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Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds
improvingthe qualityof life for all
Guide toSafety atSports Grounds
Fifth edition
Published with the permission of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport onbehalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.© Crown Copyright 2008© Football Licensing Authority 2008All rights reserved.Copyright in the typographical arrangement and design is vested in the Crown.Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to the Copyright Unit,Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ.Fifth edition: First published 2008ISBN 978 0 11 702074 0Printed in the United Kingdom for The Stationery Office.
Sections
« prev | next »- Section headings
- Diagrams and tables
- Preface
- 1: How to use this Guide
- 2: Calculating the safe capacity of a sports ground
- 2.6 Seated accommodation – calculating the holding capacity
- Diagram 2.1 Calculating the capacity of seated accommodation
- Diagram 2.2 Calculating the capacity of standing accomodation
- 3: Management – responsibility and planning for safety
- 3.16 Responsibility for training and competence
- 3.18 Suggested headings for contingency plans
- 3.28 Safety in the wider management context
- 3.32 Commercial or non-sporting activities
- 4: Management – stewarding
- 4.16 Stewards’ documentation – safety handbook
- 5: Management – structures, installations and components
- 5.1 Definitions
- 5.2 Maintenance and the (P) factor
- 5.3 Good housekeeping
- 5.4 Structures
- 5.5 Structural dynamics for permanent structures
- 5.6 Construction work at existing grounds
- 5.7 Anti-vandalism
- 5.8 The importance of inspections and tests
- 5.9 Inspections and tests 24 hours before an event
- 5.10 Inspections and tests before an event
- 5.11 Inspections during the event
- 5.12 Inspections after the event
- 5.13 Annual inspection
- 5.14 Structural appraisal
- 5.16 Plans and specifications
- 6: Circulation – general
- 6.1 Planning and management of circulation
- 6.2 Creating a balanced system
- 6.3 Multi-functional circulation areas
- 6.4 Zoning of circulation routes
- 6.5 Design of circulation routes and areas
- Diagram 6.1 New construction – zonal planning
- 6.6 Management of circulation routes
- 6.7 Management policies and circulation
- 6.8 Access and egress for emergency vehicles
- 7: Circulation – ingress
- 7.1 The need to count
- 7.2 Counting on entry
- 7.3 Computerised monitoring
- 7.4 Entry capacity
- 7.5 Factors affecting the entry capacity
- 7.6 Calculating the entry capacity
- 7.7 Providing a sufficient number of turnstiles or entry points
- 7.8 Design and management of entrances and entry routes
- 7.9 Providing clear information
- 7.10 Admission policies
- 7.11 Crowd build-up
- 8: Circulation – vertical circulation
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Stairways and gangways
- 8.3 Design of stairways
- 8.4 Flights of stairways
- 8.5 Dimensions of stairways
- 8.6 Barriers and handrails – definitions
- 8.7 Barriers on stairways
- 8.8 Handrails for stairways and ramps
- Diagram 8.1 Barriers and handrails on stairways
- 8.9 Controlling the flow at the head of stairways
- 8.10 Discharge from exit stairways
- Diagram 8.2 Approaches to the head of stairways
- 8.12 Passenger lifts
- 8.13 Escalators
- 9: Circulation – concourses and vomitories
- 9.1 Concourses and vomitories
- 9.2 Concourses and safety
- 9.3 Concourses and fire safety
- 9.4 Size of concourses
- 9.5 Circulation on concourses
- 9.6 Design of concourses and related facilities
- 9.7 Management of concourses
- 9.8 Prevention of overcrowding
- 9.9 Vomitories
- 10: Circulation – egress and emergency evacuation
- 10.1 Safety issues
- 10.2 Basic design principles
- 10.3 Factors in design and management
- 10.4 Exit route widths and reservoir areas
- 10.5 Rates of passage – method of calculation
- 10.6 Recommended rates of passage
- 10.7 Egress time
- 10.8 Design and management of exit systems
- 10.9 Emergency evacuation time
- 10.10 Design of emergency evacuation routes
- 10.11 Management of emergency evacuation routes
