Z
Y Z
Z
Y
Z
Z
S
= = = hay l

0
0 0
0
0
0
1 Y
Y Z
Y
Z
Y
Z
S
= = = (1.38a)
Gi tr tuyt i ca tng tr sng tnh theo cng thc sau :

4
2 2
2 2
B G
X R
Z
S
+
+
= (1.38b)
H s truyn sng:
j jB G jX R Y Z + = + + = = ) )( (
0 0 0 0 0 0
(1.38a)
Ly bnh phng ca :
) ( 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
X G B R j B X G R j + + = + =

Trang
15
Ly bnh phng ca gi tr tuyt i ca :
) )( (
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 2 2
B G X R + + = + =
Ta rt ra:
0 0 0 0
2 2
B X G R = v
0 0 0 0
2 X G B R + =
T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:

) )( (
2
1
) (
2
1
) )( (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0 0 0 0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0 0 0 0
B G X R G R B X
B G X R B X G R
+ + + =
+ + + =

(1.39b)
V d 1:
ng dy 500 kV di L=500 km , mi pha c n = 4 si AC 300 t
trn khung hnh vung, cnh a= 400 mm, ng knh mi si dy d = 25mm ,
bn knh r = 12,5 mm . Khong cch trung bnh gia cc pha D
tb
=14 m.
Tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy :
in tr n v :
km n R R / 025 , 0 4 / 1 , 0 /
'
0 0
= = = ,trong R
0
l in tr mt si
AC-300 , R

0
= 0,1 km / .
Bn knh tng ng :
4 , 182 400 . 5 , 12 . 2 . 2
4 3 1
= = =
n n
td
a r R mm
in cm n v :
0008786 , 0 10 .
4 , 183
14000
lg . 6 . 4
4 . 2
1
10 . lg . 6 . 4
2
1
4 4
0
= |

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ =

td
tb
R
D
n
L H/km
in khng n v :
275866 , 0 0008786 , 0 . 50 . 14 , 3 . 2 . . 2 .
0 0 0
= = = = L f L X km /
in dung n v ca ng dy :
5 0000000127 , 0 10 .
4 , 183
14000
lg
24 , 0
10 .
lg
024 , 0
6 6
0
= = =

td
tb
R
D
C F/km
Dung dn n v ca ng dy :
6
0 0 0
10 . 02607 , 4 5 0000000127 , 0 . 50 . 14 , 3 . 2 . . 2 .

= = = = C f C B 1/ km
B qua in dn G
0
= 0 .
Tng tr n v ca ng dy :
=
0
Z
0
0 0
8648 , 84 277 , 0 / 275866 , 0 025 , 0 = + = + km j jX R
Tng dn n v ca ng dy :

6
0 0 0
10 . 02607 , 4 0

+ = + = j jB G Y
0 3
90 10 . 08 , 4 / 1 =

km
Tng tr sng khng tnh n in tr :
= = =

763 , 261
10 . 02607 , 4
275866 , 0
6
0
0
B
X
Z
S

H s pha khi khng tnh n in tr :

3 6
0 0
10 . 053877 , 1 10 . 02607 , 4 . 275866 , 0

= = = B X rad/km
Tng tr sng khi tnh n R
0
:
Tnh theo (1.34) :

Trang
16
= =

7445 , 11 0358 , 262 56759 , 2 2988925 , 262

90 10 . 02607 , 4
8648 , 84 277 , 0
6
j Z
S
Tnh theo (1.37) :

( ) ( ) = = = 866 , 11 763 , 261 275866 , 0 . 2 / 025 , 0 1 763 , 261 2 / 1
0 0 0
j j X jR Z Z
S S
H s truyn sng :
Tnh theo (1.35):

4324 , 87 0010604 , 0 90 10 . 02607 , 4 . 8648 , 84 277 , 0
6
= =

0010593 , 0 0000475 , 0 j + =

Tnh theo (1.37) :
[ ] 001053877 , 0 000047753 , 0 001053877 , 0 001053877 , 0 . 275866 , 0 . 2 / 025 , 0 j j + = + =
5.2.Bc sng v tc truyn sng:
Ta xt ng dy l tng : khng c tn tht , R
0
=0 v G
0
=0 , tng
tr sng c gi tr thc Z
S0
h s suy gim bng khng , ch tn ti h s .
Theo (1.30), tnh n (1.36) v (1.10) tc truyn sng s l :

0 0
0 0
1
C L
C L
= = =

Ta bit rng :

r r
as
r r r
r
C L

2
0 0 0
0
0 0
1
= = =
Trong cc biu thc trn
r r
, , ,
0 0
l cc t thm v hng s in
mi ca chn khng v mi trng , 300000 =
as
km/s l tc nh sng.
Do :
r r
as
C L

= =
0 0
1
km/s
i vi ng dy trn khng 1 , 1 = =
r r
, v vy tc truyn sng
bng tc nh sng.
Nu tnh n in tr th:

2
0
2
0
2
0 5
8
8
. 10 . 3
R X
X
+
km/s
di sng theo (1.29) c gi tr:

f

= = =
2 2
km
Nu tn s dng in l 50Hz th 6000 50 / 300000 = = km
i vi ng cp 4 , 1 = =
r r
nn 150000 = km/s , 3000 = km.
5.3. Tnh ch l, sh l
Trng hp ng dy khng tn tht cc thng s trn s l:
Do R=0, G=0 , theo cc quy tc lng gic hyperbol :

=
=
x
x
0 0
0 0
sin x shj = x sh
cos x chj = x ch


(1.40)
a.Trng hp tnh thm in tr: s dng tnh trong mc 5.1, cng
thc (1.40):


Trang
17

=
|
|

\
|
+ = x j x
X
R
ch x ch
0 0
0
0
2


= =
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
x shj x
X
R
sh x chj x
X
R
ch
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
2
.
2

x x
X
R
j x
0 0
0
0
0
sin .
2
cos + (1.41)
Bi v x j x shj x x chj
0 0 0 0
sin , cos = = v do t s R
0
/2X
0
rt b nn:
x
X
R
x
X
R
sh x
X
R
ch
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 2
, 1
2

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

Tng t:
x j x x
X
R
x j x
X
R
sh x sh
0 0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
sin cos .
2 2
+
|
|

\
|
+ = (1.42)
b.Trng hp tnh c in tr R v in dn G: ta c 2 cch tnh:

Tnh theo hm lng gic:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = + =
+ = + =
+ =
x x jch x x sh x j x sh x sh
x x jsh x x ch x j x ch x ch
x j x x



sin . cos .
sin . cos .
.
(1.43)
Tnh theo chui , ta bit:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
...
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
...
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
7 5 3
6 4 2
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
l l l
l l sh
l l l
l ch

Thay:
Y X x = trong x Y Y x Z Z
0 0
; . = = cho c ng dy x=l , ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
...
! 7 ! 5 ! 3
...
! 6 ! 4 ! 2
1
7 5 3
3 3 2 2
+ + + + = =
+ + + + = =
Y Z Y Z Y Z
Y Z Y Z sh l sh
Y Z Y Z Y Z
Y Z ch l ch

(1.44)
trong :2!=2 , 3!=6 , 4!=24 , 5!=120 , 6!=720 , 7!=5040 .

6. Cng sut t nhin:
l cng sut ch lm vic ca ng dy di khi tng tr thay th
ca ph ti cui ng dy
pt
Z bng tng tr sng
s
Z ca ng dy.
Tng tr thay th ca ph ti c tnh nh sau:
2
2
I
U
Z
Pt
=

2
U l in p pha cn
2
I l dng in ph ti cui ng dy.
Khi
s pt
Z Z = ta rt ra :

Trang
18

2
2
I
U
Z
S
= hay
s
Z
U
I
2
2
= (1.45)
Thay
2
I theo (1.45) vo cng thc (1.18) ta c:

2 1
U = v 0
2
= , thay vo cng thc (1.26) ta c:

jex x x
x
e e U e U U .
2 2

= = (1.46a)

( )x j x
S
x
S
e e
Z
U
e
Z
U
x I

= = .
2 2
(1.46b)
Do 0
2
= nn thnh phn phn x ca sng in p v sng dng in
bng 0, ch cn li cc sng thun.
T (1.46) ta nhn thy, gc pha gia in p v dng in mi im trn
ng dy u khng i v bng ca tng tr sng. Gc pha gia in p
1
U
v
2
U u ng dy bng l . .
Cng sut ph ti cui ng dy c tng tr thay th bng tng tr sng
gi l cng sut t nhin (natural power ) S
tn
.
-Tnh theo in p pha :
( ) = + = = + =
tn
S S
tn tn tn
S j
Z
U
Z
U
jQ P S sin cos .
3 3
2
2
*
2
2
(1.47a)
-Tnh theo in p dy:
( ) = + = = + =
tn
S S
tn tn tn
S j
Z
U
Z
U
jQ P S sin cos .
2
2
*
2
2
(1.47b)
Ta thy cng sut t nhin khi khng tnh in tr bng cng sut biu
kin t nhin khi tnh in tr (v php S
tn
tnh gn ng). Cng sut phn khng
t nhin l cng sut dung tnh v gc <0.
Do khng c sng phn x nn ch vn hnh vi cng sut t nhin c
u im l:
1. Phn b in p trn ng dy bng phng nht:
Mc chnh lch in p gia cc im ca ng dy ch ph thuc vo
h s suy gim , khng ph thuc vo s giao thoa gia sng thun v sng
ngc nh cc ch lm vic khc.
c bit vi cc ng dy khng tn tht c R=0,G=0 ta c (1.26):

0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0
0 .
S S
Z
C
L
C j
L j
Z
j C L j C j L j
= = =
+ = = =

0
v
0
Z l h s pha v tng tr sng khi khng tnh n R v G.
Ta thy h s suy gim bng 0 ,do ln ca in p l hng s trn ton
b ng dy v ch c gc pha thay i v :

x j
x
e U U
0
2

=
Tng tr sng Z
S0
l s thc , do :
x j
S
x
e
Z
U
I
0
.
0
2
=


Trang
19
Dng in cng c bin khng i v trng pha vi in p .
i vi ng dy khng tn tht , cng sut t nhin l thun tc dng:

0
2
2
S
tn
Z
U
P = (1.48)
Trong tnh ton thc t c th thay i U
2
bng in p dy nh mc U
m

ca ng dy:

0
2
S
dm
tn
Z
U
P = (1.49)
Cng sut t nhin tnh theo (1.49) c dng lm c trng cho kh nng
ti ca ng dy di .
2. Hiu sut ti in cao nht:
Cc ch khc ch cng sut t nhin do c sng ngc nn mt phn
nng lng truyn n ph ti phn x ngc li m khng i vo ph ti. Hn
na do c sng ngc nn in p trn ng dy ln cao ko theo tn tht vn
quang ph thm. Do vy cc ch ny u c hiu sut km hn ch cng
sut t nhin.
Do c nhng c tnh tt nh vy nn ch vn hnh vi cng sut t
nhin l ch thun li v cng sut t nhin c coi l thng s c trng cho
ng dy ti in i xa.

V d 2
ung dy truyn ti 3 pha in p 500 kV , chiu di 300 km , tn s 50
hz. in cm n v L= 0,97 mH/km v in dung C = 0,0115 Km / F . ng
dy c tn tht.
a) Tnh h s dch pha , tng tr sng c trng Z
C
,vn tc truyn sng
v v chiu di sng .
b) Ph ti cui ng dy cng sut 800 MW , h s cng sut cos 8 , 0 =
dng in chm pha hn in p.

Gii :
a)Tnh ton cc thng s dc trng cho qu trnh truyn sng trn ng
dy di:
H s dch pha trn mt n v chiu di ng dy

9
10 . 0115 , 0 . 97 , 0 50 . 2

= = LC rad/km
Tng tr sng c trng :
= = =

43 , 290
10 . 0115 , 0
10 . 97 , 0
6
3
C
L
Z
C

Tc truyn sng :

5
9
10 . 994 , 2
10 . 0115 , 0 . 97 , 0
1 1
= = =

LC
km/s
Chiu di sng :
6000
50
10 . 3
5
= = =
f

km

Trang
20
a) Tnh cng sut biu kin cui ng dy v lch in p phn trm
H s dch pha ca ton b ng dy :

0
031 , 18 3147 , 0 300 . 001049 , 0 = = = rad l
in p pha cui ng dy :

0
0
2
0 675 , 288
3
0 500
=

= V kV
Cng sut biu kin ca ph ti :
480 640 sin . cos .
2 2 2
j jP P S + = + = MVA
Dng in cui ng dy ;
5543 , 0 739 , 0
. 3
2
*
2
2
j
U
S
I = = kA
T , ta c in p u ng dy :

2 2 1
. sin . cos I l jZ V l V
C
+ =
( )
3 0
10 . 5543 , 0 739 , 0 3096 , 0 . 43 , 290 0 675 , 288 . 9509 , 0

+ = j j
45 , 66 33 , 324 j + = kV
ln in p u ng dy :
4232 , 573 3
1 1
= = V U kV
Ta cng c dng in u ng dy :

2 2 1
. cos . sin
1
I l V l
Z
j I
C
+ =
( ) 3 , 554 739 . 9509 , 0 10 . 0 675 , 288 . 3095 , 0
43 , 290
1
3 0
j j + =


4 , 2683 7 , 702 j + = A
Cng sut biu kin u ng dy :
( )( )
` 3 *
1 1 1
10 . 4 , 2683 7 , 702 035 , 83 78 , 3336 . 3

+ + = = j j I V S
8 , 2470 7 , 1218 j = MVA
lch phn trm in p :
% 7782 , 22 100 . %
1
2 1
=

=
V
V V
V .








Trang
21
PHN II
CH LM VIC CA ng dy thun nht

I.Cng thc chung tnh ch ng dy di thun nht :
ng dy di thun nht l ng dy khng c thit b b v cng
khng tnh n cc thit b phn phi hai u nh my bin p..
Cng thc tng qut tnh ch ca ng dy di l (1.21) v
(1.23) .Cng thc tnh in p v dng in ti im x bt k khi bit in p
v dng in cui ng dy U
2
, I
2
,thm 3 tnh cho in p dy:

x sh
Z
U
x ch I I
x sh Z I x ch U U
S
x
S x


3
3
2
2
2 2
+ =
+ =
(2.1)
Thay Z
S
v ch v sh theo (1.43) trong mc (5) vo cng thc trn ta
tnh c Ux v Ix :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) x x jch x x sh
Z
U
x x jsh x x ch I I
x x jch x x sh Z I x x jsh x x ch U U
S
X
S X


sin . cos .
3
sin . cos .
sin . cos . 3 sin . cos .
2
2
2 2
+ + + =
+ + + =

(2.2a)
Hoc l theo (1.47):
( ) ( )
(
(
(

+ + +
+
(

+ + + =
...
120 6
3 ...
24 2
1
5
0 0
3
0 0
0 0
2
4 2
0
2
0
2
0 0
2
x Y Z x Y Z
x Y Z
Z I
x Y Z x Y Z
U U
S X

2
I I
X
= .
( ) ( )
(
(
(

+ + +
+
(

+ + +
...
120 6
3
...
24 2
1
5
0 0
3
0 0
0 0
2
4 2
0
2
0
2
0 0
x Y Z x Y Z
x Y Z
Z
U x Y Z x Y Z
S

(2.2b)
tnh in p v dng in u ng dy ta thay x bng di
ng dy l vo cc cng thc trn.
Cng sut u ng dy:

*
1 1 1
3 I U S =
II. Phn b in p v dng in trn ng dy
1.ng dy khng tn tht:
ng dy khng tn tht l ng dy khng tnh n in tr v in
dn (R=0 , G=0 ). Trong thc t khng c ng dy khng tn tht , nhng do t
l gia in tr v in dn vi in khng v dung dn ca cc ng dy siu
cao p 220 kV tr ln rt nh , nn cng c th xem nh ng dy khng tn
tht. Do nghin cu hnh vi ca ng dy khng tn tht s gip hiu r
hnh vi ca ng dy di ni chung.
Trng hp thng thng nht khi tnh ton ch ca ng dy di
l tnh ton phn b in p trn ng dy,in p v cng sut u ng dy
khi bit in p v cng sut cui ng dy ti in tc l pha h thng
nhn in .

Trang
22
a).Cng thc tnh in p v dng in , s phn b in p theo chiu
di ng dy.
Do R = 0 , G = 0 nn Z
S
= Z
S0
;
0
0 j + =
Theo cc quy tc ca lng gic hyperbol :

= =
= =
x j x shj x sh
x x chj x ch
0 0
0 0
sin
cos


(2. 3a)
nn cc phng trnh c bn (2.2a) s tr thnh:

+ =
+ =
x
Z
U
j x I I
x Z I j x U U
S
X
S X
0
0
2
0 2
0 0 2 0 2
sin
3
cos
sin 3 cos


(2.3b)
Ly vect U
2
trng vi trc thc ta c phng trnh tnh U
1
:
x Z I j x U U
S 0 0 2 0 2 1
sin 3 cos + = (2.3c)
x
0
: gi l di sng.
Cn bin i sao cho (2.3c) l hm ca P
2
v Q
2
cui ng dy ,gi thit
Q
2
l cm tnh (ly du + , nu dung tnh ly du - ), cng sut phn khng truyn
t ng dy vo h thng nhn in. Ly U
2
lm gc tnh ton ta c :

2
2 2
2
*
2
2
3 3 U
jQ P
U
S
I

= = (2.3d)
Tng tr sng Z
S0
c th biu din theo cng sut t nhin P
tn
v in p
U
2
:

tn
S
P
U
Z
2
2
0
= (2.3e)
Thay (2.3d) , (2.3e) vo (2.3c) ta c :
=

+ = x
P
U
U
jQ P
j x U U
tn
X 0
2
2
2
2 2
0 2
sin .
3
3 cos
( ) x jP x Q x U
0
*
2 0
*
2 0 2
sin sin cos + + = (2.3)
in p u ng dy :
( ) l jP l Q l U U
0
*
2 0
*
2 0 2 1
sin sin cos + + = (2.4)
trong l l chiu di ng dy tnh bng km.
Tng t ta c:

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ] l Q l j l P
Z
U
I
x Q x j x P
Z
U
I
S
S
X
0
*
2 0 0
*
2
0
2
1
0
*
2 0 0
*
2
0
2
cos sin cos
3
cos sin cos
3


+ =
+ =
(2.5)
Cc biu thc (2.3) , (2.4) v (2.5) cho php tnh gi tr hiu dng ca in
p v dng in ti mt im bt k trn ng dy ti in .
T s tuyt i gia in p u v cui ng dyl h s st p K
U
:
( ) ( )
2
0
*
2
2
0
*
2
2
1
sin sin cos l P l Q l
U
U
K
l U
+ + = = (2.6a)
Khi ng dy khng ti P
*
2
= 0 , Q
*
2
= 0 nn : l
U
U
K
U 0
2
1
cos = = (2.6b)
v : l U U
0 1 2
cos / = hay l U U
0 2 1
cos . = (2.6c)
Ta thy U
2
s tng cao hn U
1
v 1 cos
0
< l , c th ln hn gi tr cho

Trang
23
php ca ng dy.
Tn tht in p trn ng dy :
( ) 100 . 1 =
U
K U [%] (2.7)
Ta cng c th dn ra cng thc tnh U
2
theo U
1
:
( ) l jP l Q l U U
0
*
2 0
*
2 0 1 2
sin sin cos = (2.8)
Trong cng thc trn cng sut c s l : . , /
*
2
*
1 0
2
1
P P Z U P
S CS
= =
T cng thc ny ta c:
( ) ( )
2
0
*
1
2
0
*
1 0
1
2
sin sin cos
1
l P l Q l
U
U
K
U
+ = = (2.9)
H s st p c ngha rt quan trng trong ng dy di, trong thc t
K
U
= 0,8 1,2
b) Kho st s bin i in p u ng dy
Trn hnh 2.5a l s h thng in gm my pht in , my bin p
tng p , ng dy di v my bin p h p , trn hnh 2.5b l th vect ca
in p theo (2.4) .Nu cng sut phn khng Q
2
c chiu truyn vo h thng,
ngha l h thng yu cu cng sut phn khng cm tnh th Q
2
ly du (+), khi
c tnh dung th ly du (-).
Khi cng sut phn khng ca ph ti l in cm Q
2
,in p U
1
s ln,
cn khi cng sut phn khng ca ph ti l in dung ,in p U
1
s nh hn,
c th nh hn c U
2
.


























i vi cc ng dy, phn b in p dc ng dy c nhiu c im
m khi thit k ,vn hnh cn quang tm. Ta xt s din bin ca in p trn
di sng 6000 km theo cng thc U
X
(2.3) trong cc trng hp :
( ) l U Q
0 2 2
sin

I
2

MF
MBA
U
F
U
2
U
S
E
F
U
1
l
DD
I
1
HT
b)
l
0

( ) l U Q
0 2 2
sin +
(- Q
*
2
)
U
1
(+Q
*
2
) U
1

jP
*
2 l
0
sin

jU
2 l
0
sin

U
2
l U
0 2
cos
a)

I
1

U
2

2

U
2

U
1

1

I
1

U
1


Trang
24
1)Q
*
2
= 0, ngha l ph ti khng yu cu cng sut phn khng, ng
dy ti ton cng sut tc dng. Khi :
( ) x jP x U U
X 0
*
0 2
sin cos + = (2.10)
(ta thay P
*
2
=P
*
v cng sut tc dng khng i dc ng dy).
Khi cng sut tc dng bng cng sut t nhin, tc P
*
=1, ta c:
( ) x j x U U
X 0 0 2
sin cos + = (2.11)
Nu x
0
bin thin t
0
0 n
0
360 tng ng vi x bin thin t 0 n
6000 km (ng dy trn khng),u mt vect U
X
theo (2.10) v nn ng trn
bn bn knh U
2
hnh (2.6).Ta thy in p khng thay i theo di ng dy
m ch thay i gc pha.








Khi cng sut ti khc cng sut t nhin, P 1 ,vect U
X
s v nn cc
ng elip :
-Nu P
*
>1 cng sut ti ln hn cng sut t nhin ,trc chnh ca elip s
nm dc (ng 2), ta nhn thy in p 3000 km lch pha vi in p u
ng dy 180
0
, cn in p di 6000 km th trng pha vi in p u
ng dy. in p cc di khc u tng ln so vi U
2
.
-Nu P
*
< 1 cng sut ti b hn cng sut t nhin, trc chnh ca elip
nm ngang (ng 3) lc ny in p u gim so vi U
2
tr di 3000 km v
6000 km .
Khi cng sut ph ti khc cng sut t nhin th in p phn b
khng u .
2). Q
*
2
0 trng hp ny s dng (2.3).Khi Q
*
2
>0 trc chnh ca elip
nghing vi trc thc 1 gc t 0
0
n 90
0
,khi Q
*
2
< 0 nghing so vi trc t 90
0

n 180
0
. ng c cng cng sut tc dng P
*
2
> 1 nhng Q
*
2
=0 .
Ta nhn thy Q
2
lm tng khng u ca in p , vic ti cng sut
phn khng i xa cn gy ra tn tht in nng trn ng dy , vy cn b cng
sut phn khng nh thit b b t ti h tiu th nng cao cos ln t 0,95
n 1 .
2. ng dy c in tr khc khng
y l ng dy c t s gia in tr v in khng kh nh (di
1/10), cn in dn tc dng nh n mc c th b qua (G= 0) m khng nh
hng ng k n s phn b in p trn ng dy.
Nh tnh trong mc (5) , ta c :

0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 2
1
2
1
2
1
j
X
R
X
R
j B X j
X
R
j Z
X
R
j
B
X
Z
S S
+ =
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
(2.12)
x x
X
R
j x x ch
0 0
0
0
0
sin .
2
cos + = (2.13)
Hnh 2.6
3000 km
90
0
1500 km
1- P
*
= 1
2- P
*
> 1
3- P
*
< 1
2
4500 km 270
0
6000 km
U
2
U
X
180
0
1
0
0
- 360
0

3

Trang
25
x j x x
X
R
x sh
0 0 0
0
0
sin cos .
2
+ = (2.14)
Thay (2.12) , (2.13), (2.14) vo (2.1) ta c :

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

+
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
x j x x
X
R
X
R
j Z
U
x x
X
R
j x I I
x j x x
X
R
X
R
j Z I
x x
X
R
j x U U
S
X
S
X
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0 0
0
0
0 2
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 2
0 0
0
0
0 2
sin cos .
2
.
2
1 3
sin .
2
cos
sin cos .
2 2
1 3
sin .
2
cos




(2.15)
Thay X= 1 vo cng thc trn v bin i chng sao cho ph thuc vo
cng sut cui ng dy.
Cho in p U
1
:

( )
( )
(

+ + +
+
(

+ + + =
*
2
0
0
0 0 0 0
*
2 0 0
0
0
2
0
*
2
*
2
0
0
0 0 0 0 2 1
2
sin cos . sin . sin .
2
sin
2
sin cos . cos
Q
X
R
l l l l P l l
X
R
U j
l Q P
X
R
l l l l U U



(2.16)
T trn , ta suy ra cng thc tnh U
2
theo U
1
:

( )
( )
(

+ +
+
(

+ =
2
*
1
0
0
0 0 0 0
2
*
1
0 0
0
0
2
0
2
*
1
2
0
1 0
0 0 0 0 1 2
2
sin cos . sin . sin .
2
sin
2
sin cos . cos
U U
U U
K
Q
X
R
l l l l
K
P
l l
X
R
U j
l
K
Q
K X
P R
l l l l U U



(2.17)
Q
*
1
, P
*
1
l t s gia cng sut phn khng v tc dng vi cng sut
c s P
CS
=
0
2
2
/
S
Z U , K
U
=U
1
/ U
2
.
th vect U
X
theo (2.16) ta s c hnh xon c .
T s in p hai u ng dy :
K
U
= U
1
/U
2
=
2 2
B A + (2.18)
vi :
( )
( )
*
2
0
0
0 0 0 0
*
2 0 0
0
0
0
*
2
*
2 0 0 0
0
0
0
2
sin cos . sin sin .
2
sin sin cos .
2
cos
Q
X
R
l l l l P l l
X
R
B
l Q P l l l
X
R
l A


+ + =
+ + + =

Gc :

( )
( ) l Q P l l l
X
R
l
Q
X
R
l l l l P l l
X
R
tg
0
*
2
*
2 0 0 0
0
0
0
*
2
0
0
0 0 0 0
*
2 0 0
0
0
sin sin cos
2
cos
2
sin cos sin sin
2