- 10.12 Management of evacuation of spectators with disabilities
- 10.13 Use of the pitch or area of activity for emergency evacuation
- 10.14 Provision of gates or openings in a pitch perimeter barrier
- 10.15 Discounting an exit route for calculation purposes
- 10.16 Exit doors and gates
- 10.17 Electronic securing systems
- 11: Barriers
- 11.1 Definition and categories of barriers
- 11.2 Barrier design and loading
- Table 11.1 Horizontal imposed loads for barriers
- Table 11.2 Horizontal imposed loads for crush barriers
- Table 11.3 Horizontal imposed loads for barriers in spectator galleries
- Diagram 11.1 Barrier design loads, heights and positions
- Diagram 11.2 Barriers in front of and behind seating
- 11.3 Barrier fixings
- 11.4 Barrier heights
- 11.5 Barriers and sightline considerations
- 11.6 Crush barriers – main design criteria
- 11.7 Crush barriers – factors determining the horizontal imposed load
- 11.8 Crush barriers – continuous crush barrier configuration
- 11.9 Crush barriers – non-continuous crush barrier configuration
- 11.10 Crush barriers – height and positioning
- Diagram 11.3 Continuous crush barrier configuration
- 11.11 Crush barriers – construction and strengthening
- 11.12 Crush barriers – factors affecting the holding capacity
- Diagram 11.4 Positioning and height of crush barriers
- Diagram 11.5 Crush barrier strengthening
- 11.13 Barriers in spectator galleries
- 11.14 Pitch and activity area perimeter barriers
- 11.15 Pitch and activity area perimeter barriers and standing areas
- 11.16 Temporary barriers
- 11.17 Other load-bearing barriers
- 11.18 Barriers and risk assessment
- 11.19 Barrier tests – personnel and equipment
- 11.20 Barrier tests – records
- 11.21 Barrier tests – methodology
- 11.22 Barrier tests – bedding-in cycle
- 11.23 Barrier tests – proof cycle
- 11.24 Barrier tests – further considerations
- 11.25 Barrier tests resulting in failure
- 12: Spectator accommodation – seating
- 12.1 The provision of seated accommodation
- 12.2 Viewing standards
- 12.3 Sightlines
- Diagram 12.1 Sightlines for seated spectators
- Diagram 12.2 Effect on sightlines on spectators standing in seated areas
- 12. 4 Sightlines for wheelchair users
- 12.7 Management strategies towards restricted viewing
- 12.8 Provision of cover
- 12.9 Gangways in seated areas – general requirements
- 12.10 Lateral gangways in seated areas
- 12.11 Radial gangways in seated areas
- 12.12 The importance of seat dimensions
- 12.13 Seat widths and seating row depths
- 12.14 Clearways
- Diagram 12.4 Seat and seating row dimensions
- 12.15 Useful seat depths
- 12.16 Number of seats in rows
- 12.17 Seat design
- 12.18 Design of wheelchair spaces
- 12.19 Assessment of (P) factors for seated areas
- 12.20 Assessment of (S) factors for seated areas
- 13: Spectator accommodation – standing
- 13.1 The provision of standing accommodation
- 13.2 The importance of good design
- 13.3 Viewing conditions for standing spectators
- 13.4 Gangways in standing areas – general requirements
- 13.5 Lateral gangways in standing areas
- 13.6 Radial gangways in standing areas
- 13.7 Crush barriers
- 13.8 Design of terrace steps
- 13.9 Dimensions of terrace steps
- 13.10 Viewing standards
- 13.11 Sightlines
- 13.12 Restricted viewing
- 13.13 Management strategies towards restricted viewing
- 13.14 Provision of cover
- 13.15 Division of standing accommodation
- 13.16 Allowing free movement of spectators between divisions
- 13.17 Segregation of standing accommodation
- 13.18 Viewing slopes
- 13.19 Level standing accommodation
- 13.20 Combined standing and circulation areas
- 13.21 Spectator galleries
- 13.22 Standing accommodation and disabled spectators
- 13.23 Assessment of (P) factors for standing areas
- 13.24 Assessment of (S) factors for standing areas
- 13.25 Conversion of terraces to seating
- Diagram 13.1 Conversion of terracing to seated accommodation
- 14: Spectator accommodation – temporary demountable structures
- 14.1 Responsibility for safety
- 14.2 Need to meet standards
- 14.3 Independent design check
- 14.4 Design performance and suitability