+ + +
+ +
= (2.19)
hoc :

Trang
26

2 2
1
2
1
D C
U
U
K
U
+ = = (2.20)
vi :
( )
( )
*
1
0
0
0 0 0 0
*
2 0 0
0
0
0
*
1
*
1 0 0 0
0
0
0
2
sin cos sin sin
2
sin sin cos
2
cos
Q
X
R
l l l l P l l
X
R
D
l Q P l l l
X
R
l C


+ + =
+ =

Khi tnh n in tr R , P
1
s khc P
2
, vi l
0
= ta c th dng cng
thc sau :


( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+ + |

\
|
+
=


2
2
0
0 2
0
0
2 1 2 1
0
0 2
1
0
0
1
cos
2
sin
sin sin cos sin cos
2
2 sin
2
1
2
X
R
B
X
U U U U
X
R
U
X
R
P


(
(

|
|

\
|
+

=

2
2
0
0 2
0
0
1
cos
2
sin
X
R
B
X
F E
Q
vi :
( )

cos sin sin sin cos
2
sin
2
cos sin
2
1
2 1 2 1
0
0
2 2
1
0
0 2
1
2
0
0
U U U U
X
R
F
U
X
R
U
X
R
E
=
|
|

\
|

(
(

|
|

\
|
=







( )
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
+ + + |

\
|
+
=


2
2
0
0 2
0
0
2 1 2 1
0
0 2
2
0
0
2
cos
2
sin
sin sin cos sin cos
2
sin
2
1
2
X
R
B
X
U U U U
X
R
U
X
R
P

(2.21)
III . Gc v cng sut gii hn P
gh

1 .Gc
Kh nng ti cng sut tc dng trn ng dy gn lin vi gc lch
hai u in p ca ng dy di .


Trang
27
Gc lch gia U
1
v U
2
trn ng dy khng tn tht theo (2.4) v
hnh 2.5 l :

l tg Q
l tg P
arctg
l Q l
l P
arctg
0
*
2
0
*
2
0
*
2 0
0
*
2
1 sin cos
sin

= (2.22)
trong du (+) ng vi Q
2
cm tnh , du (-) ng vi Q
2
dung tnh.
Theo cng thc trn ta thy theo s tng ca cng sut tc dng trn
ng dy . ln , hng , di ng dy cng nh hng n gc ny.












Hnh 2.9
ng 2: 0 , 1
*
2
*
2
= < Q P ; ng 3 : 0 , 1
*
2
*
2
= > Q P
ng 4: 0 , 1
*
2
*
2
< > Q P ; ng 5: 0 , 1
*
2
*
2
> > Q P
2. Cng sut gii hn ca ng dy di
Xt ng dy khng tn tht , t th vect trn hnh 2.5 ta tnh c
sin (cnh i trn cnh k ):

1
0 2
*
sin
sin
U
l U P
=
Ta bit : ( )
0
2
2
*
/ / /
S tn
Z U P P P P = = , thay vo cng thc trn ta rt ra :

sin . sin
sin .
0 0
2 1
2 1 gh
S
P
l Z
U U
P P P = = = = (2.23)
trong :
l Z
U U
P
S
gh
0 0
2 1
sin .
= (2.24)
l cng sut gii hn m ng dy c th truyn ti t ngun in n h thng
P
*
gh
l cng sut gii hn
tng i tnh theo
cng sut t nhin.










1500
3000 4500 6000
l (km)
2
1
3
4
5
90
180
270
360

Trang
28
Nu tnh cng sut gii hn tng i th :

l P
P
P
tn
gh
gh
0
*
sin
1

= (2.25a)
Nu tnh n in tr R th :

l l Z P
U U
P
S tn
gh
0 0
2 1 *
sin
1
sin
= (2.25b)
ngha ca cng sut gii hn(P
gh
) : ngdy di ch c th ti c
mt lng cng sut tc dng ln nht l bng cng sut gii hn . Cng sut ny
c xc nh bi tnh cht vt l ca qu trnh truyn ti in bng in p
xoay chiu . Gc tng ng vi cng sut gii hn gi l gc gii hn
gh
.
Ngoi gii hn vt l, ng dy di cn chu gii hn n nh tnh xc
nh theo tiu chun dP /d > 0, nhng ni chung gii hn n nh tnh c th
coi l trng vi gii hn vt l .
i vi nhng ng dy bit cu trc dy dn (cu to dy dn ,tit
din mt si ,s si ca mt pha...) th cng sut gii hn ph thuc vo di
sng .
Khi tnh n R ,
2 1
P P ,gc m P
1
t cc i l :

( )
2
2
0
0
1
2
1
1
arcsin
+
|
|

\
|
+
=

ctg
X
R
gh
(2.26)
trong : l
0
= .
IV .Cng sut phn khng trn ng dy
1.Cng sut phn khng Q
2

Theo (2.6a) cho ta bit quan h gia ba i lng : h s st p K
U
,
cng sut phn khng Q
*
2
v cng sut tc dng P
*
2
ca ph ti .Ta rt ra c:

*
2
2
0
0
*
2
sin
P
l
K
l ctg Q
U

|
|

\
|
+ =

(2.27)
Trong cng thc (2.82)27 trc du cn ly du (+) hp vi tnh cht
vt l ca h thng l :
- Khi cng sut ph ti bng cng sut t nhin (P
*
2
=1 ) th U
1
= U
2
,
K
U
=1 v Q
*
2
= 0 .
- Khi ng dy khng ti hay ti nh hn cng sut t nhin th gi
K
U
= 1 , Q
2
phi ln hn 0.
- Khi P
2
> P
tn
gi K
u
= 1, Q
2
phi nh hn 0 .
cng thc c ngha th biu thc di du cn phi ln hn 0:

l
K
P
U
0
*
2
sin
(2.28)
2. Cng sut phn khng Q
1

Cng sut u ng dy S
1
:

1 1
*
1 1 1
3 jQ P I U S + = = (2.29)
trong thay x=l vo (2.3b) ta c :

l
Z
U
j l I I
l Z I j l U U
S
S
0
0
2
0 2 1
0 0 2 0 2 1
sin .
3
cos
sin . 3 cos


+ =
+ =
(2.30a)
Ly s phc lin hp :

Trang
29

l
Z
U
j l I I
l Z I j l U U
S
S
0
0
*
2
0
*
2
*
1
0 0
*
2 0
*
2
*
1
sin .
3
cos
sin . 3 cos


=
=
(2.30b)
Thay I
*
1
theo (2.30b) vo (2.29) :

|
|

\
|
= l
Z
U
j l I U S
S
0
0
*
2
0
*
2 1 1
sin .
3
cos 3 (2.31)
Rt I
*
2
t phng trnh trn ca (2.30b) ri thay vo (2.31) ta c :

l Z
U U
j l g
Z
U
j S
l Z j
U l U
I
S S
S
0 0
*
2 1
0
0
2
1
1
0 0
*
1 0
*
2 *
2
sin
cot
sin 3
cos

=
(2.32)
Nu ph ti S
2
c thay bng tng tr Z
2
= R
2
+j X
2
th :

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
*
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
3
3 3
Z
R
jU
Z
R
U jQ P I U S
Z
jX R
U
Z
U
I
+ = + = =

= =
(2.33)
Thay I
2
theo cng thc trn vo phng trnh trn (2.30a) ta c :

|
|

\
|
+ = l
Z
jX R
jZ l U U
S 0
2
2
2 2
0 0 2 1
sin cos
Thay U
1
ny vo (2.32) ta c :

|
|

\
|

+ =
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
cot X
Z
U
l g
Z
U U
j R
Z
U
S
S

So snh vi (2.33) ta c:

=
=
2 0
0
2
2
2
1
1
cot Q
P2 P1
Q l g
Z
U U
S

(2.34)
Hoc tnh theo n v tng i vi P
cs
l cng sut t nhin bng
0
2
2
/
S
Z U :
( ) l g K Q Q
U 0
2 *
2
*
1
cot 1 + = (2.35)
i lng ( ) l g K
U 0
2
cot 1 xem nh tn tht cng sut phn khng trn
ng dy (cng sut phn khng do ng dy sinh ra ).
Thay Q
*
2
theo (2.27) vo (2.35) ta c :

2
*
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
sin
cot P
l
K
l g K Q
U
U
=

(2.36)
T nhng cng thc trn ta thy nu duy tr hai u ng dy U
1
= U
2
,
K
U
=1 th cng sut phn khng hai u c gi tr nh nhau nhng ngc du
(Q
1
= - Q
2
) ,khng ph thuc vo di ng dy v cng sut truyn ti. Nh
vy nu truyn cng sut bng cng sut t nhin th Q
1
v Q
2
bng 0 .
Nu ti cng sut nh hn cng sut t nhin cng sut phn khng do
ng dy sinh ra ln hn tn tht cng sut trn ng dy .Do gi cho
U
1
= U
2
th Q
2
phi ln hn 0, tc phi tiu th cng sut phn khng do ng

Trang
30
dy sinh ra ,cn Q
1
nh hn 0 tc l my pht in tiu th mt lng cng sut
phn khng do ng dy sinh ra .
Nu ti cng sut ln hn cng sut t nhin th Q
2
nh hn 0 tc l
phi t thit b b ti ph ti pht cng sut phn khng vo ng dy,cn
Q
1
ln hn tc my pht in pht mt phn cng sut vo ng dy.
Trong ch khng ti ,cng sut phn khng u ng dy nhn
c t (2.35) bng cch thay : 0 , cos
*
2 0
= = Q l K
U
:

2
2 sin
0 *
1
l
Q
kt

= (2.37a)
hay theo n v c tn :

2
2 sin
.
0
0
2
2
1
l
Z
U
Q
S
kt

= [MVAr , KV , ] (2.37b)
Nu thay l U U
0 2 1
cos = th ta c :
l tg
Z
U
Q
S
kt 0
0
2
1
1
. = (2.37c)
Nu tnh c in tr ng dy , ta c :


( )
( )








2
2
0
0 2
*
1
0
0 2
2
2
0
0 2
2
0
0 2
2 *
2
2
2
0
0 2
*
1
0
0 2
2
2
0
0 2
2
0
0 2
1 *
1
cos
2
sin
2 sin 5 , 0
cos
2
sin 2
2 sin
2
1
cos
2
sin
2 sin 5 , 0 1
cos
2
sin 2
2 sin
2
1
|
|

\
|
+
+
+
(
(

|
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|

\
|

= =
|
|

\
|
+
(

+ +

(
(

|
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|

\
|

= =
X
R
P
X
R
K
X
R
X
R
K
P
Q
Q
X
R
P
X
R
K
X
R
X
R
K
P
Q
Q
U
U
CS
U
U
CS

(2.38)
trong :
0
2
2 2 1 2
*
2 2
*
2 1
*
1
/ , / , / , / , /
S CS U CS CS CS
Z U P U U K P Q Q P P P P P P = = = = =
Cng sut phn khng cn c th c tnh :
T hnh 2.5 ta c :
l Q U l U U
0
*
2 2 0 2 1
sin cos cos + =
rt ra :
l
K l g Q
U
0
0
*
2
sin
cos
cot

+ = (2.39a)
tnh tng t ta c :

l Z
U U
l Z
l U
Q
S S 0 0
2 1
0 0
0
2
1
1
sin
cos
sin
cos

= [MVAr ,kV , ] (2.39b)

Vi cc cng thc trn ta c th tnh c mi ch ca ng dy
di thun nht .






Trang
31
PHN III
TNH TON CH CA H THNG tI in
I .Mng bn cc
Mi phn t ca h thng nh : ng dy ,khng in ,t in ..
hoc ton h thng c th biu din bng s mng 4 cc , vi cc thng s c
trng A ,B ,C ,D.






Nu bit cc thng s c trng A, B, C ,D ta c th tnh c cc thng
s u vo U
1
, I
1
theo cc thng s u ra U
2
, I
2
v ngc li .
Nu mng 4 cc l i xng th :A = D .Khi cc thng s tho mn
iu kin :
A.D B.C =1 (3.1)
Cc thng s A, B, C, D dng tng qut u l s phc :

D C B A
D D C C B B A A = = = = , , ,
Nu bit c U
2
,I
2
ta s tnh c U
1
,I
1
nh sau :

2 2 1
2 2 1
. .
3
1
. 3 .
I D U C I
I B U A U
+ =
+ =
(3.2a)
Nu bit c U
1
, I
1
th s tnh c U
2
, I
2
nh sau :

1 1 2
1 1 2
. .
3
1
. 3 .
I A U C I
I B U D U
+ =
=
(3.2b)
Ta phi i tm cc thng s A ,B ,C ,D ca mng 4 cc.
II. Thng s A, B, C, D ca ng dy thun nht
1.Tnh chnh xc
So snh (3.2) vi (2.1) ta c thng s chnh xc ca ng dy :
l sh
Z
C l sh Z B D l ch A
S
S

1
, , = = = = (3.3)
Cc thng s ny c tnh cho tng trng hp c th nh sau :
-Trng hp ng dy khng tn tht (so vi 2.3b) :

|
|

\
|
+ + = =
|
|

\
|
+ + = =
+ + = = =
...
120 6
1 .
sin
...
120 6
1 . sin
...
24 2
1 cos
4 2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0
0
4 2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0 0 0
4 2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0
l B X l B X
l jB
Z
l
j C
l B X l B X
l jX l jZ B
l B X l B X
l D A
So
S

(3.4)
-Trng hp tnh n in tr R : s dng v Z
S
tnh trong
mc (5) :
A ,B ,C ,D
U
2
I
2
I
1

U
1
Hnh 2.10

Trang
32

( )

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

=
(

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
= + =
l j l l
X
R
X
R
j Z
C
j
X
R
Z
l j l l
X
R
X
R
j Z B
D l l
X
R
j l A
So
S
S
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
sin cos .
2
.
2
1
1
sin cos
2
sin cos .
2 2
1
sin .
2
cos




(3.5)
( )
|
|

\
|
+ sin cos
2
1
0
0
0
j
X
R
Z
S

2. Tnh bng s thay th
Khi lp s thay th chung ca h thng ti in th ng dy
c thay th bng s thng s tp trung hnh .Khi ng dy c 200 km
tr li th thay th bng mt mng 4 cc, nhng khi ng dy ln hn th phi
chia lm nhiu on ni tip nu khng sai s s ln, mi on l mt mng 4
cc c lp.

















tnh ton cc thng s A, B, C, D ta s dng s thay th (hnh
2.11b) ,trong cc tng dn khng i xng .
Phng trnh Kirchhoff I cho nt 1 v 2 :

)
`

=
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
.
.
Y U I I
Y U I I
(3.6)
Phng trnh Kirchhoff II cho in p pha U
1
v U
2
:
0 .
1
1
2
2
=

+
Y
I I
Y
I I
Z I (2.7)
Rt I t (3.7) ri so vi phng trnh di ca (3.6) ta c :

2 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 1 2
.
. .
. .
Y U I
Y Y Z Y Y
Y I Y I
I + =
+ +
+
=
Y
1
I
2
2 1 I
1

Y/2=jB/2 Y/2=jB/2
Z=R+jX
Hnh 2.11a
U
1

Z=R+jX
U
2

Y
2
Hnh 2.11b

Trang
33
T phng trnh ny ta rt ra :
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
. . . . . 1 U C I D Y Y Z Y Y U Y Z I I + = + + + + = (2.8)
Nh vy :

)
`

+ + =
+ =
2 1 2 1
1
. .
. 1
Y Y Z Y Y C
Y Z D
(2.9)
Thay I
1
theo (3.8) vo phng trnh trn ca (3.6) ta c :


( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
1 1
1
1
. . . 1
. . . . . . . .
1
I B U A Z I Y Z U
I I U Y Y Z U Y U Y U Y Z I I
Y Y
I I
U
+ + + + =
+ + + + =

=

rt ra :
)
`

=
+ =
Z B
Y Z A
2
. 1
(3.10)
Nu Y
1
= Y
2
=Y/2 th :

=
=
+ =
+ =
Z B
D A
Y Z Y C
Y Z D
4 /
2 / . 1
2
(3.11a)
Nu khng tnh n dung dn th thay Y = 0 vo :
D = 1 , C = 0 , A = 1 , B = Z . (3.11b)
V d 3
ng dy 220 kV 3 pha chiu di l = 80km c z = 0,05+j0,45 /km v
y= 3,4.10
-6
/1 pha (s/km). Dng m hnh hnh xc nh:
a) A B C D.
b) Tm p v dng, cng sut u ng dy hiu sut truyn ti khi:
S
2
= 200MVA ; cos
2
= 0,8 ; U
2
= 220kV
Bi gii:
Xc nh in p u ng dy:
Tng tr ca ng dy:
Z = z.l =(0,05+j0,45).80 = 4+j36. k .
Tng dn ca ng dy
Y = y.l =j3,4.10
-6
.80 = j2,72.10
-4

Ta c:
cos
2
= 0.8,nn ta c:
sin
2
=
2
2
cos 1 =
2
8 . 0 1 =0,6.
Cng sut cui ng dy:
P
2
= S
2
.cos
2
= 200 . 0,8 =160 ( MW)
Q
2
= S
2
.sin
2
= 200 . 0,6 = 120(MVAR)
Nn S
2
= P
2
+ jQ
2
=160 + j120 (MVA)
Dng in cui ng dy:
I
2
=
*
S / (3.U
2
) = (160 - j120 )/(3.220) = 0.2424 - j0.1818 (kA)
Xem ng dy c chiu di trung bnh , nn ta c cc thng s ca mng
hai ca:
A=1+Z.Y/2 =0.9951 + j0.0005 ; B = Z = 4+ j36;
C =Y(1+Z.Y/4) = -7.3984.10
-8
+ j2.7133.10
-4
; D =A


Trang
34
Vy :
in p u ng dyl:
U
1
= A.U
2
+B.I
2
= 226,44 + j8,1197 (KV)
Dng in u ng dy:
I
1
= C.U
2
+D.I
2
= 0,2413 - j0,1211 (KA).
Cng sut u ng dy:
S
1
=3U
1
*
1
I =P
1
+jQ
1
=3( 226,44 + j8,1197 )(0,2413 - j0,1211)
= 166,882 - j76,388 (MVA)
Vy:
P
1
= 166,882 (MW)
Hiu sut truyn ti ca ng dy:

1
2
P
P
= = 160/ 166,882 = 0,9588
Chng trnh v kt qu tnh ton trn phn mm MATLAB ph lc.