- 14.5 Consultation
- 14.6 Management of temporary demountable structures
- 14.7 Telescopic stands
- 14.8 Other temporary demountable structures
- 15.1 Fire safety legislation
- 15.2 Achieving safety from fire
- 15.3 Fire risk assessment
- 15.4 Levels of risk
- 15.5 Categorisation of low fire risk
- 15.6 Categorisation of normal fire risk
- 15.7 Categorisation of higher fire risk
- 15.8 New or refurbished stands or structural alterations
- 15.9 Recording, monitoring and reviewing the fire risk assessment
- 15.10 Minimising fire risk
- 15.11 Restriction of fire growth and spread
- 15.12 Fire resistance in existing constructions
- 15.13 Fire warning and fire detection systems
- 15.14 Automatic fire extinguishing systems
- 15.15 Fire fighting facilities and equipment
- 15.16 Emergency evacuation and places of safety
- 15.17 Emergency evacuation of spectators with disabilities
- 15.18 Staff awareness and training
- 15.19 Other fire safety considerations
- 16: Communications
- 16.1 Management responsibility
- 16.2 Lines of communication
- 16.3 Means of communication
- 16.4 Provision of a control point
- 16.5 Functions of a control point
- 16.6 Location of control points
- 16.7 Command of control points
- 16.8 Design of control points
- 16.9 Secondary control point
- 16.10 Equipment of control points
- 16.11 Radio communications
- 16.12 Telephone communications – internal
- 16.13 Telephone communications – external
- 16.14 Public address system – guidance and specifications
- 16.15 Public address system – operation
- 16.16 Closed circuit television – provision
- 16.17 CCTV – assessment of need
- 16.18 CCTV – risk assessment
- 16.19 CCTV – operational requirement and tendering
- 16.20 CCTV – operation
- 16.21 Monitoring the number of spectators entering the ground
- 16.22 Fire warning systems
- 16.23 Scoreboards and other display boards
- 16.24 Electronic securing systems
- 16.25 Auxiliary power
- 16.26 Displayed communications within the control point
- 16.27 Documentation to be stored in the control point
- 16.28 Signs – forms and categories
- 16.29 Signs – general provision and maintenance
- 16.30 Tickets and programmes
- 16.31 Inter-personal communications
- 17: Electrical and mechanical services
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.3 Inspections and tests
- 17.4 Event-day staffing
- 17.5 Anti-vandalism
- 17.6 Electrical installations
- 17.7 Circuit diagrams
- 17.8 Protection of cables
- 17.9 Lightning protection
- 17.10 Lighting
- 17.11 Provision of auxiliary power
- 17.12 Auxiliary power equipment
- 17.13 Emergency lighting
- 17.14 Passenger lifts and escalators
- 17.15 Gas fired installations
- 17.16 Boilers and other heating devices
- 17.17 Oil storage and supply
- 17.18 Ventilation, air conditioning and smoke control systems
- 18: Medical and first aid provision for spectators
- 18.1 Management responsibility and consultation
- 18.2 Medical and first aid risk assessment
- 18.3 Medical plan
- 18.4 First aid room
- 18.5 Medical and first aid equipment and storage
- 18.6 Upkeep and inspection of the first aid room
- 18.7 Provision of competent medical services
- 18.8 Crowd doctor
- Table 18.1 Ambulance provision according to anticipated attendance
- 18.9 Ambulance provision
- 18.10 Numbers of first aiders
- 18.11 Role of first aiders
- 18.12 Communication
- 18.13 Major incident plan
- 18.14 Inspections and records
- 19: Media provision
- 19.1 Management responsibility
- 19.2 Pre-event planning and briefing
- 19.3 Pre-event inspections
- 19.4 Roving media personnel
- 19.5 Identification
- 19.6 New construction
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Viewing standards
- 20.3 Provision for spectator accommodation
- 20.4 Profile of likely spectators or audience
- 20.5 Briefing of event personnel
- 20.6 Staging of concerts
- 20.7 Firework displays
- 20.8 Designing for alternative uses
- 20.9 Ancillary activities
- Annex A: Assessment of capacity – worked examples
- Annex B: Glossary
- Annex C: Bibliography and further references
- Annex D: Summary of new guidance
- Index
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