3.Thng s ca cc thit b b
3.1.Thit b b dc bng t in
S :








Theo s hnh a) ta c :

( )
2 1
2 1
. . 3
I I
jX I U U
C
=
+ =

do :

=
+ =
=
+ =
T T
T
C T
T
A D
j C
jX B
j A
0 0
0
0 1
(3.12)
trong :

C B
X
C
C
.
1 1

= = [ ] (3.13a)
C : in dung ca t in ,[ F ] .
Cng c th tinh X
C
nu bit cng sut phn khng Q
C
v U
m
, v :
Q
C
= U
2
m
/ X
C

nn : X
C
= U
2
m
/ Q
C
(3.13b)
Trong thc t ngi ta sn xut cc t in n v vi U
m
v Q
m
. T
ca Nga c cc loi : 0,66 KV : 40 v 80 KVAr , 0,69 KV : 40 v 80 KVAr ..
3.2.Thit b b ngang bng khng in
Y
K
U
2
U
1

U
1

I
1

I
2

U
2

C ,X
C
a) Hnh 2.12
I
1
I
2

b)

Trang
35
Trn s hnh 2.12b ta c :
do
( )
)
`

= =
+ = + =
+ = =
K K K K
K K
K
A D jY C
j B j A
jY U I I U U
; 0
0 0 ; 0 1
3 / ;
2 2 1 2 1
(3.14)
trong :
K
K
X
Y
1
=
(

1
(3.15)

K
dm
K
S
U
X
2
= [ ] MVAr kV, , (3.16)
S
K
: l cng sut ca khng ,MVAr .
4.Thng s A , B , C , D ca cc my bin p
i vi cc my bin p hai dy qun ,c th p dng s hnh
(hnh 2.13 ) ta c :






A = 1 , B = Z
B
, C = Y
B
, D = 1+ Y
B
Z
B
(3.17)
Cng thc ny c rt ra t cng thc (2.103) v (2.104) khi thay
Y
1
= Y
B
v Y
2
= 0 .
Vi my bin p ba dy qun c trnh by trong phn sau .
5.Thng s A , C , B , D ca h thng ti in
5.1.Tnh trc tip t s thay th ca h thng ti in
Cc phn t ca h thng in c thay th bng s ring ca
chng , to thnh s thay th ca h thng in. Ph ti c thay th bng
tng tr c nh (xem mc ..) ,ng dy di c chia lm nhiu on tnh,
my bin p ba pha c thay th bng s hnh T .
Sau khi lp c s h thng ,dng cc php bin i tng
ng a v dng hnh hoc T v tnh A , B , C , D .
Xc nh A , B , C , D cho s hnh T:
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff II ,ta c :

( )
( )
)
`

= +
=
0 /
0 /
2 2 2 1 2
1 1 2 1 1
Z I Y I I U
Z I Y I I U
(3.18)
Ly I
1
t phng trnh di ri thay vo phng trnh trn , rt gn
ta c :
( ) ( ) 0 / / .
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
= + + + + + Y Z Y I Z I U Y I Y I Z I U Y Y U
Rt ra U
1
:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
. . . 1 I B U A Y Z Z Z Z I Y Z U U + = + + + + =
T y ta c :

)
`

+ + =
+ =
Y Z Z Z Z B
Y Z A
.
1
2 1 2 1
1
(3.19)
T phng trnh di ca (3.18) ta c :
( )
2 2 2 2 2 1
. . 1 U C I D Y U Y Z I I + = + + =
suy ra :
)
`

+ =
=
Y Z D
Y C
2
1
(3.20)
Y
B
= G
B
-j B
B
Z
B
=R
B
+ iX
B
Hnh 2.13

Trang
36
Nu s i xng th Z
1
= Z
2
= Z ta c :

=
+ =
= + =
Y C
Y Z Z B
D Y Z A
. . 2
. 1
2
(3.21)
Nu s cui cng l hnh th cc thng s ging thng s tnh
mc trc .
Cc thng s A,B,C,D ca cc dng s c cho trong bng 2.

5.2.Ghp ni cc mng 4 cc
Cc mng 4 cc ca cc phn t c ghp ni tip thnh cc s
chung vi cc thng s tng qut A , B , C , D .






Cc thng s ny l hm ca cc thng s s thnh phn
J
A ,
J
B ,
J
C ,
J
D .
Ta s dng phng php ma trn tnh cc thng s ca h thng
theo phng php ny thng s chung bng tch cc thng s thnh phn :

(

=
(

2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
D C
B A
D C
B A
D C
B A
..
Cc loi ghp ni tng t tra bng (2.2) .

5.3. Quan h gia A, B , C , D vi cc thng s c trng khc ca s
Ngoi dng phng trnh dng mng 4 cc , trong thc t h thng in
cn c cc dng phng trnh khc, l mng tng dn v mng tng tr.

)
`

=
+ =
2 22 1 12 2
2 12 1 11 1
. .
. .
U Y U Y I
U Y U Y I
(3.22)

)
`

=
=
2 22 1 12 2
2 12 1 11 1
.
.
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
(3.23)
Cc thng s ny c tnh trong bng( 2.3) .Trong bng ny cng
cho bit quan h cc thng s mng 4 cc v cc thng s tng tr v tng dn .









A
2
, B
2
C
2
, D
2

A
1
, B
1
C
1
, D
1

A , B

C , D

Trang
37
Bng 2.2 : Cc thng s A , B , C , D ca s :
S A B C D

1 Z 0 1

1 0 Y 1

1+Z
1
Y Z
1
+Z
2
+Z
1
Z
2
Y Y 1+Z
2
Y

1+Y
2
Z Z Y
1
+Y
2
+Y
1
Y
2
Z 1+Y
1
Z

















Z

Y
Z
1
Y
2
Y
1
Z
2
Z
Y

Trang
38
Bng 2.3 :Ghp ni cc s
S A B C D

A
1
A
2
+B
1
C
2
A
1
B
2
+B
1
D
2
C
1
A
2
+D
1
C
2
D
1
D
2
+C
1
B
2





A
1
B
2
+B
1
A
2


B
1
+B
2







B
1
.B
2


B
1
+ B
2



C
1
+ C
2
+
+ (A
1
-A
2
)(D
2
-D
1
)

B
1
+ B
2

B
1
D
2
+D
1
B
2

A + Z.C B + Z.D C D

A B + Z.A C D + Z.C

A + Z
1
.C
B+Z
1
D+Z
2
A
+Z
1
Z
2
C
C D + Z
2
.C

A B C + Y.A D + Y.B

A + Y.B B C + Y.D D

A + Y
2
.B B
C+Y
1
A+Y
2
D+
+ Y
1
Y
2
B
D + Y
1
.B

A
1
A
2
+ B
1
C
2
+
+ A
2
B
1
Y
A
1
B
2
+ B
1
D
2
+
+ B
1
B
2
Y
A
2
C
1
+ C
2
D
1
+
+ A
2
D
1
Y
B
2
C
1
+
D
1
D
2

+ B
2
D
1
Y

A
1
A
2
+ B
1
C
2
+
+ A
1
C
2
Z
A
1
B
2
+B
1
D
2
+
+ A
1
D
2
Z
A
2
C
1
+ C
2
D
1
+
+ C
1
C
2
Z
B
2
C
1
+
D
1
D
2

+C
1
D
2
Z

1 1
1 1
D C
B A
1 1
1 1
D C
B A
1 1
1 1
D C
B A
2 2
2 2
D C
B A
D C
B A
Z
D C
B A
Z

D C
B A
2
Z

2
Z

2 2
2 2
D C
B A
D C
B A
Y
D C
B A
Y
D C
B A
2
Y

1
Y
1 1
1 1
D C
B A

Y
2 2
2 2
D C
B A
Z

2 2
2 2
D C
B A


Trang
39
Bng 2.4 : Quan h gia cc thng s ca s
Thn
g s
A B
C D
Tng dn
ring v
tng h
Tng tr ring
v tng h
S S T
Phng trnh
dng in
,in p
A
12
22
Y
Y

12
11
Z
Z

2
. 1 Y Z +
1
. 1 Z Y +
B
12
1
Y

12
2
12 22 11
Z
Z Z Z

Z Y Z Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
+ +
2 2 1
I B U A U + =
2 2 1
DI CU I + =

C
12
2
12 22 11
Y
Y Y Y

12
1
Z

Z Y Y Y Y
2 1 2 1
+ +

Y
D
12
11
Y
Y

12
22
Z
Z

1
. 1 Y Z +
2
. 1 Z Y +
1 1 2
1 1 2
I A U C I
I B U D U
+ =
=


Y
1
1
B
D

2
12 22 11
22
Z Z Z
Z

Z
Y
1
1
+
Y Z Z Z Z
Y Z
2 1 2 1
2
1
+ +
+

Y
1
2
B
1

2
12 22 11
12
Z Z Z
Z

Z
1

Y Z Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
1
+ +

Y
2
2
B
A

2
12 22 11
11
Z Z Z
Z

Z
Y
1
2
+
Y Z Z Z Z
Z Y
2 1 2 1
1
1
+ +
+

2 22 1 12 2
2 12 1 11 1
. .
. .
U Y U Y I
U Y U Y I
=
+ =

Z
1
1

2
12 22 11
22
Y Y Y
Y

2 1 2 1
2
1
Y Y Z Y Y
Y Z
+ +
+

Y
Z
1
1
+
Z
1
2
2
12 22 11
12
Y Y Y
Y

2 1 2 1
1
Y Y Z Y Y + +

Y
1

Z
2
2

2
12 22 11
11
Y Y Y
Y

2 1 2 1
1
Y Y Z Y Y
Y Z Y
+ +
+

Y
Z
1
2
+
2 22 1 12 2
2 12 1 11 1
I Z I Z U
I Z I Z U
=
=

Y
1

B
D 1

12 11
Y Y +
2
12 22 11
12 22
Z Z Z
Z Z

Y Z Z Z Z
Z Y
2 1 2 1
2
.
+ +


Z B
12
1
Y

12
2
12 22 11
Z
Z Z Z

Y Z Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
+ +


Y
2

C
A 1

12 22
Y Y +
2
12 22 11
12 11
Z Z Z
Z Z

Y Z Z Z Z
Z Y
2 1 2 1
1
.
+ +


Z
1

C
A 1
2
12 22 11
12 22
Y Y Y
Y Y

+

12 11
Z Z
2 1 2 1
2
Y Y Z Y Y
Y Z
+ +


Y C
12
2
12 22 11
Y
Y Y Y

12
1
Z

2 1 2 1
Y Y Z Y Y + +


Z
2
C
D 1
2
12 22 11
12 11
Y Y Y
Y Y

+

12 22
Z Z

2 1 2 1
1
.
Y Y Z Y Y
Y Z
+ +




Trang
40
6.Tnh ton ch ca ng dy ti in theo mng 4 cc
Mc ch :
-Nu cc thng s bit th tnh ton la chn ch ti u cho
vn hnh : ch c tn tht in nng v cng sut nh nht .
-Nu cc thng s cha bit th tnh chn cc thng s , y
ch yu l chn cc thit b b : chng loi ( t hay khng ) , s lng ,v tr t ..
Phi tnh cho mi ch c trng , trong cc ch quang trng nht l : ch
ln nht , nh nht v khng ti .
6.1.Tnh ton theo mng 4 cc chung ca h thng
Ton th h thng c thay th bng mng 4 cc hoc mng tng
dn . Nu c ph ti r nhnh th c thay bng tng tr c nh to thnh mng
4 cc ring .












Tng tr c nh thay th cho ph ti S
PT
c tnh nh sau :
( )
Pt Pt
Pt
dm
Pt
j
S
U
Z sin cos
2
+ = ; ( )
Pt Pt
dm
Pt
Pt
Pt
j
U
S
Z
Y sin cos
1
2
= =
1 ; ; 0 ; 1 = = = =
Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt
D Y C B A .
Tnh ton cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng trn ng
dy theo gc lch pha gia U
1
v U
2
khi gi tr ca cc in p ny xc
nh .Phng trnh (3.2a) , ly vect U
2
lm trc thc :

+ =
+ =
2 2 1
2 2 1
. .
3
1
. 3 .
I D U C I
I B U A U
(3.24)
Ta rt I
2
t phng trnh u :

B
U A U
I
2 1
2
.
=
thay vo phng trnh th hai ta c :

( )
B
U A U D
U C I
3
.
.
3
1
2 1
2 1

+ =
Cng sut biu kin u ng dy ti in l :

( )

=
|

\
|
+ = =
2 1 *
* * * *
2
1 *
*
*
2 1
2
*
1
*
1 1 1
) (
.
3
U U
B
A D C B
U
B
D
B
U A U D
U C U I U S


V mng 4 cc i xng nn DA BC =1 , do :
b)
a)
S
2
, U
2

S
2
, U
2
S
1
, U
1

A , B , C , D
Y
11
, Y
12
, Y
22

S
1
, U
1

Hnh 2.14

Trang
41
=
2 1 *
2
1 *
*
1
1
U U
B
U
B
D
S (3.25)
Phn thc ca S
1
l cng sut tc dng , phn o l cng sut phn
khng , ngha l :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

+ = =
+ + = =


cos cos Im
sin sin Re
2 1 2
1 1 1
2 1 2
1 1 1
B
U U
U
B
D
S Q
B
U U
U
B
D
S P
D
D
(3.26)
Trong biu thc trn
B
=
0
90
Tng t , ta c th tnh P
2
, Q
2
cui ng dy :

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

+ + =
+ + + =


cos cos
sin sin
2 1 2
1 2
2 1 2
1 2
B
U U
U
B
A
Q
B
U U
U
B
A
P
A
A
(3.27)
Cc cng thc (3.26) v (3.27) c th vit di dng tng dn u vo
v tng dn tng h nh sau :

( )
( )
( )
( )

+ + =
+ + =
=
+ =
12 12 2 1 22 22
2
2 2
12 12 2 1 22 22
2
2 2
12 12 2 1 11 11
2
1 1
12 12 2 1 11 11
2
1 1
cos cos
sin sin
cos cos
sin sin




Y U U Y U Q
Y U U Y U P
Y U U Y U Q
Y U U Y U P
(3.28a)
Nu cho bit U
1
ta tnh c :

12 11
22 2
11 1
2 1
1
sin arcsin +
|
|

\
|
=
Y U
Y U
U U
P


12 11 11
2
1
1
12
sin arcsin +
(
(

|
|

\
|
= Y
U
P
Y
K
(3.28b)
trong K = U
1
/ U
2
: st p .
Cc biu thc (3.26) ,(3.27) , (3.28) dng tnh ton ch ca ng
dy c b ,kh nng ti v kh nng n nh ca ng dy ti in i xa.
Cng sut cc i c th truyn ti trn ng dy ti in l :
( )
12
2 1
11
11
2
1 2 1 2
1 max
sin sin
Z
U U
Z
U
B
U U
U
B
D
P
D T
+ = + = (3.29)
Mun tm gi tr ti u ca mt thng s no theo Iu kin nng
cao kh nng ti , ta lp quan h gia P
Tmax
theo thng s y cc thng s ny th
hin trong D , B sau kho st hm P
Tmax
thng qua gi tr D hoc B s tm c
thng s ti u .

Trang
42

6.2.Tnh phn b in p trn h thng ti in khng c ph ti r nhnh

S :
















tnh phn b in p trn ng dy ta c th tnh t cui h thng
v n u ngun hoc ngc li .
Nu cho bit cng sut v in p cui ng dy :S
K
, U
K

Trc tin tnh I
K
theo cng thc tng qut :

*
*
3 3 U
jQ P
U
S
I

= =
trong cng sut v in p phi ly ti cng mt im .
Sau ta ln lc tnh in p v dng in nt K-1 ri ly kt qu
tnh in p v dng in nt K-2 .. cho n nt u ca h thng .
Cui cng ta tnh cng sut u ng dy .
Nu cho in p v cng sut u ng dy :S
1
= P
1
+ j Q
1
, U
1

Ta cng tnh tng t nh trn cho n cui ng dy .
Nu cho bit cng sut cui ng dy v in p u ng dy :
Ta cng tnh t cui ng dy ,chn mt gi tr in p cui
ng dy no chng hn U
m
,sau tnh v li u ng dy . So snh gi
tr in p tnh c vi U
1
cho : nu va bng th dng ,nu ln hn hoc nh
hn th hiu chnh li gi tr in p chn v tnh li cho n khi bng U
1
vi
sai s cho php .

V d 4 : ng dy 500 kV chiu di l= 200 km , z = 0,02 + j0,33 km / ,
y = j4,674.10
-6
1/.km , c t h thng b dc ti gia ng dy
C=0,00009952 F tn s 50 hz . Hy xc nh phn b in p chnh trn chiu
di ng dy , bit U
2
= 500 kV , P
2
= 1000 MVA ,cos = 0,8.
Hnh 2.15a
1 1
,I U
4 4
,I U
2 2
,I U
1 1
1 1
K K
K K
D C
B A
T T
T T
D C
B A
2 2
2 2
K K
K K
D C
B A
5 5
,I U
6 6
,I U
3 3
,I U
b)
D C
B A
B A
D C
B A
B A
U
2
,I
2
U
3
,I
3

U
5
,I
5

D C
B A
B A
D C
B A
B A
D C
B A
B A
D C
B A
B A
U
1
,I
1

U
4
,I
4


Trang
43
Gii :
Ta chia chiu di on dy lm 2 on bng nhau mi on 100 km
S thay th :









Ta c : cng sut cui ng dy l :
S
2
= P
2
.cos + jP
2
.sin = 800 + j600 MVA

Dng in cui ng dy :
I
2
= =

=
500 . 3
600 800
3
2
*
j
U
S
0,533 - j 0,4 kA
Ta tnh phn b in p t cui v u ngdy.
Tnh ton cc thng s ca ng dy v b dc.
+ Tnh thng s ng dy: (100 km)
Z = z.l = (0,02 + j0,33).100
= 2 + j 33
Y = y.l = j4,674.10
-6
.100
= j4,674.10
-4
1/
Ta c Y
1
= Y
2
= Y/2
Vy ta c cc thng s ca ng dy l :
A = D = 1+Z.Y/2=1+( 2 + j 33)( j4,674.10
-4
)/2


= 0,9923 + j0,0005
B = Z = 2 + j 33
C = Y + ZY
2
/4 = j4,674.10
-4
+ (j4,674.10
-4
)
2
. (2 + j 33)/4
= -1,0923.10
-7
+ j4,6560.10
-4

+ Thng s ca h thng b dc :
X
C
= = = 32
00009952 , 0 . 314
1 1
C

A
T
= D
T
= 1
B
T
= - jX
C
= - j32
C
T
= 0
in p v dng in ti nt 3 :
= + =
2 2 4
. 3 . I B U A U (0,9923 + j0,0005)500 + 3 (2 + j 33)( 0,533 - j 0,4)
= 520,40 + j28,791 kV
2 2 4
3
1
DI CU I + = =
=
3
1
(-1,0923.10
-7
+ j4,6560.10
-4
)500 + (0,9923 + j0,0005) (0,533 - j 0,4)
= 0,5291 - j0,2597 kA
in p v dng in ti nt 2 :
4 4 3
. 3 I B U A U
T T
+ = = 520,40 + j28,791+ 3 .(-j32)( 0,5291 - j0,2597)
= 506,27 + 5,3763.10
-3
kV
Z = R+jX
Y
1
Y
2
3
1
2
4 4
, I U 1 1
, I U
D C
B A
D C
B A
T T
T T
D C
B A
3 3
, I U
2 2
, I U

Trang
44

4 4 3
3
1
DI U C I
T
+ = = 0,5291 - j0,2597 kA
in p v dng in ti ngun :
3 3 1
. 3 I B AU U + = = (0,9923 + j0,0005) (506,27 + j7,9600.10
-3
) +
+ 3 (2 + j 33).(0,5291 - j0,2597) =518,74 + j29,061 kV
3 3 1
. .
3
1
I D U C I + = =
3
1
(-1,0923.10
-7
+ j4,6560.10
-4
)( 506,27 + j7,9600.10
-3
) +
(0,9923 + j0,0005) (0,5291 - j0,2597) = 0,5251 - j0,1188 kA.


6.3. Tnh h thng ti in c ph ti r nhnh
























Tnh ton trong mc ny cng ging nh phn trn . Tnh ton c th bt
u t u ngun hoc cui ngun.
-Nu tnh chn cng sut b th tnh t u ngun :chn ch cn
tnh , cho bit cng sut u ngun P
1
,U
1
v Q
1
trong Q
1
c chn s b theo
kh nng ca my pht in .
- Sau tnh in p v dng in sau on 1 l U
2
, I
2
. Kim tra
ngay U
2
nu tho mn min gi tr cho php th tnh tip .Nu U
2
nh hn gi tr
cho php th gim Q
1
,nu U
2
ln hn gi tr cho php th phi tng Q
1
ri tnh li
cho n khi U
2
tho ,ta c Q

1
. Ta lp hiu
'
1 1
Q Q Q = :
Nu Q > 0 ngha l cng sut b ngang nt 1 hoc 2 phi l t
in ,nu Q < 0 phi b bng khng in .Nu b dc bng t th khi Q > 0
phi tng cng sut t b .
Tnh ton tip tc cho n nt cui cng.
2 2
,U S 3 TTG
F
U
1 1
,U S 2 TTG
2 pt
S
3 pt
S
K
a)
'
1
I
4 4
,U S
1 1
,U S
3 3
,
Pt Pt
I S
2 2
,
Pt Pt
I S
1 1 1 1
, , , D C B A
2 2 2 2
, , , D C B A
3 3 3 3
, , , D C B A
K
Y
on 1 on 2 on 3
2
U
3
U
b)
c)
12 Y
S
2 pt
S 3 pt
S
1 1
,U S
2
U
'
1
S
2
3
4 4
,U S
3
U
K
Y
12
Z
23
Z
34
Z
12
Y
12
Y
23
Y
23
Y
34
Y
34
Y
Hnh 2.16

Trang
45

Mt s v d p dng :
V d 5:
ng dy 69 kV 3 pha di 16 km c z=0,125+j0,4375/km. Xc nh
in p v cng sut u ng dy v hiu sut truyn ti khi ng dy truyn
i n cui ng dy , bit : S
2
=70MVA; cos
2
=0,8; U
2
=64kV
Bi gii:
Xc nh in p u ng dy:
Tng tr ca ng dy:
Z = z.l =( 0,125+j0,4375).16= 2 + 7j. k
Ta c:
cos
2
=0.8,nn ta c:
sin
2
=
2
2
cos 1 =
2
8 . 0 1 =0,6.
Cng sut cui ng dy:
P
2
= S
2
.cos
2
=70.0,8=56 ( MW)
Q
2
= S2.sin
2
=70.0,6= 42 (MVAR)
Nn S
2
= P
2
+ jQ
2
= 56 + j42 (MVA)
Dng in cui ng dy:
I
2
=
*
S /(3.U
2
) = 0,2917 - 0,2187j (kA)
Xem ng dy c chiu di b nn c th xem Y = 0
Ta c cc thng s ca mng hai ca:
A=1;B=Z;C=0;D=1.
Vy :
in p u ng dy l:
U
1
=A.U
2
+B.I
2
=64+(2 + j7).( 0,2917 - j0,2187)

=66,1146 + j1,6042 (kV)
Dng in u ng dy:
I
1
= CU
2
+ DI
2
= I
2
= 0,2917 - j0,2187 (kA).
Cng sut u ng dy:
S
1
= 3U
1
*
1
I = P
1
+jQ
1
=3. (66,1146 + j1,6042 )( 0,2917 + j0,2187 )
= 58,9030 - j41,9840 (kV)
vy:
P
1
= 58,9030 (MW)
Hiu sut truyn ti ca ng dy:

1
2
P
P
= = 0,9507


V d 6:
ng dy 345 kV c A = D = 0,98182+j0,0012447 /km, B=4,035+ j58,947,
C=j0,00061137. ng dy c S
2
=400MVA ; cos
2
=0,8; U
2
=345kV. Xc nh
U
1
,

I
1
, P
1
, Q
1
, .
Bi gii:
Xc nh in p u ng dy:
Ta c:
cos
2
=0.8,nn ta c:

Trang
46
sin
2
=
2
2
cos 1 =
2
8 . 0 1 = 0,6.
Cng sut cui ng dy:
P
2
=

S
2
.cos
2
= 400 . 0,8 =320 ( MW)
Q
2
= S
2
.sin
2
= 400 . 0,6 = 240 (MVAR)
Nn S
2
=P
2
+ jQ
2
= 320 + j240 (MVA)
Dng in cui ng dy:
I
2
=
*
S /(3.U
2
)= (320-j240)/(3.345)=0,392 - j0,2319 (kA)
Theo ta c cc thng s ca mng hai ca:
A=0,981821+j0,0012447 ; B = 4,035+j58,947 ;C =j0,00061137 ; D=A.
Vy :
in p u ng dyl:
U
1
=A.U
2
+ B.I
2

=(0,981821+j0,0012447)345 + (4,035+j58,947)( 0,392-0,2319j)
=3,5364e + 002 + 1,771e+001j
Dng in u ng dy:
I
1
= CU
2
+ DI
2
=( j0,00061137)345+(0,981821+j0,0012447)( 0,392-0,2319j ) (KA).
= 0,3038 - 0,0164j
Cng sut u ng dy:
S
1
=3U
1
*
1
I =P
1
+jQ
1
=3.(3,5364e+002+1,771e+001j )( 0,3038 - 0,0164j)
=3,2323e +002- j33,5093(KVA)
Vy:
P
1
= 58,9030 (MW)
Q
1
=- 33,5093 (MVAR)
Hiu sut truyn ti ca ng dy:

1
2
P
P
= = 0,99